2022 - 09 - 12 Quantity Surveying
2022 - 09 - 12 Quantity Surveying
2022 - 09 - 12 Quantity Surveying
Quantity Surveying
➢ MODULE 1: Introduction
▪ Principle of Estimating
▪ Purpose and type of Estimating
▪ Main items of work and their units of measurement,
▪ Standard methods of measurements
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Quantity Surveying
➢ MODULE 3: Rate Analysis & Schedule of Rates
▪ Purpose, Factors affecting Rate Analysis
o Labor & Material requirement for important items of work
▪ Analysis of rates for various Items of buildings
▪ Local Schedule of Rates
▪ Rates of important items of work from different Government Schedule of Rates
➢ MODULE 4: Building Estimate
▪ Estimate of Single Storied Building
o Sloped Roof, Trusses, R.C.C, P.C.C., Openings, Flooring, Finishing
▪ Preparation of B.O.Q.
▪ Estimate of :
o Septic Tank
o Water Supply and Sanitary Installation
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Quantity Surveying
➢ MODULE 5: Road Estimate
▪ Estimate of Earthwork
▪ Estimate of pitching of Slopes
▪ Estimate for a New Road
▪ Culvert
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Quantity Surveying
➢ MODULE 6: Valuation- Introduction & Methods
▪ Cost, Price & Value
▪ Different forms of value
▪ Purpose of valuation, Different methods of valuation
▪ Rental method of valuation
o Different forms of Rent, Sinking Fund, Year’s Purchase, Annuity
▪ Method of depreciation - Various methods of Depreciation, numerical problems
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Quantity Estimation of a Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Main Items of Work
▪ Lime Concrete and Brickwork
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
Item Description Nos. Length Breadth Height or Quantity
No. or Depth
Particulars
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Quantity Estimation of a Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Brick Masonry Retaining Wall
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Measurement Form
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Main Items of Work
▪ Quantity Estimate
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Main Items of Work
▪ Quantity Estimate
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Main Items of Work
▪ General Specifications
oFoundation – Cement Concrete (1:2:4)
oMasonry – 1st Class Brickwork in Cement Mortar (1:4)
oFlooring – 2.5 cm thick artificial stone, i.e., cement concrete
(1:2:4) with 16 mm down stone chips
oFloor and Wall finishing
• Inside – 20 mm cement Plaster (1:3) finished smooth with
neat cement.
• Top and Outside up to 20 cm below G.L. – 12 mm cement
plaster (1:4)
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Main Items of Work
▪ Quantity Estimate
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Main Items of Work
▪ Quantity Estimate
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Main Items of Work
▪ Quantity Estimate
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Main Items of Work
▪ Quantity Estimate
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Main Items of Work
▪ General Specifications
oFoundation – Cement Concrete (1:2:4)
oMasonry – 1st Class Brickwork in Cement Mortar (1:4)
oFlooring – 2.5 cm thick artificial stone, i.e., cement concrete
(1:2:4) with 16 mm down stone chips
oFloor and Wall finishing
• Inside – 20 mm cement Plaster (1:3) finished smooth with
neat cement.
• Top and Outside up to 20 cm below G.L. – 12 mm cement
plaster (1:4)
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Principle of Estimating
▪ For all engineering work it is required to know beforehand the
▪ “Probable Cost of Work” – “Estimated Cost”
▪ Estimate – Probable Cost of Work – a computation or calculation of
the QUANTITIES required and EXPENDITURE likely to be
incurred in the construction of a work
▪ An ESTIMATE for any public construction work is required to be
prepared and submitted beforehand so that sanction of necessary
funds may be obtained from concerned authority
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Principle of Estimating
▪ If “Estimated Cost” > Available Capital or Finance
▪ Reduce Cost by
oReducing portions or amount of works
oChanging the Specifications
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Principle of Estimating
▪ Knowledge of Drawing is very important
▪ Drawing – Plan – Section – Elevation
▪ From Drawing – QUANTITIES of various ITEMS needs to be
worked out by simple measurements – TAKEOUTS
oVolume
oArea
oLength
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Purpose of Estimating
▪ To ascertain the availability of the necessary capital or finance
required by the stakeholders for completion of the project in its
totality
▪ For public works estimates are required for obtaining administrative
approval, allotment of funds and technical sanctions
▪ To ascertain the availability of the QUANTITIES of the
MATERIALS required
▪ Plan the timely procurement of materials like cement, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate, reinforcement bars etc.
▪ Procurement of MATERIALS required can be planned efficiently in a
10 phase wise manner with the help of the ESTIMATE
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Purpose of Estimating
▪ Plan the requirement and employment of different categories of
workers vis., skilled, semi-skilled or un-skilled workers for cost
efficient and timely completion of the project.
