(CBOD)

ure
t=t
Time in days ()
Fig. 7.6
The Eqs. (7.16),(7.17) and (7.18)make it possible to
from different time periods and temperatures to the convert the test results
standard 5-day 20°C test
or vice versa, as shown in examples solved below :
Values of 5-days 20°C BOD of municipal
between 100and 500 mg/l, as shown in Table 7.3.wastewaters generally vary
Table 7.3. Typical characteristics of Domestic Sewage in mg/
wh S.
of Parameterl Strength of Sewage
No. characteristic
ent Weak Medium Strong
me
1. Total suspended solids (SS) 100 200 350
2. Volatile suspended solids 75 135 210
and 3. BOD 100 200 400
4. COD 175 300 600
ere! 5. TOC* 100 200 400
6. Ammonia-N 5 10 20
76: 7. Organic-N 8 20 40
us 8.
ise
PO,-P 7 10 20

Example 7.2. If2.5 mlof raw sewagehas been diluted to 250 mland the D.O.
concentration of the diluted sample at the beginning of the BOD test was
ole 8 mgll, and 5 mgl after 5-day incubation at 20°C; find the BOD of rawsewage.
Solution. Volume of sample of sewage = 2.5 ml.
Volume of diluted sample = 250 ml.
250
Dilution ratio = = 100.
2.5
*Explained in article 7.4.9.
 POLLUTION
168 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND
AIR
ENGINEERING
Loss of dissolved oxygen during the test testing =8-5= 3 mgl.
- D.0. after
= D.0, before testing
Using equations (7.11), we have Dilutionfactor
:. BOD of sewage =Loss of oxygen x
Ans.
=3mg/lx 100 =300 mg/1. incubatedf r 5
sample is
a sewage 4ppm. Determinethe
days at
Example 7.3. A2% solution of found
was to be of the BOD
20°C. ofoxygen
The depletion
sewage. 100 = 50
100
2
Solution. Dilution factor = Per cent of solution

Depletion of oxygen=4 ppm.

have
Using equation (7.11),we oxygen x Dilution factor
BOD = Depletion of Ans.
200 ppm granhi.t
=4 ppm x 50 = values by Thomas's
estimation of K, and L
7.4.10.1. Laboratory eqn. (7.16), can be
computed from
constant K, used in
method. The BOD rate
various times. The sewage samples are tested for
measured at
BOD values
times (t),such as after 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0days., A
BOD (Y) at different the values of time t in dayson
X-axis, and the
graph is now plotted between
t (in days) shown in Fig. 7.6. The
values of function 3/ Y, i.e., BOD (in mg/l) on Y-axis, as
calculate the K,n rate by the
best fit line drawn through these points is used to
following relationship :
m
...(7.19)
K,=2.61 C
where K, = rate constant per day
m = slope of the line.
C= intercept of the line on Y-axis.
1
Also, L=Y, = ...(7.20)
2.3K,C
Example 7.4. BOD tests performed on 4 ml samples of awaste water througn
300 ml standard BOD bottles at different times, have yielded the following
results. Compute (a) the value of BOD rate constant ; (b) the value of
(c) the value of ultimate BOD. BOD;
Bottle Initial DO
No.
in mgll
Incubation period Final DO
in days in mgll
8.4
2 0.5 7.45
8.4
3 1.0
8.4 6.7
4 1,5
8.4 6.1
2.0
8.4 5.5
6 3.0
8.4 4.6
5.0
3.6
QUALITY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE
169

Solution. The dilution factor in each case = 300 ml = 75.

4 ml
The given values of initial and
values, which are multiplied by final
the
D.0. are used to compute the D.0.
drop
values for all the samples, as shown dilution factor of 75 to compute BOD
in col. (6) of table 7.4. The
values of
function DOn
are then computed in col. (7) of this
table.
Table 7.4
S. Initial
No. Incubation Final
DO
DO time (t) DO BOD (Y)
Bottle mgll in days in drop
in mgll
mgll
BOD
No. col. (5) x 75
mgll col. (2) col.2 )1/3
- col (4) col. 6
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
8.4 0.5 7.45 0.95
2 8.4 1.0 71.25 0.192
6.7 1.7
3 8.4 1.5 127.5 0.199
6.1 2.3
4 8.4 172.5 0.206
2.0 5.5
5 2.9 217.5
8.4 3.0 0.210
4.6 3.8 285
6 8.4 5.0 0.219
3.6 4.8 360 0.240

