GROUP 3 PLANNING 2

URBAN
PLANNING
TYPES OF URBAN PLANNING, HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNNING, URBAN
DESIGN APPROACH IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES

AR. VANESSA BARCELONA ABANDO - CATAN - CHIU - HIJASTRO - POMBO

01 INTRODUCTION 03 HISTORY OF URBAN
What is Urban Planning? PLANNING
What is Urban Design?
Indus Valley Civilization
Mesopotamia
Graeco-Roman Period
Middle Ages
02 TYPES OF URBAN The Renaissance
PLANNING Modernism
Post-Modernism
Strategic
Land-use
Infrastructure
Urban Revitalization Presentation
04 URBAN DESIGN
Master Planning
Economic Development
Environmental
Overview APPROACH IN VARIOUS
Transportation COUNTRIES
Landscape
Regional
CIty
Neighborhood
URBAN PLANNING
The merging of the disciplines of land-use planning and transportation planning to investigate a wide variety of characteristics of
the physical and social environments of urbanized towns and communities. The emphasis is on the planning and management of
space usage in the urban environment. This includes physical structure, economic functions, and social consequences. A
fundamental aspect of urban planning, in addition to the construction of new cities or the extension of existing ones, is urban
renewal and re-generation of inner cities by applying urban-planning approaches to existing cities suffering from long-term
infrastructure decline.
URBAN DESIGN
The art and science of planning and shaping the physical environment of cities, towns, and communities. It is concerned with the
layout and design of buildings, public spaces, transportation networks, and other components of the built environment. Urban design
has a long history that extends back to ancient civilizations and has evolved over time to become an important component of modern
city planning.
TYPES OF URBAN PLANNING
(BASED ON THE PRACTICAL APPROACH)

01 STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING

02 LAND-USE PLANNING

03 INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING

04 URBAN REVITALIZATION

05 MASTER PLANNING

06 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

07 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

08 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

09 LANDSCAPE PLANNING
STRATEGIC
URBAN PLANNING

Setting high-level goals and determining desired areas in

establishing the development for a city or metropolitan
area.

The outcome of the planning process is a strategic plan.

This is also called the development plan, core strategy, or
comprehensive plan.

Include the following goals;

enhancing transportation throughout the city,
creating more community spaces,
improving citizens’ quality of life, for the residents of the
city
encouraging people to visit or move to the city.
LAND-USE PLANNING

Application of policies made on how a land is used and deals

with the type, location, and amount of land to carry out for a
city to function.

This includes governmental regulations, zoning codes, rules

and statutes.

ZONES:
Residential
apartment complexes, single-family houses, and condos.
Commercial
retail stores and office buildings.
Industrial
manufacturing facilities and warehouses.
Municipal
police stations and courthouses.
INFRASTRUCTURE
PLANNING
A systematic process of designing, developing, and managing
the physical and technical systems and facilities necessary to
support the functioning and growth of urban areas. It involves
making decisions about the construction, maintenance, and
expansion of critical infrastructure components to ensure the
efficient operation of cities and the well-being of their
residents.

It covers the types of system and facilities necessary for a city

and its residents.

Includes:
Safety and transportation
fire facilities, roads, and police facilities
Community infrastructure
parks, schools, and hospitals
Public works infrastructure
telecommunications, water supply, electricity, and sewage
URBAN
REVITALIZATION
Involves the improvement of areas of a city that are in a state
of decline. It aims to improve the economic, social, and
physical conditions of such areas, often characterized by aging
infrastructure, disinvestment, blight, or population decline.
Urban revitalization planning involves a range of actions,
policies, and initiatives to transform these areas into vibrant,
sustainable, and attractive places to live, work, and invest in.

The techniques used in urban revitalization depend on the

cause of decline and may differ from city to city.

Cleaning up excess pollution

Making upgrades to parks and similar recreational facilities
Repairing roads that have become worn down from overuse
Developing new infrastructure

Also called URBAN RENEWAL

MASTER PLANNING
Is typically used for greenfield development projects, or building
on undeveloped land and usually starting from a land that has to
be developed instead of modifying the existing structure.

