Water intoxication- also known as water poisoning, can lead to hyponatremia.

This is a condition that happens when

All cells have plasma or cell membrane.

Within the cells are organelles with different functions that requires nutrients (raw materials) to operate.

These includes food particles, minerals, ions, and water that need to undergo several processes associated to the cell
membrane before it gets inside the cell.

The products of the cell such as proteins, and their waste materials and other unwanted substances take their exit from
the cells similar to how some substances get in.

Plasma membrane- All prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have plasma membrane or cell membrane that separates them
from outside. The presence of other structures along the cell membrane allows the cell to maintain an interior
environment that differs from the outside environment, keeping some substances out and letting others in. Thus, the
cell membrane is said to be semipermeable membrane because it tends to regulate only certain substances that goes
into and out of a cell. Controls what enters and exits the cell to maintain an internal balance called homeostasis.
Provides protection and support for the cell. Initiate transport of nutrients, wastes and other important and
unimportant molecules across the membrane. is described as fluid mosaic. it exhibits properties that resemble a fluid in
which lipids and proteins can move relative to each other within the membrane. its diverse protein, cholesterol, and
carbohydrate molecules embedded in its structure. A tremendous variety of molecules and other substances move
constantly across the cell membrane. In addition, accumulated wastes through various chemical reactions must be
eliminated.

Active transport- – the molecules move against the concentration gradient that is from low to high. It is like swimming
against the water current. It requires energy to initiate the movement against the high concentration gradient.

Passive transport- a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without a need
of energy input. It’s like swimming with the current.
Passive transport- SIMPLE DIFFUSION FACILITATED DIFFUSION OSMOSIS

Diffusion- The natural process where molecules from the air move from a point of greater concentration to a point of
lesser concentration to attain equilibrium. It also takes place in a cell in the process called Passive transport. It occurs
because molecules are in constant motion. Molecules bump one another. The more molecules there are, the higher the
probability of collision that causes them to be pushed away from one another. Over time, molecules will begin to spread
and will spread evenly through the given area or space. Though the particles will continue to move randomly, there is no
change in the concentration anymore.

Dynamic equilibrium- continuous movement where there is no overall change in concentration

Factors affecting diffusion- temperature, pressure, solvent density, concentration gradient, solute solubility

Temperature- higher temperature results in a faster movement of molecules, thus faster rate of diffusion.

Pressure- – adding pressure like stirring results in faster rate of diffusion.

Solvent density- The higher the density the solvent, the slower the diffusion.

Concentration gradient- the higher the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion

Solute solubility- the more similar the substances are with each other, such as polar solute in polar solvents or nonpolar
solute in nonpolar solvent, the faster the diffusion rate.

Osmosis- Is a specific type of diffusion where molecules (generally water) move across a semipermeable membrane
from a greater point concentration to a lesser point of concentration. Semi-permeability means not every form of
molecules can pass through a membrane because the holes of the membrane are designed to allow the passage of
micro molecules, not macromolecules.

Water potentiality- Average of 75% of any living organism’s body is made up of water. Water solution is found inside and
outside of the cell. If the levels of concentration gradient (which water is the solvent) varies separately by a
semipermeable membrane, osmotic pressure will initiate the movement of molecules from different concentration
gradients. Osmotic pressure is the force that moves water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.

Tonicity- It refers to the strength of solution in relation to osmosis. When comparing two (2) different solutions, such as
that of a solution in the cytoplasm and that outside of the cell, the terms isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions
are used – these terms are used only in relation to a pair of solutions.

Isotonic solution- When the cell is placed in a solution with the same concentration of water and other solutes, such as
ions, phosphates, sugars, and other substances, as its cytoplasm, the cell is in an isotonic condition.

Hypotonic solution- Plants uses this mechanism to exert turgor pressure to maintain its turgidity particularly in
herbaceous and non-woody plants. Hypotonic solution will take place if a cell placed in a solution with more water
outside than inside its cytoplasm. In this case, the cell submerged in a hypotonic solution will surely swell. People such as
marathon runners taking excess hydration by drinking large quantities of water in a short period of time makes their
brain cells to swell abnormally as water is not removed fast enough, thereby leading to loss of consciousness and even
death.

Hypertonic solution- is a solution that causes cells to shrink and lose their shape as a result of water loss. this contains
less water concentration as compared to that in the cytoplasm. in the case of submerging the RBC’s in a hypertonic
solution, cells will undergo crenation.

Facilitated diffusion- These molecules are allowed to enter the cell membrane via membrane transport proteins which
serves as vehicles in transporting molecules across the cell membrane. Aside from essential gases and water molecules,
cells need supply of certain ions, sugar, and other small molecules to perform cellular functions. Some molecules cannot
pass through the cell membrane via simple diffusion or osmosis alone. Many of the materials needed by the body are
electrically charged such as Sodium (Na) ions (+) and chloride (Cl) ions (-).

Properties of facilitated diffusion-

1. Concentration gradient is required because it cannot transport molecules from low to high concentration.

2. Energy is not needed

3. Transport proteins are specific to the type of molecules they can transport across the membrane

4. The rate of transport reaches a maximum when all membrane transport proteins are used up (saturation).

5. Membrane transport proteins are sensitive to inhibitors that can cause them not to function.

Channel proteins- contain tunnels or openings that serve as passageways of molecules.

Carrier proteins- undergo temporary binding to the molecules, resulting in a confrontational change that moves the
molecule through the membrane.

Aquaporin- a specified transport protein that functions as passageway of water molecules via plasma membrane.

Active transport- Energy is needed in the form of ATP. Transport proteins are highly specific to the type of molecules
they can transport across the plasma membrane. The rate of transport reaches a maximum when all membrane
transport proteins are being used (saturation). Membrane transport proteins are sensitive to inhibitors that can cause
them not to function.

Primary Active Transport- directly uses a source of chemical energy (e.g., ATP) to move molecules across a membrane
against their gradient. One of the most important pumps in animal cells is the sodium-potassium pump, which moves Na
out of cells, and K into them. Because the transport process uses ATP as an energy source, it is considered an example of
primary active transport. Not only does the sodium-potassium pump maintain correct concentrations of Na and K in
living cells, but it also plays a major role in generating the voltage across the cell membrane in animal cells. Pumps like
this, which are involved in the establishment and maintenance of membrane voltages, are known as electrogenic
pumps. The primary electrogenic pump in plants is one that pumps hydrogen ions (H) rather than sodium and
potassium.

Secondary Transport- uses an electrochemical gradient – generated by active transport – as an energy source to move
molecules against their gradient, and thus does not directly require a chemical source of energy such as ATP. The
electrochemical gradients set up by primary active transport store energy, which can be released as the ions move back
down their gradients. Secondary active transport uses the energy stored in these gradients to move other substances
against their own gradients. In secondary active transport, the two molecules being transported may move either in the
same direction (i.e., both into the cell), or in opposite directions (i.e., one into and one out of the cell). When they move
in the same direction, the protein that transports them is called a symporter, while if they move in opposite directions,
the protein is called an antiporter.

Bulk or vesicular transport- Transport vesicles play a central role in the traffic of molecules between different
membrane-enclosed compartments of the secretory pathways. A vesicular transport protein, or vesicular transporter, is
a membrane protein that regulates or facilitates the movement of specific molecules across a vesicle's membrane. As a
result, vesicular transporters govern the concentration of molecules within a vesicle.

Endocytosis- The process of letting molecules enter the cell wherein the cell membrane bends inward or invaginates,
forming a vesicle containing the macromolecule to be transported. Ex: Phagocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis,
and Pinocytosis.

Phagocytosis- is a process by which cells take in large particles or solids through infolding of the cell membrane to form
endocytic vesicles. the process starts with the formation and extension of the membrane as pseudopodia, which
surrounds and engulfs the macromolecule packaging them in a membrane-bound vacuole. it is exhibited by white blood
cells to capture bacteria and kill invading bacteria. when the endocytic vesicle fuses with lysosomes, digestion occurs.

Pinocytosis- Is a process of taking in fluids into the cell by invagination of the cell membrane. Any solute or small
particles in the fluid will be moved into the cell. Cells lining the intestines as well as plant root cells use pinocytosis to
ingest liquid substances.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis- Is a very specific type of endocytosis. The plasma membrane becomes indented and
forms a pit. The pit lined with receptor proteins picks specific molecules from the surroundings. The pit then closes and
pinches off to form a vesicle, which eventually carries the molecules inside the cytoplasm. Metabolites, hormones, and
other proteins enter through this process.

Exocytosis- Materials for export, like proteins produced in the ribosomes and packaged in the Golgi apparatus and
wastes from the vacuole, are secreted out of the cell. Is the opposite of endocytosis. Macromolecules to be transported
are carried by the vesicles of the cell membrane. The membrane surrounding the vesicle then fuses with the cell
membrane and breaks off. Therefore, the macromolecule is released out of the cell. Ex: insulin-secreting cells release
insulin by exocytosis

Overall, cells maintain internal balance by transporting essential substances into and out of the cell through various
transport mechanisms that may or may not require energy.

Additional: The substances become larger

Passive– no effort, the substances that are being transported are smaller nature

Active transport- requires energy, these are charged ions sugar and amino acids

Bulk or vesicular- transporting larger molecules (bulk tiningob)

Examples of macromolecules, carbohydrates polymer structure large structure composed of several monomer units
composed of sugars, proteins that is composed of amino acids, nucleic acids composed of nucleotides, lipids composed
of fatty acids.

Macro molecules are made up of simple substances (larger substances in nature).

Active and bulk transport are the same that uses energy.