0.24

0.23

0.22

0.01
|0 0.21 Slope of line = m = = 0.01
1.0
Intercept on Y-axis C=0.19

(0.01
0.20
1.0

0.19

0.18
1 3 4 5 6
Time in days ()

Fig. 7.7
170 ENGINEERI
SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIRPOLLUTION
Agraph is now plotted between the values of t (col. 3) and the values of
t straight line of best f.
function BOD (col. 7),
as shown in Fig. 7.7, to pass a
(7.19) as
ue value of K,is then computed by using eqn.
K, = 2.61
=0.01
where m = slope of line 0.19
C= intercept on Y-axis
0.01 = 0.137. Ans.
K, = 2.61 x
computed in col. (6) is 360 mg/l. Ans.
0.19
(6) The 5 day value of BOD as
(c) Fromn Eq. (7.20), we have 1
1 = 462.7 mg/l. Ans.
Y, =L= 2.3 Kp.CÜ 2.3 x 0.137 x (0.19)

(BOD,), as we know, is the Oxygen

7.4.11. BOD/COD Ratio. Ultimate BOD waste water.
the Biodegradable Organics of a given
required for oxidising required to oxidise the Biodegradable
COD, on the other hand, is the oxygen Organics (NBO's) both.
Organics (BO's) as well as the Non-Biodegradable than its BOD,, since
more
COD of a waste water will, therefore, always be present in the given
NBO's
their difference will represent the quantum of
waste water. The
BOD, ratiowill, therefore, always be less than 1.0; but this
COD
NBO's.
value shallapproach towards 1.0 with the decreasing amount of
can be
If this ratio is found to be between 0.92 to 1.0, the wastewater
considered to be virtually fully biodegradable.
Since, BOD, is generally not measured, and only BOD, is measured, the
BOD
ratio BOD; usually referred to as COD ratio, becomes more important:
COD

Since BOD, is about 68% of BOD, we can easily state that

BOD; ratio should,
COD
for fully-biodegradable waste waters, vary betuween (0.92 x 0.68 = 0.63) to (1.0x
BOD
0.68 = 0.68). Any wastewater, having its COD ratio more than 0.63, can
hence, be considered to be quite amenable to biological treatment, since
contains very little or zero* non-biodegradable organics.
Example 7.5. What will be the maximum upper limit of BOD of a gluco
solution of concentration 300 mgll. (Engineering Services, 1995)
Solution. Since the BOD ratio is always less than l or at the most equaltol,
COD
the maximum ultimate BOD value can be taken as equal to the value of COD.
Moreover, the value of COD, can either be determined by the dichromate ,
for complex wastewaters ; or may be determined theoretically if the organic
compounds and their concentrations present in the wastewater are known.

*Non-biodegradable organics will be zero when BOD ratio is 0.68.