Focuses on the future by identifying what the land should be used

for and what will be needed to reach these goals.

Key aspects of master planning in urban planning include:

Comprehensive Vision
Land Use and Zoning
Infrastructure Planning
Environmental Sustainability
Transportation Planning
Economic Development
Social Equity
Community Engagement
Flexibility and Adaptation
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
Allows companies to build or move offices in specific areas to
grow and expand in terms of financial prosperity.

offers more opportunities for people to have jobs and open

local businesses such as gas stations, restaurants and grocery
stores around the development.

should also consider the local traffic and coordinate with the
land use plans, master plans, and infrastructure plans as well
as the environmental plans in ensuring the development is
feasible.

Ex. a certain company wants to expand and build a new

headquarters in an area
ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING
a specialized field that focuses on integrating environmental
considerations and sustainability principles into the development
and management of urban areas. It aims to create cities and urban
environments that are not only socially and economically viable but
also environmentally responsible and resilient. Environmental
planning seeks to strike a balance between urban development
and the protection, preservation, and enhancement of the natural
environment.

Type of Planning that focuses on Sustainability and take

consideration environmental factors such as:

Coastal zone erosion

Flood zone susceptibility
Noise pollution
Air pollution
Habitats of animal species that are endangered
Wetlands
TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
is a systematic and comprehensive process that focuses on the
development, management, and improvement of transportation
systems within urban areas. It involves the design and
implementation of policies, strategies, and infrastructure to ensure
efficient, safe, sustainable, and equitable movement of people and
goods within cities and metropolitan regions.

Here are key aspects and components of transportation planning in

urban planning:

Mobility and Accessibility Sustainability

Transportation Modes Land Use Integration
Infrastructure Development Public Transit
Traffic Management Infrastructure Maintenance
Safety Community Engagement
LANDSCAPE
PLANNING
also known as landscape-oriented urban planning, is an approach
to city and urban planning that places a strong emphasis on the
design, integration, and preservation of natural and green spaces
within urban environments. It seeks to create cities and urban
areas that are not only functional and efficient but also
aesthetically pleasing, sustainable, and conducive to a high quality
of life for residents.

Key aspects of landscape urban planning include:

Green Infrastructure
Sustainable Design
Public Spaces
Walkability and Accessibility
Climate Resilience
TYPES OF URBAN PLANNING
(BASED ON SCALE)

01 REGIONAL PLANNING

02 CITY PLANNING

03 NEIGHBORHOOD PLANNING
REGIONAL PLANNING
Focuses on the development and coordination of land use,
infrastructure, and policies across a larger geographical area or
region, often encompassing multiple cities, municipalities, and
jurisdictions. The goal of regional planning is to ensure the efficient
and sustainable growth and development of the entire region,
address shared challenges, and promote economic, social, and
environmental well-being.

Key aspects of regional planning in urban planning include:

Integrated Land Use and Transportation

Environmental Sustainability
Economic Development
Infrastructure Planning
Housing and Housing Affordability
Environmental Conservation
Disaster Preparedness and Resilience
CITY PLANNING
The discipline and practice of organizing and shaping the physical,
social, economic, and environmental aspects of cities and urban
areas. It is a multidisciplinary field that involves the development of
strategies, policies, and designs to guide the growth, development,
and management of cities in a way that enhances the quality of life
for residents, promotes sustainability, and ensures efficient use of
resources.

Key aspects of regional planning in urban planning include:

Land Use PlanningEnvironmental Sustainability

Zoning
Transportation Planning
Environmental Sustainability
Economic Development
Public Spaces and Amenities
Heritage Preservation
Community Engagement
NEIGHBORHOOD
PLANNING
Is a localized and community-based approach to shaping the
development and improvement of specific neighborhoods or
districts within a city or urban area. It involves residents,
community organizations, and local authorities working together
to create a shared vision and strategy for the future of their
neighborhood. Neighborhood plans aim to address unique
challenges and opportunities at the local level and enhance the
quality of life for residents.

Key aspects of regional planning in urban planning include:

Community Engagement
Safety and Security
Environmental Sustainability
Affordable Housing
Public Spaces and Amenities
Public Health
Community Engagement
HISTORY OF URBAN
PLANNING
01 INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

02 MESOPOTAMIA

03 GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD

04 MIDDLE AGES

05 THE RENAISSANCE

06 MODERNISM

07 POST-MODERNISM
TIMELINE:
HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

MESOPOTAMIA MIDDLE AGES MODERNISM

INDUS VALLEY GRAECO- THE POST-

CIVILIZATION ROMAN PERIOD RENAISSANCE MODERNISM
INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan
Civilization, was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations. It
emerged in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent
around 3300 BCE and thrived for approximately 700-800 years,
making it one of the most significant ancient civilizations. The
civilization was named after the Indus River, which flows
through much of the region where its archaeological remains
have been found.

These early towns' streets were frequently paved and set out at
right angles in a grid layout, with a hierarchy of streets ranging
from grand boulevards to residential lanes.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM GRANARY STREETS
These cities had a complex Large granaries were a wide streets that
network of underground prominent feature of Indus intersected at right angles,
drains Valley cities, suggesting creating a sense of order
Sewers designed to advanced storage and and efficiency in
manage wastewater and distribution systems for food. transportation and land
prevent flooding. Showcased urban planning use.
considerations related to
resource management and
disaster preparedness.
MESOPOTAMIA

Located in the region of modern-day Iraq and parts of

neighboring countries, is often considered one of the cradles of
urban civilization. Urban planning in Mesopotamia was a
significant and early development in the history of human
settlements.

Urban planning in Mesopotamia laid the foundation for many

subsequent urban development practices and principles.
Mesopotamian cities generally followed a grid-like street layout,
with streets and alleys arranged in a regular pattern. It
showcased the capacity of early civilizations to create
organized, structured cities that were centers of culture,
governance, and economic activity. The legacy of
Mesopotamian urban planning continues to influence urban
development and architecture today.
 IRRIGATION
CITY LAYOUT STREETS
SYSTEMS
Mesopotamian cities often
Mesopotamian cities were Mesopotamians constructed
had streets with varying
typically organized in a an extensive network of
degrees of width and
grid-like pattern, with canals to divert water from
importance.
streets laid out in straight the Tigris and Euphrates
Major avenues were typically
lines and intersecting at rivers to the surrounding
wider and designed for
right angles. fields. These canals allowed
ceremonial and commercial
purposes, while smaller for controlled irrigation and
streets provided access to the distribution of water to
residential areas. different areas.
GRAECO-ROMAN
PERIOD
During this period, urban planning principles and architectural
innovations laid the groundwork for many aspects of modern city
planning. One of the most enduring contributions of the Greco-
Roman period to urban planning was the use of grid layouts for city
streets.

The ancient Romans adopted a unified city design model built for
military defense and civil comfort. The fundamental concept was a
central forum with municipal services surrounded by a tight
rectilinear grid of streets and ringed by a defensive wall. Two
diagonal routes traverse the square grid corner-to-corner, going
through the central plaza, to shorten travel times. Typically, a river
ran through the city, providing water, transportation, and sewage
disposal.
 AQUEDUCTS AND
CITY LAYOUT STREETS
INFRASTRUCTURE
. This grid layout facilitated These cities featured grand crucial for sustaining urban life,
efficient movement within avenues and streets, often promoting public health, and
the city and became a lined with colonnades, supporting the growth of Roman
hallmark of Greco-Roman statues, and public cities.
urban design. monuments. constructed using a combination
of underground tunnels, elevated
arches, and open channels,
depending on the terrain and
geographical features.
MIDDLE AGES
The fall of Roman civiliZation marked the demise of several arts,
including urban planning. In the Middle Ages, urban expansion
developed "like the annular rings of a tree," whether in an
expanded hamlet or the heart of a bigger city, and was typically
concentrated around a castle, a fortified monastery, or a (perhaps
abandoned) Roman foundation. Because the new center was
frequently on high, defensive land, the city layout took on an
organic aspect, following the irregularities of elevation contours
like agricultural terracing shapes.

However, the concept of broad streets and orderly towns was not
forgotten. A few medieval cities were appreciated for their large
streets and other tidy layouts. Todi, Italy, has been dubbed "the
world's most livable city," since it combines man and environment,
history and culture to create an exceptional destination.
 CITY LAYOUT STREETS SEWER SYSTEMS
Middle Ages city layouts were Streets in this period where
Medieval cities generally lacked
influenced by the social, narrow as the areas
comprehensive sewer systems like
economic, and defensive needs surrounding the central core
those developed by earlier
of the time, as well as the were typically occupied by
civilizations, such as the Romans.
remnants of earlier Roman and residential districts, where
Sanitation practices were far from
Byzantine urban planning. people lived and worked.
ideal, they represented a basic
effort to manage waste and
maintain some level of hygiene in
medieval Europe.
THE RENAISSANCE

The star-shaped fortress influenced the design of the Renaissance

ideal city. Michelangelo used this in the defensive earthworks of
Florence. This model was widely imitated, reflecting Florence's
enormous cultural power at the time: "The Renaissance was
hypnotized by one city type, which for a century and a half—from
Filarete to Scamozzi—was impressed upon all utopian schemes: this
is the star-shaped city."

Vigevano's unusual example of a rationally-planned quattrocento

new city center, 1493-1495, like a confined area encircled by
arcading. Filarete's ideal city was dubbed "Sforzinda" in honor of his
patron, based on suggestions in Leone Battista Alberti's De re
aedificatoria; its 12-pointed form, circumscribed by a "perfect"
Pythagorean figure, the circle, ignores its undulating topography.
Following the Renaissance, towns were often designed to glorify
the city or its ruler rather than to improve the lifestyle of its
residents.
MODERNISM
Planning and architecture in industrialized nations (Western Europe, North
America, Japan, and Australasia) can be considered to have gone through
distinct periods of widespread consensus. First, there was the nineteenth-
century industrialized metropolis, when companies and the rich elite
dominated the construction industry. Around 1900, a movement arose to
provide residents, particularly manufacturing employees, with better
environs. The notion of garden cities, a method to urban planning pioneered
by Sir Ebenezer Howard, resulted in the construction of many model towns,
including the world's first garden cities, Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City
in Hertfordshire, Great Britain. However, these were often on a modest scale,
dealing with only a few thousand inhabitants.

Modernism did not begin to emerge until the 1920s. The Modernist city stood
for the eradication of chaos, congestion, and the small scale, replacing them
instead with pre-planned and widely separated roads and tower blocks
placed within gardens, based on Le Corbusier's ideals and employing new
skyscraper-building technology. There were large-scale city reconstruction
ideas, such as the Plan Voisin, which envisioned clearing and reconstructing
much of downtown Paris. However, no large-scale plans were realized until
after World War II.
POST-MODERNISM

The Athens Charter, on the other hand, was roundly condemned

within the profession for its rigid approach and harsh outcomes. By
the late 1960s and early 1970s, many planners had realized that
imposing Modernist clean lines and a lack of human scale tended to
drain community energy. This was shown in many of these planned
areas by significant crime and social issues.

Modernism can be considered to have ended in the 1970s, when the

development of inexpensive, homogenous tower blocks came to a
halt in several nations, including the United Kingdom and France.
Many have now been removed, and more traditional housing has
been erected in their place. Rather than striving to eradicate all
chaos, modern planning emphasizes autonomy and variety in
society and the economy.
URBAN DESIGN
APPROACH IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
NEW URBANISM
New Urbanism has been criticized for being a form of centrally
planned, large-scale development, "instead of allowing the
initiative for construction to be taken by the final users
themselves". It has been criticized for asserting universal
principles of design instead of attending to local conditions.

New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes

environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable
neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job
types.

New Urbanists support:

regional planning for open space

context-appropriate architecture and planning
adequate provision of infrastructure such as sporting
facilities, libraries and community centres
the balanced development of jobs and housing.
UNITED STATES
In the mid-1990s, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban UNIVERSITY PLACE IN MEMPHIS - LEED certified
Development (HUD) adopted the principles of the New neighbourhood
Urbanism in its multibillion-dollar program to rebuild public
housing projects nationwide. New Urbanists have planned
and developed hundreds of projects in infill locations. Most
were driven by the private sector, but many, including HUD
projects, used public money.