▪ Assess the requirements of various tools, plants, machineries and
equipment required to complete the work within the scheduled time
▪ To draw up or plan the construction schedule – PROJECT
MANAGEMENT PLAN
oPhase – wise construction and work force management
oPhase – wise completion of the various volumes of works
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Purpose of Estimating
▪ Benefit to Cost Ratio – for ideal investment ratio should be greater
than 1
▪ Invite TENDERS – Billing for payment on completion of Works
▪ Valuation of Existing Property
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Precautions
▪ If the Actual Cost of Construction increases significantly then the
“ESTIMATED COST” while the project is in the Construction Phase
▪ Serious issue – Grave Problem – arrangement of additional finance
▪ Actual Cost of Construction – account of all expenditures obtained
from the records at the Completion of a Project
▪ Actual Cost of Construction should not differ much from the
Estimated Cost
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Precautions
▪ Inaccuracy in calculating of QUANTITIES
▪ Omission of Items
▪ Improper Rates
o Rate of ITEMS should be reasonable and Workable – Rate Analysis
▪ Rates in ESTIMATE – should provide for the Complete Work
o Cost of the Materials and its transportation
o Cost of Labor – Engineering Supervision – Work force
o Cost of Tools, Equipment, Machineries etc.
o Reasonable Profit of Contractors
o Rates in ESTIMATE
▪ Uniformity in the Units – SI system
▪ ESTIMATE should be comprehensible so that it can be checked, verified,
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Types of Estimates
▪ DETAILED ESTIMATE
oDetails of all MEASUREMENTS and calculations of
QUANTITIES
oMost accurate – accompanied by
oDetailed Drawing – Specifications – Design Data – Basis of
Rates
oCost of ITEM = QUANTITY × UNIT RATE
▪ QUANTITY ESTIMATE or QUANTITY SURVEY
oDetails of all MEASUREMENTS and calculations of
QUANTITIES
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Types of Estimates
▪ Preliminary Estimate or Approximate Estimate or Rough Estimate
oPlinth Area or Square meter method
oCubic Rate or Cubic meter method
oService Unit or Unit Rate method
oBay method
oApproximate Quantities with bill method
oCost Comparison Method
oCost from materials and labour
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Types of Estimates
▪ ABSTRACT of ESTIMATED COST
oFrom Detailed Estimate QUANTITIES of similar ITEMS are
grouped and added
oCost of ITEM = QUANTITY × UNIT RATE
oUNIT RATE – Reasonable – Workable
oSummation of all Cost – Total Cost of Project – “ ESTIMATED
COST”
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Types of Estimates
▪ Functions of an ABSTRACT of ESTIMATED COST
oTotal ESTIMATED COST
oList of different ITEMS of WORKS and the exact / total
QUANTITIES of the ITEMS of WORKS
oBasis on which percentage rate of tenders are called after
excluding the amounts for contingency and work-charged
establishments
oPrepare the BOQ from where the Contractors can arrive at their
own workable rates
oBasis on which bills are prepared for payment
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Types of Estimates
▪ BILL of QUANTITIES (BOQ) or SCHEDULE of QUANTITIES
oComplete list of all items of work involved in connection with the
ESTIMATE for the Project
oIt contains Description, Quantity and Unit of Rate against each
Item of Work
oBasically an Abstract of Estimated Cost but with the column of
Rates of Items and Total Amount against each Item remaining
blank, i.e., an Abstract of QUANTITY ESTIMATE
oContractors put there competitive Rates and offer total estimated
cost, within which, the Contractors claim they can complete the
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Data Required for Preparing a Detailed Estimate
▪ Detailed Drawing
▪ Specifications
oGeneral Specifications
• Nature and Class of Work – Names of Materials
oDetailed Specifications
• Quality – Proportions – Method of preparations – Workmanship
▪ Rates – Standard “Schedule of Rates”
oIf item not listed or Rate in SOR not reasonable / workable – Analysis
of rate
▪ Updated modes of Measurements – correct quantities of work
▪ Standing Circulars for taxes and insurances are required to work out the
rates of items – not in SOR
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Quantity Surveying
➢ How to Prepare a Detailed Estimate
▪ Unit Quantity Method
oFind the number of Units of the Item required for the project
oAnalyse the Rate per Unit Work of individual Item (Rates are
inclusive of profit)
oTotal Cost of Individual Item = No. of Units × Rate per Unit
▪ Part A – Details of Measurement and Calculation of Quantities
oRespective measurements for dimensions (TAKEOUTS) of all
individual Items involved – from Detailed Drawing
oTabulate in Standard “Measurement Form”
11 oDerive the respective QUANTITIES
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Quantity Surveying
➢ How to Prepare a Detailed Estimate
▪ Part B – Abstract of Estimated Cost
oFrom Detailed Estimate QUANTITIES of similar ITEMS are grouped
and added
oCost of ITEM = QUANTITY × UNIT RATE
oUNIT RATE – Reasonable – Workable
oSummation of all Cost – Total Cost of Project – “ ESTIMATED
COST”
oAdditional Cost
• 3 – 5 % – Unforeseen Expenditure – Contingency Fund
• 2.5 % – Additional Supervising Staff – “Work Charged”
Establishments
• 1 – 1.5 % – Tools – Machineries – for Large projects
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Factors to be considered while Preparing a Detailed Estimate
▪ Quantity of Material – Rate of Work – Considering Volume of Work
o Increasing Volume – Decreasing Rate – for Large projects
▪ Availability of Materials
o Rate of Item > Scheduled Rate if there is doubt (no assurance) about the availability
of the material as and when required on site.