COD
 OUALITY AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE
Such atheoreticall 171
writing the oxygen demand of an organic compound can be
H,0 and
balanced
oxidised reaction for the compound with calculated by
In the organic components. oxygen produce CO,
to
present case, the water contains only
under the following equation: glucose, which is oxidised
CgH,,0,
180
+60, ’ 6C0, +
192 264 6H,0
Glucose 108
From this balanced equation of
oxidation of glucose, it can be stated that the
theoretical oxygen demand for glucose is 192 =1.07 mg
of 0,/mg of glucose.
Total theoretical oxygen demand of180 the 300 mg/l glucose solution
= 1.07 x 300
This COD can be taken to be mg/l=321 mgl
equal to the
Hence, the maximum ultimate BOD = 321maximum
mgl.
ultimate BOD.
Ans,
7.4.12. COD/TOCratio. The total carbonaceous organics
present in a given waste
water can be ascertained by computing TOCof the waste-water, by converting
the carbonaceous organics to CO,, which is measured by
infra-red analysis,
and converted instrumentally to the original organic carbon content. COD
TOC
ratio is considered to be an important factor in monitoring wastewater
treatments.
TOC is related to COD through a carbon-oxygen balance, such as in the
oxidation of Glucose,
CH,0, + 60,6cO, +6H,0,
COD 6 molof 0, 6x 32
we will have, =2.66.
TOC 6mol of C 6x 12
COD
ratio may vary from zero
Depending on the organic in question, the TOC
dichromate oxidation, to 5.33 for methane.
for an organic material resistant to change during biological oxidation, it can
Since the organic content undergoes
COD ratio willalso change.
be expected that TOC
ratio. The T0Ctest is rapid and
BOD
rationale will also apply to TOC
The same because it needs acostly
popular in our country,
accurate, but has not become using the same.Moreover, it does not give an
instrument and sufficient skill inOrganics, and hence cannot be ofmuch use for
1dea of Biologically
Degradable
Treatment of wastewaters, which is the most
monitoring the Biological country for treating
wastewaters.
in our
Common method adopted
7.5. Population Equivalent normal
generally compared with per capita for the
are industries
naustrial wastewaters as to rationally charge the
so
domestic wastewaters,
178 ENGINEERINO
SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POLLUTION
Example 7.6. The average sewage flowfroma city is 80 x 106 lld. If the average
5day BOD is 285 mgll, Compute the total daily 5day oxygen demand in kg, and
the population equivalent of''sewage. Assume per capita BOD of sewage per day
=75 g.
SOlution. Quantity of sewage flowing per day = 80 x 10° litres.
Average 5 day BOD = 285 mng1.
Total daily 5 day oxygen demand mg = 22,800 kg. Ans.
106)
= 285 x (80 x
20,800 =3,04,000. Ans.
Population equivalent = 75
1000
20°C in the relatie
Example 7.7. If the period of incubation is 10 days at stability.
conductivity test on sewage, calculate the percentage of relative
Solution. Using egn. (7.23), we have
Relative stability =S
1001-(0:794) »
where ton = Time in days to decolourise a
standard vol. of methylene blue at
20°C= 10days (given)
S= 100[1-(0.794)10] = 100 [1-0.0995875] = 90.04%. Ans.
Example 7.8. Calculate the population equivalent of a city given () the
average seuwage from the city is 95 x10° lWday, and (ü) the average 5 day BOD is
300mgll.
Solution. Average 5 day BOD = 300 mgl.
Average sewage flow = 95 x 10® 1/day
Total BOD in sewage
=300 x 95 x 10® mg/day = 300 x 95 kg/day = 28500 kg/day
Population equivalent
Total 5 day BOD in kg/day
0.08
assuming the domestic sewage
28500
Lquantity to be 0.08 kg/person/ day
0.08 =3,56,250. Ans.
Example 7.9.The BOD, of awaste water is 150 mgll at 20°C. The k
known to be 0.23 per day. What would BOD, be, if value s
Solution. Here, we will first the test was run at 15"
equal to 0.23 per day, cannot beclarify,
the
that the given value of constant R,
value of deoxygenation constant Kp
base 10), but it must be the rate
us as 'K, where, Ky=0.434 K. constant (on base e) which was
This because of the reason that the
is symbolisea
value at 20°C for strong
municipal sewage is of the order of 0.1 highestp
slightly less. Hence, the given to 0.13,
k value must be the
Hence, at 20°C, we use value of K and not of Ap
K=0.23 (given)
K, = 0.434 K =0.434 x
Also BOD of 5days = 0.23 = 0.0998 0.1.
Using equation (7.16), BOD,=
we have
150mgl (at 20°C)
 QUALITY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE
179

Y,= L1-(a10) K1
Y,= L|1- (10)-K, 5] where Y. =BODof 5days
or
150=L1- (10)01-5
1
(10)95
1
=L1-;3.16) =L[1 -0.316] =0.684 L
150
L= = 219.4
0.684
or L= 219.4 mgl.
Now, let us find K, value at 15C ..i)
Using equation (7.18), we have
Kpry = Kpeo) [1.047]|' 20°

Kpasy = 0.1[1.047]0-2 =0.1 [1.047]

1 1
= 0.1
L(1.047)5 =0.1 L1.258| =0.079
Now, again using
Y,- L|1-(10) ,where Y, is BOD of tdays
we have
Y,= 219.4 |1- (10)-0079 x8]
1 1
=219.4|1
(10,0.632 =219.4|1 4.285
= 219.4 [1 0.233] = 219.4 x 0.766 = 168.2 mgl
Hence BOD, = Y,= 168.2 mg/1. Ans.
Example 7.10. The 5 day 30°C BOD of sewage sample is 110 mgll. Calculate
its 5 days 20°C B0D. Assume the deoxygenation constant at 20°C, KÍ, as 0. 1.
Solution. Kp20) = 0.1
Now, using equation (7.18)
- 20°
Kpr, =Kyar) [1.047-3 20°
, we get

Kysoy =0.1 [1.047] =0.1 [1.047] =0.158 ..)