*NOTE: LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design) is the most widely used green building rating system THE COTTON DISTRICT - residential rental units
in the world.
SEASIDE - internationally famous for its architecture CIVITA - transit-oriented 230-acre master-planned village

Seaside's master plan was intended to evoke the Civita is a master-plan community in San Diego’s Mission
character of an old Southern town. It called for a network Valley area. Built over a former quarry site, it offers a 230-
of walkable streets, with mid-block footpaths to serve acre village of a sustainable, urban-style, transit-oriented
outbuildings such as rental cottages. community.
 DELMAR STATION - Transit Oriented Development NORFOLK VA EAST BEACH - traditional Atlantic coastal
villages

The project flawlessly connects people and transit. As

East Beach is a waterfront community in Norfolk, Virginia
you exit the train, you step directly into an open air
designed and built in the tradition of Atlantic Coastal villages,
courtyard, in the center of this vibrant mixed-use
with homes that reflect the timeless architectural character
community.
of older traditional Tidewater Virginia homes.
EUROPE
LE PLESSIS-ROBINSON POUNDBURY - high quality urban realm

Poundbury is designed to create a sustainable

This suburb was dominated by modernist urbanism and was
community which achieves an attractive, modern and
transformed by introducing traditional, mixed use urban
pleasing place in which people can live, work, shop and
fabric, beautiful architecture inspired by its local traditions,
play.
a lot of green and a more balanced housing supply.
 AMERICAS
LAS CATALINAS, COSTA RICA-compact, walkable CORNELL, ONTARIO-walkable neighbourhoods,
beach town density to support public transit

The plan was to emphasize the promotion of family,

The objective was to
community, and better living opportunities.
create a compact, car-
free, and fully walkable
resort, based on the
principles of New
Urbanism.
ASIA

THRIMPU, BHUTAN AXIOMS OF PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENT

URBANISM

Follows the principles of Intelligent Urbanism

Shares underlying axioms with the new urbanism
Environmental sustainability
Heritage conservation
Appropriate technology
infrastructure- efficiency
Placemaking
Social access
Transit oriented development
Regional integration
Human scale
Institutional integrity
AFRICA

MELROSE ARCH, JOHANNESBURG

made up of three apartment complexes together

with over 30 residential sites as well as 20,000 sq m
of residential and office space.
AUSTRALIA
Most new developments on the edges of Australia's major
cities are master planned, often guided expressly by the
principles of New Urbanism.
The relationship between housing, activity centres, the
transport network and key social infrastructure (sporting
facilities, libraries, community centres etc.) is defined at
structure planning stage
how good their foot circulation seems to be which is
guided by the wayfinding systems that are implemented.
Kenneth B. Hall, Jr. andGerald A. Porterfield said in their
book, "Community by Design," the way to gain good
circulation is to take some thoughtful consideration to
things like wayfinding, sight lines, transition, visual clues,
and reference points.
City of Port Phillip also created directional signage
systems that makes use of the already existing street
furniture such as trash cans to help provide for 130
directional indicators across Port Melbourne
SUMMARY OF DESIGN APPROACHES FROM
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES/CONTINENTS
1. HERITAGE
heavily influenced by their colonial pasts and the content
developed
2. ECONOMY
A good quality environment will never result from a scheme
without a central theme. However, this will need to be
tempered with a realistic look at the costs of achieving
development.
3. CLIMATE
Urban planning and design are among the most effective tools
in dealing with climate change, because they address both
mitigation and adaptation.
4. USERS
Creating a sense of place and community is a guiding
principle in designing livable and high-quality built
environments.
The Internal
Structure of Cities

01 CITY MODELS

02 CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

03 HOYT SECTOR MODEL

04 MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL

05 PHERIPAL MODEL - “EDGE CITIES”

CITY MODELS
City models are often used to explain the way in which different
social and economic groups are distributed within a city, and
how the various parts of the city are connected to one another.
They can also be used to analyze the impacts of different
planning and policy decisions on the growth and development
of cities.

here are several different city models that have been

developed over the years, each with its own unique perspective
on the way in which cities grow and change. Some of the most
well-known city models include:

concentric zone model,

Hoyt Sector Model,
Multiple Nuclei Model, and
peripheral model.
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
The concentric zone model, also known as the Burgess model or
the Chicago School model, is a model used in urban sociology
to describe the way in which cities grow and develop. According
to the concentric zone model, cities grow outward from a
central business district (CBD) in a series of concentric circles,
with each successive ring representing a different stage of
development.
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
Here are some key points about the concentric zone model:
1. The concentric zone model, also known as the Burgess model or the Chicago
School model, is a model of urban land use and urban social structure. It was
developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess in the 1920s.
2. The model proposes that cities grow outward from a central business district
in a series of concentric zones, with each successive zone having a different
character and social structure. The central business district is surrounded by a
ring of inner-city neighborhoods, which are in turn surrounded by a ring of
suburban neighborhoods.
3. According to the model, the inner-city neighborhoods are characterized by
high levels of poverty, crime, and social disorganization, while the suburban
neighborhoods are characterized by affluence and social stability.
4. The model suggests that social and economic characteristics tend to be more
homogeneous within each zone, and that people living in a particular zone are
more likely to have similar backgrounds and lifestyles.
5. The concentric zone model has been criticized for oversimplifying the
complex social and economic dynamics of urban areas and for not adequately
accounting for racial and ethnic segregation.
HOYT SECTOR MODEL
The Hoyt Sector Model is another model used in urban sociology
to describe the way in which cities grow and develop. It was
developed by American urban planner Homer Hoyt in 1939 as an
alternative to the concentric zone model, which was the
dominant model of urban growth at the time.

Hoyt's Sector Model focuses on wedges instead of rings.

Residential and manufacturing areas are mixed with one another
but still revolve around the CBD. With transportation and
infrastructure changes in later years, suburbs change the
applicability of this model.
HOYT SECTOR MODEL
Here are some key points about the Hoyt Sector Model:
1. The Hoyt Sector Model proposes that cities grow outward from a central
business district in a series of sectors, with each sector having a distinct
character and social structure.
2. The model suggests that the location and type of land use within a sector is
determined by a combination of transportation accessibility, land
availability, and social and economic factors.
3. According to the model, the central business district is the most desirable
location for business and commercial activities, due to its high levels of
accessibility and land value.
4. The model also proposes that the outer regions of a city are less desirable for
business and commercial activities, due to their lower levels of accessibility
and land value. These outer regions are typically characterized by residential
land use.
5. The Hoyt Sector Model has been criticized for oversimplifying the complex
social and economic dynamics of urban areas and for not adequately
accounting for racial and ethnic segregation.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
The Multiple Nuclei Model is a model used in urban sociology to
describe the way in which cities grow and develop. It was developed
by American urban planners Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in
1945 as an alternative to the concentric zone model and the Hoyt
Sector Model, which were the dominant models of urban growth at
the time.

The multiple nuclei model's main advantage over earlier models is that
it is based on the dominance of the private automobile and the road
networks that were built in and around cities to maximize the
efficiency of commuting and other automobile-focused activities.

The road network allowed cities to sprawl so far across the landscape
that beltways or ring roads were built to allow traffic to go around
cities altogether.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
Here are some key points about the Multiple Nuclei Model:
1. The Multiple Nuclei Model proposes that cities are composed of multiple
centers or "nuclei" of land use, rather than a single central business district.
2. These nuclei can be centered around various activities such as commerce,
industry, or transportation, and can vary in size and importance.
3. The model suggests that the location and type of land use within a city is
determined by a combination of transportation accessibility, land
availability, and social and economic factors.
4. According to the model, the distribution of land use and population within a
city is not necessarily tied to a single center or nucleus, but is instead
influenced by the interplay of multiple nuclei and the transportation networks
connecting them.
5. The Multiple Nuclei Model has been influential in shaping our understanding of
urban land use and has been influential in planning and policy decisions.
However, it has also been criticized for oversimplifying the complex social and
economic dynamics of urban areas and for not adequately accounting for
racial and ethnic segregation.
PERIPHERAL MODEL -
“EDGE CITIES”
The peripheral model, also known as the "edge city" model, is a
model used in urban sociology to describe the way in which cities
grow and develop. The term "edge city" was coined by American
journalist Joel Garreau in his 1991 book "Edge City: Life on the New
Frontier," in which he described a new type of city that was
emerging on the outskirts of metropolitan areas in the United
States.

The model is based on the city of Detroit, Michigan and is made up

of an inner city, with large suburban residential and business areas
surrounding it. These areas are tied together by transportation
nodes, like beltways, to avoid traffic congestion.
PERIPHERAL MODEL - “EDGE CITIES”
Some key points about edge cities include:
1. They are often located in suburban areas, but can also be found in smaller
towns and rural areas.
2. They are characterized by a mix of uses (e.g. office, retail, entertainment) and
a high degree of car dependence.
3. They tend to have a more decentralized and dispersed development pattern
than traditional CBDs.
4. They are often self-contained, with a range of amenities and services
available within the edge city itself, rather than requiring residents to travel to
the urban core.
5. They can function as regional centers, serving a large area beyond the
immediate locality.
6. They are sometimes seen as a threat to traditional downtowns, as they can
divert investment and development away from the urban core. However, they
can also provide economic benefits and increase accessibility for residents
who live further from the city center.
SUMMARY
This model proposes that cities grow outward from a central business district (CBD)
in a series of concentric circles, with the most densely populated and developed
THE CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
areas located in the center and the least densely populated and developed areas
located on the outskirts.

This model proposes that cities grow outward from a CBD in a series of sectors, with
THE HOYT SECTOR MODEL the most densely populated and developed areas located in the center and the least
densely populated and developed areas located on the outskirts.

This model proposes that cities grow and develop around multiple centers, or nuclei,
THE MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
each with its own unique characteristics and functions.

This model, also known as the "edge city" model, proposes that large, sprawling
THE PERIPHERAL MODEL developments on the outskirts of metropolitan areas are becoming a distinctive
feature of contemporary urban landscapes.
QUESTIONS
1. What continent follows the 10 Axioms of Principles of Intelligent Urbanism? (Ans. Asia)
2. In land-use planning, What type of zonings are retail stores and office buildings falls under? (Ans. Commercial)
3. What are the 3 Types of Urban Planning Based on Scale? (Ans: Regional planning, City planning, Neighborhood
planning)
4. In new urbanism, by encouraging the population to ride bikes, walk, or take the train this strategies can reduce _______.
(Ans. traffic congestion)
5. This model proposes that cities grow outward from a central business district (CBD) in a series of concentric circles,
with the most densely populated and developed areas located in the center and the least densely populated and
developed areas located on the outskirts. (Ans. The concentric zone model)
6. This type of planning Focuses on the development and coordination of land use, infrastructure, and policies across a
larger geographical area. (Ans: Regional Planning)
7. This model proposes that cities grow outward from a CBD in a series of sectors, with the most densely populated and
developed areas located in the center and the least densely populated and developed areas located on the outskirts.
(Ans: The Hoyt Sector Model)
8. An urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods
containing a wide range of housing and job types. (Ans: New Urbanism)
9. What Type of Planning that is also called the development plan, core strategy, or comprehensive plan. (Ans: Strategic
plan)
10. A type of Planning that has a systematic process of designing, developing, and managing the physical and technical
systems and facilities necessary to support the functioning and growth of urban areas. (Ans: Infrastructure Planning)
REFERENCES
https://www.crestrealestate.com/landscape-and-urban-
planning/#:~:text=There%20are%20seven%20types%20of,economic%20development%2C%20and
%20environmental%20planning

https://www.clearpointstrategy.com/blog/types-of-urban-planning

https://www.peqconsult.com/types-of-urban-planning-concepts/

https://urbandesignlab.in/history-of-urban-design-from-ancient-to-modern-cities/

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Urban_planning