o Unavailability (paucity) of materials detrimental to project
o Huge loss if staff – workers remain idle
▪ Transportation of Materials
o Transportation Cost > Cost of the material itself if transported in smaller quantities
over large distance – optimization with storage capacity
▪ Location of Site
o If loading – unloading, stacking and re-stacking required several times – possibility
of damage or loss in transit should be considered carefully
▪ Local Labour Charges
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o Skill and daily wages of local labourers should be considered before preparations of
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Annual Maintenance or Repair Estimate
▪ Items which require renewal – replacement – repair
oDetailed Estimate of such Items
▪ White washing, Colour Washing, Painting of Doors & Windows
oCan be based of previous measurements recorded in the
“Standard Measurement Book”
▪ Replacement of Glass panes, repairs of floor, patch repairs to cement
plasters, changing of roof tiles, floor tiles – whose repairs cannot be
accurately estimated –
oLump Sum basis – updated on Yearly Basis
▪ To be within “Prescribed Limits” according to the age and
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importance of the structure
Quantity Surveying
➢ Revised Estimate
▪ Is a Detailed Estimate
oFor the revised quantities
oOr rates of item of Works
▪ Without material deviation of structural nature
▪ Attachment – Comparative Statement Abstract
oProbable variations of Quantity, Rate and Amount
• For each Revised Item of Work
• As compared to the Original Estimate
• side – by – side
▪ Stating / Clarifications for the Variation
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▪ Revised Estimate is prepare and submitted for fresh technical sanctions
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Revised Estimate is required
▪ When Sanctioned Estimate is likely to exceed by more than 5 %
oMaybe due to Rates considered are insufficient
oOr other cause whatsoever
• Except important structural alterations
▪ Expenditure of Work likely to exceed by more than 10% of the
administrative approval
▪ Material Deviation – but not due to Structural Alterations
▪ Sanctioned Estimate is more than the actual requirement
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Supplementary Estimate
▪ Estimate for additional work
oInclude all such additional or extra work
▪ Material deviation due to Structural nature
▪ While the work is in progress
▪ Is a Detailed Estimate and submitted with the report on circumstance
which render the necessity of the additional works
▪ Abstract – Total sanction Required
oOriginal Estimate + Supplementary Amount
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Revised Estimate ➢ Supplementary Estimate
▪ Sanctioned Amount is ▪ Fairly independent of the
exceeded due to change of work at first sanctioned
RATES or due to addition of oRedesign or Change in
Works fairly dependent on design
the original work, i.e., the oMaterial Deviation of
work initially sanctioned Structural Nature from
design originally
approved
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Revised Estimate ➢ Supplementary Estimate
▪ Accompanied with a ▪ No Comparative Abstract
Comparative Statement form required.
Abstract form showing the oBecause this is an
probable variations for Estimate for additional
quantity, rate and amount works only.
against each item of wo oThe Abstract is the
involved int eh project summation of the
Original Amount and the
Supplementary amount –
which gives the Total
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Estimated Amount
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Revised Estimate ➢ Supplementary Estimate
▪ Is required due to change of ▪ Is required due to some new
Rates or Quantity of works
Materials oSo change of design
oNo addition, revision, oRevision of Drawings
change in the Design – oMostly addition of
Drawing is done. Drawings
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Combination of Revised and Supplementary Estimate
▪ During execution
▪ Revise original estimate due to Inflation – Change of Rates –
increased volume of work – not of structural nature
▪ Simultaneously design and sanction Supplementary Works
▪ Revised Estimate for Original Work
▪ Supplementary Estimate for additional work
▪ Total Estimate = Revised Estimate + Supplementary Estimate
(showing extra works separately)
▪ Abstract includes all together
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Quantity Surveying
➢ Revised Estimate required due to reduction in cost
▪ In cases where substantial section of a project
oCosting not less than 5 % of the Original Sanctioned Cost
▪ is abandoned
▪ Material deviation from the original proposal expected to result in
substantial savings
▪ The Estimate is REVISED
➢ Supplementary Estimate required due to reduction in cost
▪ In cases where saving is due to Material Deviation of a structural nature
from design originally approved – Redesign
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Complete Estimate
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Thank You.....