Now, using Y,=L|1-(10 -Kp.t| we get

Or
110 =21-00) 1s -9] =L(1-(10) "
1
00975=L |1 - 0.162|
110
110 = L(0.838) or L= 0.838 =131.3
Or
L= 131.3 mgl. ...(ü)
 ENGINEERINo
AIR POLLUTION
180 SEWAGE DISPOSALAND

Now ,= L[1-(10)
Y at 20°C 1

131.31-(10)-01*5]=181.3| 1 (10)0.5
= 131.3 x 0.684
(1-0.316) =
=131.3 x 20°
= 89.8 mgl.
Ans.
of sewagesample whose 5 day
1 day 37°C BOD
Example 7.11. Calculate
Assume K, at 20°C as 0.1.
100 mgl.
BOD is 110 mgl (given)
Solution. 5 day 20°C BOD=
(7.16), we have given by
Now using Eg. after t= 5 days, is
20°C, say
The BOD at -Ka(201).
,=L|1-(10) (given)
Using Y,= 100 mg/l
Kpgo) =0.1
100 =L1-(10)-01x5
we have 1
L|1
100 =L[1-(10)-03] =[0.684] 3.16
=L[1 - 0.316] = L
100 = 146.2 mg/l.
L=
Or 0.684
37°C, by using Eq. (7.18) as :
Now let us work out K, at - 20°

Kory =Kpeo) [1.047]

[1.047]17
Or Kpsry =0.1 [1.047]=0.1
= 0.1 x 2.18 = 0.218.
i.e. Y, at 37°C, using
Now, we have to work out Y, for one day

-Kplat 37°C) × 1
Y, (at 37°C) =146.21-(10)
1
= 146.2|1-(10)0218*1|= 146.2 (10,0.218
1
= 146.2| 1 1.652
=146.2 [ -0.605] = 57.75.
Hence, Y, at 37°C= 57.75 mg/. Ans.
Example 7.12. The BOD of asewage incubated for one day at 30°C has ber
found to be 110mgll. What willbe the 5-day 20°C BOD ? Assume K,= 0.1
20°C.
Solution. Y(at 30', = 110mgl. ; Ys(at 20") =?; Kp (20) =0.1.
First of all, let us calculateKp at 30°C, by using Eq. (7.18) i.e.
 OUALITY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE 181

Kp) =Kpeo) [1.047] 20°

Or
Kp (30) =0.1 [1.047]20= 0.1 [1.047]0
=0.1 x 1.583 = 0.158.
Now using Eq. (7.16), we have

Y,=L|1-(10-Ko.]
At 30°C and for one day, we have

Y1(30") =1- (10)-kD.oon) x1]

Or
110=1-(10) a1s*1] =z|1 1.438
=L [1 0.696] = L[(0.304]
110
L= = 361.8 mg/l.
0.304

Now again using Y, =L1- (10) * we have

s20") =L1- (10) -Knarxö]
1
-L[1- (10-01*5] =L|-a0),5
=L[1- 0.316]
= 361.8 [10.316] = 247.4 mg/l. Ans.
mgl. If k, =
Example 7.13. The BOD, of awaste has been measured as 600proportion of
What
0.23/day (base e), what is the ultimate BOD, of the waste.
the BOD, would remain unoxidised after 20 days.
Solution, Use eqn. (7.16) as:

Here K = k, = 0.23/day (given) x 0.23 = 0.1.

K, = 0.434 K= 0.434
Using t =5days, we have
Y, = BODof 5 days
=600 mgl = L|1-(10)-01x51
Or
60 mg/l =L(1- (10)-0] =L|-aos
1
=L|1-=L[1- 0.316] =0.684 L
3.16
0.684 L = 600 mg1
600 mg/l.
L= 0.684 mg/l = 877.5
mg/l. Ans.
Hence, the ultimate BOD=877.5 1

Now
[0.99]
=Y,[1 - 0.01]= Y,
 ENGINEERI
POLLUTION
DISPOSALAND AIR
182 SEWAGE

and hence only 1% of

Y0 = 0.99 Y, utilised in 20 days,Ans.
is
It means that 999% of BOD,
unoxidised after 20 days. on a 3% dilution of
ultimate BOD would be left observations were made
Example 7.14. The following dilution
waste water :
aerated water used for
Dissolved 0xygen(D.0.) of incubation
=3.0mgl
ofdiluted sample after 5 days
Dissolved oxygen (D.0.)
= 0.8 mgll
oxygen (D.0) oforiginal sample
Dissolved assuming
= 0.6 mgl. ultimate BOD ofthe sample
of5 days and temp. is 0.1.
Calculate the B.O.D.coefficient wastewater
deoxygenation at test consists of3%
that the diluted sample
Solution. The 100% contents ofthe
water usedfor dilution.
and 97% of aerated waste water x its
content
D.0. of
Hence its D.0. = water x its content
D.0. of dilution
+
3.0 × 0.97
= 0.6 x 0.03 +
2.928 mgl.
= 0.018 + 2.91 =
after 5 days
D.0. of the incubated sample
=0.8mgl.
Oxidising organic matter
Thus, D.0. consumed in
= 2.928 -0.8 = 2.128 mg/l.
consumed x Dilution factor
B.0.D. of 5 days = D.0.
100
=2.128 x = 70.93 mg/1.

Ultimate B.O.D. is given by L.

Using Eq. (7.16), we have
Y,=L1-(10) - K,
...)

The value of K,at test temp. is given as 0.1. Substituting the known values
in Eq. (i) above, we have
70.93 =L|1- (10)-01*5| =L[1-(10)5]

=L[1-0.316] =Lx 0.684

70.93
Or L= =103.7
mg/l. Ans.
0,684
Example 7.15.If the per capita contribution of suspended solids and B.OD.is
90 gm and 55 gm, find thepopulation
equivalents of
 183
QUALITY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE

)Acombined system serving 1000 persons and having 75 gm per capita

daily of B.0.D. ; and
(ü) 40,000 litres daily of industrial waste water containing 1800 mgll of
suspended solids.
Solution. (i) Population served by the combined system
= 1000.
Daily per capita B.O.D. of the combined system
= 75 gm.
Totaldaily B.0.D. produced by the system
= 1000 x75 gm = 75,000gm.
But standard per capita B.0.D. (given)
= 55 gm.
Population equivalent
75,000
= 1364. Ans.
55
of suspended solids.
(ii) 1litre of industrial wastewater contains 1800 mg
produce
40,000 litres of industrial wastewater (daily) will
1800 x 40,000
gmof suspended solids

= 72,000 gm of suspended solids

contribution is 90 gm.
But standard daily per capita solid
.. Population equivalent
72,000 =800. Ans.
90
conducted for determining the relative conductivity at
Example 7.16. In atest found to be 12 days. Calculate the per cent
of
incubation was
20°C, the period of
relative stability. (7.23) as :
relative stability (S) at 20°C is given by equation
Solution. The
S= 100|1-(0794)
20°C test temp.
Using ton = No. of days at
= 12days.
We get S= 100|1-(0.794)"| 93.7%. Ans.
= 100 >x 0.937 =
= 100 [1 - 0.063] organicmatter, L, with
time, t, is
Change in concentration of
Example 7.17.
dL
given by dt =- KL. days ifthe initial
concent
matter remaining after 3
Caleulate the organic
K= 0.4 per day.
ration was 200 mgll, and dL =- K.dt
dL =- KL or
Solution. L
dt
Integrating, we have
log, L =- Kt +C
184 AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERINo
SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND
Or
2.3 log,, L= - Kt +C.
When t=0 (at start), L = 200 mg/l.
2.3 log,, 200 = 0 + C
or C= 2.3 x 2.301 =5.28.
Now, the value ofL after 3 days is given by
2.3 log,n L=-0.4 x 3 + C 4.08
5.28 =
or 2.3 log,,L=-1.2 +
4.08 =1.773
Or log,, L = 2.3
L= 59.3 mg/1.
days = 59.3 mg/M. Ans.
after 3 water BODtest are
or
organicmatter left domestic waste
Hence the unseeded days DOequal to
Data from an 7.8 mgl,and 5
Example 7.18. bottle, initial D.0. of
wastein 300 ml per day.
5 ml of assuming a k-rate of0.10
4.3 mgl. Compute BOD,
(6) the ultimate
(a)the BOD ; and = 7.8 mg/l
Solution. InitialD.O. incubation = 4.3 mg/l
D.O. after 5 days of days = 7.8 4.3=
3.5 mgl
D.0. consumed in 5
(7.10),we have
Now, using equation
BOD, of wastewater
by diluted sample
= D.0. consumed Vol.of diluted sample
Vol. of undiluted sewage used
[300 ml
=3.5 mg/l X = 210mg/l. Ans.
5 ml
we have
Now, using equation Y, =L|1- (10)*p
where K, =0.1 per day and Y,=210 mgl
1

210 =L|1-(10i|-= 2|1-a02r

=L[1-0.316] =0.684L
210
Or L= mg/l = 307.1 mgl
0.684
Hence, ultimate BOD (Y) =L=307.1 mg/l. Ans.
Example 7.19.A dairy processing about 1,33, 000 kg of milkdaily produced an
average of246 cubic metre per day of uwaste water with a BOD of 1400mgll. The
principal operations ure bottling ofmilk, and making ice eream, with limited
production of cheese. Compute the waste water flow and BOD per 1000 kg o]
milkreceived, and the equivalent population of thedaily waste discharge.
Solution. Daily milk processed = 1,33,000 kg
Daily wastewater produced = 246 m3
 OUALITY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE
185
BOD of wastew ater = 1400 mgl
Evidently,
Wastewater produced per 1000 kg of milk
246
x 1000 m²= 1.85 m².
1,33,000 Ans.
BOD of the wastewater = 1400 mg/l
= 1400 x 10° mg/m
1400 × 103
gm/m = 1400 x 103 kg/m3
1000 10 × 10
= 1.4 kgm
But vol of waste water produced in
(calculated above) processing 1000kg of milk = 1.85 m'
Hence, BOD produced per 1000 kg of milk
processed
= kg
l.4x1.85m°
m
= 2.59 kg, Ans.
Daily BOD produced by 246 m²of wastewater
=1.4 kgmx 246 m= 344.4 kg/day.
From equation (7.21), we have
Population equivalent
BOD of industry in kg/day 344.4
= 4305. Ans.
0.08 0.08
[Note. The dairy is producing as much pollution as is likely to be produced by 4305
persons.]
Example 7.20. The 3 days 15°C BODof a sample of sewage is 150mgl. Draw
a graph of5 day BOD as a function of temperature in the range 10°C to 30°Cin
steps of 5°C. Assume K, at 20°C = 0.1.
Solution. K, at 20°C = 0.1.
K,at 15°Cis given as :
- 20°
Kory = Kpa0 [1.047]
20°
Or
Kpasy =0.1 [L047]16 298
272
0.1
= 0.1 (1.047)-5 = =0.079 243
(1.047)5 212

Now,using Y,p= L1-(10) *» we have 183

Yaat 18e = 150mg/l

150 mg/l =L|1- (10) 0.079 xa] BOD
1 mg
(10)0-297|=0.422L
Or L = 355.53 mg/. 0
05 10 15 20 25 30
20
Kpgoy =0.1 [1.047]0 =0.063 Temperature
Fig. 7.8
 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING
186
-20 = 0.1258
Kpgsy =0.1 [1.047] 20 = 0.1583
Kooon =0.1 [1.047]
10" =355.53 1- (10) 0.0683 x6|=183mgl
(0) 5at
355.53|1- (10) 0079 *5 =212 mgl
(ii) Ysat 15°C =
mgl
Y,at 200=355.53 |1- (10)xo= 243
(u)
=355.53|1- (10)-0.1258Sx5|=272 mgl
(0) 5at 25c
=355.53|1- (10)-1683 x6 =298 mg/l
(0) Ysat30e are plotted in
number BOD values w.r.t. temperature
These calculated five requisite graph, which is almost a straight
the
Fig. 7.8, so as to obtain
line. Ans.
PROBLEMS and
out in the laboratories at sewage treatment
carried
1. (a)State the routine tests the significance of each of them.
disposal works, and explain sewages, and explain
common types of organisms found in domestic carried out, as is
(6)Mention the examination of sewage is usually not
why routine biological
done for water supplies. do you
importance of determination of solids in sewage. How
2. (a) Explain the sample of waste water ?
determine the suspended solids in a given sewage sample
BOD and COD?A 2% solution of a
(6) What is the difference between depletion of oxygen was found to be 4 ppm.
is incubated for 5 days at 20°C. The [Ans. 200 mgl or 200 ppml
Determine the BOD of the sewage.
3. (a) Write short note on BOD.
sample whose 5-days 20°C BOD is 100 mg.
(6) Calculate 1 day 37°C BOD of sewage
4 (a) Explain population equivalent. ketone of chemical formula
mgl of a
(6) Given a waste water containing 300
CH,COC,H
(i) Calculate the COD.
(iü)Assume a "k" value (base 10) of 0.1 per day.
Calculate the ultimate BOD and the 5 day BOD of the waste.
Note : H=1,C = 12, O = 16.
5. (a)Give in a tabular form, the average composition of domestie sewage of a tow
(6) The average sewage flow from a city is 80 x 10® Vd. If theaverage 5-days BODD
285 mg/l, compute the total daily 5-day Oxygen demand in kg, and the populatloi
equivalent of sewage, k= 0.1. Assume per capita BOD of the sewage per day= 10g
6 Give a brief account of general composition of sewage. What is the purpose
principle involved in its treatment and disposal ?
7. Explain the importance of the following operations in a laboratory determination o
BOD of waste water sanple :
(i) pH adjustment ;
(ii) dilution with aerated water;
(iii) seeding and nutrient addition to dilution water;and
(iv) incubation at controlled temperature.
(a) State and describe four important tests that may be carried out to knoW the
8. characteristics of sanitary sewage.
OUALITY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE 187

(6) Distinguish between aerobic, anaerobic and facultative micro-organisms and their
role in the decomposition of sewage.
9. (a) Explain the importance of determination of solids in sewage. How do
you
determine the suspended solids in a given sample of waste water ?
(6) A town has an average domestic sewage flow of 31,710 m³lday with a BOD
concentration of 250 ppm. Aneighbouring industrial estate adds about 11,325
m³/day of sewage having 9080 kg ofBOD to it. Find out :
(i) the concentrations of BOD in industrial and the combined
sewage;
(iü) the probable population and per capita flow of sewage; and
(iiü) the population equivalents based on the (i) BOD load and (ii) the hydraulic
load.
10. (a) What is BOD ? Deduce an expression for BOD with time.What are the factors on
which the de-oxygenation constant (k) depends ?
(6) The 3 day 37°CBOD of a sample of sewage is 300 ppm. What will be its 10 days
20°C BOD, and 5 day 30°C BOD ?
11. Explain the composition of sewage and also the possible methods of measuring the
strength of sewage. Write out the laboratory procedure of the experiment to determine
the strength of sewage.
12. State the common laboratory tests conducted on sewage and their importance in the
treatment and disposal of sewage.
13. (a) Name two most important parameters used to characterise sewage and describe
their significance.
(6) The 7 days 20°CBOD of a sample of sewage is 300 ppm. and its 3 days 37°C
BOD is 500 ppm. Find out the value of deoxygenation constant k, and then
estimate its 5 days 30°C BOD.
14. (a)What is BOD ? Deduce an expression for the first stage BOD.
(b) If 3.0 ml of raw sewage was diluted to 300 ml and the D.0. concentration of the
diluted sample at the beginning was 8.6 mgl, and 4.6 mgl at the end of 5day
incubation at 20°C, find the B.O.D. of raw sewage.
(c) If the contribution of suspended solids and B.0.D. is90 gm and 75 gm per capita
per day, estimate the population equivalents of
(i) a combined system serving 1200 persons and having 125 gm per capita daily
of BOD; and
(iü) 50,000 litres daily contribution of industrial waste-water containing 1800
mg/l of suspended solids.
15. Write notes on:
(i) Cycles of decay of waste organicsubstances;
(iü) B.O.D.;
(iüi) C.0.D. and B.0.D.;
(iv) Concentration of solids in sewage;
(u) Population Equivalent;
(vi) Compositiion of Municipal Sewage ;
(vii) BOD/COD ratio ; and
(viüi) TOC.