Grade12 Histry TG 2017

tuyhW
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; 12
(2017 Mk; Mz; b ypUe; J eilKiwg;g Lj;J tjw; f hdJ)
r%f tpQ;Q hdj;J iw

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;t p epWtfk;
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,izaj;jsk;: www.nie.lk kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
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tuyhW
juk; - 12
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
Kjw; gjpg;G: 2017
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ISBN
r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpdd
; Q;ry;: [email protected]
gjpg; G :
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;f spd; nra;jp
2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

ghltpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiy fy;tpg;
gug;Gfspd; vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;lg; ghltpjhdj;jpd;
Kjy; ghfj; j pid mwpKfg; g Lj; j paJ. Njrpa fy; t p Mizf; F Otpdhy;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l Njrpa fy;tp ,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J
nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; nghJj; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.
gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;

fspdJk; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; gFj;jwpT thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
ghltpjhdk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; njhlu;rr
; pahfg; ghltpjhdr; Row;rpapd;
,uz;lhk;ghfk; 2015 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J fy;tp Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy

tiu midj;Jg; ghlq;f spYk; xOq;F gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; Nju;r;r pfis
tsu;j;njLg;gjw;fhf> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xNu ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpid Vida ghlq;fspYk; kPzL ; k;
ghtpg;gjidf; Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk;> ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;>
nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhd khztu; ikag; ghltpjhdk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;
fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
Mrpupau;fspw;F> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;fis topg;gLj;Jtjw;F

mtrpakhd topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nraw;ghLfspy; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; <LgLj;jpfn ; fhs;tjw;fhfTk;> tFg;giw mstPL
fisAk; kjpg;gL P fisAk; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;L Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j topfhl;b.
E}y;fs;> Mrpupaiu xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl
itf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j topfhl;b E}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd;
Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;njLf;fj; Njitahd ju cs;sPLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk;
jhq;fshfNt njupe;njLf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. tpje;Jiuf;
fg;gl;l ghlg;gug;Gf;fspd; ghupa Rikfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;>
,g;Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; KOg;gad;ghL cilaitahtjw;F> fy;tp
ntspaPll ; hsu;fspdhy;; ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad;
ghl;bidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
iii
,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;>
Gjpa ghlE}y;fspdJk; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> khztu;fis Mrpupa ikaf;
fy;tpapypUe;J tpLtpj;J> nraw;ghLfSld; $ba khztu; ikaf;fy;tpapid
eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba fy;tp Kiwikapdhy;> g+Nfhs njhopy; re;ijfSf;Fj;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk; jpwd;fSk; kpf;f kdpj tsj;jpid toq;ff;$ba khztu;
fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid tpUj;jp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jNyahFk;.
,e;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp

mYty;fs; rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b E}y;fspd;
cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,t;Taupa
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tho;jJ
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fyhepjp. jpUkjp. [ae;jp FzNrfu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk.
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gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.
kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;
mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg;
gz;gLj;jpg; Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.
fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjpkpf;fit vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk;

trjpfSk; fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;>
topfhl;bfs;> trjp nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpjJ
; iwapy;
Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.
,yq;if etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika
kWrP u ikg; G fspD}lhf vl; L Mz; L fSf; n fhUKiw ,w; i wg; g Lj; j g; g Lk;
fiyj; j pl; l j; J f; F upa xU fw; w y; tskhf ,t; t hrpupau; topfhl; b fs;
jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;j jd;ikiaj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk;
gprfhJ mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupitad;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;>
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhfg; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis
mz;kpg;gjw;fhff; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
khztuJ milTr; rjtPjj;ij caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk;
mjw; f hd trjpfisr; nra; J nfhLf; F k; MrpupauJ tfpghfj; j pw; F
ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs;
kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd;
ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; XU rhjdkhd ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b
kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; md;W vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa
,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gL

P elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;lg; guPlr
; fu;fshy;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; milTfis> khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wpg;
ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy; trjpnra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; kjpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;.
fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf
,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.
gPl hjpgjp> fyhepjp khGs;n fhl Rkzujd Njuu;

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ghlepGzj;J t Nrit
Nguhrpupau; `q;Fud;nfj;j Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
jPuhde;j Njuu;
Nguhrpupau;. khydp me;jfk = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;
(jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;)
Nguhrpupau;. ,e;jpuhzp Kzrpq;f nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk; (jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;)
Nguhrpupau;. a+.gP. fUzhde;j fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;)
Nguhrpupau;. Nf.vk;.gP. FyNrfu fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
Nguhrpupau;. vk;. Nrhkjpyf Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
Nguhrpupau;. gj;krpup fd;dq;fu = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp. vd;.Mu;. Njtrpwp nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp. Mu;. jrehaf Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp. V. Njtptpj;jpahyq;fhu nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
tpupTiuahsu; Mu;.vk;. rj;jpaFkhu; aho;gg
; hzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
vOj;jhsu; FO (ntspthup)
mUl; rNfhjup Nkup nlhNdl;lh mjpgu; Nrit (Xa;T epiy)
Gdpj me;Njhdpahu; Njrpa ghlrhiy> tj;jis
jpUkjp. Mu;.lgps;A+.v];. jhy vjpuptPu Mrpupau; Nrit (Xa;T epiy)
jpUkjp. lgps;A+.B.Nf.B. gpl;bfy mjpgu; Nrit (Xa;T epiy)
jpUkjp. ee;jh kdk;Ngup Mrpupau; Nrit (Xa;Tepiy)
jpU. A+.vy;.vk;. grPu; Mrpupau; Nrit (Xa;T epiy)
jpU. a+.vy;. rpghu;jdP ; kupf;fhu; Nritf;fhy Mrpupa MNyhrfu;
tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid> tj;Njfk
jpUkjp. V. ,e;jpuhzp FUtpl;l kj;jpa fy;Y}up
jpU.gP.vy;.V.a+.[p. ngNuuh rju;Nthja gpupntdh> Njthyfk
jpU. vr;.vk;. espd; gz;lhu Mrpupau; Nrit>
FUtpl;l kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpahyak;> FUtpl;l
jpU. [Ptd Ruq;f fkNf tyy;yhtpl;l kfhtpj;jpahyak;
jpU. rke;j gpajhr =Gj;j [ae;jp kj;jpa fy;Y}up> gyhq;nfhil
jpU. jpkjp Vfehaf fy;Ndt kfh tpj;jpahyak;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lf; FO
jpUkjp. B.vr;.rP. ep\hdp ju;kghy - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
jpUkjp. lgps;A+.v];.v];. Fztu;jd - cjtp tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQQ ; hdj;Jiw
vi
Mrpupau;; topfhl; b iag; gad;g Lj; J tjw;f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s;
2007 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;; ikag;ghlq;

fSs; xd;whf ,Ue;JtUk; tuyhW vDk; ghlk; 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; mjd;
gpd; d Uk; mNjtpjkhf eilKiwg; g Lj; j g; g Lk; . 6-9 Me; juq; f Sf; f hf
thunkhd;Wf;F ,uz;L ghlNtisfSk; 10-11 Me; juq;fSf;fhf thunkhd;Wf;F
%d;W ghlNtisfSk;; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
f.ngh.j. rhjhuz jug; guPli

; rapy; 10-11 Mk; juq;fSf;Fupa ghlj;jpll
; q;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gl P ;il elj;j vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6-11 Me;juq;fSf;fhfj; Nju;rr

; pfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mZFKiwapd;
gb gpujhdkhf ,Ugj;J %d;W Nju;r;rpfspd; fPo; tuyhw;Wg;ghlf; fiyj;jpl;lk;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;
gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau;; topfhl;b ghlj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;
gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; vDk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
‘tuyhW’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; %yk; khztuplj;Nj fl;bnaOg;g vjpu;ghu;ff

; g;gLk;
Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ ghlq;fSk;> mg;ghlq;fisg; gapYtjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapay;fSk; Kf;fpakhdit. ,J njhu;ghf Mrpupaupd; gzp/
fUkq;fis ,yFgLj;Jk; nghUl;L> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,U gFjpfs; cs;slq;FkhW
khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd. jkJ Mf;fpay; jpwikfisg; gad;gLj;jp>
tFg;giwj; Njitapd;gb> ,r;nraw;ghLfis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tNjhL
Gjpa nraw;ghLfisAk; Mrpupau;fs; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. tuyhW vDk;
,g;ghlj;jpd; FwpfN
; fhs;fis milaj;jf;f tifapy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 50 rjtPjNkDk;
nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fisj;
jpl;lkpl;L toq;Ftjd; %yk; ghlq;fisg; gapy;tjpy; khztiu topg;gLj;JtNj
,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.
mjw;fika ‘tuyhW’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis epiwT nra;jthW

Nju;r;rpkpf;f> Gjpa cyFf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,sQ; re;jjpapdiu cUthf;Ftjw;F
topfhl;LtNj ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; vjpug
; hu;gg
; hFk;. ,J njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ
Mf;fg+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fisAk;> Kd;nkhopTfisAk; vkf;F mDg;gp itf;FkhW
jaTld; Ntz;LfpNwhk;.
- fiyj;jpl;lf;FO -
vii
cs;slf;fk;
gf; f k;
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iii
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp v
fiyj;jpl;lf;FO vi
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; vii
ghlj;jpl;l cs;slf;fk; ix - xlv
fw;w y; fw;g pj;j y; nrad;K iwf;f hd mwpTWj;j y;f s;
,yq;if tuyhW 1 - 109
,e;jpa tuyhW 110 - 205
INuhg;gpa tuyhW 206 - 292
cyf tuyhW 293 - 363
viii
mwpKfk;
2017 Gjpa fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo; fy;tpg; nghJj;juhjug; gj;jpu cau;jug; guPl;irf;Fupa tuyhW ghlg; ghlj;jpl;lk;> ehd;F
gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
 ,yq;if tuyhW (gz;L njhl;L fp.gp. 1978 tiuapy;)

 ,e;jpa tuyhW (gz;L njhl;L gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rp KbT tiuapy;)
 INuhg;gpa tuyhW (fpNuf;f> cNuhk ehfupf fhyj; njhlf;fk; fp.gp 1989 tiuapy;)
 etPd cyf tuyhW (fp.gp. 1500 njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 1989 tiuapy;)
,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija epiyiaf; fUJifapy; gz;L njhl;L jdpikahftd;wp> gy;NtW G+Nfhsj; jhf;fq;fSf;F cl;gl;lthW
RNjrj;Jtkile;J Nghrpg;Gg; ngw;W tsu;rr ; paile;Js;sikiaf; fhz Kbfpdw
; J. mt;thwhd Nghf;FfisAk; mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fisAk;
,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf ,yq;if tuyhw;Wld; ,e;jpa tuyhW> INuhg;gpa tuyhW> etPd cyf tuyhW Mfpa ghltplaq;fSk; f.ngh.j.
cau;ju tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ix
f.ngh.j. cau;ju tuyhW ghlj;ijj; njupT nra;Ak; khztu;f;Ff; fl;lhakhf ,yq;if tuyhW vDk; gFjpiag; gapw;w Ntz;Lk;.
mj;Jld; ,e;jpa tuyhW> INuhg;gpa tuyhW> etPd cyf tuyhW Mfpa %d;W gFjpfSs; xd;iwj; jkJ tpUg;Gf;Nfw;gj; njupT
nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
2017 ,y; eilKiwf;F tUk; ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fika fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;KiwiaAk; tpla cs;slf;fk; njhlu;ghd FwpfN
; fhs;fis
miljiyAk; ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf fw;ww; NgWfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;if tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; NghJ mJ rhu;e;j g+Nfhs
Nghf;Ffis ,dq;fhzg;gl;lNjhL tuyhW njhlu;ghf mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l Ma;Tfs; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;ltpjj;Jf;fika>
tpla cs;slf;fj;jpy; rpw;rpy khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
,yq;i f tuyhW:
 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; njhlu;ghf> Kd;ida ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jijtpl $Ljyhd msT ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 %yhjhu tifg;ghl;bw;fhf rkfhy tpje;Jiug;Gf;fs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; vkJ gz;ila njhopDl;gk; vDk; gFjp Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j pa tuyhW:
 Kd;ida ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fp.gp. 1206 tiuapNyNa ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngWk;
tiuapy; tpupTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 xl;Lnkhj;j ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpid tpl ,yq;if kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghf $Ljyhd ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
INuhg; g pa tuyhW:
 g+Nfhs uPjpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa> g+Nfhsr; rf;jpfs; njhlu;ghf ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
etPd cyf tuyhW:

 cyfpy; ,lk;ngw;w g+Nfhs uPjpahd Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;J $Ljyhd ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;;sJ.
,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; 12 Mk;> 13 Mk; juq;fSf;FupaJ. mjw;fika me;je;j juj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf tpla cs;slf;fj;ij
xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
x
Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F jdpegUf;Fk;
FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk;> Njrpa NjitfisAk;
epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;
gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fU jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj;
njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
i. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfhpj;jy; %yKk;
Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifaH vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
ii. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfhpj;jYk;
NgZjYk;.
iii. kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT> xUtH kPJ xUtH nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j>
xi
,ilawhj mf;fiwAzHT vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk;> [dehaf tho;fi

; fKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy
cUthf;FjYk; Mjhpj;jYk;.
iv. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;
v. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
vi. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Nghrpf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;
$baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
vii. jdpegHfspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; jahHgLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;
rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpHghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
viii. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rHtNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhH ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsHj;jy;.
(%yk; : Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003)

mbg;gilj; Nju;r;r pfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
(I) njhlu; g hly; Nju; r ; r pfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT>
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;> nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;
vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F Kiwahf
msj;jy;
rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gq;fisg;
(ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.
(II) MSik tpUj;j p njhlu;g hd Nju;r ;r pfs;

xii
- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid>
mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;L gpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT
(III) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r ;r pfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjPfk;
r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopgG
; zu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;
jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd
rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiw
capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay;> #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F>
kdpj tho;T
ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;>
Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epjj ; piu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld;
nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopgg ; zu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk;
fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
IV). Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.
nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;
mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;
mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;
gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;
(V). rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu; ghd Nju;r ;r pfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp
njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;
(VI).Xa;T Neuj;i jg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;w pa Nju;r;r pfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr;
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;
(VII) “fw;w Yf;F f; fw;w y;” njhlu;ghd

Nju;r;r pfs;
xiii
tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk;
ngwr; nra;jy;.
(%yk; : Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003)

tuyhW - ghl Nehf;fq;fs;
6 Mk; juj;jpypUe;J 11 Mk; juk; tiu fiyj;jpl;lj;jpidf; fw;gjd; %yk; fPo;tUk; Nehf;fq;fis khzth;fs;
miltu; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. tuyhw;W Nghf;F> tsh;rr
; p vd;gd gw;wp tpsq;fp tuyhnwq;fpYk; ,lk;ngw;w khw;wq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.
2. fle;jfhyk; njhlh;ghfg; gapYtjd; %yk; ngWk; tpsf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; epfo;fhyj;ijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sYk;
vjph;fhy epiyikfisf; fz;lwpjYk;.
3. Njrpa jdpjJ
; tj;jpid ,dq;fz;L> Njrpa mUQ;nry;tq;fisg; ghJfhj;J ehl;Lg;gw;Ws;s gpuirahf cUthjy;.
4. Njrpa gpur;rpidfis xg;gl
P ;L uPjpahf Nehf;Fjy;.
5. Vida fyhrhuq;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.
6. fhy xOq;F> %yhjhu tpku;rdk;> fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;Gfs; vd;gd %yk; fl;b vOg;gg;gLk; gFj;jwpT
uPjpahd fy;tpawpit eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
xiv
7. Kf;fpa tuyhw;W khe;ju;fspd; rhpijfis Kd;khjphpahff; nfhs;sy;.

8. tuyhw;W hPjpahd cyfg;; Nghf;Ffs; ,e;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs; njhlh;ghf tpsq;fp cyfpd;
Nghf;Ffis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wiyg; ngwy;.
9. fhyk;> ntsp Mfpad njhlh;ghd mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
10. tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fspd; Clhf ,lq;fis mwpeJ
; nfhs;sy;.
Njrpa nghJ ,yf;F fSf;F k; ghl Fwpf;Nfhs;f Sf;Fkhd njhlu;G
ghl Fwpf;N fhs;f s; Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs;
i ii iii iv v vi vii viii
1. tuyhw;W Nghf;F> tsh;r;rp vd;gd gw;wp tpsq;fp tuyhnwq;fpYk;   

,lk;ngw;w khw;wq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.
2. fle;jfhyk; njhlh;ghfg; gapYtjd; %yk; ngWk; tpsf;fj;jpd;   
 
mbg; g ilapy; epfo; f hyj; i jg; Ghpe; J nfhs; s Yk; vjph; f hy
epiyikfisf; fz;lwpjYk;.
3. Njrpa jdpj;Jtj;jpid ,dq;fz;L> Njrpa mUQ;nry;tq;fisg;    
ghJfhj;J ehl;Lg;gw;Ws;s gpuirahf cUthjy;.
4. Njrpa gpur;rpidfis xg;gPlL
; uPjpahf Nehf;Fjy;.   
xv
5. Vida fyhrhuq;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.   

6. fhy xOq;F> %yhjhu tpku;rdk;> fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;Gfs; vd;gd 
%yk; fl;b vOg;gg;gLk; gFj;jwpT uPjpahd fy;tpawpit eilKiw
tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
7. Kf;fpa tuyhw;W khe;ju;fspd; rhpijfis Kd;khjphpahff; nfhs;sy;. 
8. tuyhw;W hPjpahd cyfg;; Nghf;Ffs; ,e;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa   

jhf;fq;fs; njhlh;ghf tpsq;fp cyfpd; Nghf;Ffis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
Mw;wiyg; ngwy;.
9. fhyk;> ntsp Mfpad njhlh;ghd mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;. 
10. tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fspd; Clhf ,lq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;. 

ghlj;j pl;l j;i j ghlrhiyj; jtizfSf;f ika tFj;J f; nfhs;t jw;f hd cj;N jr jpl;l k;
juk; jtiz ,yq;if tuyhW ,e;j pa tuyhW INuhg; g pa tuyhW etPd cyf tuyhW
jtiz 1 1.1> 2.1> 3.1> 4.1> 5.1 1.1> 2.1> 3.1 1.1> 2.1 1.1> 2.1
12
jtiz 2 5. 2 4.1> 5.1 2.2> 3.1> 4.1 3.1> 4.1
jtiz 3 6. 1 5.1> 6.1 5.1> 6.1> 7.1 5.1> 6.1> 7.1
jtiz 1 7.1> 8.1 7.1> 8.1 (Kjy; 8.1> 9.1> 10.1 8.1> 9.1
,uz;L gFjpfSk;)
xvi
13 jtiz 2 9.1> 10.1 8.1 (,uz;l htJ 11.1> 12.1> 13.1 10.1
gFjp)> 9.1
jtiz 3 11.1 10.1> 11.1 13.2> 14.1 11.1> 12.1

ghlj;jpl;lk;
juk; 12
f.ngh.j (cau; j uk; ) ghlj; j pl; l k;
,yq;if tuyhW (Mjp fhyk; njhlf;fk; 1978 tiu)
ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
tuyhw;Wg; ngWkhdj; 1.1 t u y h W v d ; w h y ; 1. tuyhW mwpKfk;  tuyhW njhlu;ghd nghUs; 07

njhFjpfs;> fhy xOq;F vd;d vd;gijj; 1.1 tuyhW - nghUs; tpsf;fq;;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.
vd ; g d njhlu; g hff; njspTgLj;Jthu;. tpsf;fk;  tuyhW vDk; ghlj;Jf;nfd
fw;wwpe;J> mjd; %yk; nghUs; tpsf;fk; xd;wpidf;
ngwg;gLk; topfhl;liy fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
eilKiw tho;fi ; fapy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;. 1.2 tuyhW fw;gjd; 1.2 tuyhW fw;gjd; gad;fs;  tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjd; %yk;
%yk; ngwg;gLk; gad; ngwj;jf;f gad;fis tpgupg;
xvii
fis vLj;Jf;fhl;L ghu;.

fhyk; mtfhrk; vd;gd thu;.  tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjd; ngWkh
tw;iw mbg;gilahff; dj;ij kjpj;J fUj;Jiug;
nfhz;L ehfupfk; gutpa 1.3 tuyhW fw;gjw;Fupa ghu;.
tpjk; njhlu;ghf tpsf; fhyr; r l; l fj; i jAk;
fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;. mtfhrj;ijAk; 1.3 fw;wha;Tf;Fupa fhyk;  tuyhw;Wg; ghlk; njhlu;ghf
njspTgLj;Jthu;.  tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fw;wha;Tf;Fupa fhy tPr;ir
fhyk; njhlf;fk; fp.gp. vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
1978 tiu Rygkhff; fw;gjw;F fhy
mstpidg; gpupj;Jf; fhl;L
thu;.
 fw;wiy ,yFg;gLj;Jtjw;
fhf fhytPr;ir tifg;gLj;
jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
juk; 12 f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) ghlj;jpl;lk;
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; ghl

Ntisfs;
ehl;b d; tuyhW fl;b 2.1 ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; 2 . n t s p ,lk; r h u ;  ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; fw;f 10
naOg;gg;gLtjpy; fw;whaNtz;ba epyikfs; Ntz;ba ntsprhu; epiy
Gtpapaw; fhuzpfspd; ntsp,lk; njhlu;ghf  Fiwtus; tyak; ikfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
jhf; f j; j pid tpsq; f p tpsf;Fthu;.  kj;jpa kiyehL  ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; fw;f
nraw;gLthu;.  fiuNahu rkntsp Ntz; b a gpuNjrq; f isj;
Njrg;glj;jpy; FwpjJ ; f; fhl;L
2.2 Gtpapay; uP j pahd 2.2 Gtpapay;> uPjpahd mik thu;.
miktplk; ,yq;if tplKk; kdpj eltbf;if  , yq; i fapd ; c s; t hup>
tuyhw;wpy; nry;thf; fSk; n t sp th up m i k g; gp i d
Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;  , e ; j p a h T f ; F m U f p y ; tpgupg;ghu;.
xviii
jpid EZfpahuha; mike;jpUj;jy;  Gtpapay; uPjpahd NtWghL

thu;.  ,e;j pahtpy; ,Ue;J gpupe; kdpj njhlu;Gfs; kPJ nry;
jpUj;jy; thf;F nrYj;Jk; tpjj;jpid
 ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapy; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
mike;jpUj;jy;  , y q ; i f ap d ; Gt p ap ay ;
 cs;sf Gtpapay; fhuzpfs; uP j pahd miktplj; j pid
kiyfs;> MWfs;> rkntsp Njr g; g lj; j py ; F wpj; J f;
fs;> JiwKfq;fs; vd;gd fhl;Lthu;.
k d p j e l t b f ; i f f s p y ;  ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; fw;f
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk; Ntz;ba ntsp ,lk; rhu;
 ts q; f spd ; t pah gfK k; mk;rq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;L
khdpl nraw; g hLfSf;F k; thu;.
,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;

Ntisfs;
%yhjhu tpku;rdj;jpd; 3.1 tuyhw;iwf; fl;bna 3. %yhjhuq;fs;  tuyhw;i wf; fl; b naOg; g 18
Clhff; fl;b naOg;gg; Og;Gtjw;F cjTk; 3.1 ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iwf; gq; f spf; F k; %yhjhuq;
gLk; gFj;jha;T uPjpahd %yhjhuq;fs; njhlu; fw;f cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs; fisg; ngaupLthu;.
mwpit eilKiw ghf tprhuiz  ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;  %yhjhuq;fspd; jd;ikf;F
tho;fi; fapy; gad;gLj;J nra;thu;. fs; Vw;g mtw;iw tifg;gLj;J
thu;.  njhy;nghUs; Ma;T thu;.
fs;  %yhjhu tiffSf;F Vw;g
 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; tuyhw;W tplaq;fs;
 ehzaq;fs; fl;bnaOg;gj;jf;f tpjj;ijj;;
 fu;z guk;giuf; fij njspTgLj;Jthu;.
xix
fs;
3.2 %yhjhug;gFg;gha;T 3.2 %yhjhuq;fis tpku;rd  tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fis

%yk; tuyhw;W uPjpapy; Muha;jy; tpku;rd uPjpapy; EZfpaha;
tplaq;fs; fl;bnaOg; thu;.
gg;gLk; tpjj;ij  %yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;. Jk;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz; b a tplaq; f isj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.

Ntisfs;
,yq;i f ehfupfj;j pd; 4.1 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l 4. FbNaw;wq;fspd; Muk;gKk;  ,yq;i fapy; tuyhw;Wf;F 15
tuyhw;W uPjpahd fhyk; gw;wpa jfty; gutYk; (fp.K. %d; w hk; Kw;gl;l fhyj;ijj; njspT
tsu;r;rp Nghf;Ffs; fis EZfpaha;thu;. E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiu) gLj;Jthu;.
vd;gd njhlu;ghf tpsf; 4.1 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l  kpfg; goq; f hy k; K jw;
fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;. fhyk; (fp.K. %d;whk; nfhz;Nl ,yq;ifapy;
E}w;whz;bw;F Kd;du;) FbapUg; G f;f s; ,Ue; j ik
(fp.K. 10000 - fp.K 1800) njhlu;gpy; ngUkpjq; nfhs;
thu;.
 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy
FbapUg;Gf;fis ,yq;ifg;
glj;jpy; Fwpg;ghu;.
xx
4.2 Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhy 4.2 Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;  Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;ijj;
khdpl nraw;ghLfs; tuyhw;Wf;F cja fhyk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
njhlu; g hfj; Njba fp.K. %d;Wf;Fk; fp.gp.  Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhy
wpthu;. %d;Wf;Fk; ,ilapy;) tpUj;jpia kjpg;ghu;.
(fp.K. 1800 - fp.K 6 w;Fk;  Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhy ,lq;f
,ilapy;) is ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glj;jpy;
Fwpg;ghu;.

Ntisfs;
4.3 tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; 4.3 tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;  t uy h w ; W f ; f h y j ; i jj ;
kw; W k; mjd; Fb  ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW njspTgLj;Jthu;.
apUg;Gf;fs; njhlu; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J  tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; Fb
ghf EZfpaha;thu;. kf;fs; FOf;fspd; apUg;Gf;fs; cUthfpa tpjk;
(fp.K. %d;whk; tUif gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
E}w;whz;bypUe;J)  tuyhw;Wf; fhy FbapUg;Gf;
(fp.K. 6 - ,d;W tiu) fis ,yq; i fj; Njrg;
glj;jpy; Fwpg;ghu;.
xxi

Ntisfs;
,yq;i f ehfupfj;j pd; 5.1 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj; 5 . ,uhrul; i l ehfupfk;  ,uhrul; i l ehfupfj; j pd; 100
tuyhw;W tsu;r;rp jpd; njhopy ; E l; g (nghyd; d Witf; f hy mbg;gilia tpsf;Fthu;.
Nghf;Ffs; vd;gd njhlu; m b g ; g i l i a ,Wjp tiu)  , uhrul; i l e hfupj; j pd ;
ghf tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw; mwpKfk; nra;thu;. 5.1 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; tpUj;jpf;F mjd; mbg;gil
gLthu;. mbg;gilfs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tpjj;ij
tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,uhrul;il ehfupfk; njhlu;
ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;
ghu;.
xxii
5.2 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj; 5.2 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd;  ,uhrul; i l ehfupfj; j pd;

jpd; murpay;> nghU murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> mbg;gilia tYg;gLj;J
shjhuk; > r %fk; > r%fk;> gz;ghL> njhopy; tjw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j
gz; g hL> njhopy; El;g eltbf;iffs; muru;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;L
El;gk; vd;gdtw;iw  murpay; thu;.
tpsf;Fthu;. - mur Ml;rpahsu;fs;  ,uhrul; i l ehfuP f j; j pd;
- Ml;rp Kiwfs; tpUj;jpia kjpg;ghu;.
- Aj;j cghaq;fs;
- ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;
 rkaKk; gz;ghLk;
- Gj; j rkak; epWtg;
glYk; gutYk;
- Vida rkaq;fs;
- fiy> gz;ghL

Ntisfs;
 nghUshjhuk;  ,uhrul; i l ehfupfj; j pd;
- tptrhak; tuyhw; W Kf; f paj; J tk;
- ifj;njhopy; tha;e;j ,lq;fs;> Fsq;fs;>
- tu;jj
; fk; mizfs; vd; gdtw; i wg;
 rKfk; glnkhd;wpy; Fwpg;ghu;.
 tpQQ; hdk; kw;Wk; njhopy;

El;gKk;
- ePu;g;ghrdk;
- fl;blf;fiy
xxiii
- itj;jpak;
- cNyhf njhopEl;gk;
5.3 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;; 5.3 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd;  ,uhrul; i l ehfupfj; j pd;

jpd; mbg; g ilfs; jsu;r;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk; mbg;gil gytPdk; mile;
gytPdkile;jikahy; jikf; f hd fhuzq; f is
jsu;r;rpaile;J Kd;itg;ghu;.
tPo;r;rpAw;w tpjj;ij  ,uhrul;il ehfupfk; tPo;r;rp
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;. aile;j tpjj;ijj; njspT
gLj;Jthu;.

Ntisfs;
,yq; i f ehfupfj;j pd; 6.1 ,uhrul;il ehfupf 6. ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpw;Fg;  nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpd; 90
tuyhw;W uPjpahd khdJ mjd; Muk;g gpw;gl;l fhyk; gpd; d u; Njhw; w k; ngw; w
t su ; r ; r p Ng hf ; F fs ; fhy mbg; g ilfsp 6.1 Ml;rp ikaq;fs; gw;wpa ,uhrjhdpfis mwpKfk;
vd;gd njhlu;ghf tpsf; ypUe;J khw;wkile;j mwpKfk; nra;thu;.
fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;. xU Gjpa Afj;jpy; - jk;gnjdpa> ahg;gFt>  ,uhrul;il ,uhrjhdpfSf;
gpuNtrpj; j iyAk; > FUzhfiy> fk;gis Fk; nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;
mjd; nraw;ghl;il - ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs; jpd; gpd;du; Njhw;wk; ngw;w
Ak; tpku;rpg;ghu;. - rkak;> gz;ghL> r%fk; ,uhrjhdpfSf;Fkpilapyhd
NtWghLfisj; njspTgLj;J
thu;.
xxiv
 nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpd;
gpd; d u; Njhw; w k; ngw; w
,uhrjhdpfis ,yq;ifg;
glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
6.2 aho; g ; g hz ,uhr 6.2 aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdp  aho; g; ghz ,uhrjhdpapd;

jhdp njhlu;ghf Muk;g k; > tsu; r ;r p vd; gd
EZfpaha;thu;. tw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.
 aho; g; ghz ,uhrjhdpapd;
tPo;r;rpia tpgupg;ghu;.

Ntisfs;
6.3 Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdp 6.3 Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdp  Nfhl; i l ,uhrjhdpapd;
njhlu; g hf EZfp Muk;gk;> tsu;r ;r p vd;gd
aha;thu;. njhlu;ghfj; njspTgLj;J
thu;.
 Nfhl; i l ,uhrjhdpapd;
rpwe;j muru;fis cau;thf
kjpg;ghu;.
 Nfhl; i l ,uhrjhdpapd;
tPo;r;rpia tpgupg;ghu;.
xxv
juk; 12 ,e; j pa tuyhW f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) ghlj;jpl;lk;

Ntisfs;
,e;jpa cg fz;lj;jpd; 1.1 ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; 1. ,e;jpa tuyhw;i wf;  ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw; 20
nraw;ghL mjd; jhf;fk; fw;gjw;fhd %yhjh fw;gjw;fhd %yhjhuq; fhd %yhjhuq;fisg;
vd;gd njhlu;ghf uq;fis tpgupg;ghu;. fisg; gFj;jYk; Ma;T ngaupLthu;.
tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gL nra;jYk;  ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;
thu;.  ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw; fhd %yhjhuq;fis tifg;
fhd %yhjhuq;fs; gLj;Jthu;.
%yhjhuq;fspd; tifaPLfs;  ,e; j pa tuyhw; i w fl; b
 %yhjhuq; f is xg; g P l ; L naOg;Gk;NghJ %yhjhuq;
uPjpapy; fw;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;
 %yhjhuq; fs; njhlu; ghd jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
xxvi
tpku;rdq;fs;

Ntisfs;
,e;jpa cg fz;lj;jpd; 2.1 Gtpapay; uP j pahd 2.1 Gtpapay; uPjpahd fhuzp  ,e;jpahtpd; jdp miktp 15
nraw;ghL> mjd; miktplk; ,e; j pa fs; ,e; j pa tuyhw; w py; idAk; rhu;G miktpidAk;
jhf;fk; vd;gd njhlu; tuyhw;wpy; nry;thf;F nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjk; tpgupg;ghu;.
ghf tpsf;fj;Jld; nrYj;jpa tpjj;jpid  Gtpapay; uPjpahd  ,e; j pahtpd; miktplk;
nraw;gLthu;. Muha;thu;. miktplk; Njrpa kw; W k; ru; t Njr
- jdp mikT uPjpahf khdplj; njhlu;Gfs;
- rhu;G mikT kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
 Gtpapay; fhuzpfs; tpjj;jpid vLj;Jf;
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; fhl;Lthu;.
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa  ,e;jpahtpd; ngsjpf mk;rq;
xxvii
tpjk; fis Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;

 gue;j ,e;jpahTk;; Ntw;W fhl;Lthu;.
ikapy; xw;WikAk;

Ntisfs;
, e ; j p a t u y h w ; w p d ; 3.0 rpe;Jejp ehfupfj;jpd; 3 . rpe;J ejpia ikakhff;  ùg;gh ehfupfk; njhlu;ghd 30
tuyhw;W uPjpahd Muk; g k; > tsu; r ; r p> nfhz;L Njhw; w k; ngw;w jfty;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; Nghf;F tPo;r;rp vd;gd njhlu; efu ehfupfk;  ùg;g h ehfupj; jpd; rpwg;
fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf; ghfj; jfty; f is  ùg;gh ehfupfj;ij gpid kjpg;ghu;.
fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;. EZfpaha;thu;. mwpKfk; nra;jy;  ùg;gh ehfupfk; rpwg;Gw;W
 Mu k; gk ; > tp upt hf ; f k; tpsq;fpa ,lj;jpid
njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fSk; Njrg;glj;jpy; milahskpL
rkfhy ehfupfq; f Sf; thu;.
fpilapyhd njhlu;GfSk;
 efuj;jpl;lq;fSk; ,ay;G
xxviii
fSk;
 r%f xOq;fikg;G
 rka ek;gpf;iffs;
 fiyj;jpwd;fs;
 nghUshjhu epiy
 tPo;r;rpAk; mJ njhlu;ghf
Ma;thsu;fspd; fUj;Jk;

Ntisfs;
,e;jpa tuyhw;W tpupthf; 4.1 Ntj fhyk; njhlu; 4. fq;i fr; rkntsp topNa  Ntj fhyk; njhlu; g hd 25
fk; > tsu; r ; r p vd; g d gh d jf ty ; f i s gutpa khdpl FbapUg;G jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
njlu;ghf tpsf;fj;Jld; tpgupg;ghu;.  ,Uf;F Ntj ,yf;fpaj;jpd;  Ntj fhyNk ,e;jpa
nraw;gLthu;. %yk; ntspg;gLk; khdpl ehfupfj;jpd; mbg;gil
FbapUg;G tpupthf;fj;jpd; vd; g jw; f hd jfty; f is
epiy Kd;itg;ghu;.
 upf; Ntj fhyj;jpd; murp  ,Uf;F Ntj fhyk;> gpe;jpa
ay;> rKf> nghUshjhu> Ntj fhyk; Mfpatw;wpy;
gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fs; FbapUg;Gf;fspd; tpupthf;fj;
 gpe;jpa Ntj fhy ijj; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpgg
; hu;.
xxix
FbapUg;G tpupthf;fk;
 gpe; jpa Ntj fhyj; j pd;
murpay; > nghUshjhu>
r%f> gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rp

Ntisfs;
, e ; j p a t u y h w ; w p d ; 5.1 gjpdhW ngUq; F b 5 . murpay;> khdpl rpe;jid  gjpdhW ngUq;F bNaw;wq; 25
tpupthf; f k; > tsu; r ; r p Naw;wq;fspd; fspd; tsu;r ;r p fis tpgupg;ghu;.
vd;gd njhlu;ghf tpsf; tpupthf; f k; njhlu;  FbNaw;wg; guk;gYk;  gjpdhW ngUq;FbNaw;wq;f
fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;. ghf tpgupg;ghu;. gjpdhW ngUq;FbNaw; spy; gyk; nghUe;jpa muR
wq;fSk; fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
 gjpdhW ngUq;FbNaw;wq;f
isj; Njrg; g lnkhd; w py;
Fwpg;ghu;.
5.2 rka> jj;Jt fUj;Jf;  rka rpe;jidfspd;  ,e;jpahtpy; tsu;r;rpaile;j

xxx
fs; ,e;jpa ehfupfj; tsu;r;rp Gjpa rka rpe; j idfis

ijf; fl; b naOg; G  gz;ghl;L NtWghLfSk; tpgupg;ghu;.
tjpy; gq; f spg; G r; Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs;  Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs; murp
nra;Js;s tpjj; Njhw;wk; ngwYk; guty aypy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;
jpid EZfpaha; iljYk; jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
thu;.  m ur pa y ; r pe ; j i d fs ;  Gjpa rka rpej; idfs; kdpj
kw;Wk; Gjpa rka rpej ; id rKjhaj;jpy; jhf;fk; tpis
fspd; kdpj eltbf;iff tpj;j tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
spYk; nraw;ghLfspYk;
Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

Ntisfs;
,e; jpa tuyhw; W tpup 6.1 NguuR thj vz;zf; 6 . N g u u R v z ; z f ; f U T k ;  NguR vz;zf;fUit 30
thf;fk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gd fUtpid nksupag; nksupag; NguRk; tpgupg;ghu;.
njhlu;ghf tpsf;fj;Jld; N g u u r p D } l h f j ;  Ml; r p Nfhl; g hLfspd;  gyk; tha; e ; j nksupag;
nraw;gLthu;. njspTgLj;Jthu;. tsu;rr; pAk; NguuR vz;zf; NguuR fl; b naOg; g g; g l; l
fUTk; tpjj; j pidj; njspTgLj;
 nksupag; Nguurpd; tsu;rr
; p Jthu;.
 nksupag; Nguurpd; Ml;rp  NguuR xd;wpd; rpwg;gpay;G
ahsd hd mNr h fD k; fis nksupa Ml;r papd;
mtdJ nfhs;iffSk; mbg;gilapy; tpgupg;ghu;.
 nksupag; Nguurpd; fP o ;  nksupag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;
xxxi
murpay; nghUshjhu> fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itg;

r%f> gz;ghl;Lg;Nghf;Ffs; ghu;.
 nksupag; Nguurpd;  nksupag; Nguurpd; gutiyj;
tPor;rpAk; fhuzq;fSk; Njrg;glj;jpy; FwpjJ
; f; fhl;L
thu;.
INuhg; g pa tuyhW
Nju;r ;r p kl;l q;fs; ghl

Nju; r ; r p ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
gy; N tW gpd; d zpia 1.1 etPd INuhg;gh Njhw; 1 . jw;f hy INuhg;g pa ehfup  etP d INuhg; g pa ehfuP f 25
Kd;itj;J ehfup wk; ngw; w tpjj; j p fj;jpd; mbj;jsk; tsu;r;rpapy; fpNuf;f>
fq; f s; fl; b naOg; g g; idj; njspTgLj;J 1.1 cNuhk> fpwp]j; t ehfupfq;
gLk; Kiw gw;wpj; thu;.  fpNuf;f> cNuhk> fs; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;s
njspTgLj; J thu; . fpwp];jt ehfuPf tpjj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;L
Muk;gk; thu;.
 ,];yhk; guty;  khdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp>
etPd INuhg;ghtpd; Njhw;wk;
Mfpatw;wpw;F toptFj;j
1.2 fhuzpfisj; njspTgLj;
 khdpa Kiwapd; Jthu;.
tPo;r;rp  fpNuf;f> cNuhk> fpwp];jt>
 rpYit Aj;jk; ,];yhkpa ehfupfg; guk;g
 tu;jj; f Kd;Ndw;wk; iyj; Njrg;glj;jpy; FwpjJ
; f;
 efu Kd;Ndw;wk; fhl;Lthu;.
 kj; j pa tFg; g pdupd;
vOr;rp

Ntisfs;
INuhg; g htpy; Vw; g l; l 2.1 INuhg; g h jw; f hy 2 . j w ; f h y INuhg;gpa  kWkyu;r;rp> mwpT tsu;r;rp 30
khw;wq;fs; cyfpy; cyfj;jpw;F khw;wk; Muk; g k; vd;gtw;iw tpku;rpg;ghu;.
Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj; mile;jik njhlu; 2.1 kWkyu;r;rpAk; mwpT  Gjpa tsu;r;rp INuhg;ghit
jpid vLj; J f; f hl; L ghf tpgupg;ghu;. tsu;r;rpAk; etPd Afj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L
thu; .  tpQ; Q hdf; fz; L nrd;w tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;
gpbg;Gf;fs; fhl;Lthu;.
2.2 INuhg; g pa ehLfs;  Nj r p a mu Rf sp d ;  ehLfhz; gazq; f isj;
Vida fz;lq;fspy; vOr;rp njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;  INuhg; g htpd; ehLfhz;
gpa tpjj;ijg; Muha; 2.2 ehLfhz; gazq;fs; gazq; f s; Vida ehL
xxxiii
thu;.  INuhg;ghtpd; Ml;rpg; fspy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;

guk;gy; jpid tpku;rpg;ghu;.
 ehLfhz; gazq;fisAk;
INuhg;ghtpd; tp];jupg;ig
Ak; cyfg;glj;jpy; FwpjJ; f;
fhl;Lthu;.

Ntisfs;
rkaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLk; 3.1 INuhg; g htpy; kjr; 3. rka rPuj ; pUj;jKk; vjpu; rka  kjr; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; 25
khw;wk; r%fj;jpy; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; Vw;gL rPu;jpUj;jKk; gpd;dzpia tpsf;Fthu;.
Vida Jiwfspy; jw;fhd fhzuq; 3.1 rka rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;  kjr; rPuj; pUj;jj;jpd; tpisT
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpid fis tpgupg;ghu;. gpd;dzp fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
milahsq; fz;L 3.2  kjr; rPu;jpUj;jj;Jld;
khw;wj;jpw;F Kfq;  Gul;l];jhe;J rka njhlu; G ila ehLfisj;
nfhLf;Fk; kdepiyia 3.2 Gul;l];jhe;J kjr; rPu;jpUj;jk; Njrg;glk; xd;wpy; Fwpg;ghu;.
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;. rP u ; j ; j pUj; j k; > vjpu;  vjpu; rka rPu;jpUj;jk;  kjr; rP u ; j pUj; j k; gw; w pj;
kjr; rP u ; j ; j pUj; j k; 3.3 Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghu; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
vd;gtw;wpd; tpisT  Nghupd; Kf;fpa  c N uhk d ; fj; Njh y pf ; f
xxxiv
fis Muha;thu;. fl;lq;fs; Gul;l];jhe;J rkaq;fspd;

 nt];l;ghypah cld; gutiy INuhg;gh glj;jpy;
3.3 rkaj;ij Kd;dpl;L gbf;if Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l  vjpu; k jr; rP u ; j pUj; j j; j pd;
Nkhjy; f is gFg; tpisTfis tpku;rpg;ghu;.
gha;T nra;thu;.  Kg; g J Mz; L g; N ghiuj;
njspT gLj;Jthu;.
 Kg; g J Mz; L g; Nghupd;
tpisTfis vLj;Jf; fhl;L
thu;.
 Kg; g J Mz; L g; Nghupd;
,Wjpapy; fhzg;gl;l
INuhg;ghtpidj; Njrg;glk;
xd;wpy; milahskpLthu;.

Ntisfs;
ghuhSkd; w j; j pd; mjp 4.1 gpupj;jhdpa nghUsh 4 . gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;w  gpupj;jhdpa nghUshjhuk; 15
fhuj; i j mjpfupg; g J jhu r%f epiyfspy; Ki w rKfj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa
kdpj ,dj;jpd; Kd;Ndw; Vw;gl;l khw;wq; 4.1 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; khw;wq;fis tpku;rpg;ghu;.
wj;jpw;F toptFj;j fSf; F ,irthf Muk;gKk; tsu;r;rpAk;  nghUshjhu> r%fj; Jiw
tpjj;ij tpku;r;rpg;ghu;. murpay; Jiwapy; 4.2 ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; fspy; Vw; g l; l khw; w q; f
V w ; g l ; l K d ; Nd w ; ,ay;Gfs; Sf;F ,irthf murpay;
wj;ij tpku;rpg;ghu;.  gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;
 fl;rp Kiw wj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
4.2 gpupj; j hdpa ghuhS  nfgpdl; Kiw  gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;w
kd;wj;ij mbg;gil Kiwapy; [dehafk;
xxxv
ahff; nfhz;L ghuh n r aw ; g L k; tp jj; jp i d

Skd; w Kiwapd; tpgupg;ghu;.
gpujhd ,ay;Gfis  gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw> fl;rp
tpku;rpg;ghu;. Kiw> nfgpdl; Kiw vd;
gdtw; i wg; gpupj; j hdpag;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mbg;gil
apy; tpku;rpg;ghu;.
 gpujpepjpj;Jtg; ghuhSkd;w
Kiw kdpj ,dj;jpd; tsu;r;
rpf; F cjtpa Kiwia
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

Ntisfs;
,aw; i fapd; rthy; f 5.1 cyfpd; Nghf;fpid 5. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp  ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp Vw;gL 15
Sf;F Kfq; nfhLg;gjpy; khw; w p mikg; g jpy;  Muk;gk; tjw;fhd gpd;dzpiaAk;
kdpjd; ngw;w ntw;w p ifj;n jhopy; Gul;r p  guty; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisAk;
iaj; njspthf tpsq;fpf; Vw; g Lj; j pa jhf; f k;  tpisT tpku;r;rpg;ghu;.
nfhz;L mjd;gb nraw; njhlu; g hd jfty;  ifj; n jhopy; Gul; r papd;
gLthu;. fis Nrfupg;ghu;. tpisTfis vLj;Jf;
$Wthu;.
 ifj; n jhopy; Gul; r papd;
gutiyj; Njrg;glk; xd;wpy;
Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
xxxvi

Ntisfs;
xw;WikAld; nraw;gL 6.1 mnkupf;ff; fz;lj; 6 . mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu;  m n k u pf ; fh t pd ; M u k; g 20
tjd; %yk; jkJ cup jpy; INuhg;gpa 6.1 FbNaw;wq;fs; Njhw;wk; FbNaw; w thrpfs; njhlu;
ikia ntd;nwLf;fyhk; ehfupfk; gutpa ngwy; ghd jfty; f isj; Njb
vd;gij mnkupf;f tpjj;ijg; guPlr
; pgg
; hu;.  mnkupff; htpd; Muk;g awpthu;.
Rje; j pug; N ghiu mbg; FbNaw;w thrpfs;  gpupj;jhdpau; mnkupf;fhtpy;
gi lahff; n fhz; L  INuhg;gpau; mnkupf; mikj; j FbNaw; w q; f s;
tpku;rpg;ghu;. fhtpw;F nrd;W Fb gw;wpj; jfty;fis tpku;rpg;
Naw;wq;fs; mikj; ghu;.
jik  tl mnkupf;fhtpy; fhzg;
 tl mnkupf; f htpy; gl;l gpupjj
; hdpa FbNaw;wq;
xxxvii
Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq; fisj; Njrg;glk; xd;wpy;

fs; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
6.2 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; 6.2 Rje;jpug; Nghu;  mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghiu

Nghu; cyf tuyhw;  Rje;jpug; NghUf;fhd tpku;rpg;ghu;.
wpy; Kf; f paj; Jtk; fhuzq;fs;  mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu;
ngWk; tpjj; j pid  Rje;jpug; Nghupd; Kf; cyf tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;
tpgupg;ghu;. fpa fl;lq;fs; Jtk; ngWk; tpjj;jpidj;
 FbNaw; w thrpfspd; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
ntw;wpff; hd fhuzq;
fs;
 Rje;jpug;Nghupd;
tpisTfs;
f.ngh.j (cau; j uk; ) ghlj; j pl; l k;
etPd cyf tuyhW (fp.gp. 1500 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk;)
ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;ww; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;
etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj; 1.1 tzpf Kjyhspj;Jt 1 . etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wk;  tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtj;ijg; 25
jpy; jhf;fj;jpid Vw; Kiwapd; vOr;rp 1.1 khdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp gFj;jha;thu;.
gLj;jpa tuyhw;W rf;jp ahdJ etPd cyfpd; ; tj;  INuhg;ghtpy; KjyhspjJ
Ak; tzpf KjyhspjJ ; tj;
fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf; vOr;rpf;F toptFj;j jpd; vOr;rpAk; jpd; vOr; r pia tpgupg; g hu;.
fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;. Kiwapidg; gFj;  tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd;
jha;thu;. vOr;rpahdJ etPd cyfpd;
Njhw;wj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;
jpa tpjj; j pid vLj; J f;
fhl;Lthu;.
 Njrpa muRfs; Njhw; w k;

1.2 Njr p a muRf spd ; 1.2 Njrpa muRfs; ngw; w ikf; f hd fhuzq;
vOr;rp etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Njhw;wj;jpy; jhf;fj;  INuhg; g htpy; Njhd; w pa
jpi d Vw; g Lj; j pa Njrpa muRfs; gw;wp tpgupg;
tpjj;jpidg; gFj;jha; ghu;.
thu;.  INuhg; g htpy; Njhd; w pa
Njrpa muRfisj; Njrg;
glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
 Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;w
khdJ> etPd cyfpd; Njhw;
wj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;
tpjj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

Ntisfs;
1.3 jdpikg; g Lj; j g; g l; 1.3 ehLfhz; gazq;fs;  INuhg; g htpd; ehLfhz;
bUe;j e h L f s ;  16 Mk; E}w;whz;b
; w;F Kd;du; gazq;fSf;F Kd;du;
cyFld; njhlu; ; G Mrpah> Mgpupff ; h> mnkupff
; h Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh>
g l ; l K i w a p i d Mfpa fz;lq;fspd; epiyik mnkupf; f f; fz; l q; f spy;
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.  IN uhg; ghtp y ; e hLfh z; fhzg; gl; l epiyikiaj;
gazq;fs; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 INuhg;ghtpy; ehLfhz; ga
zq;fs; Muk;gkhfpaikf;
fhd fhuzq;fisj; njspT
gLj;Jthu;.
xxxix
 ehLfhz; ,af; f j; i jAk;

mjd; tpisTfisAk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
 ehLfhz; gazq; f isj;
Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;L
thu;.

Ntisfs;
etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj; 2.1 INuhg;ghtpd; typik 2. INuhg;ghtpd; mjpfhug; gut  INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Vida 35
jpy; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj; kpf;f muRfs; cy Yk; NguuRfs; fl;bnaOg;gg; fz;lq;fs; kPJ jkJ ftdj;
jpa tuyhw;Wr; rf;jpfs; fk; KOtJk; jkJ gLjYk; ij nrYj; j paikf; f hd
njhlu; g hd tpsf; f j; mjpfhuj;ijg; gutr;  tl> njd; mnkupf;fh fhuzq;fisj; njspTgLj;
Jld; nraw;gLthu;. n r a; j tpjj; i jg;  Mrpah Jthu;.
gFj;jha;thu;.  Mgpupf;fh  INuhg;gpa ehLfs; cyfpd;
Vida ehLfspy; jkJ
mjpfhuj;ijg; gug;gpa
tpjj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;L
thu;.
 INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; mjpfh
xl
ug; gutYld; cyfpy; Vw;

gl;l khw;wq;fisj; njspT
gLj;Jthu;.
 INuhg; g paupd; mjpfhug;
gutiy Njrg;glk; xd;wpy;
Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

Ntisfs;
etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj; 3.1 g h u h S k d ; w j ; j p d ; 3. etPd cyfpid cUthf;fpa  Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpf;fhd fhu 20
mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;b Gul;rpfs; zq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa naOg;Gtjpy; Mq;fp Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpapd; njhlf;
3.1 fp.gp. 1688 Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp 
t uy h w ; W r ; r f; j p fs ; yg; Gul;rpapd; gq;fp fj;jpidAk; tsu;r;rpiaAk;
njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; idg; guPl;rpg;ghu;. tpgupg;ghu;.
 etPd cyif cUg;gLj;J
nraw;gLthu;. tjpy; Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpapd;
gq;fspg;ig vLj;Jf; fhl;L
thu;.
3.2 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; 3.2 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;  mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;

Nghuhl;lk; Xu; cyf Nghuhl;lk; Nghuhl;lj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
rf; j pahf mike; j  mnkupff ; htpy; gpupjj
; hdpauJ
tpjj; j pidg; gFj; FbNaw;wq;fisg; glnkhd;
xli
jha;thu;. wpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

 mnkupff ; Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk;
cyf tuyhw;wpd;kPJ
nrYj; j pa jhf; f j; j pid
tpgupg;ghu;.
3.3 kdpj cupikfisf; 3.3 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp  gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp Vw;gLt

fhg;gjpd; Kf;fpaj;J jw;F VJthd fhuzq;fis
tj; j pid vLj; J f; gFj;jha;thu;.
fhl; b a gpuhd; r pa  gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; %yk;
Gul;rpiag; gFj; ntd; n wLj; j mbg; g il
jha;thu;. kdpj cupikfis vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 kdpj cupikfisg; ghJ
fhj; j yhdJ KO etP d
cyfKk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;s
Xu; vz;zf;fU vd;gijj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.

Ntisfs;
etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj; 4.1 rthy;fis vjpuN; ehf; 4. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp  i fj; n jho py ; Gul; r pi a 10
jpy; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj; Fk;NghJ Mf;fpay;;  ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpf;fhd mwpKfk; nra;thu;.
jpa tuyhw;Wr; rf;jpfs; rpe; j id tsu; r ; r p fhuzq;fs;  Njitf; F Vw; g cw;g j; jp
njhlu; g hd tpsf; f j; ailAk; tpjj;jpid  njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp nra;ag;gl;l Gjpa cw;gj;jp
Jld; nraw;gLthu;. vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.  guty; njhlu;ghf tpgupg;ghu;.
 tpisTfs;  ifj;n jhopy; Gul;r p Gjpa
cyfpd; tsu;rr ; pfF
; g; gq;fspg;
Gr; nra; j tpjj; j pidj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gut
xlii
iyj; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

Ntisfs;
etPd cyfpd; gy;NtW 5.1 ypguy;thjk;> Njrpa 5. jhuhz; i k thjj; j pdJk;  murpay; rpej; idapd; tsu;r; 10
murpay; fUj; J f; f s; thjk; vd;gd eil Njrpa thjj;jpdJk; vOr;rp rpAld; Gul;rp mzpfs; vOr;rp
eilKiwapy; nraw; Kiwapy; nraw;gLk;  jhuhz; i k thj kw; W k; ngw;w tpjj;jpid tpgupg;ghu;.
ghlhf khw; w kile; j Kiwapidj; njspT Njrpa thj ,aq;fq;fspYk;  ypguy; thjKk; Njrpa
tpjj;jpidg; guPl;rpg;ghu;. gLj;Jthu;. vOr;rp th jK k ; e i lK i wap y ;
 1848 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rp nraw;gl;l tpjj;jpid
 gy;NtW gpupTfs; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
 ,j;jhypa If;fpak;
 N[u;kdpapd; If;fpak;
xliii

Ntisfs;
mjpfhuk; njhlu; g hf 6.1 Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj; 6. Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;  cyf Aj;jk; eilngw;w 20
Vw; g Lk; Kuz; g hLfs; jpd; mopTfis vLj; - Aj;jk; Vw;gLtjpy; jhf;fk; tpjj;jpidj; njspTgLj;J
moptpid Vw; g Lj; J k; Jf; fhl;Lthu;. tpistpj; j tuyhw; W g; thu;.
vd ; gji d t psq; f pf; gpd;dzp  cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisT
nfhz;L rkhjhdj;ijg;  Gjpa NguuRf; nfhs;if fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
ghJfhf; f eltbf; i f  Mgpupf;fh njhlu;ghd  cyf Aj;jj;Jld; njhlu;G
vLg;ghu;. Nghl;b ila ,lq; f s; > ehLfs;
 Nghy;fd; gpur;rpid vd;gtw;iwj; Njrg;glj;jpy;
 INuhg;gh ,U mzpfshfg; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
gpupe;jik
xliv
 Aj;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fs;

 Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;
 Ntu;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if
 INuhg;gpa Njrg;glk;
khw;wkiljy;
 ru;tNjr kd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;
gl;lik

Ntisfs;
Rje;jpuKk; kdpj cup 7.1 rKjhaj;jpd; Njit 7 . gpuhd; r pag; Gul; r p  gpuhd; r pag; Gul; r pf; f hd 20
ikAk; nghJ kf;fsJ ftdpf;fg;glhikah  gpuhd;rpd; gioa fhuzq; f isj; n jspT
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisT dJ Gul;rp Vw;gLt Kbahl;rp Kiw gLj;Jthu;.
vd;gjid tpsq;fp> mtw; jw; F toptFf; F k;  gpuhd; r pag; Gul; r pf;  Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;
iwg; ghJfhj;Jf; vd;gjidg; gpuhd;rp fhd fhuzq;fs; fis tpgupg;ghu;.
nfhs;tjw;F eltbf;if ag; Gul;rpapd; %yk;  Gul;rpapd; Muk;gKk;  gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd;
vLg;ghu;. tpku;rpg;ghu;. gutYk; tpisTfis tpku;rpg;ghu;.
 Gul; r papd; gpujhd
fl;lq;fs;
 Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;
xlv
juk; 12 ,yq;if tuyhW
,yq;if tuyhW
Mrpupau; topfhl;b 1
tuyhw; W mwpKfk;
ve;jnthU ghljpl;lj;ijAk; fw;Fk; NghJ mg;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,ay;G> mjd;

tiutpyf;fzk;> mjidf; fw;gjdhy; Vw;gLk; gad;fs;> ghlj;ijf; fw;f Ntz;ba
tiuaiwfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,g;ghl myiff; fw;Fk;NghJ
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtJ mjd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jf;nfhs;tjhFk;. ,jw;fika
KjyhtJ ghlk; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzKk; ghlj;jpd; jd;ikAk;> tuyhw;iwf;
fw;gjd; %yk; jkJ tho;f;ifapy; mile;J nfhs;sf;$ba gad;fSk;> mjidf;
fw;f Ntz;ba tiuaiwfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
Nju; r ; r p 1.0 : tuyhw;Wg; ngWkhdj; njhFjpfs; mjd; fhy xOq;F

njhlu;ghff; fw;wwpe;J> mjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk;
topfhl;liy eilKiw tho;fi ; fapy; vLj;jf; fhl;L
thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : tuyhW vd;why; vd;dntd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• tuyhW gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzq;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.
• tuyhW gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk; xd;iw cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;thu;.
ghlj; i jj; jpl; l kpLtjw; F upa mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

gpd;tUk; ghl tplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
tuyhw; W mwpKfk;
tuyhw; W tiutpyf; f zk;
• `p];;l;up (History) vDk; nrhy; fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;J te;jjhFk;. mjd;
nghUs; Muha;jy; vd;gjhFk;. “ tuyhW vd;gJ kdpjdpd; fle;j fhyj;ijg;
gw;wpf; fw;gjhFk;”vd;W fpup];N`];l; (Kris Hirst) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
• tuyhW vd;gJ Njrq;fspd; vOr;rpiaAk;> tPor ; r
; piaAk; kdpju;fspd; murpay;
epiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa Vida Kf;fpakhd khw;wq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpa kdpj tu;f;fj;jpsupilNa Vw;gl;l rk;gtq;fspd; fij.” vd;W
N[hd; N[ (John J) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
• “tuyhW vd;gJ kdpjidg; gw;wpa fw;if” vd;W Mu;. gp nfhypd;Tl;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b 2
,t;tiutpyf;fzq;fSf;F mikthf tuyhw;Wg;ghlj;jpd; %yk; kdpj ,dj;jpd;

Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ,d;Wtiuahd jfty;fs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; kdpjdpd; rka> murpay;> r%f> nghUspay; gw;wpa
jfty;fis tptupj;jy; ,g;ghlj;jpDhlhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
• fPo;tUk; fhyfl;l tFj;jypd; %yk; ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iwf; fw;fyhk;.
• tuyhw;wpd; ,ay;Gf;fika mJ gy;NtWg;gl;l ghltplaq;fisj; jd;Ds;
nfhz;l xUghlkhFk;.
• fhyfl;lk; vd;gJ vy;yh tplaq;fisAk; mit ,lk;ngw;w fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g
xOq;Fg;gLj;jpj; njhFg;gjhFk;.
c+k; ,yq;ifapd; tuyhW tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhye;njhlf;fk; ,d;iwa
fhyk;tiu Kiwahf tsu;r;rp ngw;wij ,dq;fhl;Ljy;.
tuyhW
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l Kd; tuyhW tuyhW

(fp.K. 100>000 - (fp.K. 1800 - (fp.K. 600 - ,d;Wtiu)
fp.K. 1800) fp.K. 600)
Guhjd kj;jpa etPd

(fp.K. 600 - fp.gp. 500) (fp.K. 500 - fp.gp.1500) (fp.gp. 1500 - ,d;Wtiu)
[P.vk;. jputypad; vDk; tuyhw;W mwpQdpd; fUj;Jg;gb> tuyhW vd;gJ gy

ghlq;fshy; MdjhFk;. ,jw;F mikthf mtu;> tuyhW vd;gJ midj;Jg;
ghlq;fisAk; nfhz;l xU epu;khzk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. mg;gbnad;why; rkak;>
Gtpapay;> murpay;> tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopDl;gk;> fiy>rl;lk; Mfpa rfy tplaq;fSk;>
tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;jpDs; cs;slq;Fk; vd;ghu;.
c-k; :
murwptpay;: epfo;fhy murpay; vjpu;fhy tuyhwhFk;.
Gtpapay;: tuyhw;W epfo;Tfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
Gtpapay; fhuzpfis tpsf;Fjy;
tpQ;QhdKk; njhopDl;gKk;: gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;;l
tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gq;fs; kdpj gz;ghl;by;
cUthf;fpa khw;wq;fSf;fhd fhuzpfisg;
gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b 3
rkak;: ve;jnthU ehl;bdJk; gz;ghl;by; me;ehl;L

kf; f s; gpd; g w; W k; rkak; mbg; g ilahf
miktjhfTk; ,aw;ifia tzf;f>topghL
nra;tjpypUe;J gy;NtW rkaj;jiytu;fspd;.
ntt;NtW jj;Jtq;fisj; jk;Ks; nfhz;l
mwg;Nghjidfis Nkw;nfhz;likAk; kf;fs;
mtw;iw xg;Gf;nfhz;L mjw;fpiaa tzf;f
topghLfspy; <LgLtjw;Fk; gofpf; nfhz;l
ikapd; %yk; mtu;fsJ gz;ghl;L tpUj;jpf;F
mit nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijg; gw;wpf;
fUj;Jiuj;jy;.
• ,t;thW gy;NtWgl;l ghlq;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikAldhd %yhjhuq;fSk;

vz;zf;fUf;fSk; gw;wp Mokhff; fye;Jiuahlg;glhtpl;lhYk; tuyhw;Wg;
ghlj;jpw;Fupa ntt;NtWg;gl;l tplaq;fisf; fye;Jiuahly;.
• “tuyhW vd;gJ cq;fSila vz;zq;fsy;y. cq;fSila Qhgfq;fNs”
vd; W lgps; A +.rp.NryUk; > Mu; . N[.Nal; k Dk; (W.C.Sellar & R.J. Yeatman)
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjw;F mikthf> tuyhW vd;gJ xU gpuge;jk; my;y mJ
cz;ikahf eilngw;wtw;wpidf; nfhz;L cUthf;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU
ghlkhFk; vdg; nghUs;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jw;fika tuyhW vd;gJ. Mjp njhl;L ,d;Wtiu kdpjd; nra;j> nrhd;dtw;wpd;

cs;slf;fj;ijj; jk;Ks; nfhz;l kdpj gz;ghlhFk;. mtw;iwf; fw;gpg;gjw;F
trjpahf rkak;> murpay;> Gtpapay;> nghUspay;> r%fk;> fyhrhuk;> tpQ;Qhdk;>
njhopDl;gk; vDk; tplag;gug;Gfs; xd;W Nru;f;fg;gl;L. vy;yhj;Jiwfisf; nfhz;l
gFjpfisf; nfhz;L ,J cUthdjhfj; njspthfpd;wJ.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; - 1
• tuyhw;Wg;ghlk; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk; xd;iw cUthf;fTk;.
• tuyhW vd;why; vd;d vd;W cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b 4
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2 : tuyhw; i wf; fw; g jdhy; ngw; W f; n fhs; s f; $ ba

gad;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba
gad;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
• tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjd; ngWkjpia kjpj;Jg;
NgRthu;.

1.2 tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjd; gad;fs;.

• jhk; thOk; r%fk;> cyfk; gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
• xU ehl;bd; r%fk;> ,dk;> fyhrhuk;>rl;lk;> Mfpatw;wpd; epfo;fhy epiy
gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. tuyhWg; ghlj;jpd; %yk; xd;iw Muk;gj;jpypUe;J
fw;gjw;fhd top gpwf;fpd;wJ.
• mwpT Ntfkhf tpUj;jp miltjdhy;> Jupjkhf khw;wKWk; tpupthd cyfk;
gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAkhapUj;jy;.
• jhk; thOk; r%fk; gw;wpAk; ntsp cyfk; gw;wpAk; njsptpd;ikahy; jtwhd
jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sj; J}z;LtjpypUe;J jtpuj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
• tuyhw;iwr; rupahff; ifahs;tjd; %yk; ,d;W vkJ r%fk; vjpu;nfhz;Ls;s
gpuptpid> ,isQu;fspd; tpuf;jp Nghd;w gpur;rpidfisf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F
KbAkhapUj;jy;.
• epfo;fhyj;ij ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAkhapUj;jy; epfo;fhy r%fk;>
cyfk;> tsu;r;rpAw;W> Kiwahf khw;wKw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
• nraw;ghLfspd; gpujpgydhFk;> mg;gbnad;why; epfo;fhyj;ij tpsq;fpf;nfhz;L>
vjpu;fhyj;ijf; fhz;gjw;fhd khw;wq;fspd; njhFjp gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhFk;.
• ,jdhy; tuyhW> kdpj r%f tpUj;jpapd; eLepiyakhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
• vjpu;fhyj;ij tbtikj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf ,we;j fhyj;jpypUe;J gbg;gpid
fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
• <.vr;.fhu; vDk; tuyhw;wpayhsu; “epfo;fhyj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
jpwTNfhyhf ,we;j fhyj;ijj; njupe;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;” vd tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b 5
• r%fj;jpYk;> cyfj;jpYk;murpay; epfo;TfisAk; vOr;rpfisAk; Gupe;J

nfhs;sy;.
• ehl;bd; vjpu;fhyj; jiytu;fSf;F mJ xU Kd;khjpupahf mikAk;.
• tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;jpw;F vjpu;fhy epfo;Tg;gw;wp Kd;Diuf;f KbahJ. mj;NjhL
mJ Gide;Jiuf;fg;gLtJk; ,y;iy. vd;whYk; rkkhd re;ju;gg ; q;fSk; rkkhd
gpur;rpidfSk; rpf;fy;fSk; vOk;Gk;.
c-k;:
,we;j fhyj;ijf; fw;ifapy; gy;NtW ehLfSk; Kfk;nfhLj;j Aj;jq;fSk;
mjw;fhd gpd;dzpfSk; mjd; ntw;wp Njhy;tpfSk; Mf;fpukpg;Gfs;> Gul;rpfs;
gw;wpAk; fw;fpNwhk;. jpUk;gTk; gpuhd;]pag; Gul;rpiag; Nghy; xd;W ,lk;
ngwhtpl;lhYk; Ntw;W ehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fspd; tQ;rfk;> Coy;> mePjpfshy;
Rkj;jg;gLk;. tupr;Rik Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; Ml;rpahsUf;F vjpuhfg; Gul;rp
xd;W Vw;glyhk;. mjdhy; mt;thwhd gpd;dzpfisj; njupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk;
,jdhy; Vw;gLk; mopitj; jLj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjd;
%yk; KbkhapUf;fpd;wJ.
• Njrpaj; jdpj;Jtj;ijj; njupe;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F ,yFthapUj;jy;.
• Njrpa xw;Wikia cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> me;epa fyhrhuq;fis
kjpg;gjw;Fk; gofpf; nfhs;sy;.
• kdpjj;jd;ikia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mjd;%yk; jd;idg;gw;wpa kpfTk;
rupahd Gupe;Jzu;itg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; KbAkhapUj;jy;.
• Mu;.[P. nfhypd; T+l; vDk; tuyhw;wpayhsu; jkJ Ehyhd Idea of
History ,y; tuyhW vd;gJ vjw;fhf?” vd;gjw;F “kdpjdpd; jdpg;gl;l
Gupe;Jzu;Tf;fhf” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
• tuyhw;Wg;ghlj;jpd; %yk; cau;e;j ,uh[je;jpupfspy; ,Ue;J rhjhuz
Fbkfd;tiu mjhtJ Ml;rpahsu;fs;> rka epWtdq;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs;>
fiyQu;fs;> ,yf;fpathjpfs;> tpahghupfs;> ngz;fs;> tptrhapfs; rhjhuz
kdpju;fs; vd;wthW r%fj;jpd; rfy juhjhuq;fspYk; cs;Nshug;gw;wpf;
fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ,q;F cd;djkhdtu;fSk; jho;thdtu;fSk; vd;W egu;fisf; fz;lwpa
KbAk;. mjdhy; kdpju;fspd; czu;Tfs;> Nghf;Ffs;> Nehf;Ffs; gw;wp
Ma;TfSf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fika Vidatu;fisg; gw;wpAk; Gupe;J
nfhs;sf; $bajhapUf;Fk;.
• tuyhW khw;wKWk; jd;ikia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sjy;
• tuyhW vd;gJ ve;NeuKk; khw;wKw;W tUfpd;w gupzhkthj nraw;ghL
xd;iwg;gw;wpa mwpf;ifahFk;. mjdhy; khw;wKWjYk; khw;wq;fSf;F
Kfq;nfhLj;jYk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b 6
• fhyKk; Rw;whlYk; gw;wpa fUj;J tsu;r;rpailjy;.

• tuyhW> fhyKk; Rw;wlhYk; rk;ge;jkhfj; jkf;Fupa ,lj;ij mstpl;Lg;
ghu; f ; F k; ,aw; i fahd Kiwnahd; w hFk; . tuyhw; w pd; mbg; g ilNa
mJthFk;.
• tuyhw;Wf;Fupa fhyepu;zak; kdpj tuyhw;wpy; kpf Kf;fpa ehl;fisj;
njhlu;GgLj;jpajhf cs;sijj; njupe;Jf;nfhs;sy;.
ck;:
• Gj;jupd; gupepu;thzj;Jld; ngsj;j tUlk; Muk;gkhdit.
• ,NaRehjupd; gpwg;Gld; fpwp];jt tUlk; Muk;gkhdit.
• ,e;jpahtpy; rf – rhjthfd Aj;jj;jpd; ntw;wpAld; rf tUlk;
Muk;gkhdit.
• egpfs; ehafk; kf;fhitj; Jwe;J kjPdhTf;Fg; gazg;gl;lijj;
njhlu;e;J `p[;up tUlk; Muk;gkhdik.
,f;fhy Kiwg;gb gy;NtW tuyhw;W tplaq;fis tptupj;jy;.
• Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; gupepu;thzj;jpd; 218 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;du; mNrhf
kd;ddpd; Kb#L tpoh ,lk;ngw;wik.
• ,NaRehjupd; gpwg;gpd; gpd; 1815 MtJ tUlj;jpy; ,yq;if KOtJk;
gpup;jhdpaupd; MSiff;F cl;gl;lik.
• Rw;whliy tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• Rw;whly; vd;gJ ngsjPfr; #oyhFk;.
• fhyepiy> kiy> ejp> ePu;epiyfs;> kiotPo;r;rp> rkntspfs; Nghd;w
ngsjPf fhuzpfs; Rw;whliyr; NrUk;.
• ehl;bd; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis tptupf;ifapy; mtw;Wld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
Gtpapay; fhuzpfs; tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• tpku;rdj;Jld; $ba rpe;jid tsu;r;rpailjy;.
• tuyhW cUthtJ epfo; T fSld; rk; g e; j g; g l; l %yhjhuq; f spd;
mbg;gilapyhFk;.
• ,q;F %yhjhuq;fs; gytw;Wld; ,e;epfo;T cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; mJ
tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
• tuyhw;iwf; fw;gtu;fs; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l jd;ikfSf;Fg; gof;fg;gLtjpdhy;
mtu;fsplk; tpku;rdg; gz;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : 1
1) tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjdhy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba gad;fs; ahit vd;gjid

tpsf;Ff.
2) tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;jpd; jd;ikia cjhuzq;fs; je;J tpsf;Ff.
3) “tuyhW vd;gJ vy;yhg; ghlq;fisAk; jd;Ds; nfhz;lnjhU mikg;ghFk;”.
,f;$w;iw cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b 7
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : tuyhW fw;gjw;Fupa fhyr;rl;lfj;ijAk; mtfhrj;

ijAk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 01
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• tuyhw;Wf;Fupa fw;ww; fhyfl;lj;ijf; fhz;gpj;jy;
• ,yFthff; fw;gjw;fhf fhyfl;lj;ij tFj;Jf;
nfhs;sy;.

cau;ju tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;jpw;Ff; ifahsf;$ba tplaq;fspd; cs;slf;fKk; fhy

fl;lKk; njhlu;ghf ,yFthd Kiwapy; khztu;fis mwpT+l;Ljy; ,q;F
vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLfpd;wJ.
1.3 fw;Fk; fhyk;

,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;F vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhy vy;iy
• tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J 1978 Mk; Mz;bd; murpay; ahg;Gr;
rPu;j;jpUj;jk;tiu fw;f Ntz;bAs;sik.
• tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;.
• ,J gpujhdkhf ,uz;L fhyfl;lq;fshFk;. mit: Guhjd fw;fhyKk;
kj;jpa fw;fhyKkhFk;.
• njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fisf; nfhz;Nl ,J fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• Kd;tuhw;Wf; fhyk;
• tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Fk; tuyhw;Wf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
fhyk;> Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhykhff; nfhs;sg;gly;.
• fp.K. 5000 Mz;LfspypUe;J ,e;j Afj;jpw;Fupa gz;Gfs; Gyg;glj;
njhlq;fpd.
• epue;juf; FbapUg;Gfs;> kl;ghz;lq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> ,Uk;Gj;
njhopDl;gk;> ke;ijtsu;g;G vd;gd ,jd; tpNrl gz;GfshFk;.
• ngUk; g hYk; njhy; n ghUs; fhuzpfisf; nfhz; N l ,e; j Afk;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gly;.
• tuyhw;Wf;fhyk;
• fp.K.600 ypUe;J ,e;j Afk; Muk;gkhfpwJ.
• njhy;nghUs;> ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspypUe;J tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; gpujhd fl;lq;fs; %d;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
• Njrpa kd;duhl;rpf; fhyk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b 8
• Nkiyj;Njaj;jtupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;bUe;j fhyk;

• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd fhyk;
• ,e;jf;fhyfl;lq;fSf;Fupa murpay;> nghUspay;> fyhrhu fhuzpfs;>
cl;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhf khztu;fSf;Fj; njuptpAq;fs;. ,jw;fpiaghf
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;g;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu juk; 12
,w;Fk;> 16Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J 1978 tiu 13Mk; juj;jpw;Fk; fw;gjw;fhf
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b 9
2. Rw; w hly;
Rw;whly; vd;gJ ngsjPf mikg;Gk; fhyepiyf; fhuzpfSkhFk;. ehl;bd; tuyhw;iw

epu;zapg;gjpy; Rw;whly; ngUQ; nry;thf;iff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ehl;bd; cl;Gw> ntspgGw
mikg;G> epyj;Njhw;w NtWghL> fhyepiyj; jd;ikfSk; ,jw;Fl;gLk;. ,yq;ifapd;
tuyhw;iw cUthf;Ftjpy; Rw;whlypd; Mjpf;fk; gw;wp ,g;ghlj;jpidf; fw;gjd;
%yk;; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nju; r ; r p 2.0 : ehl;bd; tuyhW fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtjpy; Gtpapaw;

fhuzpfspd; jhf;fj;jpid tpsq;fpr; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : ,yq; i f tuyhw; w py; fw; f ntz; b a Gtpapaw;

fhuzpfspd; jhf;fj;jpid tpsq;fpr; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 07
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• ,e;J r%j;jpuj;jpy; mjd; miktplj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;wpy; mjd; Gtpapay; epiy
nfhz;Ls;s nry;thf;if tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,yq;ifapd; cs;sfg; Gtpapay; mikg;igg; glk;
xd;wpy; Fwpg;ghu;.

2 . Rw; w hly;
2.1 ,yq;ifapd; Gtpapaw; fhuzpfs;.
• ntspaikg;G:
• ,e;jpahtpw;F mUfhikapy; mike;jpUj;jy;
• ,e;jpahtpypUe;J tpyfp> jPnthd;whf mike;jpUj;jy;
• ,e;J r%j;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapy; mike;jpUj;jy;
• cs;sf mikg;G:
• rkepyk;
• ejpfSk;> tbepyq;fSk;
• kj;jpa kiyehL
• fly;ePu; VupfSk;> JiwKfq;fSk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b 10
• Gtpapay; epiyik tuyhw;wpy; nfhz;Ls;s nry;thf;F

• mfyhq;F 5o 55"– 9o 51" tlf;fpw;Fk; nel;lhq;F 790 42"– 81o 51"
fpof;fpw;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;Js;s ntg;g tya ehlhFk;.
• ,e;jpahtpw;F mUfhikapy; mike;Js;sikahy; Vw;gl;l nry;thf;Ffs;.
• ,e;jpa kf;fs; FOf;fspd; tUifAk; FbapUg;Gffis mikj;Jf;
nfhs;sYk;.
• fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; Vw;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fSk;> Mf;fpukpg;GfSk;.
• murpay;> fyhrhu nry;thf;F
• gilAjtpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• ,e;jpahtpy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
,yq;ifapd; JiwKfq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; Njit.
• ,e;jpahtpypUe;J tpyfpj; jdpj; jPthf mike;Js;sik.
• Rje;jpukhd munrhd;whf tsu;r;rpAw;wik.
• ,yq;iff;nfd;Nw jdpg;gz;ghL cUthfp tsu;r;rpAw;wik.
• ,e;jpahtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs; murpay; Mjpf;fq;fs;
Neubahf ,yq;ifiag; ghjpj;jik.
• Njuthj ngsj;j rkak; mur kjkhdikAk; mJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;likAk;.
cyfpy; ,yq;ifapd; miktplk;
,e; j pahtpypUe; J gpupe; J mike; j pUj; j y;
• ,e;J r%j;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapy; mike;jpUe;jik.

• gy;NtW kf;fs; $l;lj;jpdUk; tUif je;jik
c-k;: Mupau;fs;> jpuhtplu;fs;> K];ypk;fs;
• tzpf kj;jpa epiyakhf tsu;r;rp ngw;wJld; tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpAw;wik.
• tu;jj; fu;fSs; rpyu; ,e;ehl;bd; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
c-k;: Nrd> Fj;jpf> vy;yhsdpd; Mf;fpukpg;Gfs;
• gy;NtW ehl;Lg; gpuahzpfspdJk; tUif
c-k;: gh`pad; Njuu;> ,g;D gJ}jh
• tu; j ; j fg; nghUl; f isg; ngw; W f; n fhs; t jw; f hfg; Nghu; j ; J NfaUk;
xy;yhe;jUk; tUif je;jik.
• gpup;j;jhdpaupd; ftdk; ,yq;if kPJ jpUk;gpaik.
cs;sf Gtpapay; mikT

• rkepyq;fs;
• FbapUg;Gfs; cUthjYk; guTjYk;
• tlf;F> fpof;Fr; rkepyq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l muRfs;
• ePu;g;ghrd ehfuPfj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil cUthdik
• ejpfSk; tbepyq;fSk;.
• ,yq;ifapd; . ePu;j;njhFjp mUe;jd;ikiag; ngwy;.
• FbapUg;Gfs; cUthdikAk; tpUj;jpAw;wikAk;.
c-k;: ky;tj;J Xah – mEuhjfhk.
fyh Xah – cUntyfhk
fy; Xah – jPffhk
• muRfspd; vy;iyfshf ejpfisf; nfhs;Sjy;.
c-k; : kfhtyp fq; i fAk; fyh XahTk; ,uh[ul; i lapd; njd;
vy;iyfshjy;.
• Nghf;Ftuj;J ejpfspDhlfNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;
c-k; : kfhtyp fq; i fapypUe; J ,uhrul; i l tiuahd ghij
kfhtypapDhlhf ,lk; ngw;wik.
• ePu;ghrdf; fl;likg;G cUthdik.
c-k;: kfhtypapy; - kpdpg;Ng fhy;tha;
fyh Xahtpy; - fyhthtp
• muRfspd; jiyefu;fs; ejpf;fiufspy; mike;jpUe;jik.
ck;: mEuhjGuk;> nghyd;dWit
• ejpfspd; fopKfj; i j mz; b j; JiwKfq; f Sk; tzpf kj; j pa
epiyaq;fSk; Njhd;wpaik.
• kj;jpa kiyehL
• G+Nfhsg; gpuptpw;F mbg;gilaha; mike;j ,lkhFk;.
• kiy> td> ePu; muz;fshy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sik
• kj;jpa kiyehl;by; Njhd;wpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs;
c-k;: fk;gis> fz;b
• kj;jpa kiyehl;bdhy; KO ehl;bYk; murpay; xUikg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;JtJ
rpukkha; ,Ue;jik.
• ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;GfSk;> cs;ehl;Lf; fytuq;fSk; Vw;gl;l NghJ
ghJfhg;G ,lkha; ,Ue;jik.
• ,yq;ifapd; Mw;Wj; njhFjpfspd; Nghrizg; gpuNjrkha; ,Ue;jik.
• kiyehl;by; gpupj;jhdpau; ngUe;Njhl;l nra;ifia Muk;gpj;jik> r%f
nghUshjh fyhrhu khw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkha; ,Ue;jik.
• ,il tyaj;jpy; ,wg;gu; nra;ifAk;> fiuNahug;gpuNjrj;jpy; njd;idAk;
gapuplg;gl;lik.
• jiyefuj;jpy; ,Ue;J Jhuj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jikahy; kj;jpa kiyehL
,yq;ifapd; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; kj;jpa epiyakhfj; jpfo;e;jik.
c-k;:
• 1818 Cthnty;y];] Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lk;
• 1848 khj;jis Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;.
kpdpg; N g mizf; f l; L
• JiwKfq;fs;
• jPitr; Rw;wp mike;jpUe;j JiwKfq;fs;:
ck;:
Guhjd fhyj;jpy:; kfhjpjj
; > Nfhfz;z> nfhltha> [k;GNfhsg;gl;bdk;>
CuhNjhl;il> Njtefuk;
etPd fhyj;jpy;: fhyp> nfhOk;G> kl;lf;fsg;G> jpUNfhzkiy
• KjyhtJ Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fs;:
ck;: gj;jfr;rhadhtpd; FOtpdu; Nfhfz;z JiwKfj;ij te;jiljy;.
kj; j pa kiyehl; b y; ngUe; N jhl; l g; gapu; n ra; i f
,yq; i fapd; kj; j pa kiyehL
• njd;dpe;jpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfs; Vw;gl;lik.

ck;: kfhjpj;ijapDhlhf gy;NtW Mf;fpukpg;Gfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik.
• tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfs; Vw;gl;lik: ,e;jpah> gu;kh> rPdh> mNugpah>
vfpg;J> cNuhk;> fpNuf;fk;
• rpq;fs muru;fs; gilAjtpfs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik
• ,e;jpahTldhd fyhrhuj; njhlu;Gfs; Vw;gl;lik
ck;: f[ghF kd;dd; gj;jpdp topghl;ilf; nfhz;Lte;jik.
• kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpAw;w Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fs;.
ck;: nfhOk;G> ePu;nfhOk;G> fw;gpl;b
• INuhg;gpaupd; tUifapy; ,yq;ifapd; ,aw;ifj; JiwKfq;fspd;
nry;thf;F
ck;: gpupj;jhdpaupd; trkpUe;j ngupa ,aw;ifj; JiwKfk; ghJfhg;ghd
xd;whfj; jpfo;e;jik.
jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : 1
1. ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iwj; jPu;khdpj;j fhuzpfSs; Gtpapaw; fhuzpfs;
gw;wpf; fPo;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; fye;JiuahLf.
I. ,e;jpahtpd;mUfhikapy; mike;jpUe;jik
II. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gpupe;J mike;jpUe;jik.
III. kj;jpapy; kiyehL mike;jpUe;jik.
IV. JiwKfq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik.
2. ,yq;ifg; glk; xd;wpy; fPo;tUk; ,lq;fisf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf:
kj;jpa kiyehL> rptndhspghjkiy> kp`pe;jiy> upbfiy> jpk;Gyhfy>
mj;Jfy;Gu> Nfhtpe;jkiy> rPfpupa> ahg;gh`_t.
3. ,yq;ifg;glk; xd;wpy; fPo;tUk; ejpfisf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf:
ky;tj;J Xah> fyh Xah> njJW Xah> fsdp fq;if> fpupe;jp Xah>
khzpf;f fq;if> Fk;Gfd; Xah> fy;Xah> k`htyp fq;if.
4. ,yq;ifg;glnkhd;wpy; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s JiwKfq;fisf; FwpjJ; g; ngaupLf.
[k;GNfhsgl;lzk;> CuhNjhl;il> kfhjpj;j> Nfhfz;z> fw;gpl;b> nfhOk;G>
fhyjpj;j> fhyp> khj;jis> Njtefuk;> nfhltha> kl;lf;fsg;G.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : Gtpapay; mikg; g hdJ ,yq; i f tuyhw; w py;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;jpid EZfpaha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• ,yq; i fapy; epyTk; fhyepiyf; f huzpfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs;> tuyhw;wpd; kPJ jhf;fk;
nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

2.
2.22 fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs;
• ,yq;if Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpYs;s ntg;g tya ehlhFk;
• ,yq;iff;F kiotPo;r;rp fpilg;gJ gUtg;ngau;r;rpf; fhw;Wf;fshyhFk;
• gUtf;fhw;Wfs; ,uz;Lk; fpilf;Fk; fhyk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;: njd;Nky;
gUtf;fhw;W Nk – nrg;nlk;gu; > tlfPo; gUtf;fhw;W brk;gu; - ngg;utup
• Nkw;fhTifAk; #whtspAk; kio jUk; ,d;Dk; ,U KiwfshFk;.
• gUtfhw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ,yq;if ,Ufhyepiy tyaq;fshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. <utyak;> cyu;tyak; vd;gdNt mitahFk;.
• fhyepiyf;fhuzp tuyhw;wpy; nfhz;Ls;s nry;thf;F
• gUtf;fhw;iw Mjhukhf;f nfhz;l gpuahzq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fs;> tpahghupfs; gpuahzpfspd; flw;Nghf;Ftuj;J
,lk;ngwy;.
• cyu;tyaj;jpw;F kiotPo;r;rpiaf; nfhLf;Fk;> tlfPo; gUtngau;r;rpf;
fhw;iw mbg;gilahf itj;Nj ePu;ghrd ehfuPfKk; tptrha tho;f;if
KiwAk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sik.
• <utyaf;fhyepiyf; fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;Nl tptrha
tho;f;if Kiw khw;wKw;wik.
c-k;: ,yq;ifau; Nkyjpfkhf czTg;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a
Muk;gpj;jik.
• ntg;g tyaf; fhyepiyia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l ,yq;ifapy;
tpise;j gapu;fisj; Njb INuhg;gpau; ,e;ehl;bw;F tUif juy;.
c-k;: fWth
• INuhg;gpauhy; ,e;ehl;bw;F mwpKfk; nra;J itf;fg;gl;l gapu;fs;.

c-k;: xy;yhe;juhy; Nfhg;gp> uk;Gl;lhd;> J}upad;> nkq;F];> fLFlh
• gpupj; j hdpau; <utyag; gpuNjrj; j pw; F g; ngUe; N jhl; l g; gapu; f is
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaik.
c-k;: Njapiy> ,wg;gu;> nfhf;Nfh> rpq;Nfhdh
rpq; N fhdh
fzpg; g P L k; kjpg; g P L k;
1. ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iw epu;zapg;gjpy; fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs; nfhz;Ls;s
nry;thf;if cjhuzq;fspd; %yk; tpsf;Ff.
2. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s MNyhridfspd; gb ,yq;ifg; glk; xd;wpy; Fwpf;f.
a. kj;jpa kiyehl;ilAk;> ejpfisAk; nfhz;l ,yq;ifg;glk; xd;iw
gpujpnra;f.
b. njd;Nky;> tlfPo;gUtf;fhw;Wfs; tPRk; jpiriaf; fPwpf; fhz;gpf;f.
c. 2000 kp.kP. kiotPo;r;rpf; Nfhl;il tiue;J fhz;gpf;f.
d. njd;Nky; gUtf;fhw;wpd; NghJ fhw;wpd; nraw;ghl;il tiue;Jf;
fhz;gpf;f.
e. ,jw;fika cyu;> <utyaq;fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhz;gpf;f.
f. fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,yq;ifapd; jiyefu;fis mjpy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Lf.
1. mEuhjGuk;> nghyd;dWit> jk;gnjdpa> ahg;g`_t> FUzhfiy>
fk;gis> Nfhl;il> fz;b.
3. %yhjhuq; f isg; guP l ; r pj; j y;
xU ehl;bd; tuyhw;iwr; rupahfg;Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F ,d;W vQ;rpapUf;Fk;

mjDld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l %yhjhuq;fisg;gw;wpj; njspT ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
mj;jpatrpakhFk;. ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;F Mjhukhf cs;s
%yhjhuq;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;. mit: ,yf;fpa> njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;
vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;. nghJthf Nehf;Fifapy; ,yf;fpa %yhjhuj;ij>
ehl;bd; tuyhw;iwj; njhluhf vOJtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
mt;thwpUe;jhYk; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; ,lk; ngw;w fhyq;fSf;fpilapy; ngUk;
,ilntsp epyTfpwJ. mj;Jld; ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fis vOJk; NghJ
mjd; Mrpupau;fspd; tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs;> mtu;fs; tho;e;j Rw;whlw; fhuzpfs;
Nghd;witAk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sd. ,t;thwhd fhuzpfshy; mtw;wpd;
cs;slf;fk; tuyhw;Wf; fUg;nghUisr; Rw;wp gy;NtW fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;F
,Ug;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAkhAs;sJ. Mifahy; njhy;nghUs;fs;
ek;gfkhd %yhjhukhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju; r ; r p 3.0 : %yhjhuq;fisg; gFg;gha;Tf;F cl;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;

fl;bnaog;gg;gLk; mwpit eilKiw tho;fi ; fapy;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F cjTk;

%yhjhuq;fs; njhlu;ghfg;; guPl;r;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fg; gq;fspgG
; r; nra;Ak;
%yhjhuq;fisg; ngau; Fwpg;ghu;.
• %yhjhuq;fspd; tiff;Nfw;g mtw;iw
tifg;gLj;Jtu;.
• %yhjhuq;fspd; tiff;Nfw;g tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfis
fl;bnaOg;gf;$ba tpjj;ij tpsf;Ftu;.

3.1 ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;fhd %yhjhuq;fs

s;
• %yhjhuq;fis tifg;gLj;jy;
• ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs;
• njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;
• Mtzq;fs;
• ehzaq;fs;
,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs;
cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L
tk;rf; ml;L rkaf; fhtpaq;fs;> Njr ehl;Fwpg; tiu

E}y;fs;
fijfs; thf;fs; fpue;jq;fs; Vida rQ;rhu NgLfs; glq;fs;.
,yf;fpaq;fs; mwpfi
; ffs;
cs; e hl; L ,yf; f pa %yhjhuq; f s;

• tk;rf; fijfs;
• xU ehl;bd;> egu;fspdNjh> nghUl;fspdNjh> guk;giuf; fijfis
tptupf;Fk; fpue;jq;fs; tk;rf; fijfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
• tk;rf; fijfs; ,yq;ifapd; gioa ,yf;fpa vOj;J rk;gpujhaj;ijr;
Nru;e;jit.
• jw;NghJ vQ;rpapUf;Fk; tk;rf; fijfs;> mit vOjg;gl;l nkhopfspd;
kuGfs; vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;ifapy; ,Utifg;gLk;.
• ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wf; fijfis tpupthf vOjpr; nry;Yk; kfhtk;rk;>
,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fSs; gpujhdkhdjhFk;. mit
gy;NtW gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
• rpq;fs tk;rf; fijfs;.

c-k;: G+[htypa> rpq;fs> J}gtk;rk;> rpq;fs Nghjptk;rk;> jyjh rpupj>
uh[htypa
gFjpfs; fhyfl; l q; f s; Mrpupau; f s;
kfhtk;rj;jpd; KjyhtJ t u y h w ; w p d ; n j h l f ; f jpfre;j nrdtpah

gFjp fhyj;jpypUe;J kfhNrd gpupntdhtpy; tho; e ; j
dpd; Ml;rp KbAk; tiu: kfhehk Njuu;.
36 Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; 50
MtJ ftpijtiu.
kfhtk;rj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fp.K. 302 - 1186 tiu 37 jk;gnjdpahtpy; tho;e;j

ghfj;jpd; KjyhtJ gFjp. MtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; 51 ju; k fP u ; j ; j p Njuu; vd; W
MtJ ftpijapypUe;J 79 fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
MtJ mj;jpahak; tiu.
mg; g puptpd; ,uz; l htJ fp.gp. 1186 - 1357 tiu Mrpupau; gw; w p epr; r a
gFjp. 80 MtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; kpy;iy
,Ue;J 91 MtJ
mj;jpahak; tiu.
mg; g puptpd; %d; w htJ fp.gp.1357 - 1815 tiu 92 j p g ; n g h l ; L t h N t =

gFjp. MtJ mj; j pahaj; j py; rpjj ; hu;jj ; Gj;j uf;fpj Njuu;
, U e ; J 1 0 1 M t J vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
mj;jpahak; tiu.
kfhtk;rj;jpd; %d;whtJ 1815 - 1935 tiu 102 afpuy gQ;Qhde;j Njuu;

gFjp MtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy;
,Ue;J 114 MtJ
mj;jpahak; tiu.
kfhtk;rj;jpd; ehd;fhtJ 1936 - 1956 tiu 115 N g u h r p u p a u ; e e ; j N j t

gFjp MtJ mj; j pahaj; j py; tpN[Nrfu jiyikapyhd
, U e ; J 1 2 4 M t J FOtpduhy;
mj;jpahak; tiu.
kfhtk;rj;jpd; Ie;jhtJ 1956 - 1978 tiu 125 Ngy;yd = Qhd tpky

gFjp MtJ mj; j pahaj; j py; Njuupd; jiyikapyhd
, U e ; J 1 2 9 M t J FOtpduhy;.
mj;jpahak; tiu.
kfhtk; r j; j pd; MwhtJ 1978 - 2010 tiu 130 jahupf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;b

gFjp MtJ mj; j pahaj; j py; Uf;fpd;wJ.
,Ue;J 133 MtJ
mj;jpahak; tiu.
• ml; L thf; f s;
• ml;lfjh my;yJ ml;Lth vd;gJ jpupgplf fpue;jj;jpw;F vOjg;gl;l
tpupTiufisf; nfhz;l gy Ehy;fs;
• ml;lfjhf;fs; Kjypy; vOjg;gl;lJ rpq;fs nkhopapyhFk;. (rP`sl;lfjh)
gpd;du; Njitf;Nfw;g jpUj;jq;fSld; ghspf;F nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lit.
• fp.gp. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;iff;F te;j Gj;j Nfh] Njuupdhy; Kjypy;
rp`sl;lfjh> ghspapy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
c-k;: rke;jgh]hjpfh> rk;Nkh`tpNdhjdp> rhuhe;j jPgdp> kNdhujG+uzp
• jk; k ghy Njuu; > cgN]d Njuu; vd; N ghUk; ml; L thf; f is vOjpa
Mrpupau;fshtu;
• rka E}y;fs;
• gdfjh tbtpy; tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhf vOjg;gl;l Ehy;fspd;
njhFjp
c-k;: rP`ytj;J> urth`pdP> rj;ju;khyq;fhua
• Vida ,yf;fpaq;fs;
c-k;: rupijfs;> J}Jfhtpaq;fs;> Nghu;f;fhtpaq;fs;
ntspehl; L %yhjhuq; f s;
,yq;iff;F te;j ntspehl;bduhYk; ,yq;ifiag; gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpe;Jnfhz;l
ntspehl;bduhYk; vOjg;gl;l Ehy;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> ehl;Fwpg;Gfs;> glq;fs; vd;git
ntspehl;L %yhjhuq;fshFk;.
• fpNuf;f> cNuhk %yhjhuq;fs;
• mup];Nlhl;ly; - BKz;Nlh
• nkf];jdp]; - ,d;bfh
• njhykp – G+Nfhs rh];jpu gpuNtrk;
• nfh];k]; ,d;bNfhg;NyT+];l]; - nlNgh fpuhgpah fpwp];bahdh
• gpspdp - ner;Ruyp]; `p];Nlhupah.
• muhgpa %yhjhuq;fs;
• Riykhd;
• mG+ nra;aPj; - rpy; rpyhj; my; jthup`;
• my; G&dp> k#jp> Gu;jhj;Ng Mfpa vOj;jhsu;fspd; mwpf;iffs;
.
• rPd %yhjhuq;fs;
• gh`pad; Njuupd; mwpf;iffs; - fp.gp. 5Mk; E}w;whz;L
• ,e;jpa %yhjhuq;fs;
• ,uhkhazj;jpd; ,yq;if fhz;glyk;
• kfhghujk;> uh[juq;fzp> jpt;agpuge;jk;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> gj;Jg;ghl;L>
gl;bdg;ghiy.
• INuhg;gpa %yhjhuq;fs;
• fpof;fpe;jpa ehLfisj; njupe;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; <Lgl;l Guhjd INuhg;gpa
gpuahzpfs;> fpwp];jt rka FUkhu; vd;Nghu; ,yq;if gw;wpa jfty;fis
RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
c-k;: khu;f;Nfh NghNyh> N[hd; B khup NQhyp
• Nghu;jJ; f;Nfa> xy;yhe;j> gpupj;jhdpau;fs; ,yq;iff;F te;j gpd;du; mtu;fshy;
vOjg;gl;l Ehy;fs;
c-k;: upnga;Nuh - ,yq;if tuyhW
FNtNuh]; - ,yq;if muR
Ng];jpa]; - ,yq;ifapd; gpujhd nra;jpfs;
jFNlh> ntyd;ild; Nghd;w vOj;jhsu;fs;
• Nghu;Jf;NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk;> jahupj;j Njhk;G vDk; gjpNtLfs;.
• Mq;fpy vOj;jhsu;fs;: nuhgl;nehf;];> Nk[u; Nltp> vku;]d; nldd;l;> N[hd;
nlhapyp.
• njd; fpof;fhrpa %yhjhuq;fs;

• [pd fhykhyp - ujd gQ;Q Njuu;> rpak; (jha;yhyhe;J) artd;N[h vDk;
gu;kpa tk;rf;fijfspy; ,yq;if> ,e;jpa ngsj;j rhrd tuyhW gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
• Guhjhd r%fj;jpd; ehfupfj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd vQ;rpapUf;Fk; milahsq;fs;
njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fSs; cs;slq;Fk;.
njhy; n ghUl; rpijTfs;
rkarhu; g hdit rka rhu;gw;wit

- Fsq;fs;
fl; l lq; f s; fl; b l cggFjpfs; NtW fiy
- ePu;ghrd
- jhJNfhgq;fs; - re;jpu tl;lf;fy; epu; k hzq; f s; epu;khzq;fs;
- Muhikfs; - fhtw;fy; - rpj;jpuk; - muz;kidfs;
- Nghjp kidfs; - nfhutf;fy; - rpw;gk; - G+q;fhtdq;fs;
- jhdrhiyfs; - Eiothapy; - nrJf;fy; - jlhfq;fs;
- murrig
kz;lgq;fs;
- itj;jparhiyfs;
- ghyq;fs;
- mk;gyq;fs;
- Nfhl;ilfs;.
Mtzq; f s;
- fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
- nghw;rhrdq;fs;
- nrg;NgLfs;
- Xiyr;Rtbfs;
- fspkz; Rtu;> gyif Nghd;w gy;NtW nghUl;fspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s gioa
Mtzq;fs;
fy; n tl; L f; f s; .
fy; n tl; L f; f s; nghwpf; f g;
gl;bUf;Fk; fw;fspd; tbtpw;
Nfw;g mit: Fif> Fd;W>
Rtu;> J}z;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
kpfpe; j iy Rtu; f ; f y; n tl; L
ehzaq; f s;
• cs;ehl;L ehzaq;fs;
• mEuhjGuj;jpd; Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,yq;ifapy; ehzag; ghtid ,Ue;J
te;Js;sJ. ,e;ehl;by; fpilf;fg;ngw;w Guhjd ehzak; f`gz vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
c-k;: ahid> Rnt];jpfh> ,yl;Rkp> rp;qf; cUt ehzaq;fSk;> jq;fj;jhyhd
f`gz ehzaKk;.
• ,e;ehl;bw;Fj; Njitahd ehzaq;fisj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
thu;g;GfSk; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sik.
• ,q;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w ntspehl;L ehzaq;fs;
c-k;: cNuhk> rPd> muhgpa> ,e;jpa ehzaq;fs;
,yq; i fapd; gz; i la ehzaq; f s;
gz; i la cNuhk ehzaq; f s;
ehl;lhu; fijfSk; guk;giuf; fijfSk;

• rk;gpujhag+u;tkhf kf;fspilNa Gof;fj;jpYs;s tuyhw;W uPjpahd tplaq;fSk;>
mit njhlu;ghd fijfSk; ehl;lhu; fijfs;> guk;giuf; fijfs; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ehl;lhu; fijfSk; guk;giuf; fijfSk; tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fj;
NjitahditahFk;.
• ehl;lhu; fijfs; guk;giuf; fijfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ.
• tuyhw; w py; cWjpg; g Lj; j g; g lhj xU tplaj; j pd; g b xd; i wg; ngw; W f;
nfhs;tjw;fhfthFk;.
• fij xd;iwg;gw;wpNah rk;gtk; xd;iwg;gw;wpNah tpku;rd uPjpahf Muha;e;J
ghu;jj
; Yf;fhFk;.
• egnuhUtiug;gw;wpa rk;gtk;> ,lk;> gw;wpa Nkyjpf mwpitg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhfthFk;.
• Ml;rpahsu;fspd; MSik gw;wpa Gupe;Jzu;itg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhfthFk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : %yhjhug; gFg;gha;T %yk; tuyhw;W tplaq;fs;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 08
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• tuyhw; W %yhjhuq; f is tpku; r d uP j pahfg;
guprPypg;ghu;.
• %yhjhuq;fisf; ifahSk;NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba
tplaq;fisj; njupe;J nfhs;thu;.

3.2 %yhjhuq; f is cs; e hl; L > ntspehl; L %yhjhuq; f s; vd ,uz; l hf

tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspd; fPo; tk;rf;fijfs;> ,yq;if tuyhw;iwf;
fw;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f E}y;fshFk;.
jP g tk; r k;
• ,d;W tiu vQ;rpapUf;Fk; ,yq;ifapd; Guhjd tk;rf;fij jPgtk;rkhFk;.
,J ghsp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• fp.gp. 4 - 5 Mk; Ehw;whz;LfSf;fpilapy; vOjg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
• Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; tho;fi ; fapd; rpy rk;gtq;fSk; mtuJ ,yq;if tUifAk;
tptupf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; tp[adpypUe;J kfhNrd kd;ddpd; Ml;rpapd; KbT
tiu ,yq;ifapd; Vfg;gl;l tuyhw;W tplaq;fisj; jd;Ds; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• jPgtk;rk;> kfhtk;rj;ijtplr; rpwpa E}yhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,jpYs;s rpy tplaq;fs;
kfhtk;rj;jpy; fhzf;fpilf;ftpy;iy.
• jPgtk;rj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpd; rhuhk;rkhtJ:
• Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mur guk;giu
• Gj;jupd; rupj;jpuj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd rk;gtq;fSk;> md;dhuJ ,yq;if
tUifAk;
• ,yq;ifapd; Mupau;fspd; Muk;gf; FbapUg;Gfs; epWtg;gly;.
• gz;LfhgadJ fij
• ,yq;iff;F ngsj;j rkak; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly;.
• kfhNrd kd;ddpd; fhyk; tiuapyhd muru;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;.
kfhtk; r k;
• kfhtk;rk; ,d;Wtiuf;Fk; tpupthf vOjg;gLfpd;w EhyhFk;. mjpy; ,e;ehl;bd;
KOikahd tuyhW vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mifahy; mJ tpupthdnjhU
gilg; g hFk; . kfhtk; r j; j py; KjyhtJ njhFjp 37 mjpfhuq; f isf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd; Mrpupau; kfhtpfhiuapd; jpf;re;j nrdtpah gpupnthdhitr;
Nru;e;j kfhehk Njuu; vdf;fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ,J fp.gp. 5 - 6 Mk; Ehw;whz;LfSf;fpilapy; vOjg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
• kfhNrddpd; Ml;rpapy; ,Wjpf;fhyk; tiuapyhd ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iwf;
fw;gjw;F kfhtk;rj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
• kfhtk;rj;jpd; Muk;gg; gFjpia vOJifapy; NtW Ehy;fisAk;> ehl;lhu;
fijfisAk; %yhjhukhff; nfhz;Ls;shu;.
c-k;: jPgtk;rk;. rp`yl;lfjh> kfhtk;rk;> tpda ml;lfjh> cj;jutp`hu
ml;lfjh.
• kfhtk;rj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s murpay; tplaq;fshtd:
• kfhNrd kd;dd; tiuapyhd murtk;rj;jpd; Ml;rp gw;wp tpupthff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sik.
• me;epa Mf;fpukpg;GfspypUe;J kf;fisf; fhg;ghw;wpa muru;fspd;
tplaq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sik.
• tptrha eltbf;iffSf;Fg; ngUe;njhz;lhw;wpa kd;du;fisg; gw;wpa
tplaq;fs;.
• Gj;j rhrdj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf kd;du;fs; Gupe;j njhz;Lfs;.
• nghJkf;fSila eyd;fspy; Ml;rpahsu;fspd; nraw;ghLfs;.
• rka tplaq; f s; .
• kfhtk;rk; rkaj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;L vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• Gj; j u; ngUkhdpd; ,yq; i f tUifapypUe; J kfhNrd kd; d dpd;
,Wjpf;fhyk; tiu kfhtpfhiuia ikahff; nfhz;L rka tuyhw;iwAk;
kfhtpfhiuf;F cjtp Gupe;j Ml;rpahsu;fisAk; mtu;fshy; Gupag;gl;l
NritfisAk; tptupj;Js;sJ.
• kfhtpfhiuapd; rhjidfisg; gw; w pa mjpf jfty; f s; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sikahy; kfhtk;rk; kfhftpfhiuapd; tk;rf;fij vd;W xU
gFjpapdu; $Wfpd;wdu;.
• mgafpup> N[jtd kw;Wk; rkag;gputpdu; gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• r%f> fyhrhu tplaq; f s; .

• ,yq;ifapy; tho;ej
; gy;NtW rkag;gpupTfs;> njhopw;FOtpdu;> itgtq;fs;>
cl;gl gy;NtW tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sik.
• jpUkzj; njhlu;Gfs;> czTghdq;fs;> Milazpfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
tplaq;fSk;> cs;slq;Fk;.
• nghUspay; tplaq; f s; .
• tptrha eltbf;iffs;> ePu;g;ghrd eltbf;iffs;> tu;j;jfk;> njhopy;
cl;gl nghUspay; tplaq;fs;.
• njhopDl; g k; :
• ePu;g;ghrdk;> fl;llk;> rpiyfis tbj;jy;> jhJNfhgq;fisf; fl;ly;>
ghij> ghyq; f is epu; k hzpj; j y; Nghd; w gy; N tW tplaq; f spy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopDl;gq;fs; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLk; tplaq;fs;> Vida %yhjhuq;fspYk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sik.
• rkag; gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;L kfhtk;rk; vOjg;gl;lhYk; mjpy; murpay;>
r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu tplaq;fs; epiwaNt cs;slq;fpAs;sd.
• rka> fyhrhu tplaq;fs; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• kfpe;jUila tUif cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik. ,e;jpahtpd; rhQ;rp Jhgpapy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;thuha;rr; papd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l vOj;jhtzq;fspy;
rkaj; J}gpapy; rk; g e; j g; g l; l FUkhu; f sJ ngau; f s; gyTk;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik. (f];]g;gNfhj;j> k[;[pk> Jd;J`p];]h)
mj;NjhL mNrhf kd;ddp;d; 2Mk;> 13Mk; Jhz; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ju;kj;ij
gpurhug;gLj;jpa ,lq;fs; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• mNj Nghd;W kp`pe;jiyapYk; u[fiyapYk; cs;s fy;ntl;Lfspy;>
k`pe;j> ,j;jpa> cj;jpa> tu;j;jrhy vDk; FUkhupd; tuyhw;iw
cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sik.
• rq;fkpj;ij gpf;Fzpapd; tUifAk; gpf;Fzprhrdk; cUthf;fg;gl;likAk;>
Gdpj nts;suR kuk; elg;gl;lik njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; fpilj;Js;sik.
• tk;rf; fijfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tuyhw;wplq;fs; njhy;nghUs;
mfo;Tfspd; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
c-k;: Utd;ntyprha> mgafpup> N[jtd> kpuprntl;ba> kp`pe;jiy>
,RWKdp
• murpay; > nghUshjhuj; jfty; f s; cWjpg; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s ik.

• kd; d u; f s; > ,sturu; f s; > gpuhe; j pa muru; f s; gw; w p kfhtk; r j; j py;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs; Mtzq;fspd; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sik.
• cj;jpa kd;dd; - kp`pe;jiyf; Fiff;fy;ntl;L
• rj;jhjp];]> yQ;rjp];] – u[fy fy;ntl;L
• kfh#yp> kfhehk> Fl;lfz;zjp];]> kfhjhj;jpf> kfhuhf – kfhuj;kNy
fy;ntl;L
• trg kd;dUk; mtDila Gjy;tu;fSk; - ty;ypGuk; nghw;rhrdk;> ngupkpad;
Fsk;> n`ng];]> jk;nkd;dhfe;j fy;ntl;Lfs;.
• Gj;j ghupe;j kd;dd; ngsj;jj;ijj; jOtpaJ gw;wpa Utd; ntyprha
fy;ntl;L
• jpupju kd;dd; - fjpu;fhkf; fy;ntl;L
• Fkhujhr kd;dd; - ehfupfe;j fy;ntl;L
• IV Mk; k`pe;j kd;dd; - kp`pe;jiy Rtu;f;fy;ntl;L
• mikr;ru;fs;> mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;.
• mikr;ru;fs; - gukhfe;j fy;ntl;L
• nghUshsu; - kp`pe;jiyf; fy;ntl;L
• fzf;fhsu; - k`vyfKt> fy;ntl;L
• Nrdhjpgjpfs; - (gj; J khky; y u; f s; ) nty; vy; Y nfhlj; j >
k`vyfyKt> rpJy;gt;t> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
• ,sturu;fs; - n`ng];] fy;ntl;L
• nghUspay; rhu; e ; j eltbf; i ffs; cWjpg; g ly; .

• tu;j;jfj; juq;fs; - nr];NrWt fy;ntl;L
• tu;j;jfu;fs; - nr];NrWt fy;ntl;L
• tup tiffs; - nfhltha fy;ntl;L
• re;ijfs;> tu;j;jf rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs; - N`hgpbfk (gJis) nfhltha>
n`ng];]> jpk;gpupnty fy;ntl;Lf;fs;.
• kfhjpj;j mfo;Tfspd; NghJ tu;j;jfj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs;
fpilf;fg;ngw;wik.
• njhopDl; g tplaq; f s; cWjpg; g Lj; j g; g ly; :

• Utd;ntyprha> Nyhthkfhgha Nghd;wit fl;lg;gl;l tpjk; gw;wpa tptuk;.
• r%f tplaq; f s; cWjpg; g Lj; j g; g ly; .

• r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l gy;NtW Fyj;jtu;> kf;fs; FOtpdu;> gw;wpa
tplaq;fs; Mtzq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
• r%fj; j py; gy; N tWg; g l; l njhopy; ngau; f s; fy; n tl; L f; f spy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
ck;: nrg;Gf; nfhy;yu;fs;> nerthsu;fs;> itj;jpau;fs; gw;wpa njhopy;
ngau;fs; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
• %yhjhuk; xd;nwd;w Kiwapy; kfhtk;rj;jpd; FiwghLfs;:

• rka tuyhw;wpw;F Kf;fpa ,lkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahy;> murpay; tplaq;fs;
Nghjpastpy; ,lk;ngwhik.
• ,e;jpahtpd; ngsj;j tplaq;fSf;fhd tuyhw;wpw;F Kjy; 5 mj;jpahaq;fSk;
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
• Mrpupaupd; jdpg;gl;l vz;zq;fs;> tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs; vd;gtw;wpw;fika rpy
tplaq; f s; Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s ikahy; rpy ,lq; f spy; eLepiyik
Ngzg;gl;buhik
• Mrpupaupd; xU Nehf;fhf mike;jJ kfhtk;rj;jpw;F %yhjhukhd gilg;Gfspy;
fhzg;gl;l tptukhd tplaq;fis cs;thq;FjyhFk;. mjdhy; rpy Kf;fpakhd
tplaq;fs; tpLgl;L NghAs;sik.
• mEuhjGuj;jpw;F rkfhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l gpuhe;jpa muRfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;
Nghjpastpy; ,lk;ngwhik.
• k`htpfhiuf;Fr; rhu;ghf ele;Jf;nfhz;l Njtdk;gpajp];]> Jl;lifKD>
Fl;lfz;zjp];] Nghd;w kd;du;fisg; ngUk; tpUg;Gld; tu;zpf;ifapy;
kfh tpfhiuAld; Kuz;gl;l kfhNrdd; Nghd;w kd;du;fisg; Gwf;fzpg;Gld;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik.
• Jl;lifKDtpd; tho;itAk;> rhjidfisAk; tu;zpg;gjw;F 37 mjpfhuq;fSs;
gjpndhd;iw xJf;fpapUg;gNjhL> Jl;lifKDtpd; tuyhw;iw Kw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
fhte;jjp];] Nghd;w kd;du;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,Ul;lbg;Gr; nra;ag;
gl;Ls;sik.
• Kf;fpaj;Jtkw;w nra;jpfSk;> tu;zidfSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
njhy; n ghUs; %yhjhuq; f s; .

Mtzq; f s;
• fy;ntl;Lfs;> nghw;gj;jpuq;fs;> nrg;NgLfs;> jfLfs;> Rtu;> kuk;> gy;NtW
ghj;jpuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; vOjg;gl;lit Mtzq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
• fy;ntl;Lfs; gy;NtW tifg;gLk;. Fif> Fd;W> Rtu;> J}z; fy;ntl;Lfs; vd
mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
• Muk;g fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpuhkpa (gpuhfpUj) vOj;Jf;fshy;
MdJ. FUkhUf; F Fiffisj; jhdkspj; j y; njhlu; g hfNt mtw; w py;
ngUk;ghyhdit vOjg;gl;bUe;jd.
• fp.gp. 2Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; gpd;dNu tptukhd fy;ntl;Lfs; vOjg;glj; njhlq;fpd.

tpfhiufs;> MuhikfSf;F epyGyd;fis toq;Fjy; Muhikfspd; epu;thfk;.
mur rl; l q; f is kf; f Sf; F mwpag; g Lj; j y; > tupt#ypj; j y; > tu; j ; j fk; >
Fw;wthspfis kd;dpj;jy;> xUtUila Nrit eyidg; ghuhl;Ljy; Nghd;w
gy;NtW tplaq;fisf; Fwpj;J itg;gjw;Ff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. jw;NghJ
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s fy;ntl;Lfspy; Guhjhdkhdjhf mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ cj;jpa
kd;dDila ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kp`pe;jiy Rtu;f; fy;ntl;lhFk;.
• fy; n tl; L f; f spy; cs; s lq; f pAs; s tplaq; f spd; Kf; f paj; J tk; ;
• k`htk;rk; cl;gl Vida ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; cs;s tplaq;fis
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
ck;: Jl;lifKD kd;ddJ gj;J khky;yu;fisg;gw;wpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cWjpg;
gLj;jpAs;sd.
• nfhutf;fy fy;ntl;bYk; rpj;Jy;gt;t (jsgjp kpj;r> ee;jpkpj;j)> nty;
vy;Ynfhlfe;j fy;ntl;L> rq;fghy tp`hiuf; fy;ntl;L> (jsgjp> grNjt>
G];;] Njt) ,jw;F Nkyhf gy;Nyngj;j> vnfhlgj;Jt fy;ntl;LfspYk;
,tu;fisg; gw;wp cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
• k`pe;j Njuupd; tUif fy;ntl;Lfspy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• tk;rf;fijfspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s murpay;> epu;thfk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs;>
nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu tplq;fs; ngUkstpy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• tk;rf; fijfspy; $wg;glhj jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;iwg;
gpujp nra;Ak;NghJ Vw;gl;l jtWfisj; jpUj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
Kf;fpaj;JtkhditahFk;.
ck;: ,sturu;fs;> gpuhe;jpa muru;fs; gw;wpait (Fryhdfe;j> n`d;dd;Ndfy>
ak;gufy> al;l`nyd Nghd;w fy;ntl;Lfs;)
• fJWnty fy;ntl;by; mikr;ru; guk;giu Ie;;ijg;gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik
• tp`hiufspd; epu;thfk; gw;wpa tplaq;fs; (kp`pe;jiy Rtu;f; fy;ntl;L>
fSjpanghf;Fz fy;ntl;L)
• trg kd;ddpd; ,U Gjy;tu;fshd cju (n`g];] fy;ntl;L> Jlf
(fk;nkd;dhfe;j fy;ntl;L) vd;Nghu; kfhuh[h gl;lj;Jld; Ml;rpGupe;jik.
• ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; ntspg;glhj fp.gp. 2 Mk; Ehw;whz;bw;F Kd;du;
epytpa gpuNjr epu;thf myFfs; gy gw;wpa jfty;fs; fy;ntl;by; fpilf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sik.
ck;: gk;gufy> Nfhztj;j> vk;Gy; mk;Ng> nel;Lf;fe;j ngupaGspad;Fsk;>
Fryhdfe;j > rpj;Jy;gt;t
• ,yq;ifapd; murhl;rpapd; Muk;gk;> ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fSs; ,e;jpahTld;
njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vd;whYk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk;
jfty;fspd; %yk; njupatUtJ ,yq;ifapd; murhl;rp ,yq;ifapy; Njhd;wp

gupzhkk; mile;jJ vd;gjhFk;.
c-k;: fhkpdp gUkf> kGWKfh> u[> kfhu[ vDk; ngau;fspdhyhFk;.
• fy;ntl;Lfspd; gutYf;F mikthf murpd; gyk; gutpapUe;j gpuNjrq;fs;
gw;wpj; jPu;khdpg;gJ ,yFthFk;.
c-k;:
• trg kd; d Dila Mtzq; f s; ty; y pGuj; j pYk; kl; l f; f sg; g py;
fhrpNkhl; i lapYk; > njw; f py; jp]; ] kfhuhikapYk; > FUzhfypy;
fycilapYk;> jk;kd;dhitapYk;> n`g];]apYk; fz;lwpag;gl;ljpypUe;J
mk;kd;dDila Ml;rp ,yq;if KOtJk; gutpapUe;jik njupa tUfpwJ.
• ,e;ehl;by; epytpa cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghfTk;
nghUshjhuepiy njhlu;ghfTk; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Ff;
fy;ntl;Lfs; Kf;fpaj;JtkhditahFk;.
c-k;: Njhzpfy fy;ntl;L – ney;> gaW> cSe;J Nghd;w jhdpa
tiffs;> jw;fhy tq;fpfs; Nghd;w jhgdq;fspy; itg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;bUe;j
jhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• yG vl;lnge;jpfy fy;ntl;L – tu;j;jf juq;fSk; mjd; nraw;ghLfSk;.
N`hgpbfKt fy;ntl;L – re;ij xd;wpd; gupghydKk; mJ njhlu;ghd
rl;lj;jpl;lq;fSk;.
• tptrha eltbf;iffSk; ifj;njhopy;fSk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sik.
c-k;: nt];]fpupa xt;nthU Nghfj;jpw;Fk; gapuplg;gl Ntz;ba jhdpa
tu;f;fq;fs; njhlu;ghf murdhy; jPu;khdk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ gw;wp
Mjhuq;fs; cs;sik. rp`pnel;b (xUtif ney;) tpijg;gjy;yhJ
gaW tpijf;ff; $lhJ.
• mEuhjGuf;fhyj;jpy; Fsq;fs;> mizf;fl;Lfspd; epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd jhgdk;
xd;W rk;ge;jkhf fy;ntl;Lfspy; jfty;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik. mNjNghd;Nw
ePu;ghrdk; njhlu;ghf mwtplg;gl;l Ngh[fgjp> jfgjp> tupfs; njhlu;ghff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sik.
• ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l ifj;njhopy;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jd.
c-k;: nfhq;fy fy;ntl;L - kzpfu (,uj;jpdk; gl;il jPl;LNthu;)
Ntfpupa - g`jKy;y fy;ntl;L - FKgfu (Fatu;fs;
Jyhju (nghw;nfhy;yu;> fgu (nfhy;yu;)> jbf (je;j nrJf;fy;)>
ng`fu (nerthsu;) gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
eP j pkd; w nraw; g hLfs; .

rpj;Jy;gt;t fy;ntl;L – ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk;. jz;lg; gzj;ij rpj;Jy;gt;t
tpfhiuf;F jhdkspj;jy;.
Ntnty; n fl; b a fy; n tl; L – fpuhkj; j py; flikiag; Gupjy; njhlu; g hd
rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;.
Njhzpfy fy; n tl; L
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; 1
,yf;fk; 1 - 3 tiuahd xt;nthU tpdhf;fSf;Fk; Ie;J ngau;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
mtw; W s; xd; W kl; L k; VjhtnjhU fhuzj; j pdhy; Vida ngau; f Sld;
nghUj;jghlw;wJ. mt;thW nghUe;jhj ngau; ahnjd;W fz;lwpe;J mjd;
,yf;fj;ijg; Gs;spf; Nfhl;bd;kPJ vOJf.
1. 1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; 2. gl;bdg;ghiy 3.gjpw;Wg;gj;J
4. jpUthyq;fhL 5.kzpNkfiy (..............)
2. 1. ty;ypGuk; nghw;rhrdk; 2. gdhf;fLt nrg;NgL
3. nfhz;ltl;lthd; fy;ntl;L 4. my`hghj; J}z; fy;ntl;L
5. Gspad; Fsk; Jhz; fy;ntl;L (..............)
3. 1. Mu;g;ghf;fk; fy;ntl;L 2. gy;ytuhad; Ngl;ilf; fy;ntl;L
3. jpUthyq;fhL fy;ntl;L 4. rpjk;guk; fy;ntl;L
5. uhNk];tuk; fy;ntl;L (..............)
4 – 5 Mk; tpdhf;fSf;F rupahd tpiliaj; njupT nra;J mjw;Fupa

,yf;fj;ij vjpupYs;s Gs;spf;Nfhl;bd; kPJ vOJf.
4. I Mk; guhf;fpukghFTf;Fk; II Mk; f[ghFTf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l gpzf;ifr;
rkhjhdgLj;Jtjw;fhf Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; tplaq;fs; fPo;tUk;
ve;j Mtzj;jpy; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?
1. njtdfy Fd;Wf; fy;ntl;by; 2. fy;tpfhiuf; fy;ntl;by;
3. Mk;gfKtf; fy;ntl;by; 4. rq;fK tpfhiuf; fy;ntl;by;
5. kpdpg;Ngf; fy;ntl;by; (..............)
5. ,yq;ifapd; Guhjhd nra;jpfs; vDk; Ehypd; Mrpupau; ahu;?
1. upigNuh 2. FNtNuh]; 3. jFNlh 4. ngy;jpa];
5. ntyd;ild; (..............)
6 - 7 Mk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd ngau;fs; gyTk; x, y epuy;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

mtw;iw xd;wpw;F xd;W rupahfg; nghUj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; . fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s
rupahd tpilj; n jhFjpapd; ,yf; f j; i jj; njupT nra; J > mjidg;
Gs;spf;Nfhl;bd; kPJ vOJf.
6. X Y
I. urth`pdp 1. kapy;thfdg; Gytu;
II. gutp re;Njra 2. NtNj` Njuu;
III. rj;ju;kuj;dhtypa 3. tPjhfk k`hikj;jpupa Njuu;
IV. Nyhntl rq;fuht 4. = uh`_y Njuu;
V. aho;g;ghz itgtkhiy 5. ju;kNrd Njuu;.
1. BEDAC 2. BADCE 3. BACDE 4. BEDCA 5. BDECA

(..............)
7. 1. ty;ypGuk; A. nghw;rhrdk;
2. N`hgpbfKt B. xOf;ff;Nfhit
3. fy; tp`hu C. J}z; fy;ntl;L
4. Njhzpfy D. nrg;G rhrdk;
5. gdhfLt E. Fd;Wf;fy;ntl;L
1. ABCDE 2. AEBDC 3. ACDEB 4. ACBED 5. ADECB (..............)
,yf; f k; 9 - 10 tpdhf; f Sf; F xd; w pw; n fhd; W nghUj; j g; g hlw; w ngau;

Nrhb xd; W fhzg; g Lfpd; w J. nghUj; j g; g hlw; w mr; N rhbg; n gau; f isf;
fz; l wpe; J > mt; t pyf; f j; i jg; Gs; s pf; N fhl; b kP J vOJf.
9. I. Ntnty; fl;b fy;ntl;L – fpuhkj;njhFjpapy; flikiag; Gupjy; njhlu;ghd
tplaq;fs;.
II. kp`pe;jiyr; Rtu;f; fy;ntl;L - gpf;Fkhu; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fSk;
rl;lj;jpl;lq;fSk;
III. gJis (N`hgpbfk) Jhz;fy;ntl;L – re;ijapd; epu;thfk;.
IV. nfhltha fy;ntl;L – k`hahd ju;kj;jpd; gpujp
V. ty;ypGu nghw;rhrdk; - aho;g;ghzf; Flh ehl;by; tp`hiu xd;iwf;
fl;Ljy; njhlu;ghdJ. (..............)
10. I. tpRj;jpkhu;f;f - k`hehkNjuu;.
II. epfha rq;fpuà - Njtuf;fpj [aghF jk;kuf;fpj Njuu;.
III. rpq;`s Nghjptq;f] – tpy;fk;Ky Njuu;.
IV. rhuhzhu;j;j rq;fpuà - Gj;jNfh\ Njuu;.
V. jk;gpah ml;Lth nflgja – Ie;jhk; fhrpag;g kd;dd;. (..............)
11. fPo;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.

01. k`htk;rj;jpd; Kjyhk; gpupT k`htpfhiuapd; tk;rf;fijahFk;.”
I. ,jd; Mrpupaiug; ngau; Fwpf;f. (Gs;sp 1)
II. ,jDs; mlq;Fk; mj;jpahaq;fs; vj;jid? (Gs;sp 1)
III. ,jw;fhf vOjg;gl;l Bfhitiag; ngaupLf. (Gs;sp 2)
IV. ,jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sjd;gb ,e;ehl;by; fl;lg;gl;l KjyhtJ J}gpiag;
ngaupLf. (Gs;sp 1)
V. Nky; Fwpg;gpl;l vLNfhisapl;Lf; fUj;Jiuf;f. (Gs;sp 1)
02. mEuhjGuf;fhyj;jpd; KbT tiu ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjpy; ghsp
tk;rf; fijfspd; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; jfty;fs;> njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fspy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij tpsf;fpf; $Wf. (Gs;sp 1)
03. kfhNrd kd;ddpd; Ml;rpfhyk; KbAk; tiu ,yq;if tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjpy;
ghsp tk;rf; fijfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mstPL nra;f. (Gs;sp 1)
4. mEuhjGu fhyj;jpd; murpay; tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjpd; %yhjhukhff; fy;ntl;Lfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; guprPyid nra;f. (Gs;sp 14)
4. FbNaw; w q; f spd; Muk; g Kk; mtw; w pd; guk; g Yk;
ve;jnthU r%jhaj;jpYk; vOj;Jj; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;Ds;s fhyk; tuyhw;Wf;F

Kw;gl;l fhyk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. kdpjdpd; md;whlj; Njitf;F mtrpakhd
cgfuzq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F fw;fisg; ghtpj;jikahy; mf;fhyk;
fw;fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ. kdpj gupzhkj;jpy; ,Ue;J (,d;wpypUe;J 2.4 kpy;ypad;
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;) etPd fhyk; tiu kdpj tuyhw;wpd; fhyfl;lj;ijg; gpujhdkhf
,uz;lhf tFf;fyhk;. gy;NtWg;gl;l fhyfl;lq;fspy; kdpju;fs; ghtpj;j fy;yhAjq;fs;
njhopDl; g k; tsu; r ; r p mile; j tpjj; i j itj; J ,f; f hyfl; l k; gpupj; J f;
fhz;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ngupa fy;yhAjq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;lNjhL
mJ Guhjd fw;fhyk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
kj;jpa> rpwpa mstpyhd fy;Yguzq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;l ,uz;lhtJ fhyfl;lk;

kj;jpa fw;fhyk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;ehl;by; tho;e;j tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjd;
N`hNkh Nrgpad; (rhgpad;) vDk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpwhd;. ,w;iwf;F XUyl;rj;J
,Ugj;ijahapuk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; Mrpahf; fz;lj;ij ClWj;J my;yJ
,e;J rKj;jpuj;ijf; fle;J KjyhtJ kdpjf; $l;lk; ,e;ehl;bw;F te;jpUf;fyhk;
vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,Jtiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfSf;F mika> ,e;ehl;by;
tho;ej; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l kdpjd; Ntl;ilahbAk; ,lj;jpw;fplk; miye;J
jpupe;J czitr; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhz;Lk; tho;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpd; gpd; Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpDs; gpuNtrpj;jhd;.

fy;yhAjq;fspd; ghtidiaf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhz;L cNyhfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpaNjhL>
tptrha eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L miye;JjpupAk; tho;f;ifapypUe;J kPz;L
epue;jukhd FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Kaw;rpj;jikAk; ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; gpujhd ,yl;rzkhFk;. ,we;jtu;fSf;F kahdq;fis mikj;jy;
fyhrhuj;jpd; tpNrlj;Jt mk;rkhFk;. fp.gp. 6k; W}w;whz;lstpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
KjyhtJ kf;fs; $l;lk; tUif je;J ,e;ehl;bd; ejpfis mz;bf; FbNaw;wq;fis
mikj;Jf; nfhz;lJ tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; Muk;gkkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Nju; r ; r p 4.0 : ,yq;if ehfupfj;jpd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd tsu;r;rpg;

Nghf; F fs; njhlu; g hf mjd; tpsf; f j; J ld;
nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; gw;wpa jfty;fis

EZfpaha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; gw;wp
tpsf;Fthu;.
• kpfg; Guhjd fhyj; j pypUe; J ,yq; i fapy;
FbapUg;Gfs; ,Ue;jij kjpg;ghu;.
• tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjidAk; mtdJ
fyhrhug; gz;GfisAk; tptupg;ghu;.
• tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyf;FbNaw;wq;fisg; glk;
xd;wpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLthu;.

4.1 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;

• ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyKk; FbNaw;wq;fs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wikAk; ,t;tpU fhyfl;lq;fshFk;.
jho; Muk;g fw;fhyk; (ngwg;gl;Ls;s Mjhuq;fs;

epr;rakhdjhapy;iy)
Muk;gfhyk; ,il Muk;g fw;fhyk;
(,d;wpypUe;J 1>25>000 tUlq;fs; tiuapy;)
cau; Muk;g fw;fhyk; (Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy)
kj;jpa fw;fhyk;: ,d;wpypUe;J 40>000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G tiu
• tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyKk; FbNaw;wKk;

• ,d;wpypUe;J 1>25>000 njhlf;fk; 75>000 tUlq;fSf;fpilg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;fhd
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fs;gw;wp Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
mit ,il Muk;gf;fhyj;ij rhu;e;jit.
• ,f;FbNaw;wq;fs; midj;Jk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. G+ej

; y> gjpuh[nty> nty;Ny
fq;nfhl> kpdp`h fy;fe;j vDk; miuFiw tws; tya flw;fiuNahuj;jpy;
jpwe;j FbNaw;wq;fshFk;.
• ,uizkL gbTfs; vDk; ngauhy; mwpag;gl;Ls;s kzYk; ruis kz;Zk;
fye;j nrk;kz; gbT tyaj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; Guhjd FbapUg;Gfs;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
• Guhjd fw;fhy Afj;jpy; FbapUg;Gfspy; ,Jtiu fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ> mf;fhy
kdpjdhy; ghtpf;fg;gl;l fy;Ygfuzq;fs; kl;LNkahFk;.
• jho;ehl;L <utyaj;jpw;Fupa ,uj;jpdGupiar; #oTs;s gpuNjrk; ,e;ehl;bd;
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l Guhjd fw;fhyj;jpw;Fupa Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;w
,d;ndhU gpuNjrkhFk;.
• kzy; > tz; l y; kz; > fspkz; > cldhd ,uj; j pdGup gbT ,jw; F
,yl;rf;fzf;fhd Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; cUthfpAs;sJ.
• ,e;ehl;bd; Muk;gfhy kdpjd; ghtpj;j nrg;gdplg;glhj fy;Ygfuzq;fSk;
,e;ehl;by; tho;e;J mope;J Nghd gpuhzpfspd; Vuhskhd vYk;GfSk;
,uj;jpdg;Gupg; gbTfspypUe;J fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
• ,uj;jpdGupf; fy;Ygfuzq;fs;> “,uj;jpdGup fw;fhy njhopy; El;gk;” vd;Wk;
capupdq; f spd; vYk; G fs; “,uj; j pdGup capu; j ; n jhFjp” vd; W k;
njhy;nghUspayhsu;fshy; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd.
• jho; Muk;g fhy fw;fhyk; vdg;gLk; ,e;ehl;bd; Muk;g tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l
fhy tuyhw;Wf; FbapUg;Gfs; gue;Jgl;Lf; fhzg;gl;l gpujhd Rw;whly;
tyaq;fs; ,uz;lhFk;.
• miuFiw tws; tya flw;fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; (,uizkLg; gbT
tyak;)
• jho;ehl;L <utyaj;ijr; Nru;ej; ,uj;jpdGupia mz;ba tbepyg; gpuNjrk;.
,uizkLg; gbT tyak;.
• kj; j pa fw; f hyf; FbapUg; G fs; .

• ,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa fw;fhyk; ,d;wpypUe;J 40>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du;
Muk;gkhjy;.
• kj;jpa fw;fhykhFk; NghJ ehl;bd; rfy fhyepiy tyaq;fspYk; tuyhw;Wf;F
Kw;gl;l fhy FbNaw;wq;fs; gue;J fhzg;gl;ljhf mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• kj; j pa fw; f hyj; j py; tho; e ; j td; nghJthf “gyhq; n fhil kdpjd; ”
vdg;gLfpd;whd;.
• Muk;g gz;GfSf;F mika tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l FbNaw;w tiffs;
,uz;lhFk;.
• ,aw;ifahd fw;Fiffs;
• jpwe;j ntspfs;.
ngypnyd
• FbNaw;wq;fisj; njupT nra;tjpy; (czitg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; trjpAld;

ePiug;ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; trjpAk;.) gpujhd fhuzpfs; ,uz;L gw;wpf; ftdk;
nrYj;jpAs;sdu;.
• kj;jpa fw;fhyk; MFk; NghJ tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fs; gy;NtW
fhyepiy tyaq;fspYk; gutpf; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ njupatUfpwJ.
• g+e;js> tpy;gj;J gy;Nykyy Mfpa fiuNahuq;fspy; jpwe;j FbapUg;Gfs;
• gh`pad;fy> gl;lnjhk;gnyd> ngypnyd> mytynyd Mfpa jho;ehl;L
<utya ,aw;ifahd fw;FiffspDs; mike;j FbapUg;Gfs;.
• nghj;jhd> mypfy> Nghd;w cyu;tya jpwe;j FbapUg;Gfs;
• gz;lhutis> ntypkil> ehtygpl;ba Nghd;w kj;jpa kiyehl;il
mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspy; jpwe;j ntl;il ntspfs;.
• N`hu;ld; rkntsp> ef;fpy;]; Nghd;w cau;kiyehl;Lg; Gy;ntspfs;.
FUtpl; l glnjhk; g nyd
• kj; j pa fw; f hyj; j py; gpujhdkhd tuyhw; W f; F Kw; g l; l tho; t plq; f spd;
fhy msT.
• gh`paq;fy - ,d;wpypUe;J - 41>000 tUlq;fs;.
• FUtpl;l gl;lnjhk;gnyd - 36>000 tUlq;fs;.
• fpj;Jy;fy ngypnyd - 31>000 tUlq;fs;.
• fk;g`h mytynyd - 14000 tUlq;fs;.
• ngy;yd; nge;jpngy];] - 12000 tUlq;fs;.
• rPfpupa nghj;jhd - 5800 tUlq;fs;.
• khnjhl;l (kd;dhu;) - 3800 tUlq;fs;.
Muk; g f; FbNaw; w q; f s;
tuyhw; W f; F Kw; g l; l fhy njhopDl; g k; .

• tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjdpd; njhopDl;gk; Kw;WKOjhf
fy;Ygfuzq;fshNyNa Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• Guhjd fw;fhyj;jpw;Fupa ngUe;njhifahd nrg;gdplg;glhj fy;Ygfuzq;fs;
,uj;jpdGup> khzpf;fr; Ruq;fspypUe;Jk; ,uizkLg; gbTfspypUe;Jk;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
• kj;jpa fw;fhyj;jpy; Ez; fy;yhAjq;fs; gw;wpa Mjhuq;fs; 40>000 tUlq;fSf;F
Kd;idait fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. mit kpfTk; rpwpajhfTk;; EZf;fkhfTk;>
epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahy; Ez;fy;yhAjq;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;Lfpd;wd.
• jpupNfhz tl;ltbt gy;NtW Nfj;jpu fzpj cUtq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Ez;fy;yhAjq;fs; njhopDl;gj;jpwid ntspf;fhl;Lk; tifapyhd Mf;fq;fshf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• cgfuzq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf $ba ntz;Fr;rhd; tpy;
(jpupthzhf;) fy; %yg; nghUshff; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> Xustpw;F kQ;rs;
epwj;jpyhd jpupthzhf;fy;Yk; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• kpUfq;fis Ntl;ilahLjy; njhlf;fk; ntl;Ltjw;Fk; rPTtjw;Fk; jl;Ltjw;Fk;
tisg;gjw;Fk; eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; fy;Ygufuzq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
tho;f;if Kiw
• tho;t; jw;fhf Ntl;ilahLtNj tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; tho;fi
; f
Kiwapd; gz;gha; ,Ue;jJ.
• Ntl;ilf;F Nkyjpfkhf czthff; nfhs;sf;$ba jhtu czTfisAk;
Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L miye;J jpupAk; tho;f;if Kiwiaf; ifahz;Ls;shd;.
• mtu; f s; kiof; f hyq; f spy; ghJfhg; G fUjp ,aw; i faha; mike; j
fw;FiffspDs; xd;W $bdu;.
• Ntl;ilahLtJ ngUkstpw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gJ Mz;fshyhFk;. mtu;fs;
jdpj;jdpahfNth FOf;fshfNth me;eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;bUe;jpUf;fyhk;.
• kj;jpa fw;fhyj;jpy; rdj;njhif mlu;j;jp gj;J rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;F xU
eguhfNth> 50 rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;F xU FLk;gkhfNth ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;
vd;W ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ,aw;ifahd fw;Fiffspy; tho;e;j [dj;njhif kpfTk; Fiwe;jsitf;
nfhz;l rpwpa FLk;gq;fshf tho;e;jpUf;fyhk;.
• cyu; tyaj;jpy; ntl;l ntspfspy; jw;fhypfkhf mikj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Kfhk;fspy; tho;e;Js;sjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
• ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jkJ ,we;j cwtpdu;fspd; rlyq;fis
FifapDs;Ns Gijj;Js;sdu;.
czTg; g of; f tof; f k; .

• tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjdpd; cztpd; jd;ik mtu;fs; tho;ej ; Rw;whlypy;
,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;s$ba tsq;fspd; jd;ikf;F Vw;gj; jPuk ; hdkhfpAs;sJ.
• khkpr czTfspy; Ntl;ilahbg; ngwg;gl;l gd;wp> Ks;sk; gd;wp> khd;>
kiu> cLk;G> Fuq;F> fhl;Lf;Nfhop vd;gtw;wpd; khkprq;fs; gpujhdkhdit.
• ,jw;F Nkyhf ed;dPu; kPd;fs;> ez;Lfs;>Mikfs;> gy;NtW gwitfspd;
khkprq;fisAk; czthff; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
• rpg;gpfSk;> ej;ijfSk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; tpUk;gpAz;Zk; czT tiffshf
,Ue;J te;Js;sd.
• fsg;Gfis mz;bf; fhzg;gl;l rpg;gpfs;> ehl;bd; cl;gFjpfSf;F nfhz;L
nry;yg;gl;bUg;gJ cg;Gj;Njitia epiwT nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhapUf;fyhk;
vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
• jhtu czTfshf fhl;L <ug;gyhf;fha;> fhl;L thio> nff;Fz tpij>
Kl;fpoq;F> NtW fpoq;F tiffSld; NjidAk; ghtpj;Js;sdu;.
• ,w;iwf;F 13>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; kiyehl;by; tho;ej ; kdpjd; ghu;ypiag;
gapupl;L czthff; nfhz;Ls;sikf;fhd Mjhuk; N`hl;ld; rkntspg;
gFjpfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tfspd; %yk; njupate;Js;sJ.
• gyhq;nfhil kdpjd; neUg;gpd; ghtidiaj; njupe;J itj;jpUe;jgbahy;
khkprj;ijr; Rl;Lr; rhg;gpl;bUg;ghd; vdf;fUj KbAk;.
gz; g hl; L Kiw

• gz;ghl;L Kiwgw;wpj; Jyf;fkhd Mjhuk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wpUg;gJ ,we;jtu;fis
mlf;fk; nra;Ak; KiwapyhFk;.
• xUtu; kuzpj;jjd; gpd;du; cly; cf;fpg;NghFk;tiu fhl;by; fplj;jptpl;L>
vYk;Gf;$l;il FiffspDs; mlf;fk; nra;Js;sdu;.
• vYk;Gfis mlf;fk; nra;tjw;F Kd;du; kz;il Xl;bYk; vYk;gpd;
ntspg;Gwq;fspYk; Nrw;Wf;fy;yhy; (rptg;G) Njha;ff
; g;gl;Ls;sJ rkaj;Njit
xd;Wf;fhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
• Nrw;Wf;fy; G+rg;gl;bUe;jikf;fhd Mjhuk; gh`pad;fy> ,uhtz vy;y
Fiffspy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
,uz; l hf
tisj; J g;
Gijf; f g; g l; l
kdpj clypd;
vYk; G f; $ L
• fk;gpdhNyh nfhk;gpdhNyh tbtpyhd rpwpa Fop xd;iwj; Njhz;b mjDs;

vYk;Gfis itj;J rUFfspdhNyh kz;zpdhNyh %bAs;sdu;.
• fpj;Js;fy ngypnyidapy; mt;thW Giff;fg;gl;l kdpju;fs; 12 Ngupd;
vYk;Gf;$Lfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,Jtiu fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s vy;yh vYk;Gf;$LfSk; Gijf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ
%l;LfspypUe;J kbj;J xLq;fr; nra;ag;gl;lhFk;.
• mt;thW kbj;Jg; Gijf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ VjhtJ ek;gpf;if mbg;gilapNyh
my;yJ FiffspDs; fhzg;gLk; gw;whf;FiwapdhNyh ,Uf;fyhk;.
• ej;ij> rpg;gp XLfspdhYk; kdpj vYk;Gj; Jz;LfshYk; nra;ag;gl;ltw;iw
Mguzq;fshfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; clyikg;G

• ,Jtiuf;Fk; mfo;Tfspd; %yk; ngwg;gl;Ls;s : gyhq;nfhil kdpju;fspd;
vYk;Gf;$Lfspd; vz;zpf;if 75 kl;bypUf;Fk;.
• mit midj;Jk; ,d;wpypUe;J 38>000 – 5>500 tUlfhy ,ilntspapy;
tho;e;j kdpju;fsJ vd xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• kz;il Xl;bd; msT> Mz;fspdJ 1600 nrd;wpkPl;lu;> ngz;fsJ 920 fd
nrd;wpkPl;lu;; msTilajhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
• Mz;fspdJ cauk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 174> ngz;fspdJ cauk; cau;e;jgl;rk;
166 nrd;wpkPl;lu;fshf ,Ue;Js;sd. tsu;e;j kdpju; xUtuJ kz;il XL
kpfTk; jbg;ghdJ mjd; ehbg;gFjp Kd;Ndhf;fpj; js;spf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
%f;Fr; rg;igahdJ> jhilAk; gw;fSk; ngupait> fOj;Jf; Fl;ilahdJ.
• KO nkhj;jj;jpy; gyhq;nfhil kdpjd; Fl;ilahd jbj;j cUtj;Jldhdtd;
Mthd;.
• gyhq;nfhil kdpjdpd; cau;ej ; MAs; fhyk; 35-40 tajhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;
1. ,yq; i fapd; tuyhw; W f; F Kw; g l; l fhy FbapUg; G fspd; jd; i kia
cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
2. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fp>
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjdpd; tho;fi ; f Kiw vt;thwpUe;jJ vd;gijapl;L
fUj;Jiuf;f.
3. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fis ,yq;ifg;glk; xd;wpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.:
,uizkL> Ge;js> gjpuh[nty> kpdp`h> fy;fe;j> gh`pad;fy> myts>
nghj;jhd> mypfy> khq;Fsk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : Kd; tuyhw; W f; fhy khdpl nraw; g hLfs;

njhlu;ghfj; Njbaha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 5
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
• Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhy Kd;Ndw;wj;ij kjpg;ghu;.
• Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhy tho;tplq;fisg; GwTUtg;
glk; xd;wpy; Fwpg;ghu;.

4.2 Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyfl;lk;

• tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Fk; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
fhyNk Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyfl;lk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
• ,f; fhyf;fl;lj;jpNyNa tuyhw;W Afj;jpw;fhd tho;T Kiwf;F kdpjd;
jahu;g;gLj;jg;gly; Muk;gkhdJ.
• fp.K 5000 Mz;Lfs; fhy vy;iyf;Fg; gpd;dNu kdpjdpd; ,f; fhyfl;lg;
gpuNtrk; Muk;gkhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
• fp.K. 1800 ,ypUe;J kl;ghj;jpuq;fspd; ghtidAk; tptrhar; nra;ifAk;
Efu; T k; gw; w pa Mjhuq; f s; njhutf; f > nghj; j hd> mypfy Mfpa
,lq;fspypUe;J fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
• epue;jukhd FbapUg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy;> ,Uk;gpd; cgNahfk;>
kl;ghj;jpuq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> khL> Fjpiufspd; tsu;g;G> new;
gapu; r ; n ra; i f vd; g d ,f; fhyf; f l; l j; j py; Jyhk; g ukhfj; njupAk;
tsu;r;rpfshFk;.
Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyf; FbapUg;Gfs;

• Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; miye;J jpupe;J> Ntl;ilahba tho;f;if
apypUe;J kPz;Lk;> ,f;fhyj;jpy; tptrha eltbf;iffSf;fhf epue;jukhd
trpg;gplq;fis mikj;Jf;nfhs;s Muk;gpj;jdu;.
• mjpfkhd FbApUg;Gfs; cyu; tyaj;jpy; ejpf;fiufis mz;bAk;
kiyehl;il mz;bAk; gutpf; fhzg;gl;ljw;fhd Mjhuq;fSs;sd.
• fp.K 900 ,y; mEuhjGuj;jpy; ,Ue;j Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyf; FbapUg;Gfs;
10 n`f;lau; gpuNjrj;jpy; gue;J fhzg;gl;lJld; fp K. 700 - 600 tiuahd
fhyj;jpy; 50 n`f;lau; tiu tpUj;jpAw;Wr; nrd;wJ.
• cluQ;rhklk gpuNjrj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l FbapUg;G kz; tPLfshy; MdJ.

fk;gpdhy; Rtu; fl;lg;gl;L> $iu Gw;fspdhy; Ntag;gl;L> fspkz; itf;fg;gl;L
Kiwahff; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jjw;fhd Mjhuk; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
• mEuhjGu cs;efupy; fz;lwpag;gl;l tPL miu tl;ltbtpYk; rJu tbtpYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
njhopDl; g k;
• fy;yhAj njhopDl;gj;jpypUe;J kPzL ; ,Uk;Gj; njhopDl;gj;jpid Nehf;fpr;
nry;tJ Jyf;fkha; njupfpwJ.
• tptrhaj; j pw; F j; Njitahd kz; n tl; b > fyg; i g> fj; j p Mfpa
cgfuzq;fis ,Uk;gpdhy; cw;gj;jpr; nra;J nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
• tidjy; rpy;iyf; fz;lwpe;jjdhy; cau; njhopDl;gj;Jld; tprpj;jpukhd
kz;ghz;lq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Js;sdu;.
• kz;ghz;lq;fis czitr; rikg;gjw;Fk;> ,we;jtu;fspd; m];jpiag;
ghJfhj;J itg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
• nrg;G cNyhfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tisay; Nghd;w Mguzq;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Js;sdu;.
• ,e;ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l fUQ;rptg;G kl;ghz;lq;fs;> ,e;jpahtpd;
fUQ;rptg;G kl;ghz;lq;fSf;Fr; rkkhditahFk;.
mEuhjGu cs;efupy;
mike;jpUe;j tPL
nghk; g upg; G kl; g hz; l k; cluQ; r hkl kl; g hz; l k;
fyhrhuk;
• ngupa fw; f isg; gad; g Lj; j p> ,we; j tu; f Sf; F f; fy; y iw fl; L jy;
Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhy fyhrhuj;jpd; Kf;fpa ,yl;rzkhFk;.
• ,d;W Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa kahdq;fs; Ik;gjpw;F Nky; fz;lwpag;
gl;Ls;sd.
• m];jpia mtu;fs; ghtpj;j cgfuzq;fs;> czT tiffs; rpwpa my;yJ
ngupa kl;ghz;lq;fspy; itf;fg;gl;L ngupa fw;ghiwfspdhy; ghJfhg;gJ
gpujhd rlq;F Kiwfspy; xd;whf tpsq;fpajw;F Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sd.
• ,we;jtu;fis mlf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiwfs; gy;NtWgl;bUe;jd.
- fy;yiwfspdhy; Mdit - m];jp fyrj;jhy; Mdit
- fspkz; Xlj;jhy; Mdit - fUq;fy; Kf;Nfhz tbtpyhdit
- Fopfshy; Mdit - tpupthf;ff; $ba tifapyhdit
• fz;lwpag;gl;l GijFopfs; gyTk; fy;yiw kahdq;fs; fspkz;
Xlkahdq;fs> m];jpf; fyr kahdq;fs; vd;gitahFk;.
• fy;yiw kahdk; vdg;gLtJ> fw;ghiwfs; ehd;if ehw;GwKk; itj;J>
mjDs; m];jp fyrq;fs; itf;fg;gl;l Nkw;gFjp jl;ilahd fy;nyhd;wpdhy;
%lg;gl;ljhFk;. ,t;thwhd kahdq;fs; ,g;gd; fl;LitapYk;> uk;NgitapYk;
ahd; Xahg; gs;sj;jhf;fpYk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
• m];jpf; fyr kahdk; vd;gJ ngupanjhU kl;ghz;lj;jpDs; rpwpa
kl;ghz;lq;fspy; m];jp itf;fg;gl;L fy;yhyhd %bahy; %lg;gl;lit.
,t;thwhd fy;yiwfs; nghk;gupg;gpy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
• fsp kz; Xl kahd Kiwapy;> fspkz;zhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Xlk; Nghd;w

tbtpyhd epu;khzj;jpDs; rlyj;ij ,l;L vupA+l;bAs;sdu;. ,t;thwhd
kahdq;fs; uQ;rhklk> epftyKy;y> `y;JKy;y vDk; gpuNjrq;fspy;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,yq;ifapd; Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhy kahd KiwAk; fsp kl;ghz;l cw;gj;jp
KiwAk; ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpw;Fr; rkdhdit vdg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gd;fl;Lt fy;yiw
fspkz; Xlj;jpy; jfdQ; fspkz; rhbapypl; L mlf; f k;

nra; A k; Kiw nra; A k; Kiw (nghk; g upg; G )
fy;yiwfspy; itf;fg;gl;l m];jpf;fyrk; kw;Wk; nghUl;fs;
tho;f;if Kiw
• Ntl;ilahLjiy Kw;whff; iftplh
tpl;lhYk; mjpypUe;J kPz;L czT
cw; g j; j pf; f hd tptrha tho; f ; i f
Kiwf;F te;jdu;.
• Nridg; gapu;r; nra;ifAk; new; nra;if
Ak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Lg; gutyile;jd.
czTg; nghUl; f spd; cw; g j; j pAld;
epiyahd FbapUg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;t Jld; rpwpa fpuhkq;fs; cUthfj;
njhlq;fpd.
• tptrhak; > Nghf; F tuj; J > czTj;
Njitf;fhf khL> Fjpiu> ML Nghd;w
,g;gd; fl;Lt fy;yiwapy; gpuhzpfis tsu;f;fj; njhlq;fpdu;.
fpilj;j khiy kzpfs;
1. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;ij NtWgLj;jpf;
fhz;gpf;ff;$ba gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff.
2. fPo;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; gw;wp tptupf;f.
1. FbapUg;Gf;fs; 2. njhopDl;gk; 3. tho;f;if Kiw
3. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fis ,yq;if GwTUtg;glk; xd;wpy; FwpjJ ; g; ngaupLf.
,g;gd;fl;Lt> uk;Ngt> ahd; Xah> nghk;gupg;G> uQ;rhklk;> epftyKy;y
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3 : tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; kw;Wk; mjd; FbapUg;Gf;fs;

njhlu;ghf EZfpaha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 5
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J
nfhs;thu;.
• tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; FbapUg;Gf;fs; cUthd tpjk;
gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
• tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; FbapUg;Gfis GwTUtg;
glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLthu;.

4.3 tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;

• fp.K. 600 - 500 f;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyfl;lk; tuyhw;W Afj;jpd; Muk;g
fhyfl;lk; vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspypUe;Jk; kf;fs; $l;lk; ,e;ehl;bw;F
,lk;ngau;e;jik ,f;fhyj;jpy; Jyhk;gukhfj; njupAk; Xu; mk;rkhFk;.
• mtu;fs; ,e;ehl;bw;F tUif jUk;NghJ Kiwahd mikg;Gld; $ba
r%fk; xd;W ,e;ehl;by; ,Ue;J te;jJ.
• kfhtk;rj;jpYk; Vida Kf;fpakhd tk;rf;fijfspYk; $wg;gLk; tpjj;jpy;
,af;fu;> ehfu;> Njtu; vDk; kf;fs; ,dj;jtu;fs; ,q;F tho;e;Js;sdu;.
,tu;fs; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,q;F tho;eJ ; te;Js;sik
njupa tUfpd;wJ.
• tpahghuj; j pw; F k; tptrha eltbf; i ffSf; F k; nghUj; j khd #oy;
epytpaikahy; ,e;jpa ,df;FOf;fs; tUif je;jikAk; gutyile;jikAk;
gw;wp ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;ehl;L %yhjhuq;fs; : kfhtk;rk;> Nghjptk;rk; Nghd;wit
ntspehl;L %yhjhuq;fs; : Fthd; Rthdpd; mwpf;if> ah`padpd;
mwpf;if> ,uhkhzak;> kfhghujk;> jpt;tpagpuge;jk;
• ,e;jpa ,df; FOf;fs; ,e;ehl;bw;F tUif je;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;ehl;by;
tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l cNyhf njhopDl;gj;ij mwpej ; pUe;j
Kd;Ndw;wkhd r%fk; xd;W ,Ue;Js;sjhf ,yf;fpa> njhy;nghUs;>
Mjhuq;fspd; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
• kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tp[ad; cl;gl;l FOtpdu; ,e;ehl;bw;F

tUif je;j Ntisapy; mEuhjGuj;jpy; 50 n`f;NlaUf;F Nkw;gl;l
gpuNjrj;jpy; FbNaw;wk; tpuptile;jpUe;jJld; mJ efunkhd;whf tsu;rr ; p
ngw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;jjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• ,e;jpa kf;fs; FOf;fs; tUif je;j tupir
• tp[ad; cl;gl;l $l;lj;jpdu;.
• kJuhGup ,sturp cl;gl;l FOtpdu;
• gz;LthRNjt cl;gl;l FOtpdu;
• gj;jf;fr;rhadh cl;gl;l FOtpdu;
• k`pe;j Njuu; cl;gl;l FOtpdu;
• rq;fkpj;ij gpf;FzpAld; tUifje;j FOtpdu;
• ,e;jpaf; FbNawpfs;> ejpf;fiufis mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspy; Muk;gf;
FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
• tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhapUj;jy;> ePiug;ngw;Wf; nfhs;s$ba trjp>
mjpf fhLfs; fhzg;gl;lik vd;gd FbapUg;Gfspd; gutypy; khdrPfkhfg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jpUf;fyhk;.
• Muk;gf;fhy FbNaw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngw;w ejpg;gs;sj;jhf;Ffshtd: ky;tj;J
Xah> njJW Xah> kfhtyp fq;if> fy; Xah> khzpf;f fq;if> tst
fq;if> fsdp fq;if
• FbapUg;Gfs; : mEuhjfhk> cUntyfhk> cgjp];] fhk> tp[pj;j fhk>
uhkNfhz> jPf fhk> fhrufhk> fy;ahzpfhk
• Muk;g tuyhw;Wf;fhykhyk;.
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; Muk;g fhyk; ,t;thW Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
• Muk;gf;FbapUg;Gfs; ePut; s ehfuPfkhf tsu;rr
; pailaj; njhlq;fpaJ Muk;g
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpyhFk;. (fp.K. 4 Mk; Ehw;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp. 3 Mk;
E}w;whz;L tiu.)
• ejpf; f iufis mz; k pj; j FbapUg; G fs; ehl; b d; cl; g FjpfSf; F g;
gutyile;J rpwpa Fsf; fpuhkkhf tsu;r;rp ngw;wJ.
• mjpfkhd FbapUg;Gfs; cyu; tyaj;jpy; gutpaikf;ff;fhuzk;> mq;F
fhzg;gl;l nrk;kz; tptrhaj;jpw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf mike;jpUe;j
ikapdhyhFk;.
• Fbj;njhifg;ngUf;fj;Jld; kioePu; Nghjpajhapdi ; kahy; rpwpa Fsq;fis
mikj;J ePiur; Nrkpj;J itj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
FbapUg; G fspd; jd; i k.

• xU rpwpa Fsj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L xU fpuhkk; cUthdJ.
• ,it thgp fhk (Fsf;fpuhkk;) vDk; ngauhy; mwpag;gl;lJ.
• Fsk;> tay;> Nrid> fhL> tPL> vd;git Fsf;fpuhkj;jpd; gpujhd
mq;fq;fshFk;.
• xU fpuhkj;jpy; 5-25 f;F ,ilg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; tho;e;jjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
• fpuhkj;jpd; jiytu; fkpf vdg;gl;lhu;.
• Muk;gfhy Fsf;fpuhkk; Rje;jpukhfr; nraw;gl;lNjhL gpw;fhyj;jpy;
fpuhkq;fs; xd;wpize;J efuq;fshf tpUj;jpaile;jd.
• Fbj;njhifg; ngUf;fj;Jld; rpwpa Fsq;fspd; ePu; Nghjpajhf ,d;ikahy;
fp.gp. Kjyhk; Ehw;whz;bypUe;J ngUq; Fsq;fis epu;khzpj;jdu;.
• fp.gp. 3Mk; Ehw;whz;lhFk; NghJ kj;jpa kag;gLj;jg;gl;l jiyefukhf
mEuhjGuk; kpfTk; mgptpUj;jpAw;wpUe;jJ.
tho;f;if Kiw
• Muk;g fhyj;jpy; tptrhak; mbg;gilahf mike;jhYk; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
njhopy;fSf;Nfw;g fpuhkq;fs; gpupe;J nrd;wij mtjhdpf;ff; $bajha;
cs;sJ.
• new;nra;if> Nridg; gapu;rn ; ra;ifapd; %yk; czTg;nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;lik tptrha fpuhkq;fs; vdg;gl;ld.
• njhopYf;fpia tpahghu fpuhkk;> kPd;gpbf;fpuhkk;> Fatu;fspd; fpuhkk;
vd;wthW gpupe;J nrd;wd.
1. ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
2. fPo;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
a. FbapUg;Gfs; cUthdik
b. tho;f;if Kiw
3. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fisAk; ejpfisAk; ,yq;ifg; GwTUtnkhd;wpy;
Fwpf;f :
a. mEuhj fpuhkk;> cUnty fpuhkk;> cgjp];] fpuhkk;> tp[pj
fpuhkk;> uhk fpuhkk;> jPf fpuhkk;> fhru fpuhkk;> fy;ahzp fpuhkk;>
ky;tj;J Xah> fyhXah> njJW Xah> kfhtyp fq;if> fy;Xah>
khzpf;f fq;if> tst fq;if> fsdp fq;if.
5. ,uhrul;il ehfupfk;
(nghyd;dWitapd; ,Wjpf; fhyk; tiu)
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if U`_Z> gp`pl;b> khah vd;wthW %d;W cg

gpuNjrq;fshf tFf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. 1215 Mk; Mz;Ltiu gp`plb ; ul;l gpuNjrj;jpy;
jiyefu; my;yJ murupd; epu;thf ikak; mike;jpUe;jJ. ,t;thW gp`pb
ul;l gpuNjrk; murupd; kj;jpa epiyakhf ,Ue;jikahy; mjw;F u[ul;l vdg;
ngau; Vw;gl;lJ. mEuhjGuk;> nghyd;dWit vd;gd jiyefu;fshf tpsq;fpa
fhyj;jpy; gp`pl;b ul;l my;yJ u[ul;l vd;gjd; %yk; xw;Wik fl;bnaOg;gl;l
gbahy; mt;tpuhr;rpaq;fs; epiyj;j fhyfl;lk; ,uhrul;il ehfuPfk; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. fp.K. 6Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j FOtpdu;
,e;ehl;by; Gjpa FbapUg;Gfis Muk;gpj;jikAk;> fp.K. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
ngsj;j kjk; ,e;ehl;bw;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;W KO ehl;bYk; mJ gutpaikAk;
mjw;Fg;nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; epu;thf Kiwnahd;W cUthdikAk; fp.gp. 6
Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ ePu;ghrd ehfuPfk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;L tptrha
nghUshjhu Kiwf;Fr; rf;jpkpf;f mbg;gilapl;likAk; rkfhy rthy;fSf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;ff;$ba njhopDl;gj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gpf;nfhz;likAk; ,uhrul;ilf;
fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd gz;GfshFk;. mNjNghy ngsj;j> ,e;J rkaq;fspd;
Clhfr; rpwe;j r%f mikg;Gf; fyhrhuKk; cUtthdikAk;. Nkiyj;Nja
fPioj;Nja ehLfSldhd ey;YwTfisg; Ngzpf;nfhz;L me;epa ehl;bdUld;
xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gLjy; %yk; ,uhrul;il ehfupf fhyj;jpy; cyfj;jpy;
rkfhyj;jpy; ntw;wpngw;w ,dj;jpdUf;F ,uz;lhk; gl;rkhfhj Kiwapy;
gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F ,yq;ifauhy; ,aYkhapUe;jJ. ,uhrul;il
ehfuPf fhyj;jpy; epytpa mjd; murpay;> nghUspay;> r%f> fyhrhuj;jd;ikfs;
njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;nrYj;jp ,we;j fhy Ma;tpd; %yk; epfo;fhy r%fk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sf;$ba ghlj;jpYk; Kd;khjpupapYk; khztu;fis <LgLj;jy; ,g;ghl
myfpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : ,yq; i fapd; ehfupfj; j pd; tuyhw; W tsu; r ; r pg;

Nghf;Ffs; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : ,uhrul;il ehfupff

; j;jpd; ntw;wpfukhd njhopDl;g
mbg;gilia mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• ,uhrl;il ehfupfj;jpd; mbg;gilia tpsf;Fthu;
• ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; ntw;wpfF
; mjd; mbg;gil
gq;fspg;G nra;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,uhrul;il ehfupfk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.

5.1 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; mbg;gil

,uhrul;il vd;gJ muru;fspd; ehlhFk;.
• gz;Lfhga kd;dd; mEuhjGu ,uhrjhdpiaf; fl;bnaOg;gpa fhyj;jpy;
(fp.K. 4 Mk; Ehw;whz;by;) ,Ue;J 1215 Mk; Mz;by; nghyd;dWit
,uhr;rpak; tPo;r;rpAWk; tiu mEuhjGuKk;> nghyd;dWitAk; ,e;ehl;bd;
jiyefuhjy;.
• 15 E}w;whz;Lfshf mjd; ePzl ; fhyj;jpy; ,jidj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;l
Ml;rpahsu;fspd; fPo; cyu;tyaj;jpy; ,e;j ehfupfk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ.
• ,jdhy; ,f;fhyk; “,uhrul;il ehfuPf fhyk;” vd mwpag;gLfpwJ.
• 12 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J ,e;ehl;by; fhzg;gl;l gpuNjr gpupTfSf;F
mika ,uhrul;il> UFZ> gp`pl;b> khah vd;W %d;W gpupTfshf
gpupe;jpUe;jik.
• mEuhjGuKk; nghyd;dWitAk; gp`pl;b ul;iliar; Nru;e;jik.
• mEuhjGu> nghyd;dWit ,uhr;rpaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 1215
tiu ,e;ehl;bd; tuyhw;iw tpgupg;gjw;F ,uhrul;il ehfupfk; vDk;
nrhy; ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ.
,uhrul; i l ehfupfj; j pd; mbg; g il

• ,uhrul;il ehfupfk; tptrhaj;ijAk;> tu;j;jfj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l nghUshjhu Kiwiaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
• 1215 Mk; Mz;L tiu ngUksTf;F ,e;ehl;bd; FbapUg;Gfs; gutpapUe;jJ
jho;ehl;L cyu;tyaj;jpyhFk;. tlfPo; gUtf;fhw;why; tUlj;jpy; xU
Nghfj;jpwF ; fpilf;Fk; kiotPor ; r
; piar; NrfupjJ; tptrha eltbf;iffSf;F
gad;gLj;jp te;jdu;. cyu; tyaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Gtpapay; NtWghl;il
tptrhaj;jpwF ; ey;y Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F mk;kf;fs; njupeJ ;
itj;jpUe;jg;gbahy; cau;thd epyq;fspy; Fsq;fis mikj;J> jho;e;j
gue;j rkntspg; gpuNjrj;jpy; gapu;r;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Fsq;fsp
ypUe;J tptrha epyq;fSf;F ePiu vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhf ePzl ; fhy;tha;fis
cUthf;fpdu;. mjdhy; ePug ; g
; hrd ehfupfnkhd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,JNt
,uhrul;ilapd; nghUshjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;.
• ,yq; i fapd; miktplj; j pd; g b mJ ,e; j pah> J}u fpof; f hrpah>
INuhg;ghTf;fhd ghijapd; ikaj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. ,e;epiy ntspehl;L
tu; j ; j fj; j pw; F kpfTk; tha; g ; g hapUe; j J. mf; f hy tu; j ; j fj; j pw; F g;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gha;kug; glFfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Flhf;fs;> fg;gy;fs;
jupjJ; epwg ; jw;fhd JiwKfq;fs; gyTk; ehl;ilr; Rw;wpYk; mike;jpUe;jd.
mj;JiwKfq;fis cs;ehl;Lld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtjw;fhd ghijj; njhFjp
nahd;Wk; mikTw;wpUe;jJ. ,jdhy; JiwKfj;jpwF ; g; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L
nry;Yk; trjpiaAk; mJ nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,g;gpd;dzpapy; ,uhrul;il
fhyj; j py; cyfpd; gy; N tW ehLfSld; tu; j ; j fj; njhlu; G fis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ,yq;ifauhy; ,aYkhapUe;jJ. ,jdhy; tpahghuk;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.
• ,uhrul;il ehfupf fhyj;jpy; fyhrhuf;fl;likg;G cUthdJ ngUksTf;F
,e;jpar; nry;thf;fpdhyhFk; vd;whYk; ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l gy;NtWgl;l
fyhrhu Kiwfs; ,yq;ifapd; rka> r%f #oYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf
tsu;r;rpAwj; njhlq;fpd. cjhuzkhf rkak;> fiy> tPlikg;G> gof;f
tof;fk;> fy;tp> epu;thfk; Nghd;w gpupTfspyhd jfty;fs;> ,uhrul;il
ehfupfj;jpd; murpay;> nghUspay;> r%f> fyhrhu> njhopDl;g nraw;ghL
fisf; fw;Fk; NghJ mwpaf;$bajhapUf;Fk;.
1. ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fq;fs;.
mEuhjGu Afk;
79°30'0"E 80°0'0"E 80°30'0"E 81°0'0"E 81°30'0"E 82°0'0"E
[k;GNfhsg;gl;bdk; tpsf;fk;
gpuhr;rpdhuhk
#fupj;j efuk;
fpuhkk;
9°30'0"N 9°30'0"N
9°0'0"N FUe;jp 9°0'0"N
kfhjpj;j
fj
Nfhzfhkk;
k; g
8°30'0"N cgjp];]fhkk; 8°30'0"N

ej
p
u yd . x `.d
cUnty mEuhjGuk; NrUefuk;
jk;ggpl;l
Nfha z
ej
p
8°0'0"N mupl;lfpup 8°0'0"N

nghyd;dWit
tp[pj;jGuk;
jf;fpzfpup
Nghyfhkk;
rhkfy;y Myprhuh
; u e jp
a[
[[ kfhfy;y neypnrhg;g
Njhygg;gj fpupFk;gpy
7°30'0"N rq;fj;jyp gjyj;jyp 7°30'0"N
mk;gl;lNfhy
MNyhf;fnyd
nrhd;dfpup
k mk;gjpj;j Nfkhuhk
kfpaq;fid jPfthgp
i jP f k z; l y k;
ntdfy
njtdfy thfpupfy y
7°0'0"N fy;ahzp
f y; az
h Sp fp up k z; l y k;
a 7°0'0"N
e
f
;
ar k
jp
Rkz$lk;
k; ehfgg;gj
Nj
fhyjpj;j
z
6°30'0"N 6°30'0"N
fh[ufhkk;
gpk;kjpj;j
i
rpj;jy gg;gj
td
th
F jPrthtp
`
s
a
pd
cU
khfhfhkk;
spe
jp
kfhehfFy
frhfy;y
6°0'0"N
fpk;`jpj;j
epy;tyhjpj;j Njt efuk; 0 10

/ 20 30 40
6°0'0"N
Kilome te rs
79°30'0"E 80°0'0"E 80°30'0"E 81°0'0"E 81°30'0"E 82°0'0"E
nghyd; d Wit Afk;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jp;d; murpay;> nghUshjhuk;>

r%fk; > fyhrhuk; > njhopDl; g k; vd; g dtw; i w
tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 09
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; mbg;giliag; gyKwr;
nra;tjpy; gq;fspj;j kd;du;fis mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.
• ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpfis kjpg;ghu;.
• ,e;ehfupfj;jpd; tuyhw;wplq;fisAk;> Fsq;fisAk;>
mizf;fl;Lf;fisAk; glj;jpy; Fwpg;ghu;.
• ehl; b d; tuyhw; i wf; fw; g jd; %yk; ; ,d; i wa
r%fj;jpw;F> md;wpypUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
ghlq;fisAk; Kd;khjpupfisAk; kjpg;ghu;.

5.2 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> njhopDl;g> r%f> fyhrhu

tplaq;fspy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpf; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s cgjiyg;GfisAk;
mtw;Wld; njhlu;Ggl;l tplaq;fisAk; itj;Jg; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
5.2 mEuhjGu ,uhrjhdp

murpay; eltbf; i ffs; .
mEuhjGu> nghyd;dWit> ,uhr;rpa fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpGupe;j Gfo;ngw;w kd;du;fs;>
mtu;fs; vjpu;nfhz;l rthy;fs; Ml;rp eltbf;iffs; mike;jpUe;j tpjk;. epu;thfj;jpy;
rk;ge;jg;gl;bUe;j cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;>; ehl;bd;ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs;> Aj;j Kiwfs;>
mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfspd; ,ay;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ftdQ;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
muru; f s;
mEuhjGuj;jpy; gz;Lfhga kd;ddpypUe;J filrp murdhd Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd; tiu
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s muru;fspd; murpay; eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghf tpNrl mtjhdj;ijr;
nrYj;jp> mEuhjGu ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; murpay; tuyhW njhlu;ghf khztu;fSf;F
mDgtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• gz; L fhga kd; d d;

• gz;Lfhga kd;ddp;d; ,sikf;fhyk; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;
• ,af;fu; Fyj;jtupd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
• Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghuhl;lq;fs;.
• Kjd; Kiwahf mEuhjGu fpuhkj;ij> efukhf;fp> mjidj; jiyefuhf;fpf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
• fpuhkq;fSf;F vy;iy tFj;jy;.
• Mupa ,dj;jpdUf;Fk; Njrpa kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l fyg;gpid
mJ Vw;gl;l tpjj;ijg; guprPypj;jy;.
• %j; j rpt kd; d d; .

• gz;Lfhga kd;ddJ fhyj;jpy; cWjpahd munrhd;W
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jik %j;jrpt kd;dDf;F tha;g;ghf mike;jik.
• kfhNkftdg; G+q;fhit cUthf;Fjy;.
• Njthdk;gpajp];] kd;dd; (fp.K. 250 - 210)

• mNrhfg; NguurUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs;
• Kb#Ltjw;fhf nksupag; NguuruplkpUe;J gQ;rt];Jf;fs; fpilf;fg;
ngw;wik.
• nksupa Kb#l;L Kiw ,e;ehl;by; ];jhgpjkile;jik. (Muk;gkhjy;)
• Njthdk;gpa” vDk; gl;lk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wik.
• ngsj;j kjk; mwpKfkiljYk;> ehL KOtJk; tpahgpj;jYk;.
• gpf;F> gpf;Fzp> gf;jd;> gf;ij> vd;w rkag;gpuptpdu; Njhd;Wjy;.
• Gdpj nts;suR kuk; elg;gly;.
• Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; jhJg;nghUl;fis itj;J Jhguhk J}gpiaf; fl;Ljy;.
• ngsj;j rkak; mur kjkhjy;.
• kfhehf ,sturdhy; khfikiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L cWFiz
,uhr;rpak; cUthjy;.
• cj;jpa> kfhrpt> #ujp];] kd;du;fs;

• #ujp];] kd;ddJ fhyj;jpy; Nrd> Fj;jpf Mf;fpukpg;G
• mNry kd;ddhy; ehL kPlf
; g;glYk; vy;yhsdhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;L mtd;
murdhjYk;.
• mEuhjGuf; f hyj; j pd; Kw; g hjpapy; fhzg; g l; l gpuhe; j pa muRfs;
(cWFiz ,uhr; r pak; )
• fhte;jp];;] kd;dd; fhyk;tiuahd cWFiz tuyhW
• cWFiz ,uhr;rpak; njhlu;ghd Mtzq;fs;
• fsdp mur tk;rk;
• rkfhy Vida muRfs;.
• fhte;jp];] kd;ddpd; fPo; cWFiz If;fpag;gly;
• vy;yhs kd;dDf;F vjpuhf cWFizapy; gilfs; xd;W jpul;lg;gly;.
• vy; y hs kd; d d;
• mEuhjGuj;ij Mf;fpukpj;J> murjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;SjYk;> 44
Mz;Lfs; mq;F Ml;rpGupjYk;.
• rl;lj;ijg;Ngzp epahakhd kf;fs; tpUg;Gld; $ba Ml;rpahsdhapUj;jy;.
vy;yhs kd;dDf;Fr; rkfhyj;jpy; cWFizapy; fhte;jp];] kd;dDila
Ml;rp gutyiljy;.
• Jl; l ifKD kd; d d; . (fp.K. 161-137)

• Jl;lifKD kd;dd; kfhtk;rj;jpy; tPuGU\dhf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
• Jl;lifKDtpd; ntw;wpfSf;F fhte;jp];;] kd;dDila nraw;ghLfs;
gq;fspj;j tpjk;.
• vy;yhs kd;dDf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghuhl;lKk; mjd; ntw;wpAk;.
• ehl;il xd;WgLj;jy;
• ,yq;ifapd; rpNu];l kd;du;fSs; xUtdhf tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngwy;.
• kd;dDila rka Nritfs;: Utd;ntyprha> kpuprntl;ba> Nyhfkfhgha
vd;gtw;iw epu;khzpj;jy;.
Mapuq; f hy; kz; l gk; (Nyhfkfhgha)
• tyfk;kh kd;dd;.(fp.K. 89- 77)

• fy;yhl ehf kd;ddplkpUe;J Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa kfhuj;jit nfhd;W
Ml;rpf;F tuy;.
• tyfk;ghF kd;dd; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijg; ngWtjpy; Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;fs;.
• kd;dDf;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l fytuq;fs;: jPa vd;w gpuhkzdpd; fytuk;.
• njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mf;fpukpg;G: VO ghz;baupd;
gilnaLg;G
• “ngkpdjpah” vd;w gQ;rk;.
• gilfisj; jahu;gLj;jp kPsTk; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sy;
• Mtzq;fspy; “gpjpkfhuh[“ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
• mtdJ rka Nritfs;.
• mgafpup J}gpia mikj;J> gpf;F xUtupd; ngaupy; mjidj; jhdkspj;j
KjyhtJ rk;gtk;.
• ,k;kd;ddJ fhyj;jpy; KjyhtJ rkaNgjk; Vw;gl;lik
• jpupgplfk; ,tdJ fhyj;jpy; vOj;JUg; ngw;wik.
• trg kd; d d; . (fp.gp.65-109)

• ,yk;gfu;z tk;rj;jpd; KjyhtJ kd;ddhthd;.
• ,tdJ Ml;rpf;fhy Mtzq;fs; ehnlq;Fk; gw;gy gpuNjrq;fspYk;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd: aho;g;ghzk;> rpj;Jy;gt;t> jp];]kfhuhikapd;
fpof;F> FUzhfiy Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,it fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sikia
cjhuzkhff; nfhs;syhk;.
• ty;ypGuk; nghw;rhrdk;> nfhltha fy;ntl;L vd;gtw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w
tplaq;fs;.
• rka eltbf; i ffs; : mjpfkhd tpfhuhikfs; fhzg; g l; l jhff;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ.
• trg kd;dDld; Muk;gkhd mur tk;rk; ehd;F E}w;whz;LfSf;F
mz;kpa fhyk; tiu ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jik.
• ngUq;Fsk; fl;Ltjpy; Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jik.
• kfhNrd kd; d d; .
• kfhtpfhiug; gpf;FfSld; fUj;J Kuz;ghL Vw;gly;.
• murdpd; kfhtpfhiuf;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffshy; kf;fs; mtDf;F
vjpuhff; fpsu;e;njOjy;.
• epfha (gpupT) Ngjj;Jf;F toptFj;jik.
• rka> fyhrhu Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fg; gzpahw;wpaik. kpd;Ndup> Nfhfz;z>
fye;jf tpfhiufisf; fl;baik.
• Fsq; f Sk; > fhy; t ha; f Sk; mikj; j ik eP u ; g hrdj; j pw; F g; ngUe;
njhz;lhw;wpaik.
• kpd;Ndup nja;tk; vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
• = Nkftz;z kd;ddd;.
• k`htpfhiuia gioa epiyf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug; ghLgl;lik.
• Gdpj je;jjhJ ,e;jpahtpypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;lik. gpd;du;mJ mgafpup
tp`hiuapy; itf;fg;gl;lik.
• tl,e;jpa kd;dhd rKj;jpuFg;jDld; njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;jik.
• Gj;jfahtpy; Gdpj ahj;jpiu nry;Nthu; jq;Ftjw;fhf tpLjpiaf;
fl;Ltpj;jik.
• II Mk; n[l;ljp];] kd;ddpypUe;J kpj;jNrd kd;dd; tiu (fp.gp.

331-433)
• II Mk; n[l;ljp];]> Gj;jjhr> I Mk; cgjp];]
• kpj;jNrd kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; gz;Ltpd; jiyikapy; Ie;J ghz;bau;fspd;
gilnaLg;G ,lk;ngw;wik.
• jhJNrd kd; d d; .
• 27 Mz;LfSf;F mz;kpa fhyk;tiu ,e;ehl;by; epytpa me;epa Ml;rpia
Kw;Wg;ngw itj;J kPsTk; ehl;ilr; Rje;jpukilar; nra;jik.
• nksupa tk;rj;jpdu; kPsTk; Ml;rpf;F tuy;.
• nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;fhfg; ngUQ; Nrit Gupe;jik.
• fhrpag; g kd; d d; .
• mEuhjGuj;jpypUe;J jw;fhypfkhfr; rPfpupahTf;F jiyefuj;ij ,lk;
khw;Wjy;.
• ghJfhg;Gf; Nfhl;ilahf rPfpupait epu;khzpj;jik> cd;dj gilg;Gfshf
Rtu; Xtpaq;fs;>fz;zhbr;Rtu;>Eiothapy;> G+q;fhf;fs;> jlhfq;fs;
epu;khzpj;jy;.
ghJfhg; G muzhf rP f pupia tbtikj; j y;
rP f pupaj; Njhl; l k;
• khdtu; k kd; d d; .
• khdtu;k tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; kd;ddhapUj;jy;.
• gy;yt kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L mEuhjGuj;jpw;F kd;ddhjy;
• mjpfkhd rkaf;fl;llq;fisAk; mjpfkhd gpupntdhf;fisAk; mikj;jy;
• fyhrhu uPjpahd nry;thf;F Vw;gly; :
ck;: mEuhjGuj;jpd; ,RWKdpatpYk; gy;yt fiyr; nry;thf;F
fhzg;gLfpd;wik. rpq;fs vOj;Jj; njhFjpapy; gy;yt fpue;j vOj;jpd;
nry;thf;Ff; fhzg;gly;.
• kd;ddpd; ngaupd; ,Wjpg;gFjpahd “tu;kd;” vd;gJ$l gy;ytupd;
nry;thf;fhy; Vw;gl;lnjdf; fUjKbAk;.
• I Mk; Nrd kd;dd;.

• ,e;jpahtpw;F jg;gpNahb ,Ue;j k`pe;j ,sturidf;nfhd;W jdJ
mur gjtpia cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lik
• mf;fhyj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gyKw;wpUe;j ghz;ba kd;ddhd =
khw = ty;ygdhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gly;.
• rpq;fs mikr;ru;fspilNa fhzg;gl;l Ngjq;fshy; rpq;fs gil
Njhy;tpAw;wik. tl gpuNjrk; Mf;fpukpg;ghsu; iftrg;gly;.
• mEuhjGuj; j pd; jpiwNrup cl; g l midj; J r; nry; t q; f Sk;
Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fshy; nfhs;isaplg;gl;lik.
• kd;dDf;Fk; ghz;ba kd;dDf;Fk; ,ilNa xg;ge;jk; xd;W Vw;gly;.
• ghz;bag;gil jpUk;gp ,e;jpah nrd;w gpd;du; kPz;Lk; Ml;rpia
kPl;Lf;nfhs;sy;.
• ghz;baupd; Mf;fpukpg;ghy; mopTw;w rkaf; fl;llq;fisg; Gduikj;jNjhL
Gjpa tpfhiufisf; fl;Ltpj;jik.
• II Mk; Nrd kd;dd;.

• ghz;ba kd;dd; = khw = ty;ygdpd; kfdhd ii Mk; tuFztu;kd;
jdJ je;ijf;F vjpuhf cjtp Nfhup ,q;F te;jik.
• i Mk; Nrd kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mgfPu;j;jpiag; Nghf;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf ,jidr; re;ju;g;gkhff; nfhz;l ii Mk; Nrd kd;dd;>
Fl;lf jsgjpapd; fPo; ,e;jpahTf;Fg; gilia mDg;Gjy;.
• Fl;lf jsgjp =khw =ty;ygidj; Njhw;fbj;J> tuFztu;k ghz;baid
murgPlj;jpy; mku;j;Jjy;.
• I Mk; Nrd kd; d dhy; ,e; e hl; b ypUe; J ftu; e ; J nry; y g; g l; l
nrhj;Jf;fisAk; NkYk; gy nry;tq;fisAk; ,e;ehl;bw;Ff; nfhz;LtUjy;.
• ghz;baiu ntd;wikiag;gw;wpa Mtzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
• rkhjhdk; epytpa ,f;fhyj;jpy; ngsj;j rhrdj;jpw;Fk; nghJkf;fspd;
eyd;fSf;Fkhd gy;NtW Nritfisg; Gupe;jik.
• V Mk; fhrpag;g kd;dd;.

• ii Mk; Nrd kd;dpd; kfdhd ,tidg;gw;wp kfhtk;rj;jpy; (ii Mk;
gFjpapy;) kpfTk; cau;thff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• rpwe;j fy;tpkhdhd mtd; “jk;gpah ml;Lth nflgja” vDk; E}iy
vOjpdhd;.
• ghz;ba kd;ddhd khwtu;kd; (ii Mk; ,uh[rpq;fd;)> i Mk; guhe;jfd;
vDk; Nrho kd;dDf;F vjpuhf cjtp Nfhup ,q;F tuy;.
• kd;dd; rf;f Nrdhjpgjpapd; fPo; ghz;baUf;F cjtpahfg; gilia
mDg;Gjy;.
• rpq;fsg; gilapdupilNa njhw;W Nehnahd;W gutpaikahy; Mf;fpukpg;G
ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy.
• rpwg;ghd rka Nritfspy; <Lgl;lik.
c-k;:
ngsj;j rq;f rhrdj;jpy; jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> mgpju;k gplfadit
jq;fj;jl;by; vOJtpj;jik. k`htpfhiuf;Fk;> mgafpup> N[j;jtd
tpfhiufSf;Fk; xNu tpjkhf cjtpfs; Gupe;jik> gy;NTW tpfhiufisf;
fl;Ltpj;jNjhL mtw;wpw;F epyGyd;fis toq;fpaik. mgafpup tpfhiuapd;
epu;thfk; njhlu;ghfr; rl;lj;jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fpaik.
• iv Mk; k`pe;j kd;dd;.

• mEuhjGuj;jpd; ,Wjpahd rpwe;j kd;dd; ,tdhthd;.
• iii Mk; fpU\;zd; my;yJ ty;ygd; vDk; ,uh\;bu $l kd;ddhy;
,yq;if kPJ Mf;fpukpg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;.
• Nrd jsjpgjpapdhy; mt;thf;fpukpg;G Kwpabf;fg;gl;lik.
• v Mk; Nrd kd;ddd;.

• kpfTk; ,stajpy; Ml;rpgPlNkwpaik.
• Nrd jsgjpf;Fk; kd;dDf;FkpilNa NkhjNyw;ggl;lik.
• gpd;du; ,UtUk; rkhjhdkiljy;.
• kJ Nghijf;F mbikahdjhy; mur gupghydk; rPu;FiyTw;wik.
• kpf ,stsjpNyNa kuzKw;wik.
• v Mk; k`pe;j kd;dd;

• mEuhjGu ,uhrjhdpapd; filrp kd;ddhthd;.
• kpfTk; gytPdkhd kd;ddhapUe;jjhy; Fbkf;fs; tup nrYj;Jtijf;
$l epuhfupj;jdu;.
• gilapdUf;Fr; rk;gsj;ijf; nfhLf;f Kbahikahy; Nfusf; $ypg;

gilapdu; khspifiar; #o;e;J nfhz;L fpsu;r;rp nra;jik.
• kd;dd; mEuhjGuj;ijj; Jwe;J cWFizf;Fj; jg;gpNahly;.
• cWFizapy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyepWj;jpf; nfhz;L mq;F Ml;rp
Gupjy;.
• i Mk; ,uh[ ,uh[ Nrhodhy; mEuhjGuk; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gly;.
• Nrhou;fs; me;efiuf; nfhs;isapl;L mopj;njhopj;jik.
• mEuhjGuj;ijf; iftpl;L> nghyd;dWitia Nrhou;fs; jiyefuhf;fpf;
nfhs;sy;.
• i Mk; ,uhN[e;jpu kd;ddhy; cWFizAk; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;L> kd;didAk;>
FLk;gj;jpdiuAk; ifjpahf;fp ,e;jpahtpw;F nfhz;Lnry;yy;.
• nghyd; d Wit ,uhrjhdp

,uhrjhdp.
• jiyefuk; nghyd;dWitf;F khw;wg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
• nghyd;dWitapypUe;J cWFizg; gpuNjrj;ij ,yFthf Ml;rp Gupayhk;.
• nghyd;dWitia mz;ba gpuNjrq;fs; nghUshjhuj;jpy; tsu;r;rp
aile;jik.
• mEuhjGuj;ij tpl ,e;Jf; Nfhtpy;fis mikf;f Nghjpa epyGyd;fs;
fhzg;gl;lik.
• jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfj;jpypUe;J nghyd;dWitf;F kfhtypf;
fq;ifapD}lhf gilfis efu;j;j KbAkhapUe;jik.
• 992 Mk; Mz;by; mEuhjGuj;ij Mf;fpukpj;J moptilar; nra;j
Nrhou;fs;> mijf; iftpl;L> nghydWitiaj; jkJ jiyefuhf;fpf;
nfhz;lik.
• nghyd;dWitf;F “[dehj kq;fsk;” vd ngau; #ly;.
• ,uhrul;ilia “Kk;Kbr;Nrho kz;lyk;” vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; nfhz;lik.
• 1070 MtJ Mz;LtiuAk; Nrhog;Nguurpd; gpuhe;jpakhf ,yq;ifapd;
tlgFjp Ml;rpGupag;gl;lik.
• i Mk; tp[aghF kd;ddpypUe;J khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G tiu murpay;

tuyhW.
• cWFizapy; fhzg;gl;l murpay; epiyik.
• V Mk; k`pe;jdpd; kfd;khUs; xUtdhd f];]g;g> I Mk; tpf;ukghF
vDk; ngaUld; cWFizapd; kd;ddhjy;.
• vdpDk; Nrhou;fshy; ,k;Kaw;rp Kwpabf;fg;gly;
• i Mk; tpf; f pukghFtpd; gpd; d u; cWFizapd; murpay; epiy
Nkhrkile;jik.
• fpj;jp> k`hyhd fpj;jp> NyhNf];tu> NfrjhJ fhrpag;g> vDk; RNjr

,sturu;fSk; tpf;fpuk ghz;bad; vDk; ntspehl;L ,sturu;fSk;
NrhoUf;F vjpuhf cWFizapd; jiyikia Vw;Wr;nraw;gl Kide;jik.
• fpj;jp Fkhud;> Gj;juh[tpd; cjtpAld; cWFizia xd;WgLj;jp i Mk;
tp[aghF vDk; ngaUld; murdhjy;.
• i Mk; tp[aghFTf;F vjpuhfr; Nrhouhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghu;
eltbf;iffspd; tpisTfs;.
• cWFizapypUe;J Njhy;tpAw;W kiyehl;by; jiykiwthjy;.
• jk;gyfhkj;jpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L kd;dd; NrhoUf;F vjpuhfj; jd;idj;
jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
• Nrho Mf;fpukpg;ghy; gYl;lfpupf;Fj; jg;gpNahly;.
• ,Wjpahfr; Nrhoiu ntw;wp nfhz;L nghyd;dWitia tpLtpj;jy;.
• tPu ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodhy; mDg;gg;gl;l gilf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f
,ayhJ> thfpupfiyf;Fg; gpd;thq;Fjy;.
• kfhehfiyia ikakhff; nfhz;L kPsTk; NrhoUf;F vjpuhfr;
nraw;gly;.
• Nrho ehl; b y; Vw; g l; l epiyikiag; gad; g Lj; j pf; nfhz; L >
kfhehfFiyapy; ,Ue; J %d; W gf; f khf gilfis mDg; g p
nghyd;dWitiar; Rw;wptisj;Jf; nfhz;L jhf;fp> 1070 ,y; Nrhoiuj;
Njhw;fbj;J nghyd;dWitia tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
• i Mk; tp[aghF kd;dDila nraw;wpwik.

• ehl;ilr; Nrho Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J kPl;Lf; nfhz;lik.
• nghyd;dWitiaNa jdJ jiyefuhff; nfhs;Sjy;
• mur epu;thf eltbf;iffisg; Gduikj;jYk; jyjhkhspifiaf;
fl; L jYk; . gu; k htpypUe; J FUkhiuj; jUtpj; J cgrk; g jhit
Nkw;nfhs;sSjy;.
• rPu;Fiye;jpUe;j ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpia kPsTk; fl;likg;Gr;nra;jik.
• NrhoUf;F vjpuhf ghz;baUlDk; fypq;fUlDk; jpUkzj; njhlu;Gfis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lik.
• Gj;jdhaf;ftpw;F “gdhfLt nrg;G rhrdk;” %yk; ed;wpf; flidr;
nrYj;jy;.
• i Mk; tp[aghFtpypUe;J i Mk; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd;tiu ,yq;ifapd;

murpay; epiyik.
• i Mk; tp[aghFtpd; kiwitj; njhlu;e;J ehl;by; murpay; epiyik
Fog;gfukhjy;.
• tp[aghF kd;dpd; kfdhd tpf;fpukghF ,sturidf; (f];]g) ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;shJ> ,sturp kpj;jhtpd; kfd; khdhguzid ,sturdhf
epakpj;jikahy; mikjpapd;ik Vw;gl;lJ.
• ,jdhy; ,yq;if ehd;F muru;fspd; fPo; gpupe;J nrd;wik.
1. tpf;fpukghF - ,uhrul;il - nghyd;dWit
2. khzhgud - jf;fpz Njrk; - Gq;ffhk
3. fpj;rpup Nkf - njhnyh]; j`];ul;l - kfhehfFy
4. =ty;yg - ml;lj`]; ul;l - cJd;njhu
• 1153 Mk; Mz; L tiu ,yq; i fapy; Fog; g fukhd epiy xd; W
fhzg;gl;lik.
• i Mk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; nraw;wpwd; (1140-1186)

• ,stajpNyNa jf;fpz Njrj;jpd; kd;ddhjy;.
• ,uhrul;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.
• ,uhrul;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf f[ghF kd;dDld; Nkw;nfhz;l
Nghu;fs;.
• kiyehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
• tlNkw;F> fpof;F> gpuNjrq;fis trg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
• nghyd;dWitiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf> f[ghF kd;dDld; rkhjhd
xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;Sjy;. (rq;fKtpfhiuf; fy;ntl;L)
• khdhguzDld; guhf;fpukghF Nkw;nfhz;l Nghu; eltbf;iffs;.
• 1153 Mk; Mz;by; nghyd;dWitapd; murdhjy;.
• Rfyh murpia ntd;W> Gdpj je;jjhJitAk; ghj;jpujhJitAk;
jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• 1154 Mk; Mz;by; KO ehl;bw;Fk; Vf kd;ddhf kFlk; #lg;gly;.
• gu;khit Mf;fpukpj;jYk; ghz;baUf;Fg; gilAjtp nfhLj;jYk; ,jw;fhd
fhuzq;fSk; mjd; tpisTfSk;.
• ii Mk; tp[aghF murdhjy

murdhjy;
• guhf;fpukghFtpw;F Gj;jpuu;fs; ,d;ikahy; ,tdJ rNfhjupapd; kfd;
murdhjy;.
• fypq;f tk;rj;jpw;F muR cupikahjy;.
• ep]; ] q; f ky; y kd; d d; .

• II Mk; tp[aghF kd; d dpd; gpd; d u; mtdJ ,sturdhapUe; j
ep];]q;fky;y kd;dd; murdhjy;.
• i Mk; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gpd;du; nghyd;dWitapd; muru;fSs; ,tNd
rpNu\;lkhdtdhthd;.
• rpk;khrdk; VWifapy; mtd; vjpu;Nehf;fpa ,lu;ghLfs;

• mt;tplu;ghLfis vjpu; nfhz;L rkhspj;j tpjk;
• jkJ mjpfhuj; i j cWjpg; g Lj; j pf; nfhs; t jw; f hf Nkw; n fhz; l
eltbf;iffs;:
• Gj;j rkaj;jpw;Fr; rYiffs; toq;fpaik.
• ehnlq;Fk; gazQ; nra;jik.
• Jyhghuf; nfhilia toq;fpaik.
• Fbkf;fSf;F epthuzk; toq;fpaik.
• tupr;RikapypUe;J kf;fis tpLtpj;jik.
• ep];]q;f ky;y kd;dupd; gpd;du;> nghyd;dWit ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay;

epiyik:
• jsgjpfs; gykiljy;. rpk;khrdj;jpw;F jhk; epidj;jtu;fis kd;du;fshf
mku;j;Jjy;. Ml;rpahsu;fis mtu;fs; nghk;ikfshf elj;jy;.(fPu;j;jp>
guhf;fpuk> MA];ke;j jsgjpfs;.)
• fypq; f – ghz; b a tk; r j; j pdupilNa vOe; j rpk; k hrdj; J f; f hd
Nghuhl;lq;fs;
• yPyhtjp> fy;ahztjp murpfspd; fhyj;jpy; XusT Ml;rp cWjp
fhzg;gl;lik
• fypq; f khfdJ Mf; f pukpg; G :

• nghyd;dWitapd; ,Wjp Ml;rpahsdhd guhf;fpuk ghz;badpd; fhyj;jpy;>
fypq;f ehl;bypUe;J te;j khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G.
• 24>000 Nrug; gilAld; 1215 ,y; nghyd;dWitf;Fs; gpuNtrpj;j khfd;>
guhfpukghz;baidg; gjtp ,wf;fp Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sy;
• fypq;f khfdpd; nfhLq;Nfhd;ikahy; ehl;L kf;fSk; ngsj;j gpf;FfSk;
,uhrul;iliaf; iftpl;L> cWFizf;Fk;> kiyehl;bw;Fk;> njd;Nkw;Fj;
jpirf;Fk; ,lk;ngau;e;J nrd;wik.
• ,uhrul;il ehfuPfj;jpe;F mbg;gilahapUe;j ePug
; g
; hrdKk; ngsj;j rkaKk;
tPor; r
; pAw;wik.
• cWFizg;gpuNjrk; mlf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUe;jikahy; mq;F khfDf;F
vjpuhd ,af;fk; tsu;r;rpg;ngw;wik.
• Ml;rp ikak; njd;Nkw;Fj; jpirf;F ,lk;khwpaik
• Ml;rpKiw – mEuhjGu fhyk

fhyk;.
• kd;duhl;rp Kiw ngUksTf;F kf;fs; eyd; Ngzpajhf ,Ue;jik.
• gz;Lfhga kd;dd; efu> fpuhk epu;thfj;ij Kiwg;gLj;jp mikg;G
uPahd Ml;rpf;F mbg;gil ,l;bUe;jik.
• Njtdk;gpa jp];] kd;ddpd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ ,e;jpa Ml;rp epu;thf

Kiw xd;wpd; nry;thf;fpw;Fl;gl;lik.
• epu;thfk; rk;ge;jkhd gjtpfs; gw;wp Mtzq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
• kj;jpa Ml;rpapd; trjpf;fhf ehL gpuNjr myFfshfg; gpupe;jpUe;jik.
• cWFizapd; epu;thfj;jpw;fhf ,sturu; gjtp> mur FLk;gj;jtu;fSs;
xUtUf;F toq;fg;gl;lik.
• jsgjp> nghUshsu;> GNuhfpju;> mikr;ru; Nghd;w cau; gjtpfs; %yk;
ehL epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lik.
• Njhtupf;f> mnjf> mzf> mrpf;fh`f> jz;lehaf;f vDk; gjtpfs;
epu;thfj;jpd; mLj;jfl;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshtu;.
• fpuhk Ml;rpapy; fkpf> gUkf> kGWKf> gjtp tfpf;Fk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
fhzg;gl;lik.
• mEuhjGuf;fhyj;jpd; gpw;ghjpapy; epu;thff; fl;likg;gpy; khgh> Vgh>
k`Ny> ntj;rk;jUtd;> ntyRd; rk;jUtd;> jkpo;mjpfhup> nka;fhg;ghsu;
vDk; gjtpfSk; rk;ge;jg;gl;lik
• Nrhou;fspd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ ,yq;ifapd; murpay; epiyik epiyik:

• ,uhrul;ilapd; Nrho epu;thfj;ijg;gw;wp tpsf;fkspj;jy;
• Nrhou;fs; nghyd;dWitiaj; jkJ jiyefuhff; nfhz;L mjw;F
“[dehj kq;fsk;” vdg; ngauply;.
• Nrhog;Nguurpd; xU gpuhe;jpakhf ,uhrul;iliaf; fUjp “ Kk;Kb Nrho
kz;lyk;” vd mjidf; Fwpg;gpl;lik.
• Nrhojsgjp xUtuhy; mJ epu;tfpf;fg;gly;> cau; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshf
Nrho epu;thfpfs; epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jik.
• Nrhou;fspd; epu;thfk; ngUksTf;F ,uhZtj;jd;ik ngw;wjhapUj;jy;.
• ,uhrul;ilapd; rfy nry;tq;fisAk; Nrhou;fs; jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• eP u ; g ; g hrd fl; l ikg; G fis rpijtilar; nra; j y; mtu; f Sila
nfhs;ifay;y vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
• ,yq;ifapd; nry;tj;ijr; Nrhou;fspd; eyDf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• jQ;rhT+u; Nfhtpypd; gupghydj;jpw;fhf fpuhkq;fis md;gspg;Gr; nra;jik.
• tUlhe;jk; jpul;lg;gLk; jpiw> tup> fhzpf;if> vd;gd Nrhoupd; jiyefUf;F
mDg;gpitf;fg;gly;.
• Nrhog;Nguurupd; fz;fhzpg;gpd;wp> Nrho cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; jk; tpUg;gg;gb
epu;thf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik.
• ,g; g Fjpia Ml; r pGuptjw; F Nrhog; NguurpypUe; J gilAjtp
toq;fg;gl;lik.
• nghyd; d Witf; f hy epu; t hf mikg; G :

• I Mk; tp[aghF kd; d d; > mEuhjGuf; f hyj; j py; epytpa epu; t hf
Kiwikia mNj tpjkhf Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;tjw;F Kaw;rpj;jik.
• jf;fpz Njrk;> cWFizNjrk;> vd;w epu;thfg; gpupTfs; khgh> Vghf;fshy;
epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lik
• cWFizia ,uz;lhfg; gpupj;J njhnyh];j`]; ul;l> ml;lj`];ul;l
vd gpw;fhyj;jpy; Mz;lik.
• ehL> cWFiz> gp`pl;b> khah> vd;W epu;thf myFfs; %d;whf
,Ue;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.
• Aj; j je; j puk;

• G+uz ghJfhg;G Kiw ifahsg;gl;lJ.
• Nfhl;ilfs; (tp[pjGu> rpfpup> ahg;gFt) fl;lg;gl;ld.
• ePu; mfopfs; mikf;fg;gl;lik (trgkd;dd;)
• Kiwahd ,uhZt mikg;Gk; nraw;ghLk; epytpaJ.
(Jl;lifKD> kfh guhf;fpukghF kd;du;fs;)
• ehw;gilfs; (ahid> Fjpiu> fhyhs;> Nju;) fhzg;gl;lik.
• Aj;jq;fSk;> Aj;jje;jpuq;fSk; gw;wpa E}y;fis kd;du;fs; fw;wdu;.
(i Mk; guhf;fpukghF nfsby;aupd; “mu;j;jrh];j;jpuj;ijf; fw;wik)
• vjpupfisj; jpirjpUg;Gtjw;F cghaq;fs; ifahsg;gl;ld. (Jl;lifKD>
guhf;fpukghF.)
• fPioj;Nja Aj;j ju;kk; iff;nfhs;sg;gl;lik.
ck;: Jl;lifKD vy;yhsDf;fpilNa %z;l Nghu;> i Mk; guhf;fpukghF
kd;dd;> ifjpahd ii Mk; f[ghF kd;did cupa nfsutj;Jld;
elj;jpaik.
• ntspehl; L wT.
• ntspehLfSld; nfhz;bUe;j cwTfSk; mtw;wpd; tpisTfSk;
• ,yq;ifapd; miktplk; ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfspy; nfhz;bUe;j
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
• fpof;F Nkw;Fj; njhlu;GfSf;fhd ikak;.
• ,e; j pahTf; F mUfpYs; s ikahy; > ,e; j pahTldhd njhlu; G fs;
Kf;fpaj;JtkhapUe;jik.
• murpay;> fyhrhu uPjpahd ,e;jpa cwTfs;
• Nkw;fpe;jpa njhlu;Gfs; tu;j;jfj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jik.
• mEuhjGuf; fh yj; j py; ,e; j pahTldhd njhlu; G fs

fhyj; fs; .
• ngsj;j rka mwpKfk; nksupa tk;r rk;gpujhaj;Jf;F mikthd
Kb#l;L tpohTf;fhd gQ;rt];Jf;fs; ,q;F mDg;gg;gl;lik
• ,e;jpa kd;du;fs; ghtpj;j gjtpfs;> gl;lq;fis vkJ kd;du;fSk;
ifahz;lik.
• nksupa> Fg;j Afq;fspy; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs;.
• Mf;fpukpg;Gfs;> ,lk; ngau;Tfs; njhlu;ghd cwTfs;.
• ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfs; gy epfo;e;jik.
• Nrd> Fj;jpf> vy;yhsd;> G+y`j;jd; cl;gl gQ;r jpuhtplu;fs;>
gz;L ghupe;jTldhd Ie;J ghz;bau;fs;> fupfhw; Nrhod;> =khw
=ty;ygd;> i Mk; guhe;jf Nrhod;> iii Mk; uh[uh[ NrhoDk; i Mk;
uhN[e;jpu NrhoDk;
• Gyg; n gau; T fs; :

• rq;fkpj;ij gpf;FzpAld; tUif je;j 18 fiyf; FOtpdupd; tUif.
• rpq;fs kd;du;fs; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gilAjtp ngw;wik:
,sehfd;> i Mk; Kfyd;> mgaehfd;> iii Mk; mf;uNghjp> khdtu;kd;
Mfpa kd;du;fs;.
• ,e;jpa kd;du;fs;> ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J gilAjtp ngw;wik:
ii Mk; tuFztu;kd;> khwtu;kd;> ii Mk; ,uh[rpq;f vDk; kd;du;fs;
kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; Nrd kd;dd; ghz;ba ehl;il Mf;fpukpf;f Nrid
xd;iw mDg;gpaik.
• tpthfj; njhlu;Gfs;: kJiu ,sturp> Gj;jfr;rhadh murp> iv Mk;
k`pe;j kd;dd; fypq;f ,sturpia kze;jik.
• el;GwTj; njhlu;Gfs;: f[ghF kd;du;> Nrhou;fSf;F vjpuhfr; Nru kd;dUld;
ey;YwT G+z;bUe;jik.
• ,e;jpaf; flypy; gilfspd; tUifAk; mJ njhlu;ghd tpisTfSk;.
• cNuhkhGupapd; FNshba]; kd;dd; Utd;typrhait myq;fupg;gjw;fhf
ghjpfhga kd; d dJ fhyj; j py; fz; z hb kzpfis ,yq; i ff; F
mDg;gpaik.
• nghyd; d Wit Afj; j pd; ntspehl; L j; njhlu; G fs; :

• i Mk; tp[aghF> i Mk; guhf;fpukghF> ep];]q;fky;y kd;dd; vDk;
Kf;fpakhd kd;du;fSldhd njhlu;Gfs;.
• murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> fyhrhuj;Jiwapyhd njhlu;Gfs;.
• i Mk; tp[aghF kd;dd;> NrhoUf;F vjpuhd kd;du;fSld; nfhz;bUe;j
njhlu;Gfs;.
c-k;:
[fjpghytpd; kfshd yPyhtjpia jdJ gl;lj;J ,uhzpahf;fpf; nfhs;sy;>
fypq;f ,sturp jpupNyhf Re;jupia kze;J nfhs;sy;. jdJ rNfhjupahd
kpj;jh ,sturpiag; ghz;ba ,sturd; xUtDf;F kzKbj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;.

jdJ Gjy;tdhd tpf;fpukghF ,sturDf;F Re;jup vDk; fypq;f
,sturpia kzKbj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;. Nkiy rhDf;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F
fhzpf;iffis mDg;gp el;Gwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
• ,t;tpthfj; njhlu;Gfshy; fypq;f> ghz;ba tk;rj;jtu;fs; ,yq;ifapd;
rpk;khrdj;Jf;F cupik NfhUk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
• ,jdhy; fypq;f> ghz;ba Nkhjy; nghyd;dWitf;fhyk; KOJk; gutyhf
,lk;ngw;wik.
• gu;khTld; tpahghuj; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;L nghUshjhuj;ijg;
gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lik.
• gu;khtpypUe;J cgrk;gjhitj; jUtpj;J kPsTk; ngsj;j rkaj;ijg;
Gj;Jzu;r;rp milar; nra;jik.
• i Mk; guhf; f pukghF kd; d dpd; ntspehl; L j; njhlu; G fs;

• gu;kpa Mf;fpukpg;G
• Muk;g fhyj;jpy; gu;khTld; ey;Ywitg; NgzpdhYk; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
mj;njhlu;G rpijtile;J gu;khit Mf;fpukpj;jy;
• gu;kpa Mf;fpukpg;gpd; gpd;du; kPz;Lk; tu;j;jf> rkaj; njhlu;Gfs;
cWjpaile;jik.
• ghz;ba ehl;Lf;Fg; gilAjtp nfhLj;jy;: NrhoUf;F vjpuhf ghz;bau;fs;>
guhf;fpukghFtplk; cjtpNfhupa NghJ mjw;fpzq;fp ghz;ba ehl;Lf;Fg;
gilAjtp Gupe; j ik. eP z ; l fhykhf NrhoUf; F vjpuhfg; gil
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik.
• fk;NghbahTld; rk;ge;jq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jik
• ,yq; i fapd; ,sturp xUj; j p> jpUkzj; njhlu; G f; f hf mq; F
mDg;gg;gl;lik.
• nghyd;dWit ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk;> mur khspifapYk; rPd ehzaq;fSk;>
kz;ghz;lj; Jz;LfSk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wgbahy; rPdhTlDk;
cwTfs; nfhz;bUe;jikf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sik.
• ep]; ] q; f ky; y dJ ntspehl; L j; njhlu; G fs; .

• NrhoUf; F vjpuhf njd; d pe; j pa muRfSld; njhlu; G fisf;
nfhz;bUe;jik. rhSf;fpa> fypq;f> F[uhj;> Me;jpuh> gPkh Mfpa
ehLfSld; njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;jjhf jdJ fy;ntl;Lfspy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shd;.
• ehe; g ilfSk; #o> njd; d pe; j pahTf; F r; nrd; w jhf ,uhNk]; t uf;
fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• guhf;fpukghF kd;didg;Nghd;Nw ep]]q;fky;y kd;dDk; NrhoUf;F
vjpuhfg; ghz;ba ,sturu;fSf;F cjtp Gupe;Js;shd;.
• rkaKk; > fyhrhuKk

fyhrhuKk; .
• ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkak; epiyngWjYk; gutyiljYk;
• ,e;jpag; gpd;dzp
• mNrhfg; Nguurpd; rpwg;ghd ftdj;jpw;F ,yq;if cl;gl;bUe;jik.
• ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkak; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lik.

• kfpe;j Njuupd; tUif.
• ,sturd; mupl;ld; cl;gl;l FOtpdu; JwT G+z;likAld; ngsj;j
rhrdk; epWtg;gly;.
• kfhNkftdk; jhdkspf;fg;glYk; mq;F kfhtpfhiu fl;lg;glYk;.
• J}ghuhk J}gp fl;lg;gly;.
• Gdpj nts;suR kuk; nfhz;Ltug;glYk; mJ ehl;lg;glYk;.
• Gdpj nts;suR kuj;jpw;F tzf;f> topghLfs; epfo;j;Jtjw;Fk; mijg;
gupghypg;gjw;Fk; 18 Fyj;jtu;fs; ,q;F tUifj; je;jik.
• mDyhNjtp gpf;FzpahjYk;> gpf;Fzp rhrdk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;glYk;.
• tpfhiufSk;> J}gpfSk; fl;lg;gLjYk; ngsj;j fl;llq;fs; cUthjYk;.
• ngsj;j rkak; guTjYf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.

• Njthdk;gpa jp];] kd;du; ngsj;j rkaj;ij jOTjy;.
• ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F mur mDruiz fpilj;jy;.
• mJ mfpk;ir thj rkakhapUj;jy;.
• mJtiu ,e;ehl;by; Kiwahd rkak; xd;W fhzg;glhik.
• muru;fSk;> mikr;ru;fSk; tpfhiufisAk; J}gpfisAk; fl;;Ltpj;jik.
• ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; guk;gy;.

• ngsj;j rkak; mur kjkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lik.
• gpf;F> gpf;Fzp rhrdq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;likAk; mJ ehLG+uhfTk;
gutpaikAk;.
• kfhtpfhiu> mgafpup tpfhiu> N[jtd tpfhiu vd;gtw;iw ikakhff;
nfhz;L gpf;Ffs; rhrdKk;> fy;tpAk; gutyile;jik.
• fpj;rpup Nkt kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; Gdpj je;jk; ,q;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lik.
• ,yq;ifapy; kfhahd ngsj;jj;jpd; nry;thf;F Vw;gl;lik.
• fPioj;Nja Njuthj ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; kj;jpa epiyakhf ,yq;if
jpfo;ej
; ik.
• ehL KOtJk; ngsj;jk; gutpapUe;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sik.
• NtW rkaq; f s; .
• i[z (rkz) rkak;.
• tyfk; g hF kd; d dpd; fhyj; j py; fpup vDk; FUitg; gw; w p
gpu];jhgpf;fg;gl;lik.
• ,e;J rkak;.
• kfhNrd kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; rptNjthyaq;fs; mopj;njhopf;fg;
gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpd;wik
• nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpy; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; tzf;f topghLfSk;>
ek;gpf;iffSk; gutyile;jik
• rpt> ghu;tjp> ,yl;Rkp rpiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik
• gpuhkzpa nry;thf;F
• tyfk;ghF kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; jPa vd;w gpuhkzd; fytuk; Gupe;jik
• mEuhjGu Afj;jpd; gpw;ghjpapy; njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; ,e;ehl;bw;F
tUif je;jJld; me;ehl;bd; gof;ftof;fq;fSk;> ek;gpf;iffSk;>
,e;ehl;by; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wik.
nghyd;dWit rptd; Nfhapy;
• fiyAk; fyhrhuKk; .
• fl; l lf; f iy: J}gpkid> Nghjpkid> rpiykid> tpfhuhuhik>
itj;jparhiy> jhdrhiy> ngha;if.
• fl;llq;fs; gw;wpa %yhjhuq;fs;.
• Fif epu;khzk;: jk;Gis
nghyd;dWitf;fhy re;jpu tl;lf;fy;
fzgjp cUtk; (1065 - 1120) eluh[h cUtk;
• J}gpfs;: J}gpfspd; tbtikg;G> gpujhd mq;fq;fs;> ,uhrul;ilapd;

gpujhd J}gpfs;> J}gpfSld; ,ize;j Gjpaitfs;> J}gpfis epu;khzpj;j
kd;du;fs;.
• rpj;jpuf;fiy: rPfpup rpj;jpuq;fs;> `pe;jfy rpj;jpuq;fs;> jptq;f rpiy
kid rpj;jpuq;fs;.
mgafpup jhdrhiy
jptq;f rpiy kid rpj;jpuq;fs;
• rpw;gf;fiy: Gj;j rpiyfs;> mjd; ntspg;ghLfs;> Gfo;ngw;w Gj;j rpiyfs;>

Nghjprj;t rpiyfs;
ck;:- rkhjprpiy> fy; tpfhiurpiyfs;.
• nrJf;fy;fSk; rpiyfSk;: re;jputl;lf;fy;> thkdu;fs;> fhtw;rpiyfs;>
nfhutf;fy;> Eiothapy;> nja;t> kdpj cUtq;fs;.
kpfpe;jiy fz;lf irj;jpa Eiothapy;
fhtw; f y;
• fy; t p:
• gd;riy> gpupntdhf;fs;> gpf;Ffs; Clhfg; gutpr;nrd;w fy;tp
• ghsp> rk];fpUj> rpq;fs nkhopfspd; ghtid
• kfhtpfhiu> mgafpup> N[jtdhuhka> rpj;Jy; gt;t Nghd;w ngsj;j
fy;tp epiyaq;fs;.
• nkhop:
• ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; tUifAld; nkhop> vOj;Jf; fiyfspd; tpUj;jp
• vOj;Jj; njhFjpapd; gupzhkk;
• vOj;Jf; fiy
• jopo; nkhopapd; tsu;r;rp
• nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpy; nkhopapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;.
• ,yf; f pak; :
• ghsp rk];fpUj> rpq;fs ,yf;fpaq;fs;.
• ,yf;fpa E}y;fs;
• n`y ml;Lth fpue;jk;> ghsp ,yf;fpak;> rPfpup fpWf;fy; ftpijfs;>
IMk; mf;fpu Nghjp kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; 12 ngUq;ftpQu; tho;ej
; jhff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sik. [hdfp ùz
• tk;rf;fijfs;.
• ,yf;fpar; nraw;ghLfspy; kd;du;fspd; gq;fspg;Gk; gilg;Gk;.
ck;:
Fkhujhr kd;dd; ([hdfpùza)> IIMk; Kfyd; kd;dd;> IMk; mf;fNghjp
kd;dd;> IVMk; Nrd kd;dd;> (rpag];]fu) VMk; fhrpag;g kd;dd;
(jk;gpah ml;Lth nfl;lgja) IMk; tp[aghF kd;dd;.
• ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpy; ftpij ,yf;fpa epu;khzq;fSk;> gilg;ghspfSk;
• nghUshjhuk;
• tptrhak;
• nghUshjhuk; tptrhaj; i j mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; b Ue; j jhf
%yhjhuq;fspypUe;J jfty;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sik.
• tptrhak; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;
• tptrha Kiwfs;: Nrw;W epyr;nra;ifAk; Nridr; nra;ifAk;.
• tptrha cgfuzq;fSk;> njhopEl;gq;fSk; Mtzq;fspd; %yk;
,J njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sik.
c-k;: Njhzpf;fy; fy;ntl;L
• tptrhaKk; mjDld; njhlu;Ggl;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk;.
• tptrhaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; <Lgl;l Ml;rpahsu;fs;.
• eP u ; g ; g hrdk;
• tptrhaj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F ePu;ghrdj;Jiw toq;fpa cjtpfs;
• ePu;g;ghrdj;jpy; ehl;lk; nrYj;jpa kd;du;fs;.
• ngUq;Fsk; fl;ba Kjy;tdhd trg kd;dd; 11 Fsq;fisAk;> 12
fhy;tha;fisAk;> epu;khzpj;jhd;.
• kfhNrd kd;dd;> kpd;Ndup> `_US> fTLS> kfhfzhjuh> cl;gl 16
Fsq;fis ntl;Ltpj;jhd;. ghupastpyhd fhy;tha; xd;iwAk; mikj;jhd;.
• jhJNrd kd; d d; fyh - gsS thtp cl; g l 18 Fsq; f is
ntl;Ltpj;jNjhL> ePu;g;ghrdj;Jiwapd; khngUk; epu;khzq;fspy; xd;whd
[a fq;if vDk; Nahj thtpia epu;khzpj;jhd;.
• IMk; mf;Ngh kd;dd; kp`pe;jyh> FWe;J> `puptLd;d thtpfisAk;
mikj;jNjhL> kpdpg;Ng (kzpNkfyh) miziaf; fl;b mjpypUe;J
fhy;thiaAk; fl;Ltpj;jhd;.
• IIMk; mf;Ngh fpupj;jiy> fe;jsha;f; Fsq;fisf; fl;Ltpj;jhd;.
• khdtk;kd; vl;Lf; Fsq;fisf;fl;Ltpj;jhd;.
• nghyd; d Witf; fhyj; j py; > IMk; tp[aghF mopTw; w pUe; j
Fsq;fisAk;> fhy;tha;fisAk; Gduikj;jhd;.
• kfh guhf; f pukghF kd; d d; guhf; f puk rKj; j puk; cl; g l
ngUq;Fsq;fisAk;> fhy;tha;fisAk; epu;khzpj;J ePu;ghrdj;jpw;F
Mw;wpa ngUe;njhz;L.
• tpahghuKk; > ifj; n jhopYk; .

• tpahghuk;:
• ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpy; mike;Js;s tpahghu topfs;
• tpahghuKk; ,yq;ifapy; FbNaw;wq;fs; cUthdikAk;.
• cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tpahghuKk;> tu;j;jf re;ijAk;.
• ,yq;ifAld; neUf;fkhf tu;jj ; f njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;j ehLfs;.
• Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUl;fs;.
• gpujhdkhd JiwKfq;fs;
• tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fisf; ifahSk; Nghf;F
• gzg; gupkhw;wk; ,lk;ngw;wik
• tu;j;jf mikg;GfSk; tu;j;jfj; juq;fSk;
• ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jhy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidfs;
• ifj;njhopy;
• 18 njhopy; fiyQu;fspd; tUif (tk;rf; fijfs;)
• Mtzq;fs;> ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; ifj;njhopy;
jfty;fs;
• njhy;nghUs; vr;rq;fs;
• ifj;njhopYk; mtw;wpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa cgfuzq;fSk;
• tpQ; Q hdKk; njhopDl; g Kk;

• ePu;g;ghrdj; njhopDl;gk;
Fsnkhd;wpd; Kf;fpakhd mq;fq;fs;: fypq;fw;nwhl;b> mizf;fl;L> kjF>
RUq;if> miyjhq;fp> fypq;fy; miz Fsj; njhFjpapd; rpW Fsq;fs;
• fl; l lf; fiy: J}gpkid> rpiykid> Nghjpkid> tp`huhuhk>
itj;jparhiy> J}gp> murkhspif
eP u ; g ; g hrdj; njhopDl; g k;
mur khspif
• itj; j paj; njhopDl; g k; : kp`pe; j iyapYk; nghyd; d WitapYk;

itj;jparhiyfspd; rpijTfs; fz;lwpag;gl;lik.
• itj;jpa cgfuzq;fSk; mWitr; rpfpr;ir cgfuzq;fSk;
• Gj;jjhr kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; rPuhd itj;jpa Kiwnahd;W epytpaik
• mEuhjGu fhyj;jpy; itj;jpa eltbf;iffSf;Fg; gzpahw;wpa
muru;fs;
• cNyhfj; njhopDl; g k; .
• fg;gy; njhopDl;gk;: ,e;jpah cl;gl Vida gy ehLfSlDk;
njhlu;Gfisf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Kd;Ndw;wfukhd fg;gy; njhopDl;gk;
xd;W fhzg;gl;lik.
c-k;:
,e;jpahTf;Fj; J}Jf; FOf;fis mDg;Gjy;> cNuhkhGupf;Fj; J}Jf;
FOf;fis mDg;gpaik. ,sehfd; Nghd;w kd;du;fs; ,e;jpahTf;Fj;
jg;gpr; nry;Yjy;> f[ghF kd;ddhy; Gupag;gl;l ,e;jpa Mf;fpukpg;G
tp[aghF> guhf;fpukghF Nghd;w kd;du;fs; gu;kh Nghd;w ehLfSld;
njhlu;Gfs; itj;jpUe;jik. gu;kpa Mf;fpukpg;G> ghz;ba Mf;fpukpg;G
Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; fg;gy;fisf; fl;bajhf njupa
tUfpd;wJ.
nghyd; d Wit Myh`d gpupntd itj; j parhiy
Myhfd gpupntd itj; j parhiyapy; fz; n lLf; f g; g l; l cgfuzq; f s;
fP o ; t Uk; tpdhf; f Sf; F tpilaspj; j y; .

1> 2 Mk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f X, Y njhFjpfisg; ghtpf;f. ,it
nghUj; J khW xd; w pizj; j hy; ngwg; g Lk; rupahd tpilapd; ,yf; f j; i jg;
Gs;spf; Nfhl;by; vOJf.
1. X Y
I. Ntty;nfl;ba fy;ntl;L A. tu;j;jfr;re;ij xd;wpd; rl;ljpl;lq;fs;
II. nfhz;ltl;lthd; fy;ntl;L B. muru;fs; ,UtUf;fpilNa nra;J
III. N`hgpl;bfk J}z; fy;ntl;L nfhs;sg;gl;l rkhjhd xg;ge;jk;.
IV. nfhltha fy;ntl;L C. fpuhk ePjp> epu;thf rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;
V. rq;fK tpfhiuf; fy;ntl;L D. fpuhk Ml;rpgw;wpa rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;
E. JiwKfj;jpypUe;J mwtpl;l jPu;it tup;
1. EDABC 2. DEABC 3. CBDAE 4. CDEAB 5. BEADC (..............)
2. X Y
I. Jl;lifKD A. uptpNjt
II. tyfk;gh B. fgprPa
III. jhJ Nrd C. ee;jpkpj;j
IV. I Mk; tp[aghF D. kpfhu
V. I Mk; guhf;fpukghF E. yq;fhGu
1. EDABC 2. DEABC 3. CBDAE 4. CDEAB 5. BEADC (..............)
3> 4 Mk; tpdhf;fSf;F jiyg;nghd;wpd; fPo; 5 tplaq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

mjpy; xd;W Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ. mjidf; fz;lwpe;J
mjd; ,yf;fj;ijg; Gs;spf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ ,Lf.
3. ,uhrul;ilapy; Nrhoupd; Ml;rp
a. IMk; ,uhN[e;jpud; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;J VMk; kfpe;j kd;didf;
ifJ nra;J ,e;jpahTf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whd;.
b. Nrhoupd; epu;thf kj;jpa];jhdkhf ,Ue;jJ nghyd;dWitahFk;.
c. ,yq;ifapd; Nrhou; Ml;rp epytpa gpuNjrj;ij cs;slf;fpa epu;thf myF
“Kk;Kbr;Nrho kz;lyk;” vdg;gl;lJ.
d. jpUNfhzkiyapy; nty;fk tpfhiu Nrhoupd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ “uh[uh[
ngUk;gs;sp” vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
e. Nrhou;fis ,e;ehl;bypUe;J ntspNaw;wpa fypq;f khfd; ,uhrul;ilapy;
jdJ Ml;rpia epiyepWj;jpdhd;. (..............)
4. nghyd;dWitapd; nghUshjhuk;.
a. mEuhjGuf;fhyj;jpy; Muk;gkhd ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjp nghyd;dWitf;
fhyj;jpy; cr;r epiyia va;jpaJ.
b. nghyd; d Witf; fhyj; j py; ngUq; F sq; f l; b a rpNu\; l kd; d d;
ep];]q;fky;ydhthd;.
c. Njhg> Jk;GJY> vuKJ thtpfis xd;wpizj;Nj guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuk;
epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
d. ntspehl;L tu;jj ; fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOe;j gpur;rpid xd;whNyNa
I Mk; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gu;kpag;gilnaLg;G ,lk;ngw;wJ.
e. CuhNjhl;il> nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpy; tu;j;jfk; ,lk;ngw;w Kf;fpakhd
JiwKfkhFk;. (..............)
rupahd tplaq;fisj; njupT nra;J mjd; vOj;Jf;fisg; Gs;spf; Nfhl;bd;

kPJ vOJf.
5. I Mk; tp[aghF kd;dd;.
a. ehl;il If;fpag;gLj;jy;
b. cgrk;gjhit elj;jp gpf;Ffs; rhrdj;ij kPsTk; mikj;jik.
c. fypq;f khfidj; NjhypAwr;nra;jik.
d. jpngj;Jld; rkaj; njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzpaik. (..............)
6. tyfk;gh kd;ddpd; Ml;rpfhyk;.
a. Gdpj je;jjhJ ,yq;iff;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lik
b. VO jpuhtplu;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;G
c. jpupgplfk; vOj;JUg;ngw;wik.
d. nksupa - ,yk;gfu;z Nkhjy;> Muk;gkhdit. (..............)
rupahd tpiliaj; njupe;J> mjd; ,yf;fj;ijg; Gs;spf; Nfhl;by; ,Lf.

7. mEuhjGuj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s J}gpfspd; rupahd tupirg;gLj;jy; vJ?
a. J}guhk> kpuprntl;b> Utd;ntyprha> mgafpup> N[jtd
b. J}guhk> Utd;ntyprha> mgafpup> kpuprntl;b> N[jtd
a. J}guhk> kpuprntl;b> mgafpup> Utd;ntyprha> N[jtd
b. J}guhk> mgafpup> kpuprntl;b> Utd;ntyprha> N[jtd
c. J}guhk> N[jtd> kpuprntl;b> mgafpup> Utd;ntyprha (..............)
8. mEuhjGu kd;du;fspd; rupahd tupirg;gLj;jy; vJ?
a. rj;jhjp];]> Jye;jd> fy;yhlehf> yQ;rjp];]> tl;l fhkpdp mga
b. rj;jhjp];]> fy;yhlehf> Jye;jd> yQ;rjp];]> tl;l fhkpdp mga
c. rj;jhjp];]> Jye;jd> fy;yhlehf> tl;l fhkpdp mga> yQ;rjp];]
d. rj;jhjp];]> tl;l fhkpdp mga> fy;yhlehf> Jye;jd> yQ;rjp];]
e. rj;jhjp];]> Jye;jd> yQ;rjp];]> fy;ylhehf> tl;l fhkpdp mga
(..............)
fz
fzpg; pg;gP
gL P k; kjpg;gPLk; 2
fP o ; t Uk; tpdhf; f Sf; F tpilaspf; f .
1. I. tl;lfhkpdp mga kd;dDf;F Kfk;nfhLf;f Neu;e;j rthy;fs; ahit?
(Gs;spfs; 07)
II. mtd; mr;rthy;fis vjpu;nfhz;L ntw;wpngw;w tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
(Gs;spfs; 07)
2. kfhguhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfis tpku;rd uPjpapy; Muha;f.
(Gs;spfs; 14)
3. IMk; tp[aghF kd;dd; nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpy; Ml;rp Gupe;j rpNu\;lkhd
murdhthd;. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; ,f;$w;iw Muha;f.
I. ntspehl;L Mjpgj;jpaj;jpypUe;J ehl;ilkPl;lYk; ehl;il If;fpag;gLj;jYk;.
(Gs;spfs; 07)
II. mtDila ngsj;j rhrd nraw;ghLfs; (Gs;spfs; 07)
4. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Njtdk;gpa jp];] kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.
I. nksupag; NguuRld; murdpd; murpay; njhlu;Gfs; (Gs;spfs; 04)
II. Gj;j rhrdj;ij Muk;gpj;jy; (Gs;spfs; 05)
III. fyhrhu tpUj;jp. (Gs;spfs; 05)
5. “Jl; l ifKD kd; d dpd; nraw; w pwid cd; d jg; g Lj; j p kfhtk; r j; j py;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.”
I. ,k;kfhtk;rj;jpd; Mrpupau; ahu;? (Gs;spfs; 01)
II. Jl;lifKD kd;dDf;F Kd;du; kfhfhikia Ml;rpGupe;j kd;du;fs; ,Utiug;
ngau; Fwpf;f. (Gs;spfs; 02)
III. Jl;lifKD kd;ddpd; rhjidia tpsf;fkhf Fwpg;gpLf. (Gs;spfs; 04)
IV. kfhtk;rj;jpd; Mrpupauhy; Jl;lifKD kd;ddpd; nrayhw;wypd; cd;dj
jd;ik vLj;jhsg;gl;bUf;Fk; tpjj;ijg; guprPypf;f. (Gs;spfs; 07)
6. fp.K 3Mk; Ehw;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp. 6Mk; E}w;whz;L KbAk; tiu ePu;g;ghrd
Kiw tpUj;jpAw;w jd;ikia fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; guprPyid
nra;f.
I. Fsq;fisAk;> fhy;tha;fisAk; epu;khzpg;gjpy; muru;fs; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;G
(Gs;spfs; 07)
II. ePu;ghrdj; njhopDl;gk;. (Gs;spfs; 07)
7. ,uhrul;il ehfuPfj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l njhopDl;gj;ij tpsf;fpf; $Wf.
(Gs;spfs; 14)
1. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fis ,yq;ifg; GwTUg;glk; xd;wpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf:
mEuhjGuk;> rpj;Jy;gy;t> FUzhfy;> jp];]kfhuhk> rPfpupa> nghyd;dWt>
thf;fpupfy> kfhehfFy> kpd;Ndup thtp> `_US thtp> jp]hthtp. Nahj thtp>
fyhthtp> fpupj;jiy thtp> fe;jsha;f;Fsk;> guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuk;> [afq;if>
kpdpg;Ng fhy;tha;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : ,uhrul; i l ehfupfj; j pd; mbg; g ilg; gytP d g;

gl;likahy; mjd; rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAk; Vw;gl;l
tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 08
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• ,uhrul;ilapd; ehfupfj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gytPdg;
gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; tPo;r;rpia tpsf;Fthu;.

gy E}w;whz;Lfshf Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; jpfo;e; j ePu;ts ehfuPfk; fp.gp.13Mk;

Ehw;whz;lhFk; NghJ gbg;gbahf tPor
; r
; pAw;W ,yq;ifapd; njd;Nky; gFjpfSf;Fj;
jiyefu;fs; ,lk; ngau;tijf; fhzf;$bajhapUe;jJ. mt;thW ntw;wpfukhfj;
jpfo;e;j ,uhrul;il ePu;ts ehfupfk;> rPu;Fiytjw;Fk;> tPo;r;rpailtjw;Fkhd
fhuzq;fisf; fye;JiuahLjy; ,e;j myfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
5.3. ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAk;.

• mEuhjGu ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ,Wjp miug;gFjpapy; Ml;rpf;F te;j muru;fs;
rpyu; gytPdkhapUe;jik.
c-k;: VMk; Nrd> VMk; kfpe;j vDk; muru;fs;
• mur Fyj;jpdupilNa mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;nfhs;;tjw;fhfj; njhlu;e;J
epfo;e;j Nkhjy;fs;. (nksupa ,yk;gfu;z Nkhjy;fs;)
• ghz;bau;> Nrhou; Nghd;w njd;dpe;jpa muru;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;Gfs;.
• njd;dpe;jpa Mf;fpukpg;GfshYk; rpq;fs kd;du;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J
gilAjtp ngw;wikahYk; ,yq;ifapy; jpuhtplu;fspd; gyk; mjpfupj;Jr;
nrd;wJ.
• Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fshy; mur jpiwNrup nfhs;ifaplg;gl;lik> ngsj;j> rka
kj;jpa epiyaq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;lik.
• Aj;jq;fshy; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhopDl;gk; tPo;r;rpAw;wijj; njhlu;e;J Vw;gl;l
nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp
• $ypg; gilapdupd; nraw;ghLfs;.
• Nrhog;Nguurpd; Mjpf;fk; tpuptile;jik.
• fp.gp. 992 kl; b y; IMk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; ,yq; i fia Mf; f pukpj; J
mEuhjGuj;ijf; iftpl;L> nghyd;dWitiaj; jdJ jiyefuhf;fpf;
nfhz;lik.
• nghyd;dWit ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAk;

• nghyd;dWitapd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; gyk; tha;e;j kd;du;fs; Njhd;whik
• guhf;fpukghF kd;ddhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l epu;thfj;ijf; nfhz;L fLikahd
kj;jpa kag;gLj;jg;gl;l epu;thfj;ij elj;Jtjw;fhfr; nraw;wpwd; kpf;f
jpwikahd muru;fs; Njhd;whik.
• guhf;fpukghFtpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt uPjpahd epu;thff; fl;likg;ghy;
Vw;gl;l ghjfkhd epiy.
• kfhguhf;fpukghF kd;dd; ehl;il xd;WgLj;Jtjw;fhf elj;jpa njhluhd
Aj;jq;fSk;> ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;GfSk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jik.
• jsgjpfs; gyk; ngwy;.
c-k;: jhTW> fpj;jp> MA];ke;j> guhf;fpuk Nghd;w jsgjpfs; kd;did
mfw;wp ,d;ndhUtid rpk;khrdj;jpy; mku;j;Jjy;.
• ntspehl;L guk;giu njhlu;Gs;s Ml;rpahsu;fs; cWFiz kf;fshy;
tpUk;gg;glhikahy; mbf;fb fpsu;r;rpfs; Vw;gl;lik.
• kj;jpahl;rp Fog;gKw;wikahy; tptrha eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y
Kbahky; Nghdik.
• vjpupfspd; Mf;fpukpg;ghy; ePu;g;ghrdj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l mopT.
• fypq;f khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G
• fp.K. 6Mk; Ehw;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp. 13Mk; Ehw;whz;l tiu epytpte;j ePu;ts
ehfupfk; 1215 ,y; khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;Gld; tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
• khfdpd; nfhûkhd nraw; g hLfshy; nghJkf; f Sk; gpf; F khUld;
,uhrul;iliaf; iftpl;L ehl;bd; Vida gFjpfSf;F ,lk;ngau;eJ ; nry;yy;.
• khfdpd; nraw;ghLfshy; ,uhrul;il gpuNjrk; kf;fs; ,y;yhkyhfp> fhlile;J
Nghdik.
• njhw;W Neha;fs; gutpaik
• ePu;g;ghrdj; njhopDl;gKk; ngsj;j rkaKk;> tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
• cWFizg;gpuNjrk; fLikahf mlf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUe;jikahy; khfDf;F
vjpuhfg; gyk; tha;e;j vjpupg;gilnahd;W mq;fpUe;J Vw;glhkw; Nghdik.
• jiyefuq;fs; njd;Nkw;fpw;F ,lk;ngau;e;jik.
1. mEuhjGu ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; jsu;r;rpf;Fk;> tPo;r;rpf;Fkhd fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff.
2. nghyd;dWit ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; jsu;rr ; pf;Fk;> tPor
; r
; pf;Fkhd fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff.
3. ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; jsu;r;rpf;Fk;> tPo;r;rpf;Fkhd fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff.
6. ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; gpd;duhd fhyg;gFjp
nghyd;dWit ,uhrjhdpapd; ,Wjp Ml;rpahsdhd guhf;fpuk ghz;baDila

Ml;rpf;fhykhdJ 1215y; ,lk;ngw;w fypq;f khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;Gld; KbTw;wJ.
fypq;f khfd; ,yq;ifapy; nghyd;dWitia mz;ba gFjpfspYk; ,uhrul;il
tlNky; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; kd;dhu; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; jdJ Neub mjpfhuj;ij
epiyehl;bf;nfhz;lhd;. ,jd; gpd;duhd khfdJ kpff; nfhba Ml;rpf;fhyg;gFjpapy;
jkJ ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fs; Fd;WfisAk;> kiyfisAk; mz;ba
gFjpfspYk; jkJ FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. mt;thW ,lk;ngau;e;J
te;j kf;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpa ehy;tu; gw;wp kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• GtNdfghF ,sturd; - Nfhtpe;j kiy
• Rg jsgjp - Rg gg;gj my;yJ ahg;gFt
• rq;f jsgjp - kpdpg;Ng
• 3Mk; tp[aghF kd;dd; - jk;gnjdpa
,tw;Ws; rpy Ml;rp epiyaq;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; ,uhrjhdpfshfTk;

cUthfpd. ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; tPo;r;rpAld; ,yq;ifapy;; cUthf;fg;gl;l
jk;gnjdpa> FUzhfiy> fk;gis>Nfhl;il vDk; ,uhrjhdpfsJ murpay; kw;Wk;
gz;ghl;L eltbf;iffs; gw;wp ,e;j myfpy; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
13k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; cUthd aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdpapd; murpay; eltbf;iffs;

gw;wpAk; ,q;F cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nj u; r ; r p 6.0
Nju; : ,yq;ifapd; ehfupfq;fsJ tuyhw;W uPjpapyhd guty;
kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;Ffs; vd;gd njhlu;ghf
tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : ,yq; i f ehfupfkhdJ mjd; Muk; g fhy

mbg;gilapypUe;J khw;wkile;j xU Afj;jpw;Fs;
gpuNtrpj;jiyAk; nraw; ghl;ilAk; Muha;T nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 35
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• nghyd;dWit Afj;jpd; gpd;du; cUthd ,uhrjhdp
fis mwpe;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
• ,uhrul; i l ,uhrjhdp kw; W k; nghyd; d Wit
Afj;jpd; gpd;du; cUthd ,uhrjhdpfSf;F ,ilap
yhd NtWghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
• nghyd;dWit Afj;jpd; gpd;du; cUthd ,uhrjhdp
fis tiu glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

6.1 Ml;rp ikaj;jsq;fs;.
jk; g njdpa ,uhrjhdp

• 3Mk; tp[aghF kd;dd;. (fp.gp.1232 – 1236)
• ,tu; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;.
• kfhtk;rk;> G+[htypa> uh[ uj;dhfhua> rpy fy;ntl;Lfs;
• 3k; tp[aghF kd;dDila G+u;tpfk; gw;wpa jfty;fspd; njsptpd;ik.
• ehl;bd; Kf;fpakhd mur
tk; r j; j pd; njhlu; r ; r pahf
te;jtd; vd tk;rf; fij
fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
• uh[ uj;dhfhuapy; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sjd;gb ,tuJ je;ij
fypq;f tk;rj;jtuhthu;.
• rpy ghz;ba fy;ntl;L Mjh
uq;fspd;gb mtu; ghz;ba
tk;rj;jpw;F cupatuhthu;.
• rpy %yhjhuq; f spd; gb
mtu; rpuprq;fNgh guk;giuapy;
,Ue;J te;jtuhff; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
• murpay; uP j pahd Kf; f paj;

Jtk; .
• iiiMk; tp[aghF jdJ
murpay; tho;f;ifia
Muk;gpj;jJ td;dp gpujhdp jk; g njdpa mur khspiffspd;
xUtdhf vd;W kfhtk;rj; gbtupir
jpYk;> G+[htpypapYk; Fwpg;
gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,yq;ifapd; gy gFjpfspYk; ,Ue;j jiytu;fs; kj;jpapy; khfDf;F
vjpuhf rpwg;Gw xOq;fikj;J nraw;gl 3Mk; tp[aghF kd;dDf;F
kl;LNk gykpUe;jJ> rkfhy %yhjhuq;fspy; ,tu; “td;dp epupe;J” vd
mwpag;gLfpd;whu;.
• khahul;il my;yJ jf;fpz Njrj;ij xd;WgLj;jp mq;F murpay; cWjpj;

jd; i kia fl; b naOg; g KbAkhdit kw; W k; jk; g njdpahit
([k;GJNuhdp) jdJ Ml;rp ikakhf Mf;fpf; nfhz;lik.
• jk;gnjdpahit kjpy; kw;Wk; mfop vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; ghJfhg;ghd
Ml;rpj;jskhf cUthf;fp vjpupfsJ jhf;Fjy;fis Kwpabf;ff $ba
ikaj;jskhf khw;wpaikj;jik.
• rka uP j papyhd Kf; f paj; J tk; .

• nfhj;kiyapy; kiwj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j je;jjhJ kw;Wk; ghj;jpu jhJit
ngypfytpw;F vLj;J te;J mq;F jyjh khspifnahd;W mikj;J
mjpy; ghJfhj;jik.
• jk;gnjdpahtpy; tp[aRe;juh uhka kw;Wk; tj;jisapy; tp[aghF tpfhiu
vd;gtw;iwf; fl;Ltpj;jik.
• fsdp tpfhiuapd; irj;jpa kw;Wk; mq;F mopTw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;j
fl;blq;fisg; Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;tpj;jik.
• 2k; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd;. (fp.gp. 1236 – 1270)

• ,tu; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;:
• kfhtk;rk;> G+[htypa> jk;gnjdpa m];d> fe;jTW rpupj
• ,tu; njhlu;ghf murpay;> rkak;> fy;tp tsu;rr
; p kw;Wk; fiyfspd; kWkyu;rr
; p
vDk; Jiwrhu; jiyg;Gfspy; Nehf;fyhk;.
• murpay; uuPP j pahd Kf; f paj; J tk; .

• re;jpughDtpd; KjyhtJ Mf;fpukpg;G
• khfdplkpUe;J ehl;il tpLtpf;f kd;dd; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;b
Uf;Fk; NghJ njd; fpof;fhrpahtpy; jhkpuypq;f Njrj;jpypUe;J (ypNfhu;
gpuNjrk;) te;j re;jpughD ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jhd;.
• kd;ddJ 11MtJ Ml;rp Mz;lhd fp.gp.1247y; ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;G
,lk;ngw;wJ.
• ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;gpd; NghJ 2k; guhf;fpukghF jdJ kUkfdhd ,sturd;
tPughFit mDg;gp re;jpughDitj; Njhw;fbj;jhd;.
• re;jpughDtpd; ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;G ,yq;ifapd; njd;Nky;
flw;fiuNahug;gFjpapDhlhf ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vdTk; fUjg;GLfpd;wJ.
rpyuJ fUj; J g; g b ,e; j Mf; f pukpg; g hdJ ,yq; i fapd; tlf; F j;
JiwKfnkhd;wpd; Clhf ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vdTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
• tPughFthy; re;jpughD Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; re;jpu ghD jdJ
ehl;bw;Fj; jpUk;gpg; Nghdjhf mwpa Kbatpy;iy. %yhjhuq;fspy; cs;s
jfty;fspd;gb re;jpughD Njhy;tpAw;w jdJ gilapdUld; aho;g;ghzf;
Flh ehl;by; jdJ mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhz;lhd;. aho;gg ; hzf;

Flh ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; rhtfr;Nrup> rhtd;Nfhl;il> kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzf;
Flh ehl;bd; njw;Nf fhzg;gLk; [htf; Nfhl;il vDk; ngau;fs; mf;fhyk;
Kjyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtjhf vz;zyhk;.
• fypq;f khfidj; Njhw;fbj;jy;.

• fp.gp 1255y; fypq;f khfd; 2k; guhf;fpukghFtpdhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhd;.
• khfidj; Njhw;fbf;f ghz;bag; Nguurpd; [lhtu;kd; Re;jughz;;badJ
cjtp 2k; guhf;fpukghFtpw;Ff; fpilj;jjhf njd;dpe;jpaf; fy;ntl;Lfspy;
mwpaf; f pilf; f pd; w J. vdpDk; ,J gw; w pa Mjhuq; f s; ,yq; i f
%yhjhuq;fspy; fhzf;fpilf;ftpy;iy.
• re; j pughDtpd; 2tJ Mf; f pukpg; G
• fp.gp. 1261/ 1262k; Mz;Lfspy; re;jpughD njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J
gil jpul;b te;J ahg;gFtiaj; jhf;fpajhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jd;NghJ ahg;gFttpy; tp[aghFTk; mtdJ rNfhju cwthd
tPughFTk; ,Ue;Js;sdu;. ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;gpd; NghJ jk;gnjdpa
Ml;rpahsuplk; Gdpj je;jjhJitAk; ghj;jpu jhJitAk; jUkhW
Nfl;ldu;.
• [lhtu;k tPu vDk; ghz;ba kd;ddhy; mikf;fg;gl;l Fr;rpahkiy
fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLtjd; gb ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;j ,U kd;du;fSs;
xUtu; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; capu; ePj;jjhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
• ,t;tpU kd;du;fSs; xUtuhd 2k; guhf;fpukghFthy; re;jpughD
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl ghz;bauplk; cjtp Ntz;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nghu;f;fsj;jpy;
re;jpughD ,we;jhd;. ,jd; gpd;du; re;jpughDtpd; kfd; xUtDf;F
,yq;ifapd; tl gFjp Ml;rpiag; nghWg;gspjJ ; > ghz;baUf;Ff; fPog
; g
; l;l
murhf itj;jpUe;Js;sdu;.
• 2k; guhf; f pukghFthy; re; j pughD Njhw; f bf; f g; g l; l gpd; d u;
nghyd;dWitf;Fr; nrd;W mq;F kPz;Lk; gl;lhgpN\fk; elhj;jg;
gl;Ls;sJ. vt;thwhapDk; nghyd;dWitapy; mjpf fhyk; kd;dd;
jq;fpapuhjJld; jdJ kUkfdhd tPughFtpw;F nghyd;dWitiag;
nghWg;gspj;J> kd;dd; jk;gnjdpahtpw;Fj; jpUk;gpdhd;.
• rkak; rhu; Nritfs;

• ngypfiyapypUe;J jk;gnjdpahtpwF
; Gdpj je;jjhJit vLj;J te;jik
kw;Wk; G+i[ nra;tpj;jik.
• rhrdj;ij Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;J gpf;Ffs; rhrdj;ij xOq;FgLj;jp>
jpk;Gyhfy Nkjq;fu Nghd;w kfh gpf;FfsJ jiyikapy; rhrdj;ij
Gzu;epu;khzk; nra;J gpf;FfsJ xOf;ffukhd tho;tpw;Fj; Njitahd

rl;ljpl;lq;fis cUthf;fpaik. mJNt “jk;gnjdpa fjpfhtj”
vdg;gLfpwJ.
jdJ kfdhd tp[aghF ,sturdJ Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; Utd;ntyprha cl;gl

tpfhiufis Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;tpj;jik. ,e;jg; Gzu;epu;khzq;fspd; gpd;du;
mEuhjGu efupd; epu;thf eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G vd;gd td;dpg;
gpujhdpfsplk; xg; g ilf; f g; g l; l J. nghyd; d Wit efuKk; Gdu; e pu; k hdk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
• kfhtyp fq;ifapd; jh];njhl;ilapy; cgrk;gjh itgtk; elj;jg;gly;.
• jhkpuypq;f Njrj;jpypUe;J ju;kfPu;j;jp Njuu; ,e;ehl;bw;F tUifj;je;J>
mtUila topfhl;LjYf;fika> tdthrk; nra;Ak; gpf;Ffs; guk;giuia
cUthf;Fjy;.
• fsdp tpfhiu> ngd;njhl tpfhiu> fyg;ghj tpfhiu> ngypfy tpfhiu>
thfpupfy tpfhiu kw;Wk; njtpEtu cGy;td; Njthya vd;gtw;iw
Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;jik.
• ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; gpupntdhf;fis epWtpaikAk; gpf;Ffspd; fy;tp
tsu;r;rpf;F eltbf;if vLj;jikAk;.
• ,uj;jpdGup k`rkd; Njthyaj;ij flLtpj;jik.
• tUlhe;jk; “fjPd” vdg;gLk; ngsj;j g+i[ia elhj;jpaikAk; nguùh
vd;gtw;iw elhj;j mDruiz toq;fpaikAk;. (ngd;ju nguùh> vry
nguùh)
• khfdhy; ifg; g w; w g; g l; l tpfhiur; nrhj; J fis kP s Tk; me; j e; j
tpfhiufSf;F jpUg;gp toq;fpaik.
fy; t p tsu; r ; r pAk; fiyfspd; kWkyu; r ; r pAk;

• gpupntdhf;fis cUthf;fpaikAk; mtw;iw fiyfspd; ikaj;jsq;fshf
Mf;fpaikAk;. (ee;jd gpupntdh> FUehfy kNfd;jpu gpupntdh> guhf;fpuk
gpupntdh> gyhgj;jy> tfpupfy> jk;gnjdpah> tp[aRe;juh uhka)
• ntspehLfspypUe;J jpupgPlfj;jpy; Gyik ngw;w gpf;Ffis mioj;J te;J
ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fsJ tsu;r;rpf;F eltbf;if vLj;jik.
• kd;dd; gbj;j gz;bjdhf ,Ue;jikAk; E}yhrpupadhff; fhzg;gl;likAk;.
(tpRj;jp khu;f;f rd;da> tdtpdpr rd;da> ftprpYkpd) ,tu; “fypfhy
rh`pj;jpa ru;tf;Q gz;bj” vDk; gl;lg;ngau; cilatuhff; fhzg;gl;lhu;.
• E}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpwF ; Mjutspjj ; ik. ,jdhy; rpqf
; s> ghsp> rk];fpUj
nkhopfspy; gy;NtW Jiwrhu; E}y;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
jk;gnjdpa Afj;jpy; fy;tpAk; ,yf;fpaKk;
fy; t p
• jk;gnjdpa Afj;jpy; fy;tp njhlu;ghf Nehf;Fk; NghJ 12k; E}w;whz;by;
fhzg;gl;l m\;l%y gpupntdhf;fSf;F xg;ghf ,f;fhyj;jpy; gq;r%y
gpupntdh vdg;gLk; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; gw;wp mwpaf;fpilf;fpd;wJ.
• kAughj gpupntdh kw;Wk; Njtgjpuh[ gpupntdh vd;gd ,f;fhyj;jpy;
fhzg;gl;l cd;djkhd ,U fy;tp ikaj;jsq;fshFk;.
,yf; f pak;
• rpq;fs nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;
E}ypd; ngau; E}yhrpupau; ngau;
• g+[htypa> ftprpYkpd> tdtpdpr kAughj gpupntdhjpgjp Gj;jGj;u Njuu;

rd;da
• rpjj; rq;fuht> tdtpdpr rd;da 2k; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd;
• tpRj;jp khu;f;f rd;da rj;ju;k NtNjf Njuu;
uj;dhtypa ju;kNrd Njuu;
• ghsp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;

E}ypd; ngau; E}yhrpupau; ngau;
• urth`pdp> rkd;j$l tu;zdht NtNjf Njuu;

• Ngr[;[kQ;[_rh gq;r%y gpupNtdhjpgjp
• ijtf;QfhkNjD mNdkj];]p Njuu;
• `j;jtdfy;y tp`hutq;ra mNdkj];]p Njuupd; rPld;
ahg; g `_t ,uhrjhdp
ahg; g `_t gbtupir
1k; GtNdfghF kd;dd; (fp.gp. 1272 – 1284)

• fp.gp. 1272y; jk;gnjdpahtpy; Ml;rpNaw;W jdJ rpwpJ fhy Ml;rpapd; gpd;
Ml;rp ikaj;jskhf ahg;g`{tit njupT nra;jhd;.
• fjypthl> Vghd> jpg> `pkpahif vDk; ngau;fshy; mwpag;gl;l rpq;fs;
td;dpg; gpujhdpfspdJ mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Neupl;lik.
• fhypq; f uhau; kw; W k; Nrhlfq; f d; vd; N ghu; njhLj; j njd; d pe; j pa
Mf;fpukpg;gpw;Fk; Kfq;nfhLf;f Neupl;lik.
• ntspehLfSld; njhlu;Gfis fl;bnaOg;gpf;nfhz;lik.
c+k;: vfpg;jpw;F mDg;gpa J}Jg;gazk; xd;W gw;wp muhgpa mwpf;if
nahd;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• 1k; GtNdfghFtpw;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyg;gFjp.
• 1k; GtNdFghF kd;ddpd; kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; murdw;w
fhyk; xd;W cUthdjhf ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
• ghz;bauJ Mjuitg; ngw;w Mupar; rf;futu;j;jp vdg;gLk; jkpo; jsgjp
ahg;g`_tit Mf;fpukpj;J je;jjhJitAk;> ghj;jpu jhJitAk; ifg;gw;wpr;
nrd;W FyNrfud; vDk; ghz;ba kd;dDf;Ff; nfhLj;jjhf mwpag;gLfpwJ.
• ,e;j murdw;w fhyg;gFjpapd; gpd;du; 3k; guhf;fpukghF (fp.gp 1281 –

1293) ahg;g`_ttpy; mur mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lik.
• fp.gp. 1292y; khu;fN
; fh NghNyh vDk; ,j;jhyp ehl;L Njrg;gazp ,yq;iff;F
te;jik.
• 2k; GtNdfghF kd;dd; (= epthr GtNdFghF) 3k; guhf;fpukghF Ml;rp
Gupe;j nghyd;dWit kPJ Mf;fpukpg;G elhj;jp mtidg; gjtp ePf;fk;
nra;J ahg;g`_itapd; murdhdhd;.
FUzhfiy ,uhrjhdp
gpd;du; 2k; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; jdJ Ml;rp epiyakhf FUzhfiyia
mikj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;.
4k; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; (gz;bj guhf;fpukghF fp.gp. 1302 – 1326)

• mikjpahd Ml;rpf;fhykhjjhy; ehl;by; rhrd kw;Wk; fiyj; Jiwfspy;
cr;r tsu;r;rp Vw;gLjy;.
• FUzhfiy efupy; tprpj;jpukhd jyjh khspif xd;iw mikj;J mq;F
Gdpj je;jjhJit itj;jik.
• njTe;jiuapy; ,Ukhb tpfhiuia mikj;jik.
• ntypfk mf;fuNghjp tpfhiu kw;Wk; tPjhfk fdhdd;j gpupntdhf;fisf;
fl;Ltpj;jjik.
• fz;b efupy; m];fpup tpfhiuiaf; fl;baik.
• gy %yhjhuq;fspy; ghsp nkhopapy; ,Ue;j [hjff; fijfis xd;W jpul;b
mtw;iwr; rpq;fs nkhopf;F nkhopg;ngau;g;G nra;J “gd;]pa gd]; [hjf
fij” vd;w E}y; ,tu; fhyj;jpNyNa cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. tPurpq;f gjpuh[
vDk; mikr;ru; ,jw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpAs;shu;.
• Nghjp khgh vDk; gpuGthy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l fyfj;jpy; kd;dd; kuzkile;jik>
3k; tp[aghFTld; Muk;gpj;j jk;gnjdpa mur guk;giu ,j;Jld; KbTw;wik.
• 4k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gpd;du; 3k; GtNdFghF (td;dp GtNdFghF) kw;Wk;
5k; tp[aghF (rTY tp[aghF) FUzhfiyapy; Ml;rpgPlk; Vwpaik.
FUzhfiy Afj;jpy; ,yf;fpaq;fs;.

• rpq;fs [hjf fij E}YUg;ngwy;
• vY Nghjp tq;ra kw;Wk; mdhfj tq;ra – tpy;fk;Ky = guhf;fpukghF
Njuu;
• jyjh rpwpj – njt;ju jk;grq;fpdhtd;
• jhJkQ;[{rht
fk; g is ,uhrjhdp
• 4k; GtNDfghF kd;dd; (fp.gp. 1341 – 1351) fk;gisf;Fj; jdJ ,uhrjhdpia
khw;wpaikj;jhd;.
• 1344y; muG ehl;L ehLfhz; gazpahd ,g;DgJ}jh ,yq;if tuy;.
• ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; tlf;Nf Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; gyk; ngw;wpUe;jjhf
,g;DgJ}jhtpd; Fwpg;Gf;fspypUe;J njupa tUfpd;wik.
• 4k; GtNdfghF kd;dd; fk;gisapy; Ml;rp nra;Ak; fhyj;jpy; 5k; ghuhf;fpukghF
kd;dd; Nffhiy khtl;lj;jpy; njjpfkit ikakhff; nfhz;L murhz;L
te;jhd;. 4k; GtNdfghF kw;Wk; 5k; guhf;fpukghF vDkpUtUk; Vk;
tp[aghFtpd; (rTY tp[aghF) Gj;jpuu;fs; Mtu;.
njjpfk
• njjpfk gpuNjrk; Ml;rp ikaj;jskhf Kjd;Kjypy; 12k; E}w;whz;bNyNa
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. 1k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; je;ijahd khdhguz jf;fpz
Njrj;jp;y; Ml;rp nra;Ak; NghJ Ml;rp ikaj;jskhf ,Ue;j Gq;ffhkNt>
njjpfk vd mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• 5k; guhf;fpukghF njjpfktpy; Ml;rp gPlNkwp fp.gp 1351 y; fk;gisapy;
murdhFk; tiu Rkhu; gj;J tUlq;fs; tiuapy; njjpfk Rje;jpu murhf
,Ue;jjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
• 4k; GtNdFghFtpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; 5k; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; fk;gisf;F
te;J Ml;rpia Vw;whd;.
• Kw;fhyj;jpy; mur FLk;gq;fSld; vt;tpj njhlu;Gk; ,y;yhj Gjpa ,Utu;
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; murpay; Jiwapy; Njhd;wpdu;. Nrdhjpyq;fhu jsgjpapd;
FLk;gj;jpdu; kw;Wk; moff;Nfhdhu; FLk;gj;jpdu; vDk; ,U guk;giuapduhtu;.
01. Nrdhjpyq;fhu jsgjpapd; FLk;gk;

• ,g;guk;giuapd; jiytu; Nrdhjpyq;fhu Mthu;. ,tu; tu;j;jfj;jpdhy;
ngUkstpy; nrhj;Jilatuhff; fhzg;gl;lhu;. 4k; GtNdfghF kw;Wk; 5k;
guhf;fpukghF kd;du;fspd; fhyj;jpy; mikr;ruhfTk; NrdhjpgjpahfTk;
flikahw;wpAs;shu;.
• Nrdhjpyq;fhu nra;j Kf;fpa gzpahf yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu mikj;j
ikiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• yq;fhjpyfapy; myty Fd;Wf; fy;ntl;by; Nrdhjpyq;fhutpdhy; yq;fhjpyf
tpfhiu mikj;jik kw;Wk; mjw;F mtUk; VidNahUk; nra;j cgfhuq;fs;
gw;wpAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
02. moff;Nfhdhu; my;yJ moNf\;tu guk;giu

• tu;j;jfj;jpdhy; ngUkstpy; nrhj; J cilNahuhff; fhzg; g l; l du; .
fpj;rpupNktdJ fsdp fy;ntl;Lg;gb ,e;jg; guk;giuapd; Kjyhktu;
,e;jpahtpy; Nfusj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa efnuhd;whd tq;rpGuj;jpypUe;J
te;Js;shu;.
• iwfkit ikaj;jskhff; nfhz;L ngUk; gyKilatuhff; fhzg;gl;l
ep];]q;f moff;Nfhdhu; (my;Nfhdhu;) “Ry;jhd;” my;yJ murd; vd
,g; D gJ}jhtpdhy; Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s hu; . mj; N jhL mtuplk; mur
mjpfhuj;jpd; rpdd; khf nts;is ahid xd;Wk; ,Ue;jjhff; Fwpgg ; plL
; s;shu;.
• ,g;D gJ}jhtpd; E}y; %ykhfTk; Vida %yhjhuq;fis Muha;e;jjd;
tpisthfTk;> 1344k; tUlkhFk; NghJ moff;Nfhdhu; guk;giuapy; gpuG
xUtu; iwfkit ikakhff; nfhz;L ngUk; gyj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gp
apUe;jjhf Kbtpw;F tu ,aYkhfpd;wJ. vdpDk; mtu; fk;gis my;yJ
njjpfk Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gltpy;iy.
• 5k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gpd;du; fk;gis kd;ddhd 3k; tpf;fpukghF kpfTk;
gytPdkhd murdhff; fhzg;gl;lhd;.
• ,f;fhyj;jpy; Nrdhjpyq;fhutpd; gyk; Fd;wpapUe;jJld; tpf;fpukghFtpd;
,Wjp Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; moff;Nfhdhu; mur rigapy; gpujk ke;jpupahf
,Ue;jhu;.
• vt;thwhapDk; mtu; “gpuGuh[h” vDk; gl;lg;ngauhy; jd;id mwpKfg;
gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJld; ngUk; gyj;ij cilatuhff; fhzg;gl;lhu;. ep]] ; q;f
moff;Nfhdhu; tpf;fpukghF kd;ddJ rNfhjup xUtiuj; jpUkzk; nra;J
mur FLk;gj;Jld; cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpj; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij NkYk;
gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.
• ,jd;NghJ tlf;Nf Mupar; rf;futu;j;jp gyk; ngw;wpUe;jJld; mtuJ
mjpfhupfs; ePun
; fhOk;G> rpyhgk;> tj;jis> nfhOk;G vDk; Nkw;Fj; jiwKfg;
gFjpfspy; tup mwtPl;by; mbf;fb <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;L ,Ue;jdu;. ,jdhy;
Vw;Wkjp - ,wf;Fkjp tu;j;jfj;jpy; fk;gis kd;dDf;Fg; ngUk; el;lk;
Vw;gl;lik.
• Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpapd; ,r;nra;ifia epWj;j ep];]q;f moff;Nfhdhuhy;
ghJfhg;Gf; Nfhl;ilnahd;W [atu;jjdGuj;jpy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lik
• Nghjpastpdyhd czit Nfhl;ilapy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpa gpdd ; u; mikr;ru;
ep]]; q;f moff;Nfhdhu; Mupar; rf;futu;jj ; papd; tup mwtpLk; mjpfhupfis
tpul;babj;jjhf uh[htypa kw;Wk; moNf\;tu Aj;ja vd;gtw;wpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; NfhgKw;w Mupar; rf;futu;j;jp jd; gilia
mDg;gpaJld; mJ moff; Nfhdhupd; gilapduhy; Juj;jpabf;fg;gl;lJ.
moff;Nfhdhupd; ,t;ntw;wpfspd; gpd; fk;gis kd;ddhf 5k; GtNdfghF
ngaustpy; Ml;rpg;gl P k; VwpdhYk; ep];]q;f moff;Nfhdhu; murpd; epu;thf
eltbf;iffspy; Kd;Dupik tfpg;gtuhff; fhzg;gl;lhu;.
• vY mj;jdfY tq;f moff;Nfhdhiu “= yq;fhjP]t ; u” vd miof;fpdw; ik.

fp.gp. 1382y; mof;Nfhdhu; ,we;jik. mjd; gpd; te;j moff;Nfhdhu;
guk;giuapdu; me;jstpy; gyk; ngw;wpUf;fhik.
• ep];]q;f mof;Nfhdhupd; gpd;du; Fkhu moNf\;tu vd;gtu; iwfk epu;thf
eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;lJld; mjd; gpd;du; tPu moNf\;tu mg;gjtpiag;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lik
• fp.gp. 1405> 1409 kw;Wk; 1411 vDk; tUlq;fspy; rPdhtpd; Aq;Nyh vDk;
Nguurd; mDg;gpa nrd; N`h vDk; jsgjp ,yq;iff;F te;Js;sik.
1409y; mtd; ,yq;if te;j NghJ iwfk moNf\;tu mtid cupa
Kiwapy; tuNtw;ftpyi ; y. vdNt mtd; jhd; nfhz;Lte;j fhzpfi ; ffis
njTe;ju Njthyaj;jpw;F mspj;J fhypapy; Kk;nkhopapyhd fy;ntl;ilg;
gjpj;jhd;. (rPd> ghurPf> jkpo; nkhopfspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ). gpd;du; fp.gp.
1411y; ngUk; gilAld; ,yq;if te;j mtd;> tPu moNf\;tu cl;gl
mtuJ cwtpdu;fisf; ifjpfshfg; gpbj;Jr; nrd;Ws;shd;. ,e;epfo;tpdhy;
moNf\;tug; guk;giuapdu; ,yq;if murpay; JiwapypUe;J ePq;fpdu;.
fk;gis Afj;jpy; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;.

,f;fhy fyhrhu eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghff; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy jiyg;Gf;fspy; Nehf;f
KbAk;
nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpak;

rpq;fs nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;
• rj;ju;khyq;fhua
• epfha rq;fpuà
• ghyhtjhu rd;da
• jpru re;Nj\a
• kAu re;Nj\a
• vY mj;jdfY tq;ra
ghsp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;

• ghukp k`h \jfa
• Tj;jkhyh rd;Nj\ \jf
• tpKf;jp rq;fpuà

fl; b l epu; k hzKk; > fiyfSk;

• njd;dpe;jpaf; fiyQu;fs; ,q;F te;jikAk; mtu;fs; ,e;ehl;L fiy
eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;likAk;
c-k;:
ju;kfPu;j;jp vDk; gpf;FTld; te;j fNz\tuhrhup cl;gl;l fiyQu;fs;
flyhnjdpa> yq;fhjpyf> tp[Nahj;gha> epak;fk;gha vDk; tpfhiufis
mikj;jik.
• tpfhiufs; kw;Wk; Njthyaq;fspy; kur;nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghL ,f;fhyj;jpy;
gpurpj;jk; ngwy;
• vk;gf;f nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghL ,e;j Afj;jpw;Fupajhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
vk; g f; f Njthyak;
vk;gf;f kur; nrJf;fy;fs;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdp njhlu;ghf EZfp Ma;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• aho; g ; g hz ,uhrjhdpapd; Muk; g k; kw; W k;
tsu;r;rpia mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
• aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdp tsu;r;rpaile;j tpjj;jpid
tpgupg;ghu;.
• aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdpapd; tPo;r;rpia tpgupg;ghu;.

• aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdp njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
%yhjhuq;fs;
- aho;g;ghz itgtkhiy> nrfuhr Nrfukhiy> ifyhr khiy
• 13k; Ehw;whz;bd; miug;ghfj;jpy; [hth ehl;Lr; re;jpughD kd;dd; tlf;Nf
aho;gg; hzf; Flh ehl;bYk; rpy td;dpg; gpuNjrq;fspYk; jd; mjpfhuj;ijg;
gutr; nra;J Ml;rp nra;jjhf %yhjhuq;fspYs;s jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
mwpa KbfpwJ.
• 2k; guhf;fpukghF ghz;bauJ G+uzkhd cjtpAld; re;jpughDitj;
Njhw;fbj;jNjhL mjd; gpd;du; ghz;bau; tlgFjpapy; jk; gpujpepjpahf
re;jpughDtpd; kfd; xUtid epakpj;jik.
• ghz;bauJ Ml;rp gytPdKw;w epiyapy; 1310 - 1311 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy;
Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; tlgFjpapy; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.
aho;g;ghz itgt khiyapy; Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfshf tp[a $oq;if
FyNrfu> tpff ; puk rpqf
; d;> tNuhjad;> khu;jj
; hz;ld;> FzG+rdd;> tNuhjad;>
[atP u d; > fdf#upad; > guuh[Nrfud; > rq; f pypad; vDk; ngau; f s;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,tu;fs; ghz;ba Nguurpd; njd; gFjpnahd;whd “ntr;rUf;if ehL” vDk;
gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu;fsJ FLk;gj; njhlu;Gilatu;fshtu; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
• ,g;guk;giuf;Fupa 12 Ml;rpahsu;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fs fpilf;fpd;wd.
mt;tidtuJk; ngau;fspd; gpd;dhy; rpq;if Mupad; vDk; ngau;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• 1344 y; ,yq;if te;j ,g;D gJhjh Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpia ,yq;ifapd;
Ry;jhd; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
• 3 Mk; tpf;fpukghF Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fk;gis ,uhrjhdpiaj; jhf;fp
mq;F rpy gFjpfspy; tup mwtplg;gl;lik.
• 6 Mk; guhf; f pukghF kd; d d; > rg; G ky; Fkhuid mDg; g p Mupar;
rf;futu;j;jpia Njhw;fbj;J aho;g;ghzj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
• Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; 1619 y; aho;g;ghzk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.3 : Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdp gw;wp EZfp Ma;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpapd; Muk;gk; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp
gw;wpj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpapd; rpwe;j kd;diu kjpg;ghu;.
• Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpapd; tPo;r;rpia tpgupg;ghu;.

6k; guhf; f pukghF kd; d d; .

• Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdp 6k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; Ml;rpNaw;Gld; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ.
fp.gp.1412y; iwfktpy; mjpfhuk; ngw;w ,td; fp.gp.1415y; [atu;jdGuf;
Nfhl;iliaj; jdJ Ml;rp ikaj;jskhf mikj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;.
• ,tu; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;.
,yf;fpak; -
uh[htypa> moNf\;tu Aj;jk;> nguFk;gh rpupj> re;Nj\ fht;a> fhtpa
N\fua> $l;Nlhtpd; mwpf;if.
njhy;nghUs; -
ngg;gpypahd fy;ntl;L> rkd; Njthya fy;ntl;L> njdtf rhrdk;>
flyhnjdpa fy;ntl;L> klts fy;ntl;L.
• kd;ddJ rpWguhak;> mur gjtpNaw;G kw;Wk; Ml;rpAupik vd;gd gw;wpa
gy; N tW ghuk; g upaf; fijfs; gpw; f hy vOj; j hsu; f sJ E}y; f spy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• nguf;Fk;gh rpupjtpy; cs;sjd;gb> mtuJ je;ij fk;gisia Ml;rp nra;j
5k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; NgundhUtdhd ykdp [ak`Nyd ([aghy k`Pgjp)
vd;gtuhthu;. jha; RNdj;uh Njtpahthu;. 6k; guhf;fpukghF fhyj;jpy;
,yq;if te;j tq;fhs rk];fpUj vOj;jhsuhd = uhkre;jpu ghujpAk;;
,jid cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
• uh[htypatpy; Fwpg;gLtjd;gb fk;gis Afj;jpy; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpg;Gr;
nra;j jsgjp nrd; N`htpdhy; tPu moNf\;tu kw;Wk; mtuJ cwtpdu;fs;
rPdhtpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;l NghJ mjpy; [ak`NydTk; ,Ue;jjhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; gpd;du; ,sturd; guhf;fpukghF jd; jhAld;
gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu; xUtuJ ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; tho;e;Js;shu;.

• rPdj; jsgjpapdhy; ,sturd; guhf;fpukghFTk; rPdhtpw;Ff; nfhz;L

nry;yg;gl;ljhfTk; gpdd
; u; Nguurdhy; ,sturDf;F mgakspf
; f
; g;gl;ljhfTk;
mtid ,yq; i ff; F mDg; g p murdhf; f pajhfTk; Nghu; j ; J fNfa
tuyhw;whrpupau; xUtuhd jpnahF j Fl;Nlh Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
murpay; uPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

• 1k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gpdd; u; ,yq;ifia xd;WgLj;j Kbe;jikAk;> mjid
epiyahfg; NgzpaikAk;> mjw;fhf mtu; ifahz;l eltbf;iffSk;
gpd;tUkhW.
• ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; rkkhf jd; mjpfhug; gyj;ij tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
njjpfk guhf;fpukghF kd;didf; fPog ; g
; bar; nra;a eltbf;iffs; vLj;jik.
• ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;Fg; ngUkstpy; Mjutspj;J gpf;FkhuJ cs;sq;fis
ntd;wJld; gpurpj;jkhd Ml;rpahsdhf Kad;wik. ,jdhy; njjpfktpy;
jq;fpapUe;j gpf;Ff;fs; Nfhl;il kw;Wk; mjid mz;kpj;j gFjpfspy;
te;J trpf;fj; njhlq;fpaik.
• ,yq;iff;F te;j rPak; kw;Wk; fhk;Ngh[ gpf;FfspdJ FOnthd;wpw;F
rpq;fs cgrk;gjh tpohit kd;dd; jdJ Mjutpy; elhj;jpaik.
• njjpfk guhf;fpukghF kd;dd;> 6 k; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddJ ,sturdhfr;
nraw;gl;bUg;gjhf gutp re;Nj]apy; cs;s jfty;fs; mbg;gilapy; njspT
ngw Kbfpd;wJ ,jD}lhfj; njjpfk cl;gl ehd;F Nfhuis kw;Wk;
kiyehl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gutr; nra;a Kbe;jik.
• cyu; tyak; kw;Wk; U`_D ul;ilapy; fhzg;gl;l Rje;jpu Ml;rp myFfs;
kw;Wk; td;dpau;fisf; fPog;gbar; nra;jik> td;dpj; jiytu;fs; 18 Ngiuf;
fPo;g;gbar; nra;jjhf re;Njrapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
• rg;Gky; Fkhu cl;gl ngUk; gil xd;iw mDg;gp tlf;Nf Mupar;
rf;futu;j;jpapd; fPo; ,Ue;j aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
• kiyehl;by; N[hjpa ,sturd; Vw;gLj;jpa fyfj;ij mk;GYfy Fkhuid
mDg;gp Kwpabj;jik.
• kiyehl; b y; gyk; ngw; w pUe; j fpuhkj; jiytdhd tpf; u kghFtpd;
fPo;g;gbjiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik.
ntspehl; L g; Nghu; ntw; w pfs; .

• njd; ,e;jpahtpd; mjptPuuhk gl;bdj;ij Mf;fpukpg;G nra;jik.
• tp[aefug; Nguurpd; JiwKfq;fis Mf;fpukpg;Gr; nra;jik.

fyhr; r hu uP j pahd tsu; r ; r p.

• gioa topghl;blq;fis mgptpUj;jpailar; nra;a eltbf;if vLj;jik.
• rptndhspghjkiy> mj;jdfy;y tpfhiu> flyhnjdpa> yq;fhjpyf>
k`paq; f z> fsdp tpfhiu Nghd; w ngsj; j tzf; f ]; j yq; f is
tsu;r;rpailar; nra;jik.
• jdJ jhapd; ngaupy; ngg;gpypahd RNdj;uh Njtp gpupntdhit mikj;J
mjd; epu;thf eltbf;iffSf;Ff; fpuhkq;fisg; guprhfg; ngw G+i[
nra;jjhf ngg;gpypahd rhrdj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ngUkstpyhd gpupntdhf;fs; tsu;rr ; pAw;wpUe;jik kw;Wk; fw;w gz;bju;
gyu; ,Ue;jik.
• murd; clgl mikr;ru;fs; gyu; E}YUthf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;lik.
• =uhkr;re;jpu gz;bju; Nghd;w fw;w gzbju;fs; ,yq;if te;jik.
6k; guhf; f pukghFtpd; gpd; d uhd Nfhl; i lapd; murpay; epiyik.

• 6k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; kfs; cyFila Njtpf;Fk; ed;D}u;j;JiztUf;Fk;
gpwe;j [aghF ,sturd;> tPu tpf;ukghF vDk; ngaupy; rpk;khrdk;
Vwpaik.
• aho;g;ghz murdhf ,Ue;j rg;Gky; Fkhud;> 6k; GtNdfghF vDk;
ngaupy; Ml;rpf;F te;jik. kd;ddJ ehd;fhk; Ml;rpahz;by; rpq;fs
nguypa (uh[htypa) rpq;fs rq;fa (njjpfk fy;ntl;L) vDk; ngaupy;
mwpag;gl;l fyfj;jpw;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bNaw;gl;lik.
• mk;GYfy Fkhud;> 8k; tPu guhf;fpukghF vDk; ngaupy; Ml;rpgg
; l
P Nkwpaik.
• 9k; ju;k guhf;fpukghF Ml;rpg;gPlNkWjy;.
• 6k; tp[aghF kd;ddJ Ml;rpf;fhyk; kw;Wk; tp[aghF nfhs;is.
• ju;kghy ,sturdJ Ml;rpf; fhyKk; Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpapd; tPo;r;rpAk;.
Nfhl;il Afj;jpy; fy;tpAk;> ,yf;fpaKk;.

fy;tp
• 6k; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddJ mikjpahd Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fy;tpj; Jiwapy;
ngUk; tsu;r;rp Vw;gly;.
• tPjhfk = fdhde;j> njhl;lfKNt tp[agh> NjNte;jpu ,Wfy;Fy jpyf>
fhufy gj;khtjp> ngg;gpypahd RNdj;uh Njtp> nugj;njhl ju;kuhf Nghd;w
gy gpupntdhf;fs; tsu;rr ; pAw;W ,Ue;jik. ,f;fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; ,Ue;j
ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd gpf;Ff;fs; fiyg; gzpapy; <Lgl;lik.
• ,f;fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; rpq;fsk;> ghsp> rk\;fpUjk;> gpuhfpUjk;> jkpo;
vDk; nkhopfSk; fhtpak;> eldk;> N[hjpl rh];jpuk; Nghd;w ghlq;fSk;
fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

• ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j fy;tp epiyaq;fs; ru;tNjr uPjpapy; fPu;j;jpAld;

tpsq;fpaikahy; rk];fpUj gz;bju; xUtuhd = uhkr;re;jpu ghujp
vDk; gz;bju; ,yq;if te;jik.
,yf;fpak;
• gy tifapyhd E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;lik.
• J}J fhtpak;> gf;jp fhtpak;> Aj;j fhtpaq;fs;> mwnewp E}y;fs;> Nghjidf;
fhtpaq;fs;
• Jwtpfs; kl;Lkd;wp JwT tho;T Nkw;nfhs;shjtu;fspy; gz;bju;fs; gyUk;
E}yhf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;lik.
E}yhrpupau; E}y;
njhl;lfKNt = uh`_y Njuu; fhtpaN\fua> gQ;rpfh gpujPga>
nryyp`pdp re;Nj\a> gutp re;Nj\a
tPjhfhk kfh ikj;jpupa Njuu; GJFz myq;fhuha> nyhntl
rq;fuht> `d;r re;Njra
Ntj;NjNt Njuu; Fj;jpy fhtpak;
,Wfy; Fyjpyf gpupntdhgjp Njuu; Nfhfpy re;Nj\a
jk;kjpz;z tpkyfPu;j;jp Njuu; rj;ju;kuj;jfhua
6k; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; Utd;ky epfz;Lt
= uhkre;jpu ghujp gf;jp rjfk;
ed;zUe;Jizahu; Guhz ehkthypa> ruNrhjp khiy
vDk; jkpo; Nrhjpl E}y;> nguFk;gh
rpupj> fpuh re;Nj\> FNtdp m];d>
vYrpNyh rjfa

fzpg;gPLk; k jpg;gPLk; 1
kjpg;
fPo;tUk; Kiwapyhd gy;njupT tpdhf;fis toq;fp khztiu kjpg;gpLq;fs;.
,y. 01 kw;Wk; 02> vd;gtw;wpw;fhd tpdhtpy; cs;s nghUj;jkw;w ngaiuj;
njupT nra;f.
01. 1. Gq;ffhk 2. mEuhjGuk; 3. nghyd;dWit 4. FUzhfy; 5. jk;gnjdpa
(...……..)
02. 1. ruNrhjpkhiy 2. rj;ju;kuj;dhtypa 3. G+[htypa 4. ftprpYkpd
5. rke;j$l tu;zdht (...……..)
,y. 03 njhlf;fk; 4 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fspy; 5 ngau;Nrhbfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

mtw;Ws; xd;Wld; xd;W nghUe;jhj ngau; Nrhb xd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
nghUj;jkw;w ngau;r; Nrhbiaj; njupe;J mjw;Fupa ,yf;fj;ij Kd;dhy; cs;s
milg;Gf;Fs; vOJf.
03. 1. Kyrpf kw;Wk; rpftye;j tpdp] - gpfF
; fSf;fhd xOf;ftpjp NfhitahFk;.
2. jk;gpah ml;Lth nflgja - jk;gj fijf;F vOjg;gl;l tpsf;f
ciuahFk;.
3. nguFk;gh rpupj - 6Mk; guhf;fpukghFtpd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wp
tu;zpg;gjhFk;.
4. rke;j ghrhjpf;fht - jpupgPlfj;jpd; xU gFjpahd xOf;fk;
gw;wpa tpsf;f ciuahFk;.
5. rj;ju;k uj;zhtypa - Nrhjpl E}yhFk;. (…......)
04. 1. tk;rj;jg;gfhrpdp - kfhtk;rj;jpw;fhd tpsf;f ciu
xd;whFk;.
2. ruNrhjpkhiy - jkpo; nkhopapyhd Nrhjpl E}yhFk;
3. fe;jTU rpupj - jk;gnjdpa Afj;jpy; kd;du;fsJ md;whl
tho;T gw;wpa tpsf;fkhFk;.
4. tPuNrhopad; - jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; xd;whFk;.
5. G+[htypa - =kfhNghjp Gdpj nts;suR kuk; gw;wp
vOjg;gl;l tk;rf;fij xd;whFk;.
,y.05-06 tiuapyhd tpdhf; f Sf; f hd rupahd tpiliaj; njupTnra; f .

05. 6Mk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddJ gzpfs; njhlu;ghf gpdt
; Uk; $w;Wfspy; rupahdJ
vJ?
01. fypq;f khfidj; Njhw;fbj;jik 02. Nfhl;ilia NtWg;gLj;jpaik
03. ,yq;ifia If;fpag;gLj;jpaik 04. re;jpu ghDitj; Njhw;fbj;jik
05. ghz;ba murpd; rpk;khrd cupikg;Nghupy; fye;J nfhz;lik. (…......)
06. ftprpYkpd ahuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ?
1. NtNjf;f Njuu; 2. mNdhk];rp Njuu; 3. 2k; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd;
4. ju;kNrd Njuu; 5. Gj;jGj;jpu Njuu; (………)

gpd;tUk; 07k; 08k; tpdhf;fspy; xU jiyg;gpd; fPo; 5 tplaq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

mtw;Ws; xU tplak; jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;. mjidj; njupT nra;J
mjd; ,yf;fj;ij Kd;Ds;s Gs;spf;Nfhl;by; vOJf.
07. jk;gnjdpa mur tk;rk;
1. 3k; tp[aghF jk;gnjdpa mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gf; fu;j;jh Mthu;.
2. ,jw;F Kd;dpUe;j kd;dDld; 3k; tp[aghF kd;dDf;F FLk;g cwT
fhzg;gltpy;iy.
3. 3k; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; gpd;du; muR 2k; guhf;fpukghFtpw;F cupj;jhdJ.
4. rPdj; jsgjp nrd;-N`htpdhy; ,g; guk;giuapd; filrp kd;dd; rPdhtpw;Fg;
gpbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lhd;.
5. 4k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; kuzj;Jld; jk;gnjdpa KbTw;wJ. (………)
08. Nfhl;il efuk;
1. Nfhl;il efukhdJ ep]] ; q;f moff;Nfhzhuhy; mikf;fg;gl;l ghJfhg;Gf;
Nfhl;ilapdhy; cUthdJ.
2. Nfhl;il efuk; = [atu;jdGu vdTk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
3. 6k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nfhl;il efuk; cr;r tsu;r;rp
fz;lJ.
4. 1565y; xy;yhe;ju; Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.
5. 1551y; njhd; Athd; ju;kghyf; Nfhl;il murdhdhd;.
(………)
X kw;Wk; y iaAk; ,izf;Fk; NghJ nghUj;jkhf mikAk; tpiliaj; njupTr;
nra;f. X Y
09.1. 1Mk; tp[aghF kd;dd; A. fypfhy rh`pj;jpa ru;tf;Q gz;bjd;
2. 1Mk; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; B. aho; g ; g hzf; Flh ehl; i l ntw; w p
3. ep];]q;f ky;y kd;dd; nfhs;sy;
4. 2Mk; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; C. ,yq;ifapypUe;J Nrhoiuj; Juj;jpaik
5. 6Mk; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; D. gu;kh kPjhd Mf;fpukpg;G
E. Jyhghu jhdk; toq;fpaik.
1. CABED 2. CDEBA 3. CDEAB 4. CEABD 5. CDAEB (………)

10. X Y
i. urth`pdp A. kapy;thfdg;Gytu;
ii. gutp re;Nj\a B. NtNjf Njuu;
iii. rj;ju;k uj;dhtypa C. tPjhfk ikj;jpupa Njuu;
iv. Nyhntl rq;fuht D. = uh`_y Njuu;
v. aho;g;ghz itgtkhiy E. ju;kNrd Njuu;
1. BEDAC 2. BADCE 3.BDCAE 4.BEDCA 5. CDAEB (………)
fzpg;gPLk; kjPg;gPLk; 02
fPot
; UkhW tpku;rd uPjpapyhd kw;Wk; tpdhf;fis toq;fp khztiu kjpgg ; pLq;fs;.
1. 2k; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddJ murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu gzpfisg; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLf.
2. “6k; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddJ ePz;l Ml;rpf; fhykhdJ Nghu; kw;Wk; mikjp
njhlu;ghf ,yq;if tuyhw;wpd; ,Wjpahd fPu;j;jpkpf;f fhyg;gFjpahFk;.”
fye;JiuahLf.
3. fPot ; Uk; jiyg;Gfspy; VNjDk; ,uz;bd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpgg ; pLf.
i. jk;gnjdpa Afj;jpy; ,yf;fpag; gzpfs;
ii. aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdpapd; vOr;rp
iii. Nfhl;il Afj;jpy; fyhrhu mgptpUj;jp
4. Nfhl;il Afj;jpy; fy;tp kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gzpfis tpku;rpf;f.
5. “2k; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; ntspehl;ltu; nry;thf;fpypUe;J ,yq;ifia
tpLtpj;J gykpF Ml;rpiaf; fl;bnaOg;gpa rpwe;j Ml;rpahsdhthd;.”
a. 2k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; je;ijapd; ngau; vd;d?
b. ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; 2 Ehy;fisg; ngaupLf.
c. 2k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; rkag; gzpfisj; njspTg;gLj;Jf.
d. Nkw;jug;gl;l $w;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L 2k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; rpwg;ig
tpku;rpf;Ff.

juk; 12 ,e;jpa tuyhW
,e;jpa tuyhW

,e; j pa tuyhw; i wf; fw; g jw; f hd %yhjhuq; f s;
xU ehl;bd; tuyhW fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtJ gy;NtW %yhjhuq;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk;

juTfisj; ju;ff ; uPjpahf Muha;eJ; ghu;gg
; jd; %ykhFk;. ,jw;fhfg; NghjpasT
,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fisg; NghyNt njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs; fhzg;gLtJk;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. MapDk; ,e;jpa tuyhW Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; gpur;rpid ahnjdpy;
njhlu;rr ; pahd tuyhw;W mwpitf;; fw;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; NghjpaT ,d;ikahFk;.
,e;epiyikahdJ gz;ilf; fhyk; Kjy; 13k; E}w;whz;by; K];yPk;fspd;
Mf;fpukpgG ; ,lk;ngw;w fhyg;gFjp tiu njspthfj; njupfpdw ; J. mNrhf kd;ddpd;
Ml;rpff ; hyj;jpwF
; Kd;du; vOjg;gl;lnjd Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;f fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;
kpff; FiwthdjhFk;. ntspehl;L %yhjhuq;fspd; tuyhw;Wj; jd;ikAk;
fp.K. 4 Mk; E}w;whz;by; mnyf;rhz;lupd; ,e;jpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf; fhyk; tiuapy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfNt mike;Js;sJ. mNjNghd;W ,e;jpa tuyhW KOtJk;
epytpa gpuhkz> nja;tq;fspd; cUthf;f thjk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; ajhu;j;j
epiyapypUe; J ,e; j paiuj; J}ukhf; F tjw; F k; fhuzkhaike; J s; s J.
,e;jpahtpd; ngsjPf uPjpahd epyg;gug;gpd; tprhyj;jd;ikAk; tuyhw;iwj;
njhlu; r ; r pahf mwpe; J nfhs; t jw; F j; jilahf mike; J s; s kw; n whU
fhuzpahFk;. ,itaidj;jpD}lhfTk; njupa tUtJ tuyhW njhlu;gpy;
,e; j pahtpd; epiy xg; g P l ; l stpy; gytP d khdjhFk; . MapDk; ,yf; f pa
%yhjhuq; f spd; gw; w hf; F iwiaj; njhy; n ghUs; %yhjhuq; f s; %yk;
,optsthf;fp ,e;jpa tuyhW fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nju; r ; r p 1.0 : fhy xOq;FKiw> %yhjhuq;fs; mjd; gad;fs;

vd;gtw;iw mZfpf; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; Ma;T
uPjpahd mwptpidj; jk; tho;f;ifapy; gbg;gpid
ahff; nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;fhd %yhjhuq;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 08
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;Fs;s %yhjhuq;fisg;
ngaupLthu;.
• ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;Fs;s %yhjhuq;fis
tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; NghJ %yhjhuq;
fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba Kiwiaj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.

%yhjhuq; f is tifg; g Lj; j y;

• ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs;
• vOj;jhtzq;fs;
• ehzaq;fs;
njhy; n ghUs; %yhjhuq; f s;

gz;ila ,e;jpah mfd;w epyg;gug;gpy; guk;gpf; fhzg;gl;l gy gpuNjr Ml;rpg;
gFjpfisf; nfhz;bUe;j ehlhFk;. ,jDila tuyhw;iwj; njhlu;r;rpahff;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fg; NghJkhd ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; fhzg;glhtpbDk;
,e;jpau;fspd; tuyhw;wpd; njhd;ikia cyfwpar; nra;j nkhn`Q;rjhNuh>
ùg;gh ehfupfk; gw;wpa jfty;fs; KOikahfj; njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fsp
ypUe;Nj ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk; tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fis xg;gpl;Lg;
ghu;g;gjw;Fj; njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fspd; gq;fspg;igf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl
KbahJ.
vOj; j htzq; f s;
vOj;jhtzk; vd;gJ fUq;fy;> fspkz;> nrg;G> jq;fk;> ntz;fyk;> gpj;jis
Nghd;w Clfq;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fspd; Nky; vOjg;gl;litahFk;.
njhy;nghUs; %jhuq;fSs; mjpfsT jfty;fisj; jUk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej;
%yhjhuq;fshf miktJk; ,itahFk;.
“gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; tuyhW gw;wpa mwpT KOikahfg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vOj;jhtzq;fisg; nghWikAld; guprpypj;jjd; %yNkahFk;.”
- gpsPl;
fy; n tl; L f; f s;
vOj;jhtzq;fSs; fy;ntl;Lf;fNs gpujhdkhdit. cupa fhyg;gFjpf;Fupa
tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Ff;- fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cjtpahf mike;Js;sd.
fy;ntl;L vOjg;gl;Ls;s fw;fspd; miktpw;Nfw;g mit Fiff; fy;ntl;L
Rtu;f; fy;ntl;L> J}z; fy;ntl;L> Fd;Wf; fy;ntl;L vdg; gy;tifahfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Wf;Fupa njupT nra;ag;gl;l cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW>
c-k;: mNrhf fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
nksupa fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s cjTk; gpujhd %yhjhuq;
fshFk;. mNrhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %d;W tifg;gLk;.
• Fd;W/ ghiw fy;ntl;L
• Fiff; fy;ntl;L
• J}z; fy;ntl;L
• gpuhfpUjk; > kfjk; > fpNuf; f k; > cNuhkhdpak; Mfpa nkhopfspy;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sik.

• mNrhf ju;kq;fs; gw;wp mjpfsthd jfty;fs; fpilj;Js;sik
• fypq;f Njr ntw;wp> nksupag; Nguurpd; guk;gy; Kjypa murpay; jfty;fs;
gy mlq;fpAs;sik
• fpu;dhu;> fhy;rp> rgh];fup> guhgu;> n[sflh> nauFl;> Nrhghuh> njsyp>
&g;dhj;> khd;Nruh> rhuzhj;> ifuhj;> k];fp Kjypa gpugy;akhd
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gyTk; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sik.
myfghj; J}z; fy;ntl;L
rKj;jpu Fg;jd; fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

• myfhghj; gpur];jp (myfhghj; rhrdk;)
,J rKj;jpu Fg;j kd;ddpd; murpay; eltbf;if gw;wp mwptjw;FjTk;.
• mNrhf kd; d dhy; mikf; f g; g l; l mNrhf fw; W }z; xd; w py; ,J
nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• rKj;jpu Fg;jdpd; Nghu; eltbf;iffspd; Kbtpy; ‘E}W Nghu;fspd; tPud;’
vd;W ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• myfhghj; rhrdk; mofpa J}z; xd;whFk;.
• fhtpa eilapYk; ciu eilapYk; vOjg;gl;l ,f;fy;ntl;bd; rpy gFjpfs;
moptile;Js;sd.
• ,jpy; mlq;fpAs;s 8 Gfo; ftpijfspy; gpdt
; Uk; tplaq;fs; ntspgg
; Lfpdw
; d.
• Kjyhk; ,uz;lhk; ftpijfspy; 1k; re;jpu Fg;jdpd; Nghu;fs;

• %d;whk; ftpijapy; rKj;jpuFg;jdpd; mwpthw;wy;
• ehd;fhtJ ftpijapy; je;ijahy; rKj;jpuFg;jd; murdhf;fg;gl;lik
• Ie;jhk;> Mwhk; ftpijfspy; muir cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F mtdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;g;gl;l Nghu;fs;

• Vohk;> vl;lhk; ftpijfspy; mtdJ Nghu; eltbf;iffspd; ehd;F
re;ju;g;gq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd>
- Mupahtu;j;jdj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik
- vl;L tifahd muirj; jd;dbg;gLj;jpaik
- jl;rpzhgjj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jy;
- vy;iyg; gpuNjr ,uhr;rpaq;fSld; Nghupl;lik
,J jtpu Vuhd; rhrdk;> fah rhrdk;> ehye;jh rhrdk; vDk;

fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; rKj;jpu Fg;jdpd; fhyj;jpw;FupaitahFk;.
NtW Kf;fpakhd fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

• fdp\;fdpd; - rhuzhj;
• fhuNtydpd; - fhjpFk;gh
• cUj;jpujhkdpd; - [_dhfl; (KjyhtJ rk];fpUj fy;ntl;L)
• 2k; re;jpu Fg;jdpd; - nkùhyp J}z; fy;ntl;L> cjafpup rhrdk;
• Kjyhk; GypNfrpapd; - [N`hy; fy;ntl;L
• ù;]dpd; - GNuhr;rp
• Kjyhk; uhN[e;jpudpd; - jpUthyq;fhL nrg;G rhrdk;
[_dhfl; (KjyhtJ rk];fpUjf; fy;ntl;L)

ehza %yhjhuq;fs;
• tu; j ; j fk; > nghUshjhuepiy> kf; f s; tho; f ; i f> Mf; f pukpg; G f; f s; >
,uhr;rpaq;fspd; tPo;r;rp Kjypa jfty;fs; gytw;iwAk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;s cjTk;.
• ehzaq;fspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s cUtq;fs;> FwpaPLfs;> vOj;Jf;fs;
vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; mjid ntspapl;l murd;> gpuG> tu;jj ; fk;> juk; ehfupfk;
Kjypa jfty;fis mwpa KbAk;.
• jq;fk;> nts;sp> nrg;G> ntz;fyk; Kjypa cNyhfq;fisf; nfhz;L
ehzaq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ljd; %yk; mf;fhyg; gFjpf;Fupa nghUshjhu
epiyia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
• ehza %yhjhuq;fSs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej ; cjhuzq;fs; rpy tUkhW>
- gf;Bwpad; fpNuf;f ehzaq;fs;
,uz;L E}w;whz;Lfs; tiu tlNky; ,e;jpahit Ml;rp nra;j gf;Bwpad;
fpNuf;f muru;fs; 30 Ngu;fs; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; xNu %yhjhukhFk;.
jpNahNlhl]; fhyj; jq;f ehzak;
F\hz ehzaq;fs;
• cNuhkhdpa ghzpapy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• nja;t cUtq;fSk; Gj;ju; cUtKk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sik
• F[pyhfl;gPr];> Ntkhfl;gPr];> fdp\;fd;> `_tp\;f thRNjtd; vDk;
muru;fSf;Fupa ehzaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sik.
fdp\;f kd;dd; fhyj; jq;f ehzak;

Fg;j ehzaq;fs;
• Fg;j Afj;jpd; nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhrhu jfty;fs; gyTk; ,jd;
%yk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
• gy;NtW tiffshf ,e;ehzaq;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
- ths; tPud;
- tpy; tPud;
- Fjpiu tPud;
- rpq;f tPud;
- cUtq;fs; nghjpj;j ehzaq;fs;
- tPiz tif
- ,yf;Fkp tif
rKj;jpu Fg;jd; fhyj; jq;f ehzak;
fz ,uhr;rpaq;fSf;Fupa ehzaq;fs;
• khstk;> ahjtk;> ky;yh> kpj;jpuk;>ghQ;rhyk; Kjypa fz ,uhr;rpaq;fs;
gw;wpj; jfty;fs; fpilf;Fk; xNu %yhjhukhf ,Uj;jy;
njhy;nghUs; rpijTfshd epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;

• xt;nthU fhyg;gFjpapYk; epytpa ehfupfk;> kf;fs; tho;f;if> tho;f;if
Kiw gw;wpg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbjy;.
• ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpw;Fupa rpijTfs; %yk; mf;fhy efu tho;f;ifapd;
gz;Gfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gly;.
• nghUshjhu epiy> cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tu;j;jf eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa
jfty;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gly;.
• mf;fhyg; gFjpf;Fupa tpQ;Qhd> njhopy;El;g mwpT gw;wp Gupe;J nfhs;s
Kbjy;.
c-k;:
- rpe;J ejp ehfupfj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w gy;NtW cUtq;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Kj;jpiufs;

- kjFUtpd; cUtk;> nrk;kzw; fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;l kdpj cUtq;fspuz;L>
ntz;fyj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l epu;thzkhd eldkhJtpd; cUtk; cs;spl;l
rpiyfs;
• rpe;J ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;fpd; rpj;jpu vOj;J kw;Wk; khDl vr;rq;fs;
ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpw;Fupa fspkz; tz;b kw;Wk; Mguzq;fs;
• ngsj;j kj;jpa epiyaq;fs; :- rpuht];jp> rhQ;rp> Frpefu;> rhuzhj;

• Guhjd efuq;fs; :- ghlyp Gj;jpuk;> jf;\pyh> nfsrk;gp> ,e;jpug; gpu];jk;>
rhQ;rp> khky;yGuk;> jQ;rhT+u;>kJiu
• gz;ila tuyhw;wplq;fs;:- kJuhGup> thuzhrp> rpuht];jp> nfsrk;gp
• Fif tpfhiufs;:- ehrpf;> fhu;Ny> m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh
nfsrk; g p efupd; rpijTfs;

,e; j pugpu]; j efupd; rpijTfs;
vy; N yhuh Fif

ehrpf; Fif
fhu;Ny Fif

,yf; f pa %yhjhuq; f s;
gy;NtW jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; gyTk;
mwpag;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw ,U gpujhd gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
1. cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs;
2. ntspehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs;
cs; e hl; L ,yf; f pa %yhjhuq; f s;

• rka E}y;fs;
itjPf ,yf;fpaq;fs;
• NtjE}y;fs; cs;spl;l fp.K. 5k; E}w;whz;L tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy;
vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;
• ,Uf;F Ntj fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l ,Uf;F (upf;) Ntj E}Yk; gpe;jpa Ntj
fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l Ntjq;fs;> gpuhkzq;fs;> Muzpaq;fs;> cg epljq;fs;>
Guhzq;fs;> Ntjhq;fq;fs;> cg Ntjhq;fq;fs;> #j;jpuq;fs;
• Mupaupd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> rka> r%f jfty;fs;
• gpuhkzP a q; f s; : - itjP f ke; j puq; f Sf; f hd nghUs; ciueilapy;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sik.
• Muzpaq;fs;:- nja;tq;fs;> Mj;kh> cyfKk; kdpjDk; gw;wpa mwpTk;
tpsf;fKk;
• cg epljq;fs;:- ghuj jj;Jtq;fs; xd;wpizjy;. Ntjhe;jq;fs; vd;Wk;
mwpKfkhjy; . fu; k k; > Qhdk; vDk; ,U gpupTfs; gw; w p ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gl;bUj;jy; jj;Jthu;j;j ngWkjp nfhz;ljhfj; jpfo;jy;
• Guhzq;fs;:-
- Guhzk; vd;gJ guk;giuf; fijfshFk;
- Guhz E}y;fs; 18 gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ
- gpugQ;rj;jpy; Njhd;wpa nja;tq;fspd; gz;Gfs;> tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs;>
IjPfk; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sik
• tl ,e; j pa mur tk; r q; f s; njhlu; g py; XusT mwpe; J nfhs; s f;
$bajhapUj;jy;
• tp\;Z> fu;kk;> tuhfk;> ghftjk;> kj;rak;> gpuhf;khz;lk;> mf;fpdp Kjypa
Guhz E}y;fs; gyTk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;.
ngsj;j E}y;fs;
• mq;Fj;ju epfha - Gj;jupd; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; epiy
• mf;fQ;Q #j;jpuk; - ,e;jpa mur epu;thfk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp
• $l;ljj;j #j;jpuk; - jhu;kPf ,uhr;rpankhd;wpidj; jpl;lkply;
• rf;futu;j;jp rPfehj #j;jpuk; - ngsj;j rf;futu;j;jpf; nfhs;if gw;wpa
gFg;gha;T
• [hjff; fijg; Gj;jfk; - ghuj r%f xOq;fikg;G
• tpda gplfk; - r%f> nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;T kw;Wk; rl;ljpl;lk;
njhlu;ghdit

• kfh gupepg;ghd #j;jpuk; - mf;fhy tl ,e;jpa tuyhW
• kfhtk;rk;> jPgtk;rk; - nksupau; fhyk; kw;Wk; gpw;fhy rka> tuyhw;Wj;
jfty;fs;
rkz E}y;fs;:
• fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.K. 4k; E}w;whz;L tiu ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wr;
#oypd; tsu;r;rp
• murpay;> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu jfty;fs;
• gftjp #j;jpuk;> itJq;f #j;jpuk;> rkhtjp #j;jpuk; vd;gd gpujhd
E}y;fshFk;.
cyfpay; %yhjhu E}y;fs;

• ju;k rh];jpuk;> ju;k #j;jpu E}y;> ];kpUjp E}y;> ju;f;f rh];jpuk;> itj;jpa
E}y; Kjypad ,jDs; mlq;Fk;.
tuyhw;W E}y;fs;
• gQ;r je;jpuk; - tp\;Z tu;kd;
• uh[juq;fdp - fy;fdu;
• rupijfs;
- tpf;fpukhq;f Njt rupij - gpy;fdu;
- etfhahnghd; rupij - gj;k Fg;ju;
- ,uhku; rupij - re;jpah ee;jp
- Fkhu ghyu; rupij - [arpq;fu;
- ù;]d; rupij - ghzgl;lu;
- aNrhtu;kd; rupij - thf;gjpau;
NtW ,yf;fpa E}y;fs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
• fp.gp. 1k; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 3k; E}w;whz;L tiu njd;dpe;jpa ghz;ba
,uhr;rpaj;jpy; $l;lg;gl;l jkpo;r; rq;fk; %yk; vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fpa E}y;fspd;
njhFjpahFk;.
• Kjyhk;> %d;whk; rq;fq;fs; kJiuapYk; ,uz;lhk; rq;fk; fghlGuj;jpYk;
$l;lg;gl;lJ.
• mw E}y;fs; fPo; fzf;nfdTk; xOf;f E}y;fs; Nky; fzf;nfdTk; $wg;gl;ld.
• ,yf; f pa E}y; f shdhYk; rkfhy nghUshjhu> murpay; > fyhrhu
jfty;fisAk; juj; jf;f E}y;fishff; fhzg;gl;lik
• mur MjuT ngw;w 500 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Gytu;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; tho;ej ; ik
• mg; Gytu;fSs; muru;fSk; ngz;fSk; ,lk; ngw;wik
• Kjy; rq;fk; - mfj;jpau;> KuQ;rpa+u; Kbehfuhau;
• ,ilr; rq;fk; - njhy;fhg;gpau;> ts;Su;f;fhg;gpau;
• filr; rq;fk; - fgpyu;> guzu;> ef;fPuu;

• Kjy; rq;f E}y;fs; vitAk; fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. ,ilr; rq;f E}y;fs;
vl;lhFk;.
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;:
- mfehD}W - Iq;FW E}W
- Gw ehD}W - gjpw;Wg;gj;J
- ew;wpiz ehD}W - gupghly;
- FWe;njhif ehD}W - fypj;njhif
• ,it jtpu ,ilr; rq;fj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gj;Jg; ghl;L vDk; E}y;fspd;
njhFjpAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
- jpU KUfhw;Wg;gil - kJiuf;fhQ;rp
- nghUduhw;Wg;gil - neLdy;thil
- rpW ghdhw;Wg;gil - FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
- ngUk;ghdhw;Wg;gil - gl;bdg;ghiy
- Ky;iyg;ghl;L - kiygL flhk;
• filr; rq;fj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l E}y;fs; ,uz;lhFk;.
- Juhy;
- mUs;
• ,t;tifg;gLj;jyhdJ tuyhw;wpayhsu;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikNahupd; fUj;Jf;
fpzq;fNt cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehlf E}y;fs;
• khy tpfhf;fpdp kpj;jpuk;> tpf;fpuNkh Cu;trp> rhFe;jyk; (fhspjhrd;)
• Njtp re;jpuFg;jd;> Kj;jpuhuhl;rk; (tprhrjj;ju;)
• kpupr;r fbfk; (Rj;jpufu;)
,yf;fz E}y;fs;
• ghzpdpapd; ,yf;fz E}y;
• gjQ;rypapd; ,yf;fz E}y;
• njhy;fhg;gpak; vDk; jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;
fhtpa E}y;fs;
• NkfJ}jk;> uFtk;rk;> Fkhu rk;gtk;> UJ rq;fhuk; (fhspjhrd;)
• rpRghydk;> fpuhf;jhu;[_d; (ghutp)
• jrFkhu rupjk; (jz;b)
• gQ;r je;jpuk; (tp\;Ztu;kd;)
• etuj;jpdq;fs; vDk; Fg;ju; fhyf; ftpQu;fs; 9 Ngu;
- xj;te;jup - rlNfhgu;
- Nrj;jhy - rbq;F
- \gdfh - fhspjhrd;
- gl;lh - tuUrp
- turpq;fu;

murpay; ePjp E}y;fs;
• nfsby;aupd; mu;;j;j rh];jpuk;
• re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; Kjyikr;ruhd nfsby;au; (rhzf;fpad;/ tp\;Z
Fg;jd;/ thj;];ahq;fdu;) vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;ljhFk;.
• murpay; ePjp E}y; vDk; tifapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ.
• mf;fhyg;gFjpf;Fupa tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
• Fg;ju; fhyj;jpy; ,Wjpg; gjpg;ghfpAs;sJ.
• ,jpy; mur gjtp> kd;ddpd; flikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs;> mikr;ruit>
ePjpkd;wk;> gpuNjr epu;thfk;> mur tUkhdk;> tug;gpurhj Nrit vDk;
gy;NtW tifj; jfty;fSk; mlq;fpAs;sd.
• ,e;jpa muru;fisg; NghyNt ,yq;if muru;fSk; (kfh guhf;fpukghF)
,jid murpay; ePjp E}yhff; fw;wjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
NtW ePjp E}y;fs;

• kD];kpupjp> Rf;fpuePjp> fhkz;l fPa ePjp rhuk;> nfsjk ju;k rh];jpuk;>
ngsj;jhad ju;k #j;jpuk;> Mg];ju;k ju;k #j;jpuk;> tp\;Zkpupjp> tpaho
kpupjp> ehujkpupjp
tP u fhtpaq; f s;
• ,uhkhazk;
• thy;kPfp vDk; Kdptuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ.
• rk];fpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;E}y; 24000 nra;As;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
• ,e;E}ypd; fjhehafdhd ,uhkd;> tp\;Ztpd; mtjhukhf Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,uhk - ,uhtz fijapy; mjpfstpy; tuyhw; W j; jfty; f s;
mlq;fpAs;sd.
• kfhghujk;
• tpahru; vDk; gz;bjuhy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;E}y; 3 fhz;lq;fshYk; xU
,yl;rk; RNyhfq;fshYk; MdJ.
• nfsutu;fSf;Fk; ghz;ltu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nghu; ,e;E}ypy;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,f;fhtpaj;jpy; tUk; fpU\;zd; tp\;Ztpd; mthukhff; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
tPu fhtpaq;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; ngWkjp

• gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; r%fg; gz;G> xOf;fnewp njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;
mlq;fpapUj;jy;
• Mupa xOf;fg; gz;ghdJ tl ,e;jpahtpypUe;J uh[];jhd; Clhf
njd;dpe;jpahTf;Fg; gutpa tpjk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.
• Kd;Djhuzkhd FLk;g tho;f;if> xOf;f newpapyhd r%fk; vd;gd
gw;wpa jfty;fs; mlq;fpapUj;jy;.

• ,g;gilg;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,e;jpahtpd; rq;fPjk;> eldk;>
ehlfk; vDk; fiyj; Jiwfs; tsu;r;rp fz;lik njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;
mlq;fpapUj;jy;
• may; ehLfspYk; ,f;fijapd; nry;thf;Fg; gutyhff; fhzg;gLjy;
ntspehl; L ,yf; f pa %yhjhuq; f s;

• ,yq;if E}y;fs; - jPg tk;rk;> kfh tk;rk;> rke;jhghrhjpfh> kfhtk;rBfht
• fpNuf;f E}y;fs; - [];bd;> GSlhr;> nkf];jdP]>; nù Nlhu];> ];nlba];>
];l;uhNgh vd;Nghupd; mwpf;iffSk; ngupg;y]; xg; vupj;jpupad; rP vDk;
E}Yk;
cNuhk E}y;fs; - gpspdpapd; ner;Ruhyp]; `p];Nlhupah
njhykpapd; G+Nfhs rh];jpug; gpuNtrk;
rPd ,yf;fpaq;fs; - ghfpadpd; mwpf;if> Fthd; Rthdpd; mwpf;if>
,j;rpq;fpd; mwpf;if
muhgpa vOj;jhsu;fs; - my;G&dp> my;k#jp> ,gd;Fu;jhj;Ngf;> ,gd;
r`;upau;
jpngj; ,yf;fpak; - jhuehj;jpd; mwpf;if
ntspehl;L ,yf;fpaq;fSs; rpwg;ghd E}y;fs;

• nkf];jdP]pd; ,z;bfh
re;jpu Fg;j nksupa kd;dpd; muritf;F tUif je;j nrypAf]; epNfl;lupd;
J}Jtuhd nkf];jdP]hy; vOjg;gl;lJ.
• ,z;bfh E}ypd; %yg; gpujp fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy.
• gpw;fhy fpNuf;f> cNuhk vOj;jhsu;fs; %y E}ypypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;l
jfty;fNs vQ;rpAs;sd.
• gy;NtW egu;fsplKk; Nfl;lwpe;j jfty;fs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjhy;
rpy jfty;fs; ek;gfj; jd;ikaw;wit (rhjp Kiw> mbik Kiw)
• MapDk; mf;fhy ,e;jpah gw;wpa Kf;fpakhd jfty;fs; cs;slq;fpAs;sd.
• ,e;jpahtpd; Gtpapay; gz;Gfs;> r%fk;> epu;thfk;> nkspa mur khspif>
ghlypGj;jpu efuk; mjd; epu;thfk; Kjypa Kf;fpakhd jfty;fs;
mlq;fpAs;sd.
Fthd; - Rthdpd; mwpf;if

• Roy; ,yf;fpak; vd ,J mwpKf;ggLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,e;jpa tuyhW gw;wpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;jj;Njuuhy;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
• tpd] ; l
; d; ];kpj; mtu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; ,Uz;l tuyhw;Wf;
fhyg;gFjpfSf;F ,t;twpf;if %yk; xspgha;r;rg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• fp.gp. 603 ,y; rPdhtpd; N`hdhq; gpuNjrj;jpy; yPT efupy; gpwe;j ,tu;
fp.gp. 629 ,y; ,e;jpah Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;lhu;.

• jf;\pyh> rpq;fGuk;> fh\;kPu;> rhfy> [ye;jhu;> kJuhGup> fNdh[;> mNahj;jp
gpuahfk;> nfsrhk;gp> rpuht];jp> t[;[p vDk; Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fs; gw;wp
,t;twpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ù;]tu;jd kd;ddpd; Ml;rpff ; hyj;jpy; eilngw;w rka Cu;tyk; (nguùh)>
fNdh[; ngsj;j khehL gw;wpa Kf;fpa jfty;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.
• ehye; j h gy; f iyf; f ofj; j py; fy; t p ngw; W s; s Jld; mj; j fty; f Sk;
,lk;ngw;ws;sik
• kpfpuFydpd; Mf;fpukpg;G> ju;k mNrhfd;> fdp\;fd;> 2k; GypNfrp Kjypa
muru;fs; gw;wpa tplaq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sik
• ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofk; gw;wpa jfty; mlq;fpAs;s xNu %yhjhuk;
• rhQ;rp ngsj;j tpfhiu gw;wpAk; ,yq;if tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs; gyTk;
,jpylq;fpAs;sJ.
%yhjhuq; f isg; gad; g Lj; J k; N ghJ Vw; g Lk; gpur; r pidfs;

• ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; njhlu; %yhjhunkhd;W ,d;ik
• ,e;J ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;fpd; rpjj; pu vOj;Jf;fis ,Jtiu thrpjj; wpa Kbahik
• ,e;jpa r%ftikg;gpy; NtNuhbg; NghAs;s nja;tPfg; gilg;gpay; nfhs;if
ajhu;j;jkhd tuyhw;W kuGf;Fj; jilahf ,Uj;jy;
• ‘,e;jpau; tuyhW gw;wp mw;gkhd Mu;tKs;stu;fs;’ vd;W my;G&dp
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik
• ,e;jpahtpd; ngsjpf uPjpahd ghupa gug;gsT NghyNt Gtpapay; jilfs;
fhuzkhf KOikahd tuyhw;W kunghd;iw Vw;gLj;j Kbahik
• xU nghJthd tUl Kiwapd;wp xt;nthU mur tk;rj;jpdUk; xt;nthU
tifapyhd fhyf; fzpg;gl P i
; lg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sikahy; Vw;gLk; ,lu;ghL.
• ngsj;j> rkz> gpuhkz rka %yhjhuq;fs; rkfhy r%ftikg;G gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpLk; jfty;fs; rka Nehf;fpy; mike;Js;sikahy; ek;gfj;jd;ik
Fiwthjy;
%yhjhuq;fis xg;gpl;Lf; fw;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

• ve;jnthU ehl;bYk; eilKiwapYs;s tuyhw;W kuGfspd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
jd;ikiaj; jtpuj ; J
; f; nfhs;tjw;F %yhjhuq;fis xd;Wlndhd;W x;ggplL; f;
fw;f Ntz;bAs;sik.
• fh\;kPupd; tk;rf;fijahd uh[juq;fdpapy; fy;fdu; tuyhw;W nra;jpia
tpgupg;gtu; xUtu; nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
xU ePjpgjpiag; Nghy Nkhfk;> JNt\k; vDk; epiyfspypUe;J tpLgl;L
tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis tpgupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,e;jpa tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf ,t; xg;gPl;Lf;
fw;wy; Kiw kpfTk; Njitahd xd;whfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
• njhlu; tuyhw;W kuG ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; tuyhw;wpd; rpy ,Uz;l
gFjpfSf;F xsp gha;r;Rtjw;F xg;gpl;Lf; fw;wy; Kiw kpfTk; gaDila
jhFk;.

01 - 05 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSs; xt;nthU tpdhtpYk; 5 nrhw;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
mtw;Ws; xU nrhy; Vida nrhw;fSld; VNjhnthU tifapy; nghUe;jhJ
mr;nrhy;iyj; njupe;J mjw;Fupa ,yf;fj;ij milg;gpDs; vOJf.
1)
1. ,Uf;F 2. tp\; 3. mju;tzk; 4. aRu; 5. rhkk; ( )
2) 1. rq;fPjk; 2. gpuhkzPak; 3. Muzpak; 4. cg epljk;

5. thA Guhzk; ( )
3) 1. Nkf J}jk; 2. ,UJ rq;fhuk; 3. rhFe;jyk; 4. kpupr;rfbfk;

5. ,uF tk;rk; ( )
4) 1. ghfpad; 2. jhuhehj;; 3. Fthd; Rthd; 4. ,j;rpq;

5. rq; - Aq; ( )
5) 1. k];fp 2. fpuPdhu; 3. Yk;gpzp 4. njsyp

5. fhjpFk;gh ( )
06 - 10 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; Ie;J Nrhbg; ngau;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

mtw;Ws; xU NrhbapYs;s ngau;fs; xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;jtpy;iy. nghUe;jhj
mr;Nrhbiaj; njupe;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gg; Gs;spf; Nfhl;by; vOJf.
6) 1. fhjpFk;gh fy;ntl;L - fypq;f fhu Ntyd;
2. cUkpe;ijf; fy;ntl;L - re;jpuFg;j nksupad;
3. fpuPdhu; fy;ntl;L - cUj;jpujhkd;
4. kJuhGupf; fy;ntl;L - 2k; re;jpu Fg;jd;
5. fhd;RNtuh fy;ntl;L - ù;]tu;jdd; ( )
7) 1. #j;uhyq;fhu - je;jpuhahzk; 2. gftj; fPij - ,e;J
3. gftjp #j;jpuk; - rkzk; 4. kfh gpuQ;Q ghukpjh - kfhahdk;
5. fjht];Jg;gfuzk; - Njuthjk; ( )
8) 1. fhtpa E}y; - fjh rupj rhfuk; 2. tk;rf; fij - uh[ juq;fdP
3. thdpay; E}y; - FU rq;fpjk; 4. itj;jpa E}y; - Rthr rq;fpjk;
5. ehlf E}y; - gQ;r je;jpuk; ( )
9) 1. nkf];jdP]; - ,z;bfh 2. nfsby;au; - mu;j;j rh];jpuk;
3. thd;kPfp - ,uhkhazk; 4. fhspjhrd; - NkfJ}jk;
5. ù;rtu;jdd; - kpupr;r fbfk; ( )
10) 1. nùNlhu]; - fpNuf;fk; 2. jhuhehj; - rPdh
3. my;G&dp - mNugpah 4. nfh];k]; - igrhe;jpah
5. ];l;whNgh - cNuhk; ( )

11 - 15 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F ml;ltizapy; ,U $w;Wf;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
xt;nthU tpdhTf;Fk; jug;gl;Ls;s Nrhbf; $w;Wf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
,yf;fj;ijg; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapypUe;J njupe;J vOJf.
Kjyhk; $w;W ,uz;lhk; $w;W
1 rup rup
2 rup gpio
3 gpio gpio
4 gpio rup
5 gpio rupahdJk; Kjyhk; $w;wpid ed;whf
tpsf;FtJkhFk;.
Kjyhk; $w; W ,uz; l hk; $w; W
11) ghlyp Gj;jpuk; gw;wp kpf ePz;l efu epu; t hfk; 6 kz; l yq; f Sf; F g;
t p s f ; f k ; n k f ] ; j s P ] h y ; nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJld; xt;nthU
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kz;lyKk; 5 egu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;j
njd;Wk; mtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ( )
12) uh[juq;fdp fh\;kuP ; tuyhw;iwf; uh[juq;fdp E}ypd; Mrpupau; ghzpdp

$WfpwJ. Mthu;. ( )
13) mu;j;j rh];jpuk; re;jpu Fg;j mNrhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nksupag; NguuR

nksupadpd; GNuhfpjuhd rhzf; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; Kf;fpakhd %yhjhuq;
fpauhy; vOjg;gl;lJ. fshFk;. ( )
14) ghfpad; Njuu;> kfhgj;k ee;j Athd; Rthq; Njuu; ];fe;j Fg;j kd;dd;
kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahTf;F fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahTf;F tUif je;jhu;.
tUif je;jhu;. ( )
15) m];tNfhru; fp.gp. 4k; E}w;whz; mtuhy; kfhghujk; kw;Wk; Rtg;dthr

by; tho;e;jtuhthu; je;jk; vDk; E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. ( )

1) gpd;tUk; jiyg;GfSs; tpUk;gpa ,uz;bw;F tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;ngOjTk;.
1. Muk;g fhy Mupau; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
2. nkf];jdP]pd; ,z;bfh
3. rKj;jpu Fg;j nksupadpd; myfhghj; rhrdk;
4. Fthd; Rthdpd; mwpf;if
(7 x 2 = 14 Gs;spfs;)
2) njd;dpe;jpa muRfs; gw;wpa fw;wypy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wp

Ma;T nra;f. (14 Gs;spfs;)
3) “gz;ila ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; Kjyplk; tfpgg

; it njhy;nghUs;
%yhjhuq;fshFk;.”
i. ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpw;Fupa jhdpaf; fsQ;rpak; mike;jpUe;j ,lj;jpd;
ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(1 Gs;sp)
ii. ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpy; epytpa rka epiyikia ntspf;fhl;Lk; fiyg;
gilg;Gfs; ,uz;bidg; ngaupLf. (2 Gs;sp)
iii. ehza %yhjhuq;fspd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
(4 Gs;sp)
iv. ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;FjTk; tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fs; njhlu;gpy;
Nkw;gb $w;iw tpsf;Ff. (7 Gs;sp)
4) rkfhy tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fisf; fw;Fk;NghJ mNrhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;f. (14 Gs;spfs;)
5) ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ntspehl;L %yhjhq;fspd; gq;fspg;Gr;

gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;f. (14 Gs;spfs;)

2. Gtpapay; miktplk; ngsjpff; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; khdpl
elj; i jfs;
ve;jnthU ehl;bdJk; tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjpy; me;ehl;bd; miktplKk; Gtpapaw;

#oYk; ngsjpff; fhuzpfSk; kpf Kf;fpak; tha;ej ; itahFk;. ,e;jpah Mrpahf;
fz;lj;jpd; Xu; cg fz;lkhf Njr vy;iyfshy; jdpg;gl;lnjhU ehlhFk;.
Mg;fhdp];jhd; Kjy; mrhk; tiu 2560 fp.kPw;wu; J}uk; gue;Js;s ,ka kiyj;
njhlu; Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpahitj; njspthfg; gpupj;J tpLfpd;wJ.
njw;F> fpof;F> Nkw;Fj; jpirfspy; ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jhy; #og;gl;l ,e;jpah

tlNkw; N f ,e; J F\; kiyj; njhluhYk; Riykhd; kw; W k; fpu; j hu;
kiyj;njhlu;fshYk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ka kiyj;njhlupd; fpof;F
KbtpypUe;J njw;F Nehf;fp mike;Js;s muf;nfhz;ahkh kw;Wk; ehfyhe;J
kiyj; njhlu;fs; %yk; gu;khtpypUe;J (kpad;khu;) gpupe;Js;sJ.
,e;jpah tlf;fpypUe;J njw;fhf 3200 fp.kPww

; u; ePsj;ijAk; fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf
4000 fp.kPw;wu; mfyj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,e;jpah 1800000 rJu iky;
gug;gsitf; nfhz;lJ. kiyfshy; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l Njrr; Rw;wsT 9000
fp.kPw;wu; J}uj;ijAk; rKj;jpuj;jhy; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l Njrr; Rw;wsT 8000
fp.kPww
; u; J}uj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW ghupa epyg;gug;gpy; gue;J tpupeJ
; s;s
,e; j pah Gtpapay; gy; t ifik nfhz; L s; s J. ,e; j pahtpd; Gtpapay;
gy;tifikAk; mjd; Gtpapaw; fhuzpfSk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw tbtikg;gjpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s tpjk; ,g;ghl myfpd; %yk; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.
Nju; r ; r p 2.0 : xU ehl; b d; tuyhW fl; b naOg; g g; g Lk; N ghJ

ngsjpff; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjk;
gw;wpg; Gupe;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2 : Gtpapay; miktplk; ,e;jpa tuyhW njhlu;gpy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s tpjj;ij Ma;T nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 15
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• ,e;jpahtpd; Gw mikT kw;Wk; cs;sf mikit
tpgupg;ghu;.
• ,e;jpahtpd; miktplk; cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L kdpj
njhlu;Gfs; rk;ge;jkhf nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp
As;sij ,dq;fhl;Lthu;.
• ,e; j pahtpd; ngsjpf mk; r q; fis ,e; j pag;
GwTUtg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

,e; j pahtpd; Gw mikT:

• kj;jpa MrpahtpypUe;J Ntwhf mike;jpUj;jy;
• mfyhq;F> nel;lhq;F miktplk;
• cg fz;lkhf mike;jpUj;jy;
,e; j pahtpd; cs; s f mikT:

• kiyj;njhlu;fs;
• ,kak;> ,e;JF\;> fhuNfhuk;> Riykhd;> fpu;jhu;> Muty;yp> tpe;jpak;>
rj;Guk;> ePyfpup> fpof;F fhw;whb kiyj;njhlu;> Nkw;F fhw;whb kiyj;
njhlu;
• fztha;fs;
• ifgu;> Nghyhd;> kf;uhd;> Nùhj;> gNuhlh> gy;fhl;
• ghiytdk;> Nkl;L epyk;
• jf;fz Nkl;L epyk;> jhu; ghiytdk;
• ejpfs;
• rpe;J> eu;kjh> jg;jp> gpuk;;kGj;jpuh> aKid> fq;if> kfh ejp> Nfhjhtup>
fpU\;zh> Jq;fgj;jpuh> fhNtup
• JiwKfq;fs;
• ghUfr;r/ Nghr;rp/ GUFfr;r
• Rg;ghufk;
• jhkpwypg;jp
• Nyhj;jhy;

,e;jpahtpd; Gtpapay; mk;rq;fs; mlq;fpa tiuglk;
65°0'0"E 70°0'0"E 75°0'0"E 80°0'0"E 85°0'0"E 90°0'0"E 95°0'0"E
;
\ fh
;JF u N
fh
35°0'0"N
g hnuhNg k; R ,e uk 35°0'0"N
kiy ifgu; fztha;

;
rPdh
lu
;
Mg;fdp];jhd;
jh
k iyj;n
NghNyhd; fztha; jpngj; Nkl;Lepyk;
; ,
kh d ka
30°0'0"N iy ghfp];jhd; k 30°0'0"N
iy
R
fpsu; j hu; k iy
p
ej j;
njh
;J k; l u;
rpe d
a
t
K ;if
h fq y
y
id
j;jpu
i
h y
ku;fhd; jh u; g p k
i gpuk;kG ki
y;y
eJ
fztha; f q;
ut
;
if
yh
25°0'0"N M 25°0'0"N
ehf
iy
gq;fshNj\;
k
pe ;jpa
gNuhlh fztha; t eu;kjh
f
fq;i
y Nthu;lh ehfg+u;
h ki
kiy
jg
;jp rj;Gu Nkl;Lepyk;
fq;if
kf kpad;khu;
he j
hkh
20°0'0"N
fk;Ngh m[
e;jh
p
20°0'0"N
Flh Nfh
z;Na
jht
hup f kiy
q;i
f ;
fpU lu
Nkw
m uf
h
nfh
\
;z ;nj
k;
epy
yj
;F
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;if
ki
l;L
fhw
Nk
b
;jhd
;whb
h
hw;wh
;jpu
;fz
j
;fG
Jq
ki
; fi
15°0'0"N tq;fhs tpupFlh 15°0'0"N

jf
;l y; fiu
;F f
yj;n
u
gy;fhu;l; nfhgy;y
fpof
jhl
ky g
ePyfpup
u;
nf hukz
kiy
hu
fh
;
Nt f
fi
up q;i
f
u
10°0'0"N fhu;lkd; 10°0'0"N

kiy
Fkup Kid
,yq;if
0 250
/
500 750 1,000
fpNyhkPw;wu;
65°0'0"E 70°0'0"E 75°0'0"E 80°0'0"E 85°0'0"E 90°0'0"E 95°0'0"E
,e;jpahtpd; Gtpapapy; mk;rq;fs; tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;F
kiyj; n jhlu; f s;
• ,kak;:- ,ka kiyj; njhlu;> ,e;jpahitj; jdpikg;gLj;jpaJ vd;w fUj;J
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; epytpaJ. MapDk; mJ ,e;jpahitg; ghJfhj;jNj xopa
vg;NghJk; ,e;jpau;fSf;Fj; jilahf mikatpy;iy.
c-k;:
• F\hz Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,kaj;ijj; jhz;br; rPdhtpd; Njr vy;iy tiu
jkjhl;rpia ePbj;jik
• ,e;jpahtpd; ngsj;j fyhrhuk; ,kaj;ijj; jhz;bg; gl;Lg;ghij KOtJk;
gutpaJld; rPdhtpy; ngsj;j rkak; gutTk; fhuzkhaike;jJ.
• jw;NghJ fpilj;Js;s njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs; %yk; ngsj;j fyhrhuk;
nkhq;Nfhypah tiu ed;F gutpapUe;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
• `_zu;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLj;jJld; Fg;jg;
NguuR KbTWk; jWthapy; jhf;fg;gl;likahy; rpy gFjpfs; mbgzpa
Neu;e;jik.

• ,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;G muzhd ,ka kiyj; njhlu; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. 20000 mbfis tpl
cau;e;j 114 rpfuq;fisAilaJ. mjpy; kpf cau;e;jJ 29140 mb
caukhd vtnu];l; my;yJ nfsup rq;fu; rpfukhFk;.
• ,e; j pah Mrpahf; fz; l j; j pypUe; J gpupf; f g; g l; b Ug; g J ,ka kiyj;
njhlupdhyhFk;. Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpypUe;J jiutopahf ,e;jpahTf;Fg;
Gyk; ngau; e ; j NghNjh Mf; f pukpg; n ghd; i w Nkw; n fhs; S k; N ghNjh
ngUe;jilahaike;jJ ,k;kiyj;njhluhFk;.
• MapDk; ,ka kiyj; njhlupilNa mike;Js;s ghijfspD}lhf
tu;j;jfu;fs;> Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;> ju;k gpurq;fk; nra;Nthu; MfpNahu;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J ntspehLfSf;Fk; rPdh> kj;jpa Mrpah> nkhq;Nfhypah
Kjypa ,lq;fspypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rpwpastpy; nrd;W te;Js;sdu;.
• tlf;Fj; jpira+lhf ,e;jpahTf;Fg; ghupa ghJfhg;ig toq;fp MrpahtpypUe;J
,e;jpahit NtWgLj;Jtjpy; ntw;wp fz;l ,ka kiyj; njhlu; fhuzkhfNt
gz;ila ,e;jpau;fshy; jkf;nfdj; jdpf; fyhrhunkhd;iw cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.
• ,ka kiyj; njhlu; ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fSf;Fg; ghupa jilahf
mike;jJ kl;Lky;y jpngj; Clhf Ntfkhf tPRk; cyu;e;j mjp Fspuhd
fhw;wpypUe;Jk; ,e;jpahitg; ghJfhj;jJ. mNjNghd;W mil kioahfg;
nghopAk; gUtf;fhw;W kio tPo;r;rpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp ,e;J - fq;if
rkntspapd; kz; tsj;ijg; ghJfhj;J mjid KO ehl;bdJk; nropg;ghd
gpuNjrkhf khw;Wtjpy; ,k;kiyj; njhlupd; gzp ghupaJ.
• ,e;JF\; :-
• ,df; FOf;fspd; Gyg;ngau;Tfspd; NghJk; ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd;
NghJk; ,e;jpa tuyhW gpugykhd khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gLtjw;F tl Nkw;Fj;
jpirapypUe;j ,e;JF\; kiyj;njhlu; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
• ,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;Ff; fhtyd; ,e;JF\; kiyj;njhluhFk;. Riykhd;
kw;Wk; fpu;jhu; kiyfSk; ,k;kiyj; njhlupidr; Nru;e;jitahFk;.
• ,k;kiyj; njhlupdhNyNa gz;ila ,e;jpah> ghurPfk; my;yJ <uhdpypUe;J
Ntwhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;kiyj; njhlu; ,e;jpahitg; ghJfhf;Fk; muzhfj;
jpfo;e;j NghJk; ,k;kiyj; njhlupd; ,ilapilNa jho;e;j fztha;fs;
mike;Js;sd. ifgu; kw;Wk; Nghyhd; vDk; fztha;fs; mtw;Ws; kpfTk;
Kf;fpak; tha;ej ; it. ,f;fztha;fs; Clhf ,e;jpahtpwF
; Mf;fpukpgG; f;fSk;
Gyg;ngau;TfSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJld; mit ,e;jpa murpay;> r%f> fyhrhuj;
Jiwfspy; kpfTk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ.
• ,k;kiyj; njhlupd; tlf;Nf Muk;gpj;J gha;e;NjhLk; Rth;> rpj;uhy;> Fkhy;>
fhG+y;> Njhr;> Fuhk; Kjypa ejpfspd; gs;sj;jhf;FfSk; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs;
gpuNtrpf;Fk; ghijfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

• tpe;jpa kw;Wk; rj;Guh kiyfs;:
• tpe;jpa kiyj; njhlu;> fhj;jpathupypUe;J tl fpof;Fj; jpir Nehf;fp
Mapuf; fzf;fhd iky; J}uk; gue;Js;s kiyj; njhluhFk;. rj;Guh
kiy eu;kjh ejpf;Fj; njw;fhf mike;Js;sJ. tl ,e;jpahitAk;
njd;dpe;jpahitAk; gpupf;Fk; gpujhd Gtpapay; mk;rk; tpe;jpa kiyj;
njhluhFk;.
• tpe; j pa kiyj; njhlupdhy; tl ,e; j pahTk; jf; f z Nkl; L epyKk;
gpupf;fg;gLtjhy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fSf;FkpilNa njhlu;GfSk; Kuz;ghLfSk;
fzprkhdsT Fiwe; j pUe; j d. mNj Nghy; tlf; f pypUe; J te; j
Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpw;Fs; gpuNtpg;gjw;Fg; gpujhd jilahf
mike;jJk; tpe;jpa kiyj; njhluhFk;.
• MapDk; ,k; kiyj; njhlupd; Nkw;fpw;Fk; fk;Ng FlhTf;FkpilNa tskhd
rkntsp xd;W mike;Js;sJ. mJ gNuhlh kiy ,ilntspahFk;.
rhjthfdu;> Nkw;F rhSf;fpau;> ù;]tu;jdu; Kjypa Ml;rpahsu;fs;
,r;rkntspapy; Nghu;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;.
• Muty;yp kiyj;njhlu;:
• jhu; ghiytdj;jpw;F vy;iy tFf;fg;gl;lJ ,k;kiyj; njhlupdhyhFk;.
mNjNghd; W ,k; k iyj; njhlu; tlNky; jpirapypUe; J te; j
Mf;fpukpgg
; hsu;fs; tl ,e;jpahTf;Fs; gpuNtrpgg
; jw;Fj; jilahf mike;jJ.
• fpof;Ff; fhw;whb kiyj;njhlu;> Nkw;Ff; fhw;whb kiyj; njhlu;fs;:-

• njd;dpe;jpahtpy; mike;Js;s fhw;whb kiyj;njhlu;fspuz;Lk; Kf;fpakhd
Gtpapay; mk;rq;fshFk;. fpof;Ff; fhw;whb> Nkw;Ff; fhw;whb ,uz;bw;Fk;
,ilapyhd rkntsp jf;fz Nkl;LepykhFk;.
• Nkw;Ff; fhw;whb kiyj; njhlu; mjp cauk; tha;e;jjhFk;. ,k; kiyj;
njhlu; flw;fiuf;F kpfTk; rkPgkkhf mike;jpUg;gjhy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd
iky; f s; tiu kdpj tho; t plq; f s; cUthtjw; F g; NghjpasT
,lkpy;yhjpUe;jJ.
• Nkw; F f; fhw; w hb kiyj; njhlu; flw; f iuf; F rkhe; j ukhf nkd;
rha;TilajhfTk; gs;sj;jhf;F kiyapilntsp fztha;> rkntsp vd;git
FiwthdjhfTk; mike;jpUe;jikahy; ejpfs; Cw;nwLg;gjw;Fj; jilahf
mike;jJ. vdNt eu;kjh> jg;jp vDk; ,U ejpfs; jtpu ,e;jpahtpd;
Nkw;Ff; fiuia milAk; NtW ejpfs; ,y;iy.
• fpof;Ff; fhw;whb kiyj;njhlu; ,jw;F Neu;khw;wkhdJ.
• ,k; kiyj; n jhlUf; F k; flw; f iuf; F k; ,ilapy; ghupa ,ilntsp
mike; J s; s ik> ejpfs; rpy gha; f pd; w ik Kjypa fhuzpfshy;
,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; mur tk;rq;fs; gyJk; jkJ Ml;rpajpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j
trjpahf mike;jJ.

fztha; topfs;
• ,e;JF\;> Riykhd;> fpu;jhu; Kjypa kiyj; njhlu;fspdhy; tlNky; ,e;jpah
ghJfhf;fg;gl;lhYk; mk;kiyj; njhlu;fspilNa mike;jpUe;j ,aw;ifahd
fztha;fs; %yk; Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fSk; Gyk; ngau;thsu;fSk; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs;
gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; mike;jd.
• tlNky; fztha;fs;:-
• ifgu; fztha; - fhg+y; ejpg;gs;sj;jhf;fpypUe;J ng\htu; tiu
mike;Js;sJ.
• Nghyhd; fztha; - Riykhd; kiyfSf;F Nkw;fpy; mike;Js;sJ.
• kf;uhd; fztha; - fpu;jhu; kiyf;Fk; mugpf; flYf;Fk; ,ilNa
mike;Js;sJ.
• Nùhj; fztha; - Mg;fhd; kiyfSf;F mz;kpa gpuNjrj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ.
• ,it jtpu tlNky; jpirapy; mike;Js;s rpwpa fztha;fs; rpy fhzg;gLk;.
kpfr; rpwpa tu; j ; j ff; FOtpdu; khj; j puk; ,f; f ztha; f isg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
Nghyd; fztha;

ifgu; fztha;
kf; u hd; fztha;

• Nkw; g b fztha; topfSs; ,e; J F\; kw; W k; nf`pgh kiyj;
njhlu; f Sf; f pilapyhd ifgu; fztha; ,e; j pahtpw; f hd thry;
vdg;gLtJld; gz;ilf; fhyj;jpypUe;J mjpfkhd Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fSk;
Gyk;ngau;thsu;fSk; gad;gLj;jpaJ ,t;topiaNa MFk;. ,jw;fhd gpujhd
fhuzk; ahnjdpy; ifgu; fzthiaj; jhz; b ,e; j pahtpw; F s;
gpuNtrpg;NghUf;F Neubahfg; gQ;rhg; vDk; tskhd gFjpia mila
KbAk; vd;gjdhyhFk;.
c-k;: Kjy; Gyk;ngau;thsu;fshd Mupau;> mnyf;rhz;lu;> gf;bupad; fpNuf;fu;>
F\hdu;> `_zu;> JUf;fpaUk; nkhfyhaUk;
• ifgu; fztha;fF ; 800 fp.kPww
; u; njhiytpy; mike;Js;s Nghyhd; fztha;
tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpd; kw;WnkhU fztha; topahFk;.
• ghurPfj;jpd; n`y;kz;l ePu;tbepyj;jpw;F te;j Mf;fpukpg;ghsUf;Fk; Gyk;
ngau;thsUf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; gpuNtrpg;gw;fhd mz;kpj;j topahf ,J
mike;jJ.
• ,f;fzthiaf; flg;gJ ,yFthd fhupaky;yhjgbahy; Mf;fpukpg;ghsUk;
Gyk; ngau;thsUk; ,t;topia mg+u;tkhfNt gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
c-k;: rhfu; ,e;jpahtpDs; gpuNtrpj;jJ ,t;topA+lhfNtahFk;.
• gy;NtW rpukq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Nghyhd; fzthiaf; fle;J ,e;jpahtpwF ; s;
gpuNtrpj;jtu;fSf;F Kjypy; re;jpj;jJ fbdkhd fhyepiyAila rpe;Jg;
gpuNrjKk; uh[;Gj;jhd; ghiytdKkhFk;. mjpf ntg;gepiy> nghUj;jkw;w
fhyepiy fhuzkhf ,g;gpuNrjk; tho;tjw;F cfe;jjhf mikatpy;iy.
• Nghyhd; fztha;fF ; 480 fp.kPww; u; J}uj;jpy; kf;uhd; fztha; mike;Js;sJ.
kpfTk; f];lkhd topahd ,J kf;uhd; fiuNahukhf mike;Js;sJ.
,f;fztha; Clhf te;j mNefkhNdhu; kuzj;ijj; jOtpAs;sdu;.
,e; j pahit Mf; f pukpj; j Nguurd; mnyf; r hz; l u; jpUk; g pr; nrd; w J
,t; t opapdhyhFk; . mr; r kak; mtdJ gilapdUs; mjpfkhNdhu;
kuzpj;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
• kf;uhd; fztha+lhf ,e;jpahit Mf;fpukpj;J ntw;wp fz;ltu; fp.gp. 8
Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;j K`k;kJ gpd; fhrpk;
kl;LNkahthu;.
fztha; topfs; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjk;

• fztha;f@lhf ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;j ntspehl;bdu; ,e;jpahtpDs; jkJ
murpay; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJld; ,e;jpa mur tk;rq;fisg;
gytPdg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
• mNj Nghd;W mtu;fspd; Ml;rp Kiw kw;Wk; epu;thff; fl;likg;G vd;gd
,e;jpahtpDs; NtNuhbAs;sd.
• Nkw;$wpa ntspehl;Lr; rf;jpfs; ,ejpahtpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;J mjpfhuj;ij
gutyilar; nra;jikahy; mtu;fspd; fyhrhug; gz;Gfs; ,e;jpa kf;fs;
tho;f;ifAld; ,uz;lwf; fye;jJ.
• kj;jpa MrpahtpypUe;J gpuNtrpj;j Kjy; FbNaw;wf; FOtpduhd Mupau;fs;
%yk; ahfk; (Nts;tp)> nja;t tzf;fk;> ePu;> neUg;G> tpUl;r tzf;fk;
vd;gd mwpKfkhjy;. mj;Jld; Mupau; tUif fhuzkhf md;iwa ,e;jpahtpd;
r%f KiwahdJ Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lJ.
c-k;: Nfhj;jpu murpay;> FyNgjk; (rhjp Ngjk;) murhl;rp Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp

• mJ jtpu je;ijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l je;ij top r%f Kiw xd;W
cUthtjw;Fk; Mupaupd; tUifNa fhuzkhaike;jJ.
• fpNuf;fk;> rPdk;> cUJ> ghurPfk;> cNuhk; Kjypa nkhopfs; ,e;jpahtpDs;
gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lJld; fl;llf; fiy> rpw;gf; fiy> nrJf;fy; fiy> itj;jpaf;
fiy> Nrhjplf; fiy Kjypa fyhrhug; gz;Gfs; ,e;jpa r%fj;Jld; ,ize;jd.
c-k;: fhe;jhu fiy kuG
mkuhtjp fiy kuG
• ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;j ntspehl;L ,df; FOtpduhd F\hzu;fspd; fPo;
,e;jpahtpd; fyhrhuk; Nghrpf;fg;gl;ljpy; ghupa gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
c-k;: ehd;fhk; ngsj;j Nguit elj;jpaik>
nkhop ,yf;fpa> fyhrhu tsu;r;rp>
fhe;jhu> kJuh> mkuhtjp fiy kuGfspd; tsu;r;rp>
Gj;ju; rpiyfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik
• rPdh> kj;jpa Mrpah> ghurPfk;> fpNuf;fk;> mNugpah Kjypa fPioj; Nja
kw;Wk; Nkiyj; Nja ehLfSld; tu;jj ; fj; njhlu;Gfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likahy;
tu;j;jfj;Jiw tsu;r;rp fz;lik
• K];ypk;fs; ,e;jpahit Mf;fpukpj;J rpy E}w;whz;Lfs; mjpfhuj;ij
epiyehl;baikapy; ,];yhkpa rkar; rpe;jidfSk; mtu;fspd; gz;ghl;Lg;
ghuk;gupaq;fSk; ,e;jpa r%ftikg;gpy; ,ize;jik
ghiytdq; f Sk; > Nkl; L epyq; f Sk;

• jhu; ghiytdk;
• jhu; ghiytdk; tlNkw;fpe;jpahtpy; mike;Js;s kw;WnkhU rpwg;ghd
epyg;gFjpahFk;. ,J uh[;Gj;jhd; ghiytdk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
fy;fpuhd; vDk; gpuNjrj;jpy; Muk;gpjJ
; tlfpof;Fj; jpir Nehf;fpg; gutpAs;s
,g;ghiy epyj;jpd; ePsk; 640 fp.kPw;wu; MFk;. mfyk; 246 fp.kPw;wu; MFk;.
• ,g;ghiytdj;jhy; ,e;jpahtpw;F ed;ik Vw;gl;lJ NghyNt jPikfSk;
Vw;gl;Ls;sd.
• tlNkw;F fztha; topf@lhf ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;j Mf;fpukpg;G>
Gyk; ngau;Tf; FOtpdu; ,e;jpahtpDs; gpuNtrpg;gjpy; jhu; ghiytdKk;
Muty;yp kiyj; njhlUk; ngUe;jilfshf mike;jik.
• ,g;ghiytdk; fhuzkhf tl ,e;jpah> tlNky; ,e;jpah vd ,U gFjpfshfg;
gpupTw;wJld; mjdhy; tl ,e;jpah Ml;rpahsu;fs; tlNky; ,e;jpahitj;
jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bDs; nfhz;L tUtjpy; mjpf Kaw;rpnaLf;f Neu;e;jik.

jf;fz Nkl;L epyk;
jf;fz Nkl;Lepyk; my;yJ gPl G+kp

• Nkw;Ff; fhw;whb kiyj;njhlUf;Fk; fpof;Ff; fhw;whb kiyj; njhlUf;F
kpilNa mike;Js;s gpuNjrk; jf;fz gPlg+kp vdg;gLk;. ,J ghupa epyg;
gpuNjrkhapDk; mjd; miuthrpf;F Nkw;gl;l gFjp tskw;w ghiwfisAk;
rpwpa kiiyj; njhlu;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• ,J fpof;Fj; jf;fzk;> Nkw;Fj; jf;fzk; vDk; ,U gFjpfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• Nkw;Fj; jf;fzj;jpy; ,uh\;bu$lu;> rhSf;fpau;> rhjthfdu; vDk; mur
tk;rq;fs; ,ilapilNa jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;b te;Js;sij
mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
• fpof;Fj; jf;fzj;jpd; epiyNah mjw;F Neu;khwhdJ. kfh ejp> Nfhjhtup
ejp> fpU\;zh ejp> Jq;fgj;jpuh ejp> fhNtup ejp vDk; njd;dpe;jpa
ejpfsidj;Jk; fpof;Fr; rkntspapd; ghupa gug;gsitr; nropg;ghf;fpf;
nfhz;L gha;eN; jhLfpdw
; d. vdNt ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; rhSf;fpau;> ,uh\;bu$lu;>
Nrhou;> gy;ytu; Kjypa gy;NtW mur tk;rq;fSk; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij
epiyehl;bf; nfhz;lij tuyhw;wpy; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
• jf;fz Nkl;L epyj;jpy; mike;Js;s cyu; nropg;gw;w epyk;> nropg;gw;w
kiyg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;> ghAk; ejpfs; fhuzkhf Vwgl;Ls;s epyg; gpupTfs;
fhuzkhf ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; xd;Wgl;l murpay; mjpfhuj;ij Vw;gLj;j
Kbatpyi ; y. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf tuyhW KOJk; rpww ; uru;fs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpDs;
mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tpjj;ij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

Jq; f gj; j puh ejp
rpe; J ejp

ejpj; n jhFjpfs;
• ,e;jpahtpd; ejpj; njhFjpfs; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; kpf
Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ig toq;Ffpd;wd.
• tlNky; ,e;jpahtpy; ghAk; gpujhd ejp rpe;J (,e;J) ejpahFk;. ,e;ejpia
ikakhff; nfhz;like;Js;s gQ;rhg; rkntsp tl Nky; ,e;jpahtpd;
tskhd tyakhFk;. vdNt cyfpy; Njhd;wpa kpf tsu;r;rp fz;l
ehfupfkhd ùg;gh ehfupfk; rpe;Jejpf; fiuapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
• fp.K. 1500 ,d; gpd;du; ,e;jpahTf;Fg; Gyk; ngau;e;j Kjy; FbNaw;wf;
FOtpdu; (Muk;g Mupau;) FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jJ ,r; rkntspapNy
ahFk;.
• F\hzu; f s; ,e; j pahtpw; F te; J jkJ Ml; r pia Nkw; n fhz; l J.
,g;gpuNrj;jpyhFk;. mt;tk;rj;ijr; Nru;ej
; fdp\f
; kd;dd; jdJ jiyefuhff;
nfhz;lJk; ,q;Fs;s GU\Guk; (ngrhtu;) MFk;.
• tl ,e;jpahtpy; ghAk; fq;if> aKid Mfpa ,U ejpfSk; ,e;jpa
tuyhw;iw khw;wpaikg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa ejpfshFk;.
• ,t;tpU ejpfshYk; mtw;wpd; fpisfshYk; Nghrpf;fg;gLk; gFjp fq;if -
aKid rkntspahFk;. (,e;J];jhd; rkntsp) ,r;rkntsp fpof;fpypUe;J
Nkw;fhf 3200 fp.kPw;wu; tiu gue;J nry;fpwJ.
• ,r;rkntsp kpfTk; tskhd> ngWkjpahd Gtpapay; myfhfj; jpfo;ej ; ikahy;
,t;tyaj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L rpwg;ghd muRfSk; NguuRfSk;
cUthapd.
c-k;: 16 kfh[dgjq;fs;> kfjg; NguuR> nksupa mur tk;rk;>
Fg;j mur tk;rk;> ù;rtu;j;jd muR
• nghUshjhu uPjpapYk; ,t; tyaj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vy;iyaw;wJ. fq;if>
aKid ejpfspdJk; fpisahWfspdJk; nts;sg; ngUf;fhy; cUthd
tskhd tptrha epyk;> ghupa fg;gy;fspYk; gazk; nra;af; $ba ejpf;
fiufspyike;j JiwKfq;fs;> fhLfspy; fpilf;Fk; kug;gyiffs; kw;Wk;
fdpa tsq;fs; fhuzkhf ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; vy;yhf; fhyg;gFjpfspYk;
fq;if - aKid rkntsp nropg;ghfj; jpfo;e;Js;sJ. cg;Gg; gbTfs;>
,Uk;Gg; gbTfs; mike;jpUg;gJ NghyNt cyfpd; mjp$ba kio tPor;rp
fpilf;Fk; gpuNjrkhfTk; ,J Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.
• gQ;rhg; rkntspapypUe;J fq;if - aKid rkntspf;Fs; gpuNtrpf;Fk;
thapyhf mike;j by;yp rkntsp ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jjhFk;.
• ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwj; jPu;khdpj;j gdpgl; Aj;jk; ,lk;ngw;wJk; by;ypr;
rkntspapyhFk; . ,r; r kntspapd; Kf; f paj; J tk; fhuzkhf JUf; f p
Mf;fpukpfg;ghsu;fs; by;ypiaf; ifg;gw;wp mjidj; jiy efuhf;fp by;yp
Ry;jhd; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdu;.
• fpU\;zh> Jq;fgj;jpuh ejpfSf;fpilg;gl;l ,uhr;#u; gy Kf;fpa Nghu;fs;
epfo;e;j ,lkhFk;. Nkw;F rhSf;fpaUf;Fk; NrhoUf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l
nfhg;gk;> Fjy;> rq;fk; Kjypa Kf;fpa Nghu;fSk; ,t;tpU ejpfSf;Fkpilapy;
eilngw;witahFk;.

• jf;fzj;jpd; K];ypk; muR> njd;dpe;jpahtpd; ghz;ba> tp[a efug;
NguuRfspd; tuyhW ,uhr;#Uld; gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sJ.
,uha; r ; # u;
JiwKfq; f s;
• ,e;jpahtpy; mike;Js;s JiwKfq;fSk; ,e;jpa murpay; khw;wq;fspy;
ghupa jhf;fj;ijr; nrYj;jpAs;sd. ghUfr;rh> Rg;guhfk;> fy;ahzp> jhkpuypg;jp>
fhNtup gl;lzk;> tprhfg;gl;lzk; Kjypa JiwKfq;fs; murpay;> nghUshjhu>
fyhrhuj; JiwfspYk; Kf;fpak; tha;ej; it. Fwpgg; hfr; ru;tNjrj; njhlu;Gfspd;
NghJ ,j;JiwKfq;fs; ngupJk; cjtpahf mike;Js;sd.
,e; j pahtpd; gug; g sTk; gy; j d; i kAk;

• ,e;jpahtpDs; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu uPjpapy; gy;jd;ikia
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
c-k;: Gtpapay; NtWghL> gy;NtW rkaq;fs; gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fs;> gy;NtW
nkhopfs;> gy;NtW ,dq;fs;
• Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik fhzy;
• ,e;jpau; vDk; czu;T

gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fisj; jahupj;J khztu;fis kjpg;gPL
nra;f.
mtw;Ws; xU nrhy; Vida nrhw;fSld; VNjhnthU tifapy; nghUe;jhJ
1) 1. fhNtup 2. fpU\;zh 3. uhtp 4. eu;kjh
5. Jq;fgj;jpuh ( )
2) 1. Rg;ghufk;; 2. rk;gh 3. nfsrk;gp 4. thuzhrp
5. kJuhGup ( )
3) 1. Nghyhd; 2. ifgu; 3. kf;uhd; 4. gNuhlh
5. fhuNfhuk; ( )
4) 1. N[yk; 2. Fkhy;; 3. uhtp 4. nrdhy;
5. gPa]; ( )
5) 1. ,e;JF\; 2. Riykhd; 3. jhu; 4. uh[;kfyp
5. fpu;jhu; ( )
6) 1. tpe;jpah 2. ePyfpup 3. njsyfpup 4. rj;Guh
5. kfhNjt ( )
gpd;tUk; xt;nthU tpdhtpYk; jug;gl;Ls;s ABCD $w;Wf;fSs; rpy rupahdit

my;yJ xd;W rupahdJ. mtw;Ws; A Ak; B Ak; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 1> B Ak; C
Ak; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 2> C Ak; D Ak; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 3> A Ak; C Ak;
rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 4> xU $w;W my;yJ ,U $w;Wf;fSf;F Nky; rupnadpy;
,yf;fk; 5 vd;W milg;gpDs; vOJf.
7) ,e;jpahtpd; Gtpapay; gz;GfSf;Nfw;g> gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ/
rupahdit
A - tlf;fpd; kiiyj;njhlu; Kf;fpak; ngWtjw;Ff; fhuzk; mq;F gpujhd
,U ejpfs; Cw;nwLg;gjhFk;
B - Nfhjhtup ejp njspthd Gtpapay; vy;iy MFk;.
C - fq;if - aKid rkntsp NguuRfspd; kj;jpa epiyakhf tpsq;fpaJ.
D - kf;uhd; fztha; ,yFthf ,e;jpahtpDs; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd topahFk;.
( )
8) tlNkw;fpd; fzthA+lhf nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ntspehl;Lg; gilnaLg;Gfisj;
jLg;gjw;F ,e;jpahthy; Kbahkw; Nghdikf;fhd fhuzk; my;yJ fhuzq;fs;
A - tl Nky; jpirapd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlug;hf ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fspd;
ftdaPdk;
B - tl Nky; jpirapd; vy;iy> ghiytdkhf ,Ue;jik
C - Mf;fpukpg;ghsUf;F vjpuhfg; ghupa giliaj; jpul;Ltjw;F ,e;jpa
Ml;rpasu;fshy; Kbahkw; Nghdik
D - ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpgG
; fSf;F vjpuhf ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fshy; xw;Wikg;gl
Kbahkw;Nghdik ( )
kjpg;gPL - 2
gpd;tUk; tifapy; tpsf;f tpdhf;fis toq;fp khztu;fis kjpg;gPL nra;f.
1) tlNky; ,e;jpahtpd; fztha; top ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;F cjtp

nra;Ak; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
2) gz;ila ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw tbtikg;gjpy; Gtpapay; fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;Fg;

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
3) Gtpapay; gy;tifika+lhf ,e;jpah xNu ehlhff; fl;bnaOg;gg;l;likia


3. ,e;J ejpia ikakhff; nfhz;like;j ùg;gh
efu ehfupfk;
,d;W fpilj;Js;s Gjpa njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfspd;gb ,e;jpahtpy; klLky;yhJ

cyfpd; kpfg; Guhjd ehfupfk; ùg;gh ehfupfk; vd;wwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J
,e;J ejpf;fiuapy; Muk;gpj;jjhff; fUjg;gl;lhYk; 20 ,yl;rk; rJu iky;
gpuNjrj;jpy; gutpapUe;jjhf mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,jid ,e;J ejp ehfupfk;
vd;wiog;gJ nghUj;jkw;wnjdTk; KjyhtJ mfo;tpd; NghJ mwpag;gl;lJ
ùg;gh efuk; vd;gjhy; mNj ngaupy; mwpKfk; nra;tjw;F ,zf;fk;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;ehfupfj;jpd; Kjy; jlak; fp.K. 7000 Mk; Mz;L tiu
nry;tJld; fp.K. 1650 mstpy; tPor ; r
; p fz;Ls;sJ. ,q;F fpilj;j vOj;Jf;fis
thrpj;jwpa Kbahj fhuzj;jhy; ,f;fhyg;gFjp Kd;tuyhw;Wf;
fhyj;jpw;FupajhFk;. mNjNghy; ,q;F ,Uk;G cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glhikahy;
,J ntz;fyAfj;jpw;FupaJ. cyfpd; gug;gstpy; $baJk; Nkyhd tsu;r;rp
fz;bUe;jJkhd ehfupfk; ,JthFk;. ,jd; tsu;r;rpf; fhyk; fp.K. 3000 Kjy;
fp.K. 1800 tiu epytpaikf;fhd rhl;rpfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
FbNaw; w f; FOtpduhd MupaUf; F k; ,e; j ehfupfj; j pw; F k; vJtpjj;
njhlu;Gkpy;iy vd;gJk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nju; r ; r p 3.0 : ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd tsu;rr

; p kw;Wk;
Nghf;Ffs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : rpeJ

; ejp ehfupfj;jpd; Muk;gk;> tsu;rr
; p> tPor
; r
; p vd;gd
njhlu;ghfj; jfty;fis EZfpaha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 30
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• ùg;gh ehfupfk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis tpgupgg; hu;.
• ùg;gh ehfupj;jpd; rpwg;gpid kjpg;ghu;.
• ùg;gh ehfupfk; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpa ,lj;jpidj;
Njrg;glj;jpy; milahskpLthu;.


ùg; g h ehfupfj; j pd; mwpKfk;
ùg; g h ehfupfj; j pd; gpujhd ,lq; f s;

• Mupau; ,e;jpahTf;F tUtjw;F Kd;du; tlNky; ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;J ejpia
ikakhff; nfhz;L tsu;r;rpaile;j ehfupfnkhd;W epytpaJ.
(fp.gp. 1826 ,y; rhs;]; khrd; vd;gtuhy; ,jd; Kjy; milahsk;
fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.)
• 1853 ,y; gpupj;jhdpauhy; yh$u; Kjy; fuhr;rp tiuapyhd Gifapuj tPjp
mikf; F k; gzpapd; N ghJ ,e; e hfupfj; j pw; F upa rpijTfs; NkYk;
fpilf;fg;ngw;wd. gpupj;jhdpa ,dj;jtuhd mnyf;rhz;lu; fdpq;fhk;
vd;gtuhy; Kjy; Kjyhf ,e;j ehfuPfk; njhlu;ghf Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.
• 1921 ,y; jahuhk; rhzp vd;gtuhy; Kiwahd Muha;rr ; p Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik
• 1921 ,y; ,e;J ejpapd; fpisahwhd uhk; ejpr; #oypy; nkhz;bNfhkup
khtl;lj;jpy; ùg;gh efu; fz;lwpag;gl;lik
• mjd;gb ùg;gh ehfupfk; vd mwpKfkhdik
• 1922 ,y; E.D. ghdu; [ p mtu; f shy; rpe; j ; yu; f hdh khtl; l j; j py;
nkh`Q;rjhNuh efuk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
• mjd; gpd; d u; nkh`Q; r jhNuh - ùg; g h ehfupfk; vd mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;lik
rhs; ] ; k hrdhy; tiuag; g l; l rpe; J ejpg; g s; s j; j hf; F

N[hd; khu; \ y;
mnyf; r hz; l u; fdpd; ` hk; (1902 - 1921 ,e; j pahtpd;
njhy; n ghUs; gzpg; g hsu; ehafk; )
• ùg;ghTf;Fr; rkkhd 14 rpW efuq;fSk; nkh`Q;rjhNuhTf;Fr; rkkhd

17 rpW efuq;fSk; gpd;du; fz;lwpag;gl;likahy; ,J xU efu ehfupfkhf
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lik
• ,q;F fpilf;fg; ngw;w rpj;jpu vOj;jhf;fq;fshd fy;ntl;Lfis thrpj;jwpa
Kbahj fhuzj;jhy; njhy;nghUs; Mjhuq;fs; %yk; kl;LNk ,e;ehfupfk;
gw;wp mwpa Kbfpd;wik.
• ùg;gh ehfupfk; gw;wp Muha;r;rpapyPLgl;l njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsu;fs;
- jah uhk; rhzp - Mu;.B. ghdu;[p - vk;.v];. tj;];
- V. Nfh]; kNf - N[hd; khu;\y; - Rug; jdd;
- vk;.Nf. jthypfu; - Nkhjpku;tPyu; - gP.gP. yhy;
- v];.Mu;. uhNth - n\uPd; uj;dfu; ngh\yp - tre;rpe;Nj
Nkhjpku; tPyu;

v];.Mu;. uhNth
Muk; g Kk; guk; g Yk;

• ,e;ehfupfj;jpd; Muk;gk; gw;wp ,U fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wik
• RNjr ,df; FOtpduhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljhf fpsPd; lhdpay;> neahu; ru;t] P ;
vDk; fy;tpkhd;fspd; fUj;J.
• ntspehl;L fpuhkpa ehfupfthrpfshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljhd Nkhjpku; tPyu;>
];kpj; vd;Nghupd; fUj;J
• nkrg;ngj;Njkpah kw;Wk; Nkw;fhrpahtpy; mike;jpUe;j fpuhkpa ehfupfj;jpd;
rpy gz;Gfs; ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpy; fpilj;Js;sik ,uz;lhtJ fUj;jpw;Ff;
fhuzkhFk;.
• ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpwN ; fAupa jdpjJ
; tk; tha;ej
; gz;Gfs; KjyhtJ fUj;jpwF ; f;
fhuzkhFk;. Nkw;F kw;Wk; tlNky; jpirfspy; mike;Js;s kzw; ghq;fhd
gFjpffspy; mwpag;gl;l fpuhkpa fyhrhuj;ij Ma;T nra;j Ma;thsu;fspd;
fUj;Jg;gb mf;fpuhkpa fyhrhukhdJ gbg;gbahf tsu;rr ; paile;J efuhl;rpfs;
cUthdJ vd;gJld; mt;thW cUthd efuq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
ùg;gh ehfupfk; cUthdJ vd;gjhFk;.
• MapDk; 2016 ,y; tre;j; rpe;Nj vd;gtu; Nkw;nfhz;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapd;
gadhf ,e;j ehfupfj;jpd; gpujhd efuk; utpfhu;`p vd mwpag;gl;Ls;sJld;
mJ ùg;gh efiu tpl 3 klq;F ngupaJ vd;gJld; ,t;thuha;r;rpapd;gb
,e;ehfupfkhdJ RahjPdkhf cUthdJ vd;gJk; mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

ufpfhu; ` p
ufpfhu; ` p mfo; T g; gzpfs;
,d;iwa ùpahdh khepyj;jpy; `prhu; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,e;efuk;

1997 ,y; fz;lwpag;gl;lJld; 2016 Nguhrpau; tre;j; rpe;Nj mtu;fspd;gb
ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpd; jiiyefuk; ,Jntd mwpag;gl;lJ. ,d;iwa ghfp]j ; hdpy;
nkh`Q;rjhNuh efuk; mike;Js;sJld; ufpfhu;`p ,e;jpahtpy; mike;Js;sJ.
,e;efuk; 350 n`f;Nlau; gug;GilaJ. by;ypapypUe;J 160 fp.kPw;wu; J}uj;jpy;
mike;Js;s ,e;efuk; Vida ,U gpujhd efuq;fSf;Fr; rkkhdjhf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpy; ifj;njhopy; efuk; ,JthFnkd
fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;s cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis itj;J mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;Ws;
mNefkhdit tsu;r;rp fz;l ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpw;F cupait. tisay;>
Nkhjpuk;> gpuhzpfspd; cUtk;> kdpj cUtk; Kjypad kpfr; rpwg;ghf
epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
RLkz; tisay;fs;

ghj;jpuq;fs;
kzpfs;
mfo; t huha; r ; r pg; nghUl; f s;
ùg;gh ehfupfk; 3 Afq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

• Muk;gf; fl;lk; fp.K. 3500 - 2600
• tsu;r;rpf; fl;lk; fp.K. 2600 - 2000
• gpw;fhy fl;lk; fp.K. 2000 - 1600
mupahdh khepyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l NkYk; Ie;J njhy;nghUs; gpuNjrq;fs;

(Fzhy;> gpu;uz> ghkdh> fpupthj;> kpfhjhy;) fp.K. 5000 jpw;F cupajhFk;.
vdNt ùg;gh ehfupfk; NtnwhU ,lj;jpypUe;J tsu;e;jnjhd;wy;y. mJ
,e;jpahtpNy tsu;r;rp fz;l ehfupfk; vd;gJ NghyNt cyfpd; Guhjd
ehfupfKk; MFk;. mNj Nghd;W kpf tprhykhd kpf tsu;rr ; paile;j ehfupfk;
vd;Wk; mfo;Tfspd; gpd;du; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ff;fhu ejp ,e;efUf;Fj;
Njitahd ePu;tsj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. vdNt ,e;efuk; jiyefuhfTk;
gad;gl;Ls;sJ.

ufpfhu; ` papy; fpilj; j tpisahl; L g; nghUl; f s;
• jw;NghJ fpilj;Js;s jfty;fspd;gb ,J fp.K. 3000 mstpy; tsu;r;rpaila

Muk;gpj;J mt;tsu;r;rp 1000 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf epd;W epiyj;Js;sJld;
fp.K. 1800 mstpy; tPo;r;rpaila Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. fp.K. 1650 ufpfhu;`p
tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.
• ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpd; Muk;g fhyk; njhlu;ghf gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpdw
; d.
- Nkhjpku; tPyu; - fp.K. 2500 - 1500 fhyg;gFjp
- N[hd; khu;\y; - fp.K. 3250 - 2750 fhyg;gFjp
- vk;. v];. tj;]; - fp.K. 3500 - 2500 fhyg;gFjp
• tlf;Nf ,ka kiyabthuj;jpd; &ghu; tiu njw;Nf kfhu\;buhtpd; ijkhghj;
tiu fpof;Nf fq;if ejpapd; Myk;fPu;g+u; tiu Nkw;Nf gYfp];jhdpd;
Rf;jn[d;Nlhu; tiu ,e;ehfupfk; gue;jpUe;jik
• nkrg;gj;Njkpahtpd; fspkz; jl;Lf; Fwpg;Gfspd;gb ùg;gh mf;fhyj;jpy;
nky;Y` vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• nkrg;gj;Njkpah> RNku; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
• ,e;ehfupfj;jpd; KOikahd nghUshjhuKk; ntspehl;L tu;jjfj;jpNy
jq;fpapUe;jik ,d;W fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• Nyhjhy; vDk; nraw;ifj; JiwKfk; gpujhd JiwKfkhFk;.
• ,j;JiwKfk; ,d;W 20 fp.kP. J}uk; tiu epyg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.
• ,J F[uhj;jpd; m`kjhghj;jpy; ruf;tyh vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
• v];.Mu;. uhNth vd;guhy; 1954 - 1962 fhyg;gFjp mfo;thuha;r;rpapy;
fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
• ,e;ehfupfthrpfs; nkrg;gj;NjkpahTld; Nkw;nfhz;l tu;j;jf eltbf;ifapd;
NghJ ,ilkhWk; epiyakhfg; gad;gL;jg;gl;lJ ghurPf tisFlhthFk;.

Nyhjhy; JiwKfk; - gpw;fhyr; rpj;jpuk;
nraw; i fahd jlhfk;
rkfhy ehfupfq; f Sldhd ,ilj; n jhlu; G

• gy;NtW ,d kf;fSk; tho;e;Js;sikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sikahy;
NtW ehfupfq;fSld; njhlu;Gfs; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vDk; fUj;J epyTfpdw
; ik.
• tu;j;jf tsq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L NtW
ehfupfq;fSld; njhlu;Gfs; epytpaik.
• Nyhjhy; JiwKfj; i j mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; L fg; g y; f s; %yk;
nkrg;gj;Njkpah Kjypa ehfupfq;fSld; njhlu;Gfs; epytpaik
• nkrgj;Njkpahtpy; ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpw;Fupa Kj;jpiufs; fpilj;Js;sik
• tu; j ; j f tsq; f isg; ngw; W f; nfhs; t jw; f hfg; gpd; t Uk; ,lq; f Sld;
njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUe;jik
jq;fk; - ik#u;
nrg;G - mNugpah> uh[;Gj;jhd;> gYf;fp];jhd;
nts;sp - <uhd; (ghurPfk;)
• fk;gsp nkrngj;NjkpahtpypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJld; Kj;J kw;Wk;
fhdPypad; kzpfs; ùg;ghtpYk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gllik
• fhdPypad; kzpfs; ,e;jpahTf;Nf cupa cw;gj;jpahFk;.
• Nkw;fhrpahtpd; fpuhkpa> efu ehfupfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs;
ùg;ghtpy; fpilj;Js;sik.
efuj; jpl; l kplYk; efug; gz; G fSk;

• jw;NghJ fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;s njhy;nghUs; jfty;fspd;gb (2016) ufpfhu;`p
gpujhd tu;j;jf efuhf nraw;gl;Ls;sik.
• nkh`Q;rjhNuh> ùg;gh vd;gd efu ehfupfj;jpd; gpujhd ,U efuq;fshfj;
jpfo;e;jik.
• efuj; jpl;lkplypd; gpujhd gz;G tPjpj; njhFjpfshFk;. gpujhd efuq;fs;
%d;wpdJk; gz;Gfs; xj;jitahff; fhzg;gl;lik
• 10 - 30 mbfs; tiu mfykhdJk; 02 iky;fs; tiu ePskhdJkhd Neuhd
ngUe;njUf;fs; fhzg;gl;lik.
• gpujhd tPjpf;F ,U kUq;fpYk; xLf;fkhd fpis tPjpfs; fhzg;gl;lJld;
mit gpujhd tPjpAld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;bUe;jik.
ngUe; n jU (gpujhd tP j p) rpWtP j p

• tPjpfis mikg;gjw;Fr; Rlg;gl;l nrq;fy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• gpujhd tPjpf;F ,U kUq;fpYk; tbfhy; (fhz;) njhFjp fhzg;gl;lik.
• efuj; jpl;lkplYf;F Nkyjpfkhf gpd;tUk; efug; gz;Gfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sik.
• kpf tsu;r;rpaile;j ehfupfg; gz;Gfs; ufpfhu;`papy; fpilj;Js;sik.
foptiwAk; FspayiwAk;
fpzWk; tbfhy; njhFjpAk;

tPl;Lj; njhFjp
• gpujhd efuq;fspy; khb tPLfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jik
• mjpfkhd tPLfspy; epyh Kw;wk; mikf;fg;glbUe;jik
• efu tPLfspd; ad;dy;fs; tPjpf;F vjpuhf mikf;fg;gl;ljd; %yk; Rj;jkhd
tspNahl;lj;ijg; ngWtjpy; fuprid fhl;bAs;sik
• khb tPLfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf njhopyhsUf;Fupa tPLfshff; fUjj;jf;f rpwpa
tPl;Lj; njhFjpfSk; fhzg;gl;lik
cs; e fuk;
• Vida ,U gpujhd efuq;fspdJk; epu;thf kj;jpa epiyakhfj; jpfo;e;jik.
• 30 mb caukhd Rtupdhy; mJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;bUe;jik.
• %d;W efuq;fspYk; Nkw;Fj; jpirapNy ,J mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jik.
khspif vdf; fUjj;jf;f fl;llk;

• 230 x 78 mb mstpyhd khspifnahd;W vdf; fUjj;jf;f fl;blr; rpijT
nkh`Q;rjhNuh efupy; fpilj;jik.
• Gjpa jfty;fspd;gb gpujhd tu;j;jf kw;Wk; epu;thfj; jiyefuk; ufpfhu;`p
MFk;.
• ufpfhu;`p efuk; ùg;ghitg; Nghd;W 2 klq;Fk; nkh`Q;rjhNuhitg; Nghd;W
3 klq;Fk; tprhykhdJ.
• mJ 550 rJu iky; gug;gsTilaJ.
• Vida ,U efuq;fisAk; tpl ,jd; xt;nthU gFjpAk; jpl;lkpl;L
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
• Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,q;fpUe;Nj Ml;rp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik.
ùg; g htpd; jhdpaf; fsQ; r pak;

• 45 x 15 kPw;wu; mstpyhd ,J jhdpak; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; gpujhd ,lkhfj;
jpfo;e;jik.
• jhdpaq;fisf; Fw;Wtjw;fhd cuy;fs; itf;fg;gl;l Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• NfhJik kw;Wk; thw;NfhJik (ghu;yp) jhdpaq;fspd; vr;rq;fs; fpilj;Js;sik.
• jhdpaq;fis itg;gjw;fhd cau;e;j Nkil fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
nkh`Q; r jhNuhtpd; Fspayiw

• Fspayiwapd; gug;gsT 180 x 80 mbfshFk;. jz;zPu; jlhfk; 39 x 23 mb
gug;gsTilaJ.
• ,J efu tho;f;ifapd; gpujhd gz;GfSs; xd;whFk;.
• Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ePiu epug;Gtjw;Fj; Njitahd Fohnahd;W
fhzg;gl;lik
• rpyupd; fUj; J g; g b ,J eP N uhL njhlu; G ila rka topghl; b w; f hf
mikf;fg;gl;lnjd;w fUj;Jk; cs;sJ.

ntspr;r tPL (J}z;fs;)
• ,utpy; efUf;Fj; Njitahd ntspr;rj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;lik
• ,uT> gfy; ,uz;bYk; nraw;gl;l cwq;fhj efukhfr; nraw;gl;lik.
• ufpfhu;`p efupy; nkh`Q;rjhNuh> ùg;gh efuq;fspy; fhzg;glhj gpd;tUk;

rpW efuq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik.
- Nyhjhy; - uq;G+u; - njhytPu;
- &ghu; - Fzhy; - gyhnfhl;
- rd;`_jhNuh - njry;g+u; - nfhl;b[p
- fypgq;fd; - gdhtyp - my;yhu;jpNdh
fopT ePiu mfw;Wtjw;fhd tbfhy; njhFjp

nghUshjhu epiy
• Nkyhd efug; gz;GfSld; ,ize;jjhd tsu;r;rpaile;j nghUshjhuk;
epytpaik
• nghUshjhuj;jpd; gpujhd Jiwfs; ehd;fhFk;.
- tptrhak; - tpyq;F tsu;g;G
- tu;j;jfk; - ifj;njhopy;fs;
• tptrhaj;jpd; tsu;rr
; p epiy jhdpaf; fsQ;rpak; %yk; cWjpgg
; Lj;jg;gLfpdw
; ik.
• NfhJik> thw;NfhJik mjpfstpy; gapuplg;gllJld; ney; rpwpastpy;
gapuplg;gl;lik
• gUj;jpj; Jzpf;fhfg; gUj;jp gapuplg;gl;lik
• NguPr;ir gapuplg;gl;lik
tu; j ; j fk;
• nghUshjhuj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rkhf tu;j;jfk; fhzg;gl;lik
• ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; Kf;fpakhd nghUshjhu myfhf tpsq;fpaik
• cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;> ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; ,uz;Lk; tsu;r;rp fz;lik
• cs;ehl;L tu;jj ; fg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpwF
; tz;bfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; ntspehl;L
tu;j;jfk; fly; khu;f;fkhfTk; jiu khu;f;fkhfTk; eilngw;wik
• tpahghuj;jpd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l juhR gbfs; vd;git fpilj;Js;sik
• gpujhd efiuAk; rpW efuq;fisak; ikakhff; nfhz;L tu;jj ; f tiyaikg;G
xd;W nraw;gl;lik
• ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ghuPf tisFlh kw;Wk; g`;Nud; jPtpd; Clhf nkrg;gj;Njkpah
tiuapyhd ghij ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jik.
• nkrg;ngj;Njkpah> ghurPf tisFlh ehLfs;> g`;Nud;> <uhd; Clhf tu;j;jf
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; ,lk;ngw;wik.
• vOj;jhtzq;fspd;gb ùg;ghtpy; ed;ln ; ky;Y}` vd;gJ gpugykhd tu;jj ; ff;
efuhFk;.
• Nyhj;jhy; kw;Wk; Rf;jn[d;Njhu; ntspehl;L tu;jj
; fj;jpwf
; hd JiwKfq;fshff;
fhzg;gl;lik
• gpujhd tu;j;jfj; jiyefuhf ufpfhu;`p jpfo;e;jik
tpyq;F tsu;g;G
• tpyq;F tsu;g;Gk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Xu; mk;rkhfj; jpfo;e;jik
• tpyq;Ftsu;gg ; py; khL gpujhd ,lk; ngw;wJld; gd;wp> Nfhop> ML KjypadTk;
,iwr;rpf;fhf tsu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sik
• khL tptrha NtiyfSf;Fk; tz;b ,Og;gjw;Fk; ghYzTfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
gy; N tW ifj; n jhopy; f s;

• ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpd; nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gpa kw;WnkhU mk;rkhff;
ifj;njhopy; ,lk;ngw;wik

• mjpfsthd ifj;njhopyf ; s; cs;ehl;L tu;jj
; fj;jpwf
; hd nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;jik.
- nerTf; ifj;njhopy;
- kl;ghz;lf; ifj;njhopy;
- cNyhff; ifj;njhopy;
- kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy;
- Kj;Jf;Fspj;jy;
- ahidj; je;j ifj;njhopy;
- fg;gy;fs;> ts;sq;fs; fl;Lk; njhopy;
r%f xOq; f ikg; G

• jha;topr; r%fkhff; fhzg;gl;lik.
• gpd;tUk; gFjpapdu; r%fj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpj;jik.
- rka FUkhu; - tu;j;jfu;fs;
- Ml;rpahsu;fs; - nghwpapayhsu;fs;
- njhopyhsu;fs; - nghJ kf;fs;
• njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfspdg ; b gpujhd ehy;tif kdpj ,dj;jtu; tho;eJ
; s;sik.
- kq;Nfhypau;
- my;igdpau;
- GNuhl;Nlh x];l;Nuhnyhapl;
- kj;jpa juzpau;
• mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j tPLfspd; mbg;gilapy; Kjyhsp> njhopyhsp vDk; gpujhd
,U r%f tFg;gpdu; ,Ue;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl Kbfpd;wik
• nghJ kf; f s; <Lgl; l njhopy; f spd; mg; g ilapy; tFg; G NtWghL
epytpapUf;fyhk;.
• Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUk; eiffs; mzpe;jik.
• Milfisg; nghWj;jtiu Mz;fs; ,Lg;gpd; fPog ; g
; Fjpia kiwg;gjw;F Ntl;b
Nghd;w JzpiaAk; ngz;fs; Fl;ilahd my;yJ ePsg; ghthiliaAk;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sik.
• nghOJ Nghf;fhff; nfhk;G Kwpj;jy;> ky;Aj;j tpisahl;Lf;fSk; eldk;>
rq;fPjk; Nghd;witAk; fhzg;gl;ld.
• kuzr; rlq;F Kiwfshfj; jfdQ; nra;jy;> mlf;fk; nra;jy;> m];jpf;
fyrq;fisg; Gijj;jy; Kjypa Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lik
rka ek; g pf; i f

• ,e;ehfupfj;jpy; fpilj;j njhy;nghUs; rhd;WfSf;F Vw;g gpd;tUk; rka
ek;gpf;if Kiwfs; epytpapUf;fyhk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wik
- jha;j; nja;t topghL
- tpUl;r topghL
- ePu; topghL
• jha;j; nja;t topghL
- ,J vy;yh tPLfspYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 2000 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l RLkz;
rpiyfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sik.

- nropg;G> nrsghf;fpak; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf tzq;fg;gl;lik.
- gpugQ;rj;jpdJk; g+kpapdJk; Njtijahff; fUjpj; jha;j;nja;tk; tzq;fg;
gl;lik.
- gy;NtW czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jpa ngz; cUtr; rpiyfs; jha;j;
nja;tkhff; fUjp tzq;fg;gl;lik.
- rpy ngz;fs; Ml;rpahsu;fshfTk; ,Ue;Js;sik.
• tpUl;r topghL
- tpUl;rkhf tsUk; kuq;fSf;F mjpgjpahd nja;tq;fs; ,Ug;gjhff;
fUjp mtw;iw tzq;fpaik.
- Mykuk;> Gspa kuk;> mur kuk; Kjypa tpUl;rq;fs; tzq;fg;gl;likf;fhd
rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sik.
• ePu; topghL
- ehfupfthrpfs; midtUk; jz;zPiu kjpj;jik
- nkh`Q;rjhNuhtpd; Fspayiw ePu;topghl;bw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;likf;fhd
fiyahw; w y;
• ehfupfthrpfs; cau; fiyahw;wy; kpf;ftu;fshfj; jpfo;e;jik.
• fiy epu;khzq;fSf;fhf cNyhfk;> fsp> fUq;fy; Kjypa Clfq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• nkh`Q;rjhNuhtpy; fpilj;j 19 nr.kPw;wu; caukhd ,Lg;Gf;F Nkw;gl;l
Mz; cUtr; rpiy fiyg; gz;Gkpf;fjhFk;.
• nkh`Q;rjhNuhtpy; fpilj;j 4 mq;Fyk; caukhd ntz;fyj;jpy; nra;j
eldkhJtpd; cUtk; nrJf;fy; fiyr; rpwg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wik.
• ùg;ghtpy; fpilj;j nrk;kzw; fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;l jiyaw;w Mz; cUtr;
rpiy capNuhl;lkhd jd;ikAilajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
• tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fs;> myq;fhug; nghUl;fs; vd;W jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
gy;NtW kpUf cUtq;fs; fiyg;ngWkjp tha;e;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik
• ùg;ghtpy; fpilj;j tprpj;jpukhd Kiwapy; Xtpae; jPl;lg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs;
fz;ftUk; fiyg;gilg;Gfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wik.
ehfupfj; j pd; tP o ; r ; r pAk; mwpQu; f spd; fUj; J k;

• fp.K. 3500 mstpy; Muk;gkhd ùg;gh ehfupfk; fp.K. 1650 mstpy; tPor ; r
; paila
Muk;gpj;J fp.K. 1500 mstpy; Kw;whf ,y;yhkyhdJ.
• tPor; r
; pff
; hd fhuzq;fshfg; gpdt ; Utdtw;iw Ma;thsu;fs; Kd;itf;fpdw; du;.
- Mupa Mf;fpukpg;G
- fhyepiy khw;wk;> ,aw;if mdu;j;jk;
- nts;sg;ngUf;F
- njhw;W Neha;fs; gutpaik
- jP tpgj;J
- ,e;J ejpNahl;lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;

• fp.K. 1500 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mupa gilnaLg;Ng ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpd;
mopTf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;gJ Kw;WKOJk; ngha;ahdJ.
• Gjpa tpQ;Qhd Ma;Tfspd;gb ehfupfthrpfspd; vYk;Gf;$Lfis Ma;T
nra;jNghJ mtu;fs; rpwpJ rpwpjhf %r;Rj; jpdwp ,we;J NghAs;sjhf mwpa
Kbfpd;wik.
• ePupy; %o;fp ,we;jikf;fhd rhd;WfSk; fpilj;Js;sik
• Muk;gj;jpy; Mq;fhq;Nf xOq;fpd;wp vOk;Gf;$Lfs; fhzg;gl;likahy; mJ
Mf;fpukpg;gpd; tpisthff; fUjg;gl;lhYk; mJ Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy; my;y vd;gJ
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik
• fhyepiyr; rPuopT vDk; NghJ ePupay; tl;lk; Kiwaw;Wr; nraw;gl;likAk;
ghiytdf; fhyepiy Njhw;wk; ngw;wikAk; kf;fs; tho;f;if Kbtilaf;
fhuzq;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
• rpy gFjpfspy; ePu; kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;> nts;sg;ngUf;F vd;gtw;why;
kf;fs; tho;f;if Kbtile;jik
• mbf;fb nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gl;likahy; kNyupah> the;jpNgjp Kjypa njhw;W
Neha;fshYk; kf;fs; tho;f;ifia Kbtilar; nra;Js;sik
• vdNt rpy gpuNjrq;fs; kf;fs; thohj #dpa epiyaile;jjik
• ,e;J ejpapd; ePNuhl;lg; ghijapy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;likahy; NtW rpy gpuNjrq;fs;
kf;fs; tho;f;iff;F cfe;jjhf khwpaik
• ehfupfj;jpwF
; upa gpujhd efuq;fs; ,Wjpf; fhyg;gFjpapy; jpBu; jPtpgj;Jf;fSf;F
Kfq; n fhLf; f Neu; e ; j ikahy; Ml; r p Klf; f kile; j ik tP o ; r ; r pia
Ntfg;gLj;jpaik
• rh`p - Jk;g; mfo;tpy; Mupau; vdf; fUjg;gl;ltu;fSf;Fk; ùg;gh kf;fSf;Fk;
vt;tpjj; njhlu;Gkpy;iy vd mwpag;gl;lik
• ntspehl;L tu;jj ; fNk nghUshjhuj;jpy; tUkhdkPlL ; k; khu;ff
; khfj; jpfo;ej
; J.
mJ tPo;r;rp fz;l fhuzj;jhy; nts;sg;ngUf;fpd; gpd;dh; ehfupfj;ij kPsf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F epjpaw;w epiy Vw;gl;lik
• Muk;gj;jpy; ùg;gh efuk; tPo;r;rp fz;Ls;sJld; fp.K. 1750 nkh`Q;rjhNuh>
Nyhj;jhy; vd;gdTk; fp.K. 1650 ,y; ufpfhu;`p tPo;r;rpaile;jikAk;.
nkhn`Q; r jhNuhtpd; vYk; G f; $ Lfs;

gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fisj; jahupj;J khztu;fis kjpg;gPL
nra;f.
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSs; xt;nthU tpdhtpYk; 5 nrhw;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws;
xU nrhy; Vida nrhw;fSld; VNjhnthU tifapy; nghUe;jhJ mr;nrhy;iyj;
njupe;J mjw;Fupa ,yf;fj;ij milg;gpDs; vOJf.
1) 1. rq;FjhNuh 2. nkh`Q;rjhNuh 3. ùg;gh
4. nfhl;b[p 5. Rg;ghufk; ( )
2) 1. Mu;.B. ghdu;[p 2. Nkhjpku; tPyu; 3. ];Ltl;gpnfhl;
4. N[hd;khu;\y; 5. Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup ( )
3) 1. &ghu; 2. ùg;gh 3. ,e;jpug;gpu];jk;
4. rq;FjhNuh 5. Nyhj;jhy; ( )
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s tpilfSs; rupahdijj; njupT nra;J

mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;gpDs; ,Lf.
4) ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpw;Fupa rpW efnuhd;W
1. njhytPu; 2. ufpfhu;`p 3. ùg;gh
4. nkh`Q;rjhNuh 5. Nyhj;jhy; ( )
5) ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpd; gpujhd tu;j;jf efuhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
1. Nyhj;jhy; 2. ufpfhu;`p 3. rq;FjhNuh
4. &ghu; 5. ùg;gh ( )
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F xU jiyg;gpd; fPo; 5 $w;Wf;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mjpy;

xU $w;W jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ. mt;tpyf;fj;ij njupe;J mjid
milg;gpDs; vOJf.
6) ufpfhu;`p
1. ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpd; kpfg; ngupa efuk;
2. ùg;ghtpd; gpujhd tu;j;jf efuk;
3. v];.Mu;. uhNth mtu;fspd; mfo;Tg; gzpapy; mwpag;gl;lJ.
4. fp.K. 1650 ,y; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ
5. Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,q;fpUe;Nj epu;thfk; nra;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W fUjg;gl;lik
( )
7) ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd mbg;gil
1. ,uhtp ejpNahl;lj;jpd; Nghf;F khwpaik
2. mbf;fb nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gl;lik
3. jhu;g; ghiytdj;jpypUe;J tPrpa #whtsp
4. Mupa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;
5. rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G ( )

8) ùg;gh efuthrpfspd; r%f tho;f;if
1. nkh`Q;rjhNuhtpy; fpilj;j vYk;Gf;$Lfs; fy;nfhNyhjpf Afj;Jf;Fupajhf
fUjg;gl;lik
2. kf;fs; thw;NfhJik> ney;> NfhJik Kjypatw;iwg; gapupl;ldu;.
3. ngz;fs; khiy> tisay;> Nkhjpuk; Kjypa Mguzq;fis mzpe;jdu;.
4. kf;fs; jha; Njtijia topgl;ldu;.
5. ,e;J ejp ehfupf thrpfs; nkhrgj;NjkpahtpypUe;J gUj;jp ,wf;Fkjp
nra;jik ( )
gpd;tUk; xt;nthU tpdhtpYk; 5 Nrhbr; nrhw;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; xU

Nrhb nghUe;jhJ> mjidj; njupe;J mjw;Fupa ,yf;fj;ij milg;gpDs; vOJf.
9) 1. &ghu; - rj;ny[; 2. ùg;gh - ,uhtP
3. nkh`Q;rjhNuh - rpe;J 4. fypgq;fd; - f];]
5. Nyhj;jhy; - Rth];J ( )
10) 1. Guk; - ,e;J ejpg; gs;sjhf;fpd; Nfhl;il

2. tp\;gjp - khLfspd; ghJfhtyd;
3. aQ;ra - g+i[ my;yJ ahfk; 4. [d - uh[d;
5. Kf;jh - fpuhkj;jiytd; ( )
gpdt
; Uk; tpdhf;fSf;F ,U $w;Wf;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
tpilahf mikaj;jf;f $w;iwj; njupeJ ; ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;l ,yf;fq;fis
cupa Kiwapy; milg;gpDs; vOJf.
1 rup rup
2 rup gpio
3 gpio gpio
4 gpio rup
5 rup rup Kjyhk; $w;iw NkYk; njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
1. ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w ùg;gh ehfupfk; cyfpd; kpfg; Guhjd

,yl;ridfspd; %yk; mk;kf;fspd; ehfupfkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rka ek;gpf;if ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. ( )
2. n k h ` Q ; r j h N u h t p d ; , W j p f ; Nkhjpku; tPyu; mtu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb
fhyg;gFjpapy; Mz;fSk; ngz; ,jd; %yk; ùg; g h ehfupfj; i j
fSk; Foe;ijfSk; tPLfspYk; mopTf;Fl;gLj;jpa Mupaupd;
tPjpfspYk; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;bUe; Mf; f pukpg; i g mwpaf; $bajhf
jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. cs;sJ. ( )

1) ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpd; nghUshjhu> r%f epiyikiar; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
2) ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpd; tsu;rr
; pAk; tPor
; r
; pAk; gw;wp epyTfpd;w fUj;J NtWghLfs;
njhlu;ghf tpku;rd uPjpahfg; guprPypf;Ff. (14 Gs;spfs;)
3) “ùg;gh ehfupfk; xU efu ehfupfkhFk;”.

i. ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpw;Fupa Gjpjhff; fz;lwpag;gl;l efupd; ngau; vd;d?
(02 Gs;sp)
ii. ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpw;Fupa njhy;nghUl;fs; ,uz;ilg; ngaupLf.
(02 Gs;sp)
iii. ùg;gh ehfupfthrpfspd; rka ek;gpf;if gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
(03 Gs;sp)
iv. Nkw;gb $w;Wld; ePu; cld;gLtPuh? fhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
(07 Gs;sp)
4) “ùg;gh ehfupfk; cyfpd; Guhjd efu ehfupfq;fSs; xd;whFk;”.

i. ùg;gh ehfupfk; epytpa gpuNjrj;jpy; mfo;thuha;r;rp nra;j ,Utiug;
ngaupLf. (02 Gs;sp)
ii. nkh`Q;rjhNuh> ùg;gh efuq;fSf;F mz;ikapy; gha;e;NjhLk; ejpfs;
,uz;ilg; ngaupLf. (02 Gs;sp)
iii. ùg;gh ehfupfthrpfspd; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLf. (03 Gs;sp)
iv. ùg;gh efupd; jpl;lkply; gw;wp tpN\l ftdk; nrYj;jp tpsf;Ff.
(08 Gs;sp)
• gpd;tUk; ,lq;fis ,e;jpag; GwTUtg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;J mtw;Ws; 2 gw;wp

tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;G vOJf.
nkh`Q;rjhNuh> ùg;gh> Nyhj;jhy;> rpe;Jejp> uhtP ejp> ufpfhu;`p> njhytPu;>
&ghu;.

4. ejpg; g s; s j; j hf; F fs; Clhfg; guk; g yile; j FbNaw; w q; f s;
,e;jpahtpy; ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; cUthd fhyg;gFjp itjPf Afk;

vdg;gLk;. %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fSf;F tpsf;fkspj;j
Muk;gfhy mwpQu;fs; ùg;ghit Mf;fpukpj;jJ itjPf Mupau;fs; vdr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpdw
; du;. ,t;thW RNjr ehfupfj;ij mbgzpar; nra;J jkJ gyj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l KjyhtJ Gyk; ngau;thsu;fshd jhk; nr];dpau;fis
tpl cau;thdtu;fs; vd;W $wpdu;. mjd;gb cj;jku; vDk; nghUs;jUk;
Mupau; vDk; ngauhy; jkJ ,dj;jtiu mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;. MapDk; Mupau;
vdg;gLtJ Xu; ,dk; vd;W czu;j;jg;gltpy;iy vd epfo;fhy Ma;Tfspd;
%yk; njupate;Js;sJ.
itjPf ,yf;fpaq;fspd;gb Ntjj;ijg; Gdpjkhd E}yhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;l ,e;J

KOKjw; flTsiu tzq; f patu; f s; Mupa ,dj; i jr; Nru; e ; N jhu; vd
mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpdw ; du;. vJ vt;thwhapDk; kf;]; %yu; vDk; mwpQupd; fUj;Jg;gb
Mupau; vDk; nrhy; xU ,dj;ij khj;jpuk; Fwpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
nrhy;yy;y. Mupau;> mapupau; vd;gJ <uhdpaiuAk; Fwpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLtjhFk;. mtu;fs; ed;F tsu;rr ; paile;j NjfKk; ePskhd ehrpAk;> njspthd
epwKk; nfhz;l kdpjf; FOtpduhtu;. ,t;thW te;j ,t;tpdf; FOtpdu; jkJ
g+u;tPf G+kpapypUe;J Gwg;gLk;NghJ ,ilau; Afk; Kbtile;J kdpjd; tptrha
tho; f ; i ff; F s; gpuNtrpj; j pUe; j ik njupatUfpwJ. fpuhkq; f spy; ngupa
FLk; g nkhd; w hfNth Nfhj; j punkhd; w hfNth tho; e ; j ikf; f hd jlaq; f s;
fpilj;Js;sd.
,t;thwhd gpd;dzpapy; cUthd Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fs; mtw;wpd; guk;gNyhL

RNjr fyhrhuj;NjhL xd;wpize;jd. mNjNghd;W Gtpapay; #oYk; mtu;fsJ
FbapUg;gpd; jd;ikiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,e;jpa tuyhw;W tpupthf;fk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gd
njhlu;ghf tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : Ntj fhyk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 25
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• Ntj fhyk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• Ntj fhyNk ,e; j pa ehfupfj; j pd; mbg; g il
vd;gjw;fhd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ,Uf;F Ntj fhyk;> gpej
; pa Ntj fhyk; Mfpatw;wpy;
FbapUg;Gf;fspd; tpupthf;fj;ijj; Njrg;glj;jpy;
Fwpg;ghu;.

itjpf fhyj;jpy; khDl FbNaw;wq;fspd; Muk;gKk; guk;gYk;
• Mupaupd; G+u;tPfk;
• Mupaupd; g+u;tPfk; gw;wp epiyahdnjhU fUj;J ,y;yhik
• MapDk; njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsu;fSk; tuyhw;wpayhsu;fSk; xd;wpize;J
gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;sik
• njd; u\;ahtpd; ];nlg;]; Gy;ntspapypUe;J Gyk;ngau;e;jik
• ngh`kpahtpd; `q;Nfupad; rkntsp g+u;tPfk; vd;w fUj;J
• Mupau; ,e;jpau;fs; vDk; fUj;J
• fh\;kPUk; ,khyaKk; Mupaupd; Kjy; g+kp vDk; fUj;J
• ,Uf;F Ntjk; kw;Wk; <uhdpd; guk;giuf; fijfspd;gb Mupau;
,e;jpahTf;F tUif ju Kd;du; ,e;jpa <uhdpa kf;fSld; <uhdpd;
may; gpuNjrq;fspy; jq;fpapUe;jik
• rpdd ; hrpahtpd; fg;gNlhrp gpuNrj;jpd; nghr];-Nfha; fy;ntl;bd;gb Mupau;
fp.K. 15 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahTf;F tUif je;jik
• FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jYk; mjd; guk;gYk;

• ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpd; ejp]k ; pUjp fhz;lj;jpy; Fwpgg
; pLtjd;gb Mupau;fs; Kjypy;
rg;j rpe;J gpuNjrj;jpy; FbNawpaik
• rg;j rpe;J vd;gJ N[yl; (tpj];jh)> Nrdhg;> uhtp (gU];dp)> gpa];
(tpgh];)> rl;Ny]; (RJu;jp)> ru];tjp> JU];tjp vDk; vO ejpfs; ghAk;
gpuNjrkhf mike;jik
• mtw;Ws; ru];tjp> JU];tjp vDkpU ejpfSk; Kw;whf ,y;yhnjhope;j
gpd;du; mg;gpuNjrk; Ie;J ejpfspd; ehL vDk; mu;j;jj;jpy; gQ;rhg;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;lik
• ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpd;gb mtu;fs; gQ;rhg;gpy; tho;e;jik

•mD> GU> aJ> Ju;tk;rk;> upb Kjypa Nfhj;jpuj;jpdu; gU];dp (uhtp)>
RJu;jp (rl;Nl];) vDk; ,U ejpfSf;fpilapy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jik
• ghuj Nfhj; j puj; i jr; Nru; e ; j Rjh]; kd; d d; gU]; d p kw; W k; RJu; j p
ejpfSf;fpilapy; tho;e;j 10 Nfhj;jpuj;jpdUldhd Nghu; Kd;dzpAld;
jruhQ;rk; vDk; Nghupy; <Lgl;lik
• ,t;thW ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; juTfspd;gb itjpf Mupau;
Mg;fhdp];jhd;> gQ;rhg;> rpe;J gpuNjrj;jpd; xU gFjp uh[;Gj;jhd;> ,e;jpahtpd;
tlNkw;nfy;iy> fh];kPu;> ruR ejpapd; fpof;Fg; gpuNjrk; Kjypatw;wpy;
gutpf; fhzg;gl;lik.
• %yhjhuq;fspd;gb FbNaw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L
itjPf Afk; ,uz;lhf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
• ,Uf;F Ntj fhyk; - ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpd; jfty; fpilj;j fhyg;gFjp
• gpe;jpa Ntj fhyk; - aRu;> rhkk;> mju;tzk;> gpuhkzPaq;fs;> Muzpaq;fs;>
cgepljq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> Ntjhq;fq;fs;> cgNtjhq;fq;fs;> #j;jpuq;fs;
vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; jfty; mwpag;gl;l fhyg;gFjp.
• ,Uf;F Ntj fhyk;

• ,Uf;F Ntjk; 10 kz;lyq;fisAk; 1028 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;like;jik
• gpuhkzu;fshy; vOjg;gl;l ,J NtjE}y; vd;gjdhy; tuyhw;iw mwptjw;fhd
%yhjhukhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; gpur;rpid cs;sJ.
• Ntjfhyk; gw;wp mwptjw;Fs;s xNu %yhjhuk; ,J vd;gjhy; mjpy;
jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba epiy.
• Mupau; ,e;jpahTf;F tUif je;j Muk;gfhyg;gFjp ,Uf;F Ntj fhyk;
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,Uf;F Ntjk; ,t;thuk;g fhyk; gw;wp mwptjw;F cjtpahf
mikfpwJ. mNj Nghd;W Ntj fhyj;jpd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%fj;
Jiwfspy; njspthfj; njupAk; NtWghLfisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mjidg; gpd;tUk; tifapy; ntt;Ntwhf tpsf;f KbAk;.
• ,Uf;F Ntj fhy murpay; epiy:

• Nfhj;jpuq;fshff; FbNaw;wq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;;lik
• Nfhj;jpuj; jiytd; uh[d; vdg;gl;lik
• gyk; tha;e;j Nfhj;jpuq;fs;> rpW Nfhj;jpuq;fs; gytw;wpdJk; ngau;fs;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• gyk; tha;e;j Nfhj;jpuq;fs;: guj> GU> aJ> Ju;th]> mE> JUfR
• rpW Nfhj;jpuq;fs; :- myPd> gf;\> gfyhd];> rpt> tp\hzp
• xt;nthU Nfhj;jpuq;fspilapYk; mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghd Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;L
ntw;wpaile;j FO mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;baik
• ,t;thW gpugykhd Nkhjyhf mike;jJ guj Nfhj;jpuj;jpd; uh[dhd
Rjh]; vd;gtDf;nfjpuhf NtW 10 Nfhj;jpuq;fs; Nghupl;lik
• ,J Ntj ghly;fspy; jruhQ;r Aj;jk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• ,g;Nghupy; ntw;wpnfhz;l Rjh]; gpd;du; m[> rp];U> af;\ vDk;
Mupauy;yhj Nfhj;jpuq;fs; %d;iw ntw;wp nfhz;lik.

• ,t;thW ,e;jpah> ghuj Njrk; vd;wwpag;gLtjpy; ,g;gyk; tha;ej
; Nfhj;jpuj;jpd;
Gfo; fhuzkhaike;jJ vd;w fUj;J Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sik
• Ntjfhy epu;thfg; gpupTfs; gpd;tUk; tifapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• fpuhkk; - rpW myF> gy FLk;gq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. fpuhkdp mjd;
jiytd;
• tp\; - rpy fpuhkq;fs; xd;wpize;j myF. tp\;gjp ,jd; jiytd;.
• [d - tp\; vDk; rpy epu;thf myFfs; xd;wpize;jJ. uh[d;
mjd; jiytdhjy;.
• mNj Nghd;W rig> rq;fk; vDk; kz;lyq;f ; spuz;Lk; Ml;rpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngw;wik.
• rig - Nfhj;jpuj;jpd; %j;jtu;fisf; nfhz;like;j kz;lyk;
• rq;fk; - Nfhj;jpuj;jpd; rfyiuAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa kz;lyk;
• mur epu;thfj;jpw;Fjtpa mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fSf;Fupa flikfs;

gyTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• GNuhfpju;> Nrdhjpgjp> tp\;gjp> fpuhkzP Kjypad mt;thwhd gjtpfshFk;.
• murd; mur nrhj;Jf;fspd; mjpgjpay;yntd;Wk; Nghupd; mjpgjp vd;Wk;
Ntj ghly;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sik.
• mur ghJfhg;gpw;fhf Kiwahd ghJfhg;G xOq;fikg;Gf; fl;bnaOg;gg;
gl;Ls;sik.
• Nghupy; <LgLk; gilg;gpupTfs; rpuj;jh> t+u;jh> fz vd;wpUe;jik
• gpujhd NghuhAjkhf tpy;Yk; mk;Gk; tpsq;fpaJld; Vida fUtpfshf
ths;> Nflak;. ftd;> <l;b Kjypait fhzg;gl;lik
• Vida ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfshd Nghu;f;ftrk;> Nfhl;ilfs; Kjypait
gw;wpAk; jfty;fs; mlq;fpAs;sik.
• mur epu;thfj;ijr; rpwg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf ‘rhuu;’ vDk; ngaupy;
ghJfhg;G tPuu;fs; nraw;gl;lik.
• ehl;bd; rl;lq;fSk; rk;gpujhaq;fSk; ‘ju;kk;’ vd;Wk; jz;lidfs; ‘jz;lk;’
vd;Wk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• ,Uf;F Ntj fhy r%f epiy:

• Nfhj;jpu uPjpahd> fpuhkpag; gz;G nfhz;l r%fk; fhzg;gl;lik (jw;NghJ
fpilj;Js;s njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfspd;gb mbkl;l epiyapyhd r%fky;y
vd;wwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.)
• je;ijtopr; r%fkhff; fhzg;gl;lik
• ,Uf;F Ntjg;gb Mz; Foe;ij fpilg;gijg; ngUikahff; fUJjy;
• Mz; xUtd; gy ngz; f is itj; j pUe; j jhf ,Uf; F Ntjj; j py;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
• MapDk; ghy;a taJ (jpUkzk;) ,lk;ngw;wik
• tpjitfspd; kWkzk; nra;tjw;F cupik fhzg;gl;lik
• jpUkz ge;jj;jpy; ,izAk;NghJ Jiztid my;yJ Jiztpiaj;
njupT nra;Ak; cupik fhzg;gl;lik

• rka rlq;Ffspd;NghJ fztDf;F rkkhf kidtpAk; gq;F nfhs;Sk;
cupik fhzg;gl;lik
• tp];thr;rhuh> mghyh> Nfhrh Kjypa Nfhj;jpu E}y;fspy; Nju;r;rp ngw;w
fy;tpawpT kpf;f ngz;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• gl;lj;J ,uhzpAk; mtuJ kfSk; muritapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;bapUe;jik
• njspthd rhjp NtWghL fhzg;glhtpbDk; Mupau;> Mupauy;yhNjhu; vDk;
NgjkpUe;jik
• ghy;> nea;> goq;fs;> NfhJik> thw;NfhJik kw;Wk; jhdpaq;fs; cztpy;
gpujhd ,lk; n gw; w Jld; tpN\l cw; r tq; f spd; NghJ khkprKk;
Grpf;fg;gl;lik.
• kJghd ghtid fhzg; g l; l Jld; tpohf; f spd; N ghJ Nrhk ghdk;
mUe;jg;gl;lik
• ehd;F gFjpfisf; nfhz;l vspikahd Mil tifnahd;W fhzg;gl;lik
• eptp - ,Lg;gpd; fPo; gFjp Mil
• gupNjhdk; - ,Lg;gpd; Nky; gFjp Mil
• mjpthrk; - NjhspypLk; rhy;it (mq;ft];jpuk;)
• jiyg;ghif
• fk;gsp> gUj;jp> khd; Njhy; Kjypatw;wpy; Milfs; jahupf;fg;gl;lik
• Mz;fs; jiyia kiwf;Fk; Milazpe;jik
• Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUk; eiffs; mzpe;jik
• fu;zNrhgd - fhjzp
• FuPu - ngz;fs; jiyf;fzpe;j eif
• ieahr;rhzp - kzkfs; mzpAk; Mguzk;
• epf;] - fOj;jpy; mzpAk; khiy
• ,Uf;F Ntj fhy nghUshjhu epiy:-

• tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfz;l fpuhkpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;
epytpaik
• tptrha eltbf;iffSf;F ePug ; g; hrdk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• tpyq;F tsu;g;Gk; gpujhd ,lk;ngw;wik
• gapuplg;gl;l gapuf
; s;:- ney;> NfhJik> gUj;jp> thw;NfhJik> vz;nza;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd jhdpaq;fs;
• njhopy;fs;:- itj;jpau;> nfhy;yu;> nghw;nfhy;yu;
• gz;lkhw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tu;j;jf eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gl;lik
• ejpf; fiuNahukhd jiukhu;ff ; khfTk;> ejpfspd; ePu; khu;ff
; khfTk; nghUl;
Nghf;Ftuj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik
• ,Uf; F Ntjj; j py; ep]; f vDk; ngaupy; gz myF xd; W gw; w pf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• mNjNghd;W gupRfs; toq;fg;gl;l NghJ 100 ep];f my;yJ 100 Fjpiufs;
toq;fg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sik.

• ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; rKj;jpuk; vDk; nrhy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sikAk; G[;[{
vd;gtupd; 100 JLg;GfSldhd ts;snkhd;W flypy; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shd
NghJ m];tpd; Njtij fhg;ghw;wpajhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjpypUe;J
ntspehl; L tu; j ; j fk; epytpapUf; f yhk; vd; W mwpQu; f s; fUj; J j;
njuptpf;fpd;wik.
• fp.K. 1500 ,w;Fupa Nghf];Nfh]; vDk; vOj;jhtzj;jpw;fika mtu;fs;
Ntjfhyj;jpy; gPdPrpau;fSld; tu;j;jfk; nra;Js;sik
• ,Uf;F Ntj fhy rka epiy:-

• ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fSf;Fk; ,aw;ifr; rf;jpfSf;Fk; nja;tPf me;j];J
toq;fp tzq;fp topgl;lik
• ,t;thW Njtu; rig xd;W gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtjd; %yk; nja;tPf thj
rkaepiy ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik
• ,e;j nja;tq;fs; 3 gpujhd gFjpfshf tpsq;fpaik
• Mfhaj;jpy;:- tUzd;> rpj;jpuh> rhtpj;jpup> Rrhd;> #upad;> tp\;Z>
c\h
• ,ilapy; :- ,e;J> cUj;jpud;> thA> gu;[d;
• G+kpapy;:- Gtp> mf;fpdp> Nrhkd;> tpahod;> fq;if
• xt;nthU nja;tq;fSk; ,aw;ifapd; gy;NtW Jiwfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;
gLj;jpaik
• ,e;J:- rf;jp> kio> Nkfk; vd;gtw;Wf;F mjpgjp
• tUzd;:- ePUf;F mjpgjp> jhtuk; kw;Wk; tpyq;F tho;f;if
• mf;fpdp:- neUg;Gf;F mjpgjp tPLfspd; ghJfhg;G flTs;
• ,akd;:- kuzj;Jf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;
• #upad;:- ehSf;F mjpgjp
• Gtp:- g+kpf;F mjpgjp
• c\h: fhiyg; nghOJf;F mjpgjp
• Nrhkd;:- re;jpuf; flTs;
• mjpfkhd flTsUf;fhd g+i[g; nghUs;fSs; xd;whd Nrhk ghdk;
Nrhkd; vDk; flTshfTk; topglg;gl;lik
• nja;tq;fSs; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ew;fUkq;fSf;nfd cUg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j
NghjpYk; cUj;jpud; kl;Lk; jPafUkq;fSf;nfd cUf;nfhLf;fg;gl;lik
• itjPf nja;t topghl;bw;fhf ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; gy;NtW Nfhj;jpuq;fSf;F
Kupa 1028 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ghly;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik
• ahfk; tsu;j;jy; vDk; rkaf; flikapd; Muk;gkhf rpwpastpy; ‘kid
ahfk;’ njhlq;fg;gl;lik
• FLk;g cWg;gpdu; midtUk; ,ize;J FLk;gj; jiytd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,e;j ahfj;jpd;NghJ Ntj fPjq;fs; ghlg;gl;lJld; ghy; kw;Wk; Nrhkghdk;
G+i[f;F itf;fg;gl;lik
• nja;tj;Jf;Fk; kdpjDf;Fk; ,ilj;njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; nja;tkhf mf;fpdp
Kf;fpaj;Jtkile;jik
• ,e;j rkaf; nfhs;if NkYk; gutyile;jikahdJ gpe;jpa Ntj fhy
rka epiyapd; Muk;gkhf mike;jik

• gpe;jpa Ntj fhyk;
,Uf;F Ntj fhy Mupau; gbg;gbahf jkJ epu;thf xOq;ifg; gyg;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;L cWjpaile;jJld; gpej ; pa Ntj fhyk; Muk;gkhdJ. rg;j rpeJ
; gpuNjrj;jpy;
FbNawpNahu; fpof;Fj; jpirapd; fq;if ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;F Nehf;fp Gyk;ngau
Muk;gpj;jJld; gpe;jpa Ntj fhyk; cUthdik gpujhd NtWghlhFk;. mNj
Nghd;W ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd Gtpapay; vy;iy tFf;fg;gl;likahdJ
kw;WnkhU gpujhd mk;rkhFk;. murid ikakhff; nfhz;l Ml;rp Kiw
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJld; ,f;fhy r%fj;jpy; epiyahd ehd;F rhjpg; gpupTfSk;
tFf;fg;gl;ld. fp.K. 900 ,w;Fk; fp.K. 600 ,w;Fk; mz;kpa fhyNk ,f;fhyg;
gFjpahFk;. aRu;> rhkk;> mju;tzk; vDk; Ntj fpue;jq;fs;> gpuhkzPaq;fs;>
Muzpaq;fs; Nghd;W cgepljq;fs; Kjypa E}y;fSk; ,f;fhyk; gw;wpa jfty;fisj;
jUfpd;wd. mtw;iwg; gpd;tUk; tifapy; ntt;Ntwhf ,dq;fhl;l KbAk;.
• gpe;jpa Ntj fhy murpay; epiy:
• ,Uf;F Ntj fhy vspikahd Ml;rpKiw rpf;fyhu;e;jjhf khwpaik
• muru;fspd; gyKk; guhf;fpuKk; tsu;r;rpaile;jJld; mtu;fs; tpNrl
tFg;gpduhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lik
• IjPf gpukhzj;jpy; gpd;tUk; tifapy; muru;fs; ,dq;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
• rhk;uhl; (Nguurd; - Nkw;fpd; murd;)
• Ngh[d; - njw;fpd; murd;
• tPuhl; - tlf;fpd; murd;
• uh[d; - kj;jpa gpuNjr murd;
• Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fj; nja;tf P me;j];ij toq;fy; (murd; G+kpapd; flTshf
kD];kpUjp E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.)
• muRupik guk;giu cupik vDk; kuG cUthdik.
• m];tNkjahfk;> uh[#a ahfk; Kjypa Nts;tpfs; nra;ag;gl;L murdpd;
gyk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
• fpuhkk;> tp\;> [d Kjypa epu;thf myFg; gpupTfs; NkYk; tsu;r;rp
fz;lik
• rig> rq;fk; Kjypa epu;thf xOq;fikg;G njhlu;e;j NghjpYk; mit
murDf;F mbgzpe;jpUe;jik
• murdpd; Ml;rpf;F cjtpa uh[ fu;z vdg;gl;l mjpfhupfs; ,Ue;jjhf
rjgj gpuhkzpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
• GNuhfpju; - murdpd; MNyhrfu;
• Nrdhdp - Nrdhjpgjp
• fpuhkdp - mur mjpfhuj;ijf; fpuhkj;jpy; epiyehl;ly;
• rq;u`pj;jpup - nghUshsu;
• ghfJfu; - tUkhd mjpfhup
• mf;\hthrfu; - #jhl;l epu;thfp
• cf;fpuu; - ghJfhg;G mjpfhup
• nfhtpfu;j;jd - murDf;F Ntl;ilapd;NghJ cjTgtu;.
• rhuu; - ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdu;.

• murDf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba tupiaj; jkJ cw;gj;jpfspd; %yNkh
khLfshfNth toq;f Ntz;baik
• ePjp kd;wj;jpd; gpujhdp murd; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• murdpd; Mizg;gb fpuhkdpfshy; ,j;jz;lidfs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lik.
• gpe;jpa Ntj fhy r%f epiy:-

• Nfhj;jpu r%ftikg;G NkYk; cWjpg;gl;lik.
• ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpd; gj;jhtJ kz;lyj;jpy; GU\ Rf;j Ntjj;jpy; ehd;F
tu;zq;fs; (FyKiw) Muk;gk; gw;wpa fUj;J ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
“gpuhkzu; gpuk;khtpd; thapypUe;Jk; rj;jpupau; mtuJ Njfj;jpypUe;Jk;
itrpau; ,U iffspypUe;Jk; #j;jpuu; ghjq;fspypUe;Jk; cUthNdhuhtu;.”
• ,f;nfhs;if fhuzkhf gpuhkzu;fspd; gyk; NkYk; tsu;r;rp fz;lik
• rj;jpupau; Ml;rp epu;thfj;ijAk; itrpau; tptrhak;> tu;j;jfKk; #j;jpuu;
Nky; Fyj;jpdUf;F NritAk; GupAk; epiyik.
• ,it jtpu Nerhjhuu; vdk; Fyj;jpdu; fhzg;gl;lJld; mf;Fyk; NkYk;
8 Fyq;fshfg; gpupe;jpUe;jdu;.
• tu;j;jfu; • jf;\hdu;
• gq;[p];lu; • ujfhuu;
• fthdp]u; • Fyhyu;
• KUfhru; • fu;jhuu;
• ,f;fhyg;gFjp r%ftikg;ig xOq;FgLj;jpa newpfshf gpuk;kr;rhupak;>
FLk;g];jk;> thd gpu];jk;> re;epahrk; vd;gdTk; tpsq;fpaik.
• Nkw;gb newp Kiwfspd;gb tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl;l tpjpKiwfs; fhzg;gl;lik.
• fu;g;g gupjhd fu;kk; (fu;g;gk; jupj;jy;)
• ehkfu;k fu;kk; (ngau; #l;ly;)
• md;d gpuhrd fu;kk; (czT+l;ly;)
• cgead fu;kk; (gpukr;rhupa Muk;gk;)
• rJu;fp fu;kk; (jpUkzkhjy;)
• me;jpNal;bf; fu;kk; (kuzr; rlq;F)
• ngz;fspd; cupikfs; Ntfkhf ,y;yhkw; Nghjy;
• xU jhu kzk;> gyjhu kzk; fhzg;gl;lik
• tpjitfSf;fpUe;j kWkzk; nra;Ak; cupik kWf;fg;gl;lik. mJ
fLikahdjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iynad;W jw;rkak; mwpag;gl;Ls;sik.
• Milazpfs; Ntj fhyj;ijg; Nghd;W ,Ue;jJld; rpW NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gl;lik.
• nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fshf MLjy;> ghLjy;> ,irj;jy; vd;gtw;Wld;
tpy;tpj;ij tz;bNahl;lk; Kjypad epfo;j;jg;gl;lik
• czT ghdq;fs; ,Uf;F Ntj fhy Kiwg;gb ,Ue;jJld; Nrhk ghdk;
Kd;diu tpl gpugy;akile;jik.

• gpe;jpa Ntj fhyg; nghUshjhu epiy:-
• ,Uf;F Ntj fhyj;ijg; Nghd;Nw tptrhak;> tpyq;F tsu;g;G> tpahghuk;
vDk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpj;jik
• MapDk; Kd;diu tpl ,e;eltbf;iffs; xOq;fikg;GlDk; gutyhfTk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik
• rdj; n jhif mjpfupg; G > FbNaw; w q; f spd; guk; g y; vd; g tw; W ld;
ejpg;gs;sj;jhf;Ffspy; ntw;wpfukhd Kiwapy; tptrhak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gl;lik
• 24 khLfs; g+l;lg;gl;l fyg;ig xd;W gw;wp %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sik
• tpisr;riiy mjpfupgg ; jw;fhf ahfk;> N`hkk; vd;gd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJld;
ke;jpuq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik
• aRu; Ntj E}ypy; kPd;gpbj;jy;> Jzp nea;jy;> fapW jpupj;jy;> cNyhff;
ifj;njhopy; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• tptrha cw;gj;jpfsypUe;J 1/6> 1/8> 1/10 vDk; msTfspy; muR tup
mwtpl;lik.
• khLfspy; 1/5 tu;jj ; fg; gz;lq;fspy; 1/20 vDk; tifapy; tup mwtplg;gl;lik.
• tpahghuj;jpd; NghJ gz;lkhw;Wld; gzg; Gof;fKk; ,Ue;jik
• nrg;G> ,Uk;G> fspkz;> fUq;fy; vd;gtw;why; MAjq;fs;> ghj;jpuq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;lik
• itjPf E}y;fspd;gb gpd;tUk; njhopy;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sik.
• ghapioj;jy; • Njhy; nghUl; njhopy;
• fk;khsj;njhopy; • jr;Rj;njhopy;
• Nrhjplk; • jq;f eif nra;jy;
• kPd;gpb • khzpf;f tu;j;jfk;
• tpyq;F tsu;g;G • ,uj;jpdk; mfo;T
• glNfhl;Ljy; • tidjy; njhopy;
• ryitj; njhopy; • jfty; nfhz;L nry;yy;
• cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk; NghyNt ntspehl;L tu;j;jfKk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik
• jiukhu; f ; f g; Nghf; F tuj; j pw; f hf ahidfs; > Fjpiufs; > khLfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; ,uz;L rf;fuf; Fjpiu tz;bfSk; gad;gl;lik.
• cNjdp> nfsrk;gp> thuzhrp> rpuht];jp> mgp[j;u Kjypa rpW tu;j;jf
efuq;fs; cUthdik.
• gpe;jpa Ntj fhy rka epiy:-

• ,Uf;F Ntj fhy rkaf; nfhs;if NkYk; tsu;r;rpaile;J gy nja;tf;
nfhs;if Vf nja;tf; nfhs;ifahf khw;wq; fz;lik
• ,Uf;F Ntj fhyj;jpwF ; upa gioa nja;tq;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwtile;J
Kf;fpaj;Jtkpoe;jik
• rptd;> tp\;Z> gpuk;kh (Kk;%u;j;jpfs;) vDk; nfhs;if gpugykile;jik.
• mtu;fSs;Sk; gpuh[hgjp vDk; kfh gpuk;kd; Kjyplk; ngw;wik.

• mj;Jld; ,Uf;F Ntj fhyj;jpd; vspikahd ahf G+i[ rpf;fyhu;e;j
jd;ik ngw;wik
• mjD}lhf gpuhkzupd; epiy cau;tile;J mtu;fs; g+kpapy; cyTk;
nja;tq;fshf kjpf;fg;gl;lik.
• flTsu;fs; jhk; nrhy;Yk;gb nra;Ak; Nrtfu;fs; vDk; epiyapy; gpuhkzupd;
eltbf;iffs; mike;jik
• epaha fpue;jq;fspy; mt;thW Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhYk; gpuNahfj;jpy; mt;thW
fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;W NtW %yhjhuq;fspd; %yk; mwpag;gl;Ls;sik.
• Muzpaq;fs;> cgepljq;fs; %yk; Vw;gl;l Gjpa Af khw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf
gpuhkz nfhs;iff;F vjpuhfr; irt kuG NknyOe;jik
• mjd;gb ,k;irahd ahf Kiwapyhd fu;k khu;f;fj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhfg;
gf;jpthjr; rpe;jidapy; Gjpa Nghf;F Vw;gl;L Qhdtop NknyOe;jik
• mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gpuhkzthjk; tPo;r;rpaile;J jpahdj;jpy; <LgLk; jt
Kdptu;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wik
• rj;jpupau; cgeplj jj;Jtj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbfshdik
• cgeplj jj;Jtj;jpd;gb Nkhl;rkila Ntz;Lnkdpy; Gyd;fis mlf;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lik.
• ahQ;Qty;f Kdptu; cgepljq;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s Fzg; gz;Gfspd; cj;jk
jUzq;fis jdJ kidtpf;F vLj;Jf; $wpajhf mjd; cgNjrj;jpy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sik.
• kdpj tho;f;iff;F kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; epfo;tnjd;d? vDk; jj;Jthu;j;j
gpur;rpidf;F mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lik.
• ,g; gpd;dzpapy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; jj;Jthu;j;j kw;Wk; rkathj nfhs;iffs;
gyTk; NknyOe;jik.
• Gj;jupd; jj;Jtq;fspYk; cgepljq;fs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sik

5. murpay; kw;Wk; kdpj rpe;jidapd; tsu;r;rp
fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUe;j murpay;

epu;thf KiwahdJ gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rp fz;lnjd;gJ %yhjhuq;fspd; %yk;
njupa tUfpdw ; J. ,Uf;F Ntj fhyj;jpy; Nfhj;jpuq;fshf xOq;fikq;j FOf;fs;
gpw;fhyj;jpy; fpuhkk;> FbNaw;wk; vd;gtw;iw mikj;Jf; nfhz;Lk; mjd; gpd;du;
FbNaw;wq;fs; muRfshfTk; mit NguuRfshfTk; tsu;r;rpaile;jijAk;
mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. Nfhj;jpuj; jiytu; gjtp mur gjtpahfTk; mur gjtp
Nguurd; vd;Wk; tsu;r;rpaile;j NghJ murdpd; epu;thf cjtpf;fhfg; gjtpfs;
gyTk; cUthapd. mNj Nghd;W rkfhy r%f nghUshjhu Kiwia
mDrupj;J murpay; Kiwiaf; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w Kiwapy; khw;wpaikg;gjw;F
Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F Neu;e;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Muk;g Ntjfhy Afj;jpd; rka
gpd;dzpapy; jj;Jthu;j;j gpuNtrj;ij mtjhdpf;f Kbatpy;iy.
MapDk; gpe;jpa Ntj fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; rpy jj;Jthu;jj

; rpe;jida+lhd
rka #oy; cUthdJ. mg;Nghija fl;lj;jpy; r%fj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu;
FyNgjj;ij Kd;dpiyg; gLj;jpa gpuhkzf; nfhs;if fhuzkhf mOj;jq;fSf;F
MshapUe;jdu;. mjpypUe;J gbg;gbahf cUthd tsu;r;rp fz;l jj;Jthu;j;jf;
nfhs;if fp.K. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;NghJ xOq;fike;j rkaq;fshf tsu;r;rp
fz;lJld; mj;jj;Jtq;fspy; mjpfkhdit gpuhkzPaf; nfhs;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l
,k;irahd nfhs;ifiaf; fLikahf vjpu;j;jd.
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; tpupthf;fk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gd

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : gjpdhW kfhrdgjq;fspd; tpupthf;fk; njhlu; ghf

tpgupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 15
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• gjpdhW kfh [dgjq;fs; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.
• gjpdhW kfh [dgjq;fspy; gyk; nghUe;jpa
muRfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
• gjpdhW kfh [dgjq;fisj; Njrg;glnkhd;wpy;
Fwpg;ghu;.

gjpdhW kfh [dgjq;fs; cUthtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wg;

gpd; d zp
• gpe;jpa Ntj fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; fq;if ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;fpd; ghupa
rkntspg; gug;gpy; FbNaw;wq;fs; gutpaik
• mq;F epiyahd FbNaw;wq;fs; mike;jJld; Nfhj;jpu epiyiaj; jhz;b
epiyahd Ml;rpKiwnahd;wpd; Njit czug;gl;lik.
• mt;thW epiyngWk;NghJ gytPdkhd Nfhj;jpuq;fis mbgzpar; nra;J
gpugykhd Nfhj;jpuq;fs; jiynaLj;j gpd;du; ghupa FbNaw;wq;fshfg;
gupzkpj;jik
• mt;thW gue;J tpupe;j mur myFfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F tl ,e;jpahtpd;
Gtpapay; epiy cjtpaik
• tl ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tsq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik
• tptrha> tu;jj; f eltbf;iffshy; cUthd nry;te;j tFg;gpdUf;F epiyahd
murpay; mynfhd;wpd; Njit czug;gl;lik.
• mjd;gb fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ tl ,e;jpahtpy; epiyahd muRfs;
16 Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
16 kfh [dgjq;fis ,dq;fhzy;:

• ngsj;j> rkz rka %yhjhuq;fs; %yKk; NtW ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs;
%yKk; Kf;fpakhd 16 [dgjq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wik.
• mq;fk;> kfjk;> fhrp> Nfhryk;> t[;[p> ky;y> Nrjp> tj;rak;> FU> ghQ;rhyk;>
m];kfk;> kj;rak;> #uNrdk;> mte;jp> fhe;jhuk;> fhk;Ngh[k; vd mwpag;
gl;Ls;sik.
mq;fk;: ,jd; jiyefuk; rk;gh efukhFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; fpof;nfy;iyf;Fr;
rkPgkhf mike;jpUe;jJ.
kfjk;: ,jd; jiyefuk; %d;W re;ju;g;gq;fspy; khw;wkile;jJ. mjhtJ
fpuptU[k;> uh[fpUfk;> ghlypGj;jpuk; vd;gd. vy;yhf; FbNaw;wq;
fspYk; gyk; kpf;fjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
fhrp: thuzhrpiaj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;l fhrp FbNaw;wj;Jf;F kpf
Nkyhd nghUshjhug; ngWkjpapUe;jJ. Nfhryj;Jf;Fupa ,J
gpd;du; kfjj;Jf;F cupj;jhdJ.
Nfhryk;: Gtpapay; uPjpahf tlf;F> njw;F vdg; gpupe;jpUe;j ,jw;F Frhtjp>
rhtj;jp vd ,uz;L jiyefuq;fs;> gpuNrd[pj; vDk; Nfhry
kd;dd; ,jidg; gpugykhd murhf khw;wpdhd;.
t[;[p: itrhyp efiuj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;l ,q;F FOthl;rp Kiw
epytpaJ.

ky;y: Frpefu; kw;Wk; ghth vDk; ,U jiyefuq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.
Nrjp : Rj;jpkjp ,jd; jiyefuhFk;.
FU: ,e;jpug; gpu];jk; ,jd; jiyefuhFk;. Gj;ju; fhyj;jpy; ,jd;
Ml;rpahsu; nfsutpadhthd;.
ghQ;rhyk;: mgp[j;jpuk; kw;Wk; fk;gpyak; vDk; ,U jiyefuq;fisf;
nfhz;lJ.
kj;rak;: jiyefuk; n[a;g;g+u; MFk;
tj;rak;: Nfhrk;gpiaj; (nfsrhk;gp) jiyefuhff; nfhz;l ,jd; Kf;fpakhd
Ml;rpahsd; cjad; Mthd;.
#uNrdk;: kJuhitj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;l ,q;F mte;jp Gj;jpuk; vDk;
murd; Ml;rp nra;jhd;.
m];kfk;: ,J ,e;jpahtpd; Nky; gFjpapy; mike;jpUe;jJ.
mte;jp: k`P];kjp Muk;gj;jpy; jiyefuhf ,Ue;J gpd;du; c[;[apdpf;F
,lk; khwpaJ. kz;lgN[hj kd;dd; ,jd; gpugykhd Ml;rpahsd;
Mthd;.
fhe;jhuk;: jf;\pyhitj; (jl;rrPyk;) jiyefuhff; nfhz;l ,jd; Kf;fpakhd
Ml;rpahsd; Gf;F rhjp kd;ddhthd;.
fhk;Ngh[k;: fhe;jhuj;jpw;F tlf;Nf ,ka kiyf;fz;ikapy; mike;jpUe;j
,t;tpuhr;rpak; gw;wpa jfty;fs; FiwthFk;.
gjpdhW kfh [dgjq;fspy; epytpa Ml;rpKiw:

• murhl;rpKiw
• fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ kfjk;> Nfhryk;> tj;rak;> mte;jp vDk;
FbNaw;wq;fspy; murhl;rp epu;thfk; NknyOe;jik
• ,jd; epu;thfj;jpy; murNd gpujhdkhdtd;
• rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw %d;wpdJk; mjpfhuk; murdplNk
fhzg;gl;lik
• MapDk; murd; ru;thjpfhupahtijj; jLf;Fk; tifapy; ke;jpup gu;\j;
vDk; rigapdhy; murdpd; mjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lik.
• ahid> Fjpiu> Nju;> fhyhl;gil vDk; ehw;gilfshYk; muRfspd;
mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lik
• gpe;jpa Ntj fhyj;jpy; murDf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;j mjpfhupfs; ,f;fhyg;
gFjpapy; NkYk; tsu;r;rp fz;lik
• rk;gj;jf (epiwNtw;Wj; Jiw)> Nthfhupf (ePjpjJ; iw)> Nrdhehaf (,uhZt
jsgjp) Kjypa Nkyjpfhupfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
• murhl;rp Kiwapy; Ml;rpahsu;fs; jkJ mjpfhug; gutyhf;fypd;NghJ
kj;ra epahak; cl;gl ,d;Dk; gy epahq;fisg; gpd;gw;wpdu;.
• nghUshjhu tsq;fisj; jpll ; kplL
; g; gad;gLj;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fshy; Vida
FbNaw;wq;fs; mbgzpar; nra;ag;gl;lik
• FOthl;rp Kiw
• fz muRfs; vd;Wk; rq;f ,uhr;rpak; vd;Wk; ,it Fwpg;gplg;gLtJz;L.
• 16 ghupa FbNaw;wq;fSs; t[;[p> ky;y vDk; FbNaw;wq;fspy; ,t;thl;rp
Kiw epytpaJ.
• ,it jtpu ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; NtW 9 FOthl;rpfs; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
• fgpyt];Jtpy; rhf;fpau;
• FrpefupYk; ghthtpYk; ky;yu;
• itrhypapy; ypr;rtpau;
• kpjpiyapy; tpNjfu;
• ,uhk fpuhkj;jpy; Nfhypau;
• my;yfg;gj;jpy; Gy;ypau;
• NfrGj;juj;jpy; fhyhkau;
• gpg;gyptdj;jpy; Nkhupau;
• Rq;Rkhufpupapy; tf;fau;
• ,t;tuRfs; midj;Jg; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;Jk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpjpfisf;
nfhz;l epu;thff; FOtpdhNy Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
• ,t;thwhd gpujpepjpfs; 7707 Ngu; ,Ue;jjhf ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.
• rg;j mtup`hdp ju;kk; vDk; Mrhu ju;kq;fs; Vopd; Nky; mtu;fsJ
Ml;rpf; nfhs;if fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUe;jJ.
• epu;thf rig $ba ,lk; re;jhfhuk; vdg;gl;lJ.
• gpuNtdp G];jfk; vd;gjw;fpzq;f mur ePjpkd;wk; nraw;gl;lJ.
kfjg; Nguurpd; vOr; r pAk; gutYk;

• Muk;g FbNaw;w fhyj;jpy; kfjj;ij tplf; Nfhryk; gyk;ngw;wpUe;jJ.
• MapDk; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; kfjk; gyk; ngw;wJ.
• Gtpapay; ngsjpff; fhuzpfs;
- tskhd kz;Zk; ,jkhd fhyepiyAk; fhuzkhf ntw;wpfukhd
tptrhag; nghUshjhuk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lik
- fq;if ejpA+lhfg; gutpapUej ghupa rkntspahdJ Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fk;
gy;NtW nghUshjhu KiwfSf;Fk; Kf;fpak; ngw;wik
- gQ;rkfh kiyfs; cs;spl;l ,aw;ifahd Gtpapay; miktplk;
kfjj;ijg; ghJfhj;jik
• fq;if - aKid cl;gl NkYk; gy fpis ejpfSk; tsg;gLj;jpaik
• mjpf kio tPo;r;rp ngWk; gpuNjrkhf mike;jik
murpay; fhuzpfs;
• murpay; guk; g iuapy; gpk; g prhud; > m[hrj; Kjypa jpwikahd
Ml;rpahsu;fs; cUthdik.
• mtu;fs; jkJ muirg; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf vg;NghJk; uh[je;jpuj;Jld;
nraw;gl;lik.

• kj;ra epahak;> jpUkzj;njhlu;G> el;GwT> rkaj; njhlu;G Kjypa gy;NtW
cghaq;fs; %yk; muir tpupthf;fpaik
• khw;wkilAk; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f epiyikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;J
jiyefiu mbf;fb ,lkhw;wpaik. fpupt[;uk;> uh[fpUfk;> ghlypGj;jpuk;
• gpk;gprhu kd;dd; kfjj;jpd; gilfis xOq;fikj;J Nkk;gLj;jpaJld;
m[hrj;; mjpy; rPyfz;lhuk;> ur%ry vDk; etPd Nghu;f; fUtpfshy;
mjid gyk; nghUe;jr; nra;jik
• jpwikahd MNyhrid $wj;jf;f mikr;ru;fs; fhzg;gl;lik. (RtPju;>
tