Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

ANPC LAB REPORT

Submitted to:
MA’AM ASMA IMAM

Submitted by:
M.USMAN HASNAIN
(18-ENV-15)

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

CHAIR & DESK

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

List of instruments
1. UV ozone analyzer.
2. CO2 analyzer.
3. Sound meter.
4. H2S analyzer.
5. SO2 analyzer.
6. CO and CO2 meter.
7. NO analyzer.
8. CO analyzer
9. TSP analyzer.
10. Light meter.

Description of instruments
UV ozone analyzer
 Made by “ECO SENSORS”.
 Model UV-100.
 Ranges: 0-10ppm, 0-100ppm, 0-1000ppm.
 10oC-40oC
 Humidity: 0-80%
 Working: non dispersive UV absorption method.

CO2 analyzer
 Made by “Sense Air”.
 Model 07400-1

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

 Ranges: 0-6000ppm, temperature 0-500C.

 Working: non dispersive IR absorption method.

Sound meter
 Made by “M-probe”.
 Model SM-10.
 Range: 20-20,000 dba.

H2S analyzer
 Made by “TANGO”.
 Model TX-1
 Ranges: 0-150, 0-180.
 Working: electrochemical absorption method.

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SO2 analyzer
 Made by “KANE”.
 Model 100-1
 Detects both point as well as no point source.

CO and CO2 meter

 Made by “KANE”
 Model “KANE 100”
 NDIR sensor to measure CO2.
 Electrochemical absorption method to measure CO.

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

NO analyzer
 Made by “KANE”.
 Only for point source.
 Electrochemical adsorption method.

CO analyzer
 Made by “Fluke”.
 Model CO-220.
 Range: 0-1000ppm.
 Working: electrochemical absorption method.

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TSP analyzer
 Total suspended particulate analyzer.
 Model “CF-100-1” BRL series.
 Made by Southern Scientific.
 Works on gravimetric analysis.

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

TO DETERMINE THE LIGHT INTENSITY USING LIGHT METER

Essential terms :

1) Luminanace :
Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit
area of light travelling in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes
through, is emitted from, or is reflected from a particular area.
2) Luminous Flux:
Luminous flux is the quantity of the energy of the light emitted per
second in all directions. The unit of luminous flux is lumen (lm).
3) Illuminance :
Illuminance is a term that describes the measurement of the amount of
light falling onto (illuminating) and spreading over a given surface area. Illuminance also
correlates with how humans perceive the brightness of an illuminated area.

Sources of Light :

Light is a form of energy which our sense of sight can detect. It is made of electro-magnetic
radiation and travels in a straight path. There are many sources for the light energy of which
some of them were obtained from nature while the others are produced artificially or may be
obtained from other forms of energy. Some sources of light energy are Sun,Electric
bulbs ,Flame ,Fluorescent lamp ,Plasma lamp , Hollow-cathode lamp etc

Units of Light :

three main types of unit of lights are as follows:

1. Candela

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2. Lumen

3. Lux

Candela :

The candela refers to the base unit of luminous intensity in the International System of Units,
i.e., (SI); that is, luminous power per unit solid angle emitted by a point light source in a
specified direction

Lumen

The lumen is the SI unit of luminous flux, the rate at which light (visible) is emitted from a
source. Luminous flux differs from radiant flux (power) in a way that the radiant flux includes all
the emitted electromagnetic waves. In relation to the candela, the lumen is defined as:
1lm = 1cd · sr

Lux

The lux refers to the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, measuring flux per unit area,
and it is equal to one lumen per square metre. Lux is related to the lumen in a way that one lux is
equivalent to a lumen per square metre and is given as:
1 lx= 1 lm/m2 = 1 cd•sr/m2

Lux Meter :

A light meter/lux meter is a device used to measure the amount of light falling on an object at
area. In other words, it properly gauges the intensity at which brightness appears to the human
eye. Lux can be simply defined as a unit of measurement of illuminance or more accurately,
brightness. It derives its name from the candela, which is the standard unit of measurement for
the power of light. There are many benefits of using lux meters. Firstly, they provide a quantified
measurement of the amount of light available without which you are simply guessing. . A lux

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meter works by making use of a photo cell to capture light. The lux meter then converts this light
to an electrical current stream, and after measuring this current, allows the device to calculate the
lux value of the light it has captured.

Operating conditions of light meter :

 Temperature = 0-122 F
 Relative Humidity = < 80%

OSHA Standards:

OSHA standardestablished minimum lighting requirements in foot-candles the amount of

illumination produced by a candle from 1foot distance and abbreviated ftc for a variety of work
environments. General construction area lighting, warehouses, corridors, hallways, exit-ways
must be at least 5 ftc; general construction areas, concrete placement, evacuation and waste
areas, active storage areas, loading platforms, refueling, and field maintenance areas must be lit
to a minimum of 3 ftc; general construction plants and shops including indoor bathrooms and
mess rooms must be lit to 10 ftc; first aid stations, infirmaries and offices must be lit to 30 ftc.

Procedure:

1. Power-up: press the power key to turn the meter ON or OFF.

2. Selecting the Lux/FC scale: set the range selection switch to desired Lux/FC range.
3. Remove the photo detector cap and face it to light source in a horizontal position.
4. Take this meter to different rooms to check and note different light intensities .

Results :

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

MEASUREMENT OF CO IN AMBIENT AIR

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, practically odorless, and tasteless gas or liquid. It results
from incomplete oxidation of carbon in combustion. Burns with a violet flame. Slightly soluble
in water; soluble in alcohol and benzene.

Sources of CO :

Unvented kerosene and gas space heaters; leaking chimneys and furnaces; back-drafting from
furnaces, gas water heaters, wood stoves, and fireplaces; gas stoves; generators and other
gasoline powered equipment; automobile exhaust from attached garages; and tobacco smoke.
Incomplete oxidation during combustion in gas ranges and unvented gas or kerosene heaters may
cause high concentrations of CO in indoor air. Worn or poorly adjusted and maintained
combustion devices (e.g., boilers, furnaces) can be significant sources

Health Effects Associated with Carbon Monoxide

At low concentrations, fatigue in healthy people and chest pain in people with heart disease. At
higher concentrations, impaired vision and coordination; headaches; dizziness; confusion;

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nausea. Can cause flu-like symptoms that clear up after leaving home. Fatal at very high
concentrations. Acute effects are due to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood,
which inhibits oxygen intake. At moderate concentrations, angina, impaired vision, and reduced
brain function may result. At higher concentrations, CO exposure can be fatal.

NEQs For CO :

5 μg/m3 for 8 hrs.

And 10 μg/m3 for 1 hrs.

Working Principle:

This meter works on the principle of electrochemical gas absorption method. It works like a fuel
cell and has following components;

 Electrodes (working and counter electrodes)

 Connecting wires
 Electrolyte (typically H2SO4)

A chemically selective filter is present in CO-220 meter, which removes potentially reactive
gases such as SO2, NO2 and water.

Reaction takes place on two electrodes and collectively execute the detection process. Electrodes
have a finite catalytic activity that is changeable with temperature and time.

The electrodes are made up of small discs of porous PTFE coated with a thin metal layer.

At Working Electrode

Working electrode is also called as sensing electrode. At this electrode, reaction between target
gas and water takes place to oxidize CO to CO2, two electrons and hydrogen ions. Reaction that
occurs is as follows;

CO + H2O CO2 + 2H+ + 2e-

At Counter Electrode

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The resulting hydrogen ions and electrons react with oxygen to form water on counter electrode
through following reaction;

½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H2O

However, it is necessary to keep the electrodes apart and in a wetted condition with an acid
electrolyte for effective transmission of an ionic current between them. Separators or discs of
inert absorbent material are used for this purpose. Current collectors or thin metal strips
connected to the pins link the electrodes to the external circuitry.

Specification:
Operating temp = 0oC to 50oC.

Storage = -30oC to 50oC.

Humidity = 0 to 90%.

Range = 0 to 1000ppm.

Accuracy = 5 %

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Resolution = 1ppm.

Procedure:
 Press green button to turn it ON.
 Self-test begins for 10 sec.
 Now take the device near to source (not so close maintain some distance).
 Take readings when constant value display on the screen.

Results :

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DETERMINATION OF CO AND CO2

Carbon dioxide (CO2) s the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. It is a
colorless gas with a faint sharp odor and a sour taste. CO2 is the fourth most abundant gas in the
earth's atmosphere. Depending on the temperature and pressure, carbon dioxide can also exist as
a liquid or a solid.

Sources of CO2 :

There are both natural and human sources of carbon dioxide emissions.

Natural sources:

Natural sources include animal respiration and carbohydrate photosynthesis by plants,

decomposition of organic matter, forest fires, volcanic eruptions, and naturally occurring CO2
deposits in rock layers.

Human sources :

Since the Industrial Revolution, human sources of carbon dioxide emissions have been growing.
Human activities such as the burning of oil, coal and gas, as well as deforestation are the primary
cause of the increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere.

87 percent of all human-produced carbon dioxide emissions come from the burning of fossil
fuels like coal, natural gas and oil.

Health effects of CO2 :

CO2 is not normally considered as a pollutant because it is a normal constituent of air but its
presence in excess amount is dangerous. The levels of CO2 in the air and potential health
problems are:

CO2 Concentration Health Effects

<1000 ppm Limited or no health effects

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1000 ppm-2500 ppm Fatigue, loss of focus and concentration, uncomfortable

‘stuffy’ feeling in the air
2500 ppm-5000 ppm Headache, drowsiness, tiredness
5000 ppm-40000 ppm Violates OSHA requirements, severe headaches, slight
intoxication depending on the exposure time
40000 ppm-100000 ppm IDLH (Immediately dangerous to life or health),
dizziness, increased heart rate, sweating, difficulty
breathing; seizures and loss of consciousness after
prolonged exposure
>100000 ppm Loss of consciousness within minutes, coma, risk of
death

Determination of CO2
CO2 level in atmosphere can easily be determined using KANE 100-1 CO/CO2 analyzer.

KANE analyzer:

KANE analyzer measures CO2 using a long life NDIR infra-red sensor .NDIR is an industry term
for "non-dispersive infrared", and is the most common type of sensor used to measure CO2. It
consists of a circular dial, LCD display, pipe and a flue probe.

The NDIR sensor consists of four components.

 IR lamp
 Gas sample chamber
 Optical/wavelength filter
 IR detector

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Working Principle :

An infrared (IR) lamp directs waves of light through a tube filled with air toward an IR light
detector, which measures the amount of IR light that hits it. Filter absorbs all the wavelengths of
light except wavelength absorbed by CO2. At the end IR detector, provide current value.

In fact, the difference between the amount of light radiated by the IR lamp and the amount of IR
light received by the detector is measured. The difference is proportional to the number of CO 2
molecules in the air inside the tube

Procedure:
 Check the filter in the analyzer, if required replace it.
 Similarly, check water trap must be empty.
 Press the ON/OFF button to start the analyzer.
 It will start performing self-test counting from 45 to zero.
 Use pump button to remove air from flue probe.
 Turn off the meter. It takes 30 seconds, cleaning and providing fresh air to sensors.
 Now, turn on the meter and record the readings.

Observations and calculations

Serial no. Source CO (ppm) CO2 (ppm)
01
02

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

MEASUREMENT OF NO USING KANE AUTOMOTIVE ANALYZER.

NOx is short for oxides of Nitrogen. It is a class of pollutants which includes nitrogen oxide
(NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O). When emitted into the atmosphere, they
can cause an array of problems, including acute and chronic health problems and smog. Nitrous
oxide is also a potent greenhouse gas (GHG). For these reasons, NOx emissions are regulated in
many areas of the world. Nitrogen oxides are formed during combustion as high temperatures
cause nitrogen from the atmosphere to oxidize.

Sources of NOx :

Natural sources:

Nitrogen oxides are produced naturally by lightning, and also, to a small extent, by microbial
processes in soils.

Human sources :

Most industries depend on combustion systems, such as boilers and engines, to provide heat or
other forms of power to run their processes. Importantly, each man-made fuel combustion
system produces NOx emissions at varying levels.

The sectors that account for the largest share of NOx emissions are transportation, power
generation, industrial processing, and commercial and industrial heating.

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NEQs for NOx :

According to NEQS, concentration of NOx should not exceed from 0.05 ppm.

Health impacts of NOx:

 Elevated levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause damage to the human respiratory tract and
increase a person's vulnerability to, and the severity of, respiratory infections and asthma.

 Long-term exposure to high levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause chronic lung disease.

 It may also affect the senses, for example, by reducing a person's ability to smell an
odour.

 It reduces the yield of some plants.

 Higher concentration of NO2 may stop metabolic activities and retard the photosynthesis
in plants.

 High levels of nitrogen dioxide are also harmful to vegetation—damaging foliage,

decreasing growth or reducing crop yields.

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 Nitrogen dioxide can fade and discolour furnishings and fabrics, reduce visibility, and
react with surfaces.

Measurement of NOx
KANE Auto 1-NO meter is a digital device used tom measure NOx..

Working Principle of NOx.

This meter works on the principle of electrochemical gas absorption method. Three components
include;

 Electrolyte
 Working electrode
 Counter electrode

Interfering gases in this case include H2S and SO2. Scrubber is installed with a purpose to remove
these interfering gases from sample. After passing through the scrubber, gas sample passes
through the gas permeable membrane.

Working electrode is made up of gold or platinum. At working electrode, target gas NO is

oxidized and free electrons are generated as a result. These free electrons, through electrolyte,
move towards counter electrode and a current is produced. The produces current is directly
proportional to the NO concentration.

Procedure :

NOx can be measured at any place by following these steps;

 First, ensure that hose line and trap is free of any type of condensate.
 Empty trap or wash hose line (if they are dirty).
 Replace the particle filter, if it is not clean.
 Turn on the instrument in fresh air and wait for 2 minutes.
 Insert the probe into the source (insert fully to avoid any dilution of pollutants).
 Note down the reading when stable reading is shown on display screen.

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Precautions:

● The particle filter is dry and not dirty or damaged

● The water trap and probe line are empty of water

● The probe is sampling CLEAN AMBIENT air

● The water trap is correctly fitted and the instrument upright

● The oil temperature probe is connected if required (Certain analyzers)

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DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) USING TSP

ANALYZER :

PM stands for particulate matter (also called particle pollution): the term for a mixture of solid
particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Some particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke,
are large or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye. Others are so small they can only be
detected using an electron microscope.

Particle pollution includes:

 PM10 : inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller;
and
 PM2.5 : fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and
smaller.
SOURCES:

 Primary PM sources are derived from both human and natural activities. A significant
portion of PM sources is generated from a variety of human (anthropogenic) activity.
These types of activities include agricultural operations, industrial processes, combustion
of wood and fossil fuels, construction and demolition activities, and entrainment of road
dust into the air. Natural (non-anthropogenic or biogenic) sources also contribute to the
overall PM problem. These include windblown dust and wildfires.
 Secondary PM sources directly emit air contaminants into the atmosphere that form or
help form PM. Hence, these pollutants are considered precursors to PM formation. These

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secondary pollutants include SOx, NOx, VOCs, and ammonia. Control measures that
reduce PM precursor emissions tend to have a beneficial impact on ambient PM levels.

Types OF particulate matter :

 Suspended PM (less than 50 micrometers and include both PM10 and PM2.5)
 PM10 (less than 10 micrometers and include PM2.5)
 PM2.5 (less than 2.5 micrometers)

Health Impacts
The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. Small
particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatest problems, because they can get
deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream.

Exposure to such particles can affect both your lungs and your heart. Numerous scientific studies
have linked particle pollution exposure to a variety of problems, including:

 premature death in people with heart or lung disease

 nonfatal heart attacks
 irregular heartbeat
 aggravated asthma
 decreased lung function

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 increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the airways, coughing or difficulty

breathing.
People with heart or lung diseases, children, and older adults are the most likely to be affected by
particle pollution exposure.

Environmental Effects
Fine particles (PM2.5) are the main cause of reduced visibility (haze). Particles can be carried
over long distances by wind and then settle on ground or water. Depending on their chemical
composition, the effects of this settling may include:

 making lakes and streams acidic

 changing the nutrient balance in coastal waters and large river basins
 depleting the nutrients in soil
 damaging sensitive forests and farm crops
 affecting the diversity of ecosystems
 contributing to acid rain effects.

NEQ’S Limits:

 500µg/m3 for 24 hrs

 360µg/m3 Annually

Measurement of PM :
CA- 1001 BRL Digital / 230 meter is a digital device used for this purpose.

Working Principle :
This instrument works on the principle of gravimetric analysis.

Firstly, the initial weight of filter paper is calculated and then final weight is calculated after
running the equipment for a specified time. Difference between the initial and final weight of
filter paper gives the weight of Particulate Matter.

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Volume is calculated by multiplying the flow rate and time for which the analysis is conducted.

Hence, concentration of PM in micrograms/ cubic meter is calculated by dividing the weight of

PM by volume.

Procedure:

 Measure initial weight of filter paper.

 Adjust filter paper on filter holder.
 Pore-size = 1.25µm
 Turn on the instrument and allow meter to adjust flow rate.
 Load the value (Q).
 Note sampling time.
 Reweigh filter paper.
 Difference in initial and final weight gives you mass of particulate. Convert grams to
micrograms.
 Flow in L/min. Convert it into m3/min.
 Volume of air flow = Flow Rate × Time.
Mass (µg)
 Concentration of PM =
Volume of flow rate (m3)

CALCULATIONS:

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TO DETERMINE DIFFERENT SOUND LEVELS OF DIFFERENT AREAS

USING SOUND LEVEL METER.

Sound is a pressure wave which is created by a vibrating object. This vibrations set particles in
the surrounding medium (typical air) in vibrational motion, thus transporting energy through the
medium.
Since the particles are moving in parallel direction to the wave movement, the sound wave is
referred to as longitudinal wave. The result of longitudinal waves is the creation of compressions
and rarefactions within the air.

Sources of sound :

There are various sources of sound some of them are given below

 Vibrating bodies (drumhead, piano and other such instruments)

 Time dependent heat sources (thunder, explosion due to rapid heating, electrical spark
producing crackle)
 Supersonic flow (supersonic airplanes, speeding riffle bullets, shock waves)

Health Impacts of sound :

Effects of sound waves

Sound affects human health in following different ways

 It causes narrowing of arteries, increased heartbeat and rapid fluctuations of blood pressure
due to increases cholesterol in blood.

 Fluctuations in the arterial blood pressure by increasing the level of cholesterol in the blood.
 Decrease in the rate of color perception.
 Impairment of night vision, headache, and even nervous system breakdown.
 Exposure to high levels of noise can cause permanent hearing loss.

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 Short-term exposure to loud noise can also cause a temporary change in hearing or tinnitus.

Measurement Of sound :

Sound level in atmosphere can easily be determined using AMPROBE SM-10 sound meter.

Working Principle of Sound meter :

Sound level meter is designed to respond to the sound in the same way as the human ear to give
measurement of sound pressure level. Different types of meters are used for detection of sound
level but each meter comprises of the following sections

 Microphone
 Processing section
 Display unit
 Microphone

Microphone receives sound pressure and variation.

 Processing section

Processing section consists of weighting network, filter and root mean square detector.

 Weighing network

Signal may pass through weighing network and results in different weightings like weighting A
or C. Weighting A include general sound level that can be detectable by human ears while
weighting C include low frequency sound waves that are not detectable by human beings.

 Filter

The frequency range of sound from 20 Hz to 20 kHz is divided into sections or bands by the
means of electronic filters, which reject all signals with frequency outside the selected band
range.

 Root mean square detector

After the signal has been weighted and divided into frequency bands, the resultant signal is
amplified and RMS detector determines the Root Mean Square (RMS) value.

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

 Display unit

It displays the sound level in dB or other derived unit.

Procedure:
 Press power on button.
 Select the desired response time and weighing.
 If the sound source consists of short bursts or only catching sound speak, set response to
Fast. To measure average sound, Use the slow setting.
 Hold the instrument comfortably in hand or fix on tripod and point the microphone at the
suspected noise source, the sound pressure level will be displayed.
Calculations:

Formula below is used to calculate total sound level.

[∑ ]
n
SPL=10 ×log 10 Li10
i=1

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE USING UV-

FLUORESCENCE METHOD BY SO2 ANALYZER.

sulfur dioxide, (SO2), inorganic compound, a heavy, colourless, poisonous gas. It is produced in
huge quantities in intermediate steps of sulfuric acid manufacture. Sulfur dioxide has a pungent,
irritating odour, familiar as the smell of a just-struck match. In the atmosphere it can combine
with water vapour to form sulfuric acid, a major component of acid rain. Sulfur dioxide is
a precursor of the trioxide (SO3) used to make sulfuric acid.

Sources Of SO2 :

Human Sources

Burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are the main source of sulfur dioxide
emissions. Coal fired power stations, in particular, are major sources of sulfur dioxide, with coal
burning accounting for 50 percent of annual emissions,Moreover, oil burning accounts for a
further 25-30 percent. Sulfur dioxide emissions are released primarily as a result of generated
electricity through fossil fuel burning power stations. Additional smaller sources of sulfur
dioxide are released from industrial processes.

Natural Sources

vast quantities of sulfur dioxide released during one Volcanic eruption can be enough to alter the
global climate. Similarly, hot springs release sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide
can even be produced by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with the oxygen in the air. Hydrogen
sulfide is released from marshes and regions in which biological decay is taking place.

Impacts Of SO2 :

Health:

Air pollution in the form of sulfur dioxide can have detrimental effects on human health. Such
effects include breathing problems, particularly in asthmatics, whereas short-term exposure can
lead to chest tightness and coughing and wheezing. Continued exposure to sulfur dioxide has

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been linked with alterations of the lungs defenses and aggravation of existing cardiovascular
disease.

Environmental:

The most common environmental impact of sulfur dioxide is the formation of acid rain. This
occurs when the sulfur dioxide emissions combine with water vapor in the atmosphere, forming
sulfuric acid, which falls to the ground as acid rain. Acid rain can acidify rivers and lakes, killing
aquatic life in addition to damaging trees and plants. Sulfur dioxide is a major precursor to
particulate soot, which reduces air quality.

Measurement Of SO2:

Measurement of SO2 is done by Ultra violet fluorescence method .This method is based on the
principle that SO2 molecules absorb ultraviolet(UV) light and become excited at one
wavelength.

Construction :

 Hydrocarbon Scrubber
 Fluorescence Chamber
 UV Light Source
 Photoelectric Detector
 Electronics

Hydrocarbon Scrubber

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The hydrocarbon scrubber shall remove hydrocarbons contained in ambient air. SO 2 molecules
pass through the hydrocarbon scrubber unaffected.
Fluorescence Chamber
The fluorescence chamber shall have a structure to efficiently emit the fluorescence of SO 2. It
will emit light of different wavelengths.
UV Light Source
The exciting light source shall generate UV light energy of 190-230nm wavelengths by an
electric discharge.
Photoelectric detector
The photoelectric detector shall be located adjacent to the fluorescence chamber via an optical
filter which selectively passes the fluorescence to an electrical signal of required level.
Electronics
Convert the electric pulses into signals.
Procedure

 Plug the analyzer to a power source of 12V.

 Allow one and half hour warm-up.
 Green button resembles to ON.
 Measure sulphur dioxide from the specific places.

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DETERMINATION OF H2S USING H2S ANALYZER

Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula H2S. It is a colorless chalcogen-
hydride gas, and is poisonous, corrosive, and flammable, with trace amounts in ambient
atmosphere having a characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide often results from
the microbial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen gas, such as in swamps and
sewers; this process is commonly known as anaerobic digestion. H2S also occurs in volcanic
gases, natural gas, and in some sources of well water. The human body produces small amounts
of H2S and uses it as a signaling molecule.

Natural sources of Hydrogen sulphide :

Hydrogen Sulfide is naturally found as anaerobic (without oxygen) bacteria decomposes organic
material. This is why it is present in swamp and sewer environments where decomposition of
bacteria is occurring anaerobically. This is why these areas emit the odors that we often smell.

Other natural environments where the gas is present include volcanoes and other and other areas
of active natural geomorphology. They can be found emanating from hot springs and in harsh
environments such as underwater sub-sea vents. Furthermore, hydrogen sulfide arises virtually
anywhere where elemental sulfur comes in contact with organic material, especially at high
temperatures

H2S is also present in the human body in extremely small quantities. The bacterial activity inside
of our body creates this gas as well as the neurotransmission components. Because it naturally
occurs within our bodies we are able to manage low levels of H2S and naturally and infinitely
process it. However, above a certain threshold H2S can wreak havoc throughout the body.

Human sources of hydrogen sulphide:

In the anthropogenic (man-made) environment H2S can be found in a number of different

industries. It is present in the farming, coal mining, pulp and paper, tanning and smelting

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industries. Smelting activities arguably make up 10% of the total worldwide emissions. The
largest industrial cause of H2S is through petroleum refineries as the hydroesulfiruization
process liberates Sulfur from petroleum. Other sources include the decomposition of organic
materials such as lignosulfonates in drilling fluids.

Health Impacts:

Health effects vary with how long, and at what level, you are exposed. Asthmatics may be at
greater risk.

 Low concentrations – irritation of eyes, nose, throat, or respiratory system; effects can be
delayed.
 Moderate concentrations – more severe eye and respiratory effects, headache, dizziness,
nausea, coughing, vomiting and difficulty breathing.

High concentrations – shock, convulsions, unable to breathe, coma, death; effects can be
extremely rapid (within a few breaths).

NEQ’S for H2S :

10mg/Nm3

Measurement Of H2S:

Measuremrnt of hydrogen sulphide is done by of electrochemical absorption method.

The sensor typically consists of three electrodes immersed in an electrolyte: the working
electrode, the counter electrode and the reference electrode. The working principle of an
electrode sensor is that the target gas diffuses into the working electrode surface by crossing a
gas diffusion barrier, it either oxidizes or reduces the target gas with the counter electrode
balancing the generated current, and an external circuit outputs a current linearly proportional to
the measured gas concentration.

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When the electrode potential and the catalytic activity are high enough, CO gas molecules
penetrate the diffusion barrier close to the electrode and reacted rapidly. Then, the amplitude of
the generated current is proportional to the CO gas concentration based on Fick’s law. Therefore,
by measuring the current between Working E and Counter Electrode, the CO gas concentration
can be obtained.

Procedure
Following steps are adopted as procedure during analysis:-

 Press and hold the meter for three seconds, then release to initiate the start-up sequence
and power on the unit
 If all start-up diagnostics pass, the audio, visual, and vibration indicators turn on then off.
Four start-up screens display followed by the gas-monitoring screen.
 If any start-up diagnostic fails, an error message displays (see "Alarms and Warnings").
 Turn on the sensors and note down the readings for selected sources.

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

DETERMINATION OF OZONE USING OZONE ANALYZER

Ozone is a gas that occurs both in the Earth's upper atmosphere and at ground level. Ozone
can ;be good or bad for your health and the environment, depending on its location in the
atmosphere. Usually, it is considered that ozone is good if formed in the upper atmosphere but
bad if it is formed in the lower atmosphere . Here, ground-level or "bad" ozone is an air pollutant
that is harmful to breathe and it damages crops, trees and other vegetation. It is a main ingredient
of urban smog. The troposphere generally extends to a level about 6 miles up, where it meets the
second layer, the stratosphere. The stratosphere or "good" ozone layer extends upward from
about 6 to 30 miles and protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.

Sources Of Ozone :

Ozone is an artificial gas that is primarily formed at the ground level due to reaction between
VOC’s and NOx, in the presence of sunlight. These VOC’s are emitted through different sources
such as

 On-road (cars, trucks and buses)

 Off-road (aircrafts, locomotives etc.)
 Non-road (construction, agricultural equipment etc.)
 Point (cement and power plants)
 Area (bakeries, paint shops, dry cleaners etc.)
 Oil and gas (production and drill rigs)
 Biogenic/natural (forest fires, vegetation)

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

Health Impacts:

Ozone has two properties of interest to human health. First, it absorbs UV light, reducing human
exposure to harmful UV radiation that causes skin cancer and cataracts. Second, when inhaled, it
reacts chemically with many biological molecules in the respiratory tract, leading to a number of
adverse health effects. This course addresses this second property.

NEQ’s For OZONE:

130 µg/m3 for 1 hour.

Measurement of ozone
ECOSENSOR UV-100 ozone analyzer is a device used for this purpose.

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

Working Principle :

The ozone meter works on the simple principle that the ozone molecule absorbs ultraviolet
radiation, using ultraviolet absorption to accurately quantify ozone levels.

It operates by pulling an air sample from the atmosphere into the machine with an air pump.
During one cycle, the ozone monitor will take one air sample through the air inlet, and scrub the
ozone from the air. For the next cycle, an air sample bypasses the scrubber and the ozone
concentration is calculated.

The solenoid valve is activated electronically either to shift the airflow through the scrubber or to
bypass it on a timed sequence. The difference between the two sampled values determines the
actual ozone value at that time. The monitor may also have options to account for air pressure
and air temperature to calculate the value of ozone.

The concentration of ozone is determined using the Beer-Lambert Law that basically says that
the absorption of light is proportional to the concentration of ozone. For ozone, light created by a
mercury lamp is shined through a specific length of tubing with reflective mirrors. A photodiode
at the other end of the tube detects the changes of brightness from the light. This brightness is
processed and displayed on the screen.

Working principle of Ozone meter

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Air And Noise Pollution Control Lab December 30, 1899

Procedure
 Place the adapter in power supply.
 Green colored light will blow up.
 Provide 30 minutes to stabilize the equipment.
 It will first show higher readings and then it tends to decrease.
 After sometime it get stable.
 Measure ozone for 3 to 10 minutes from ground level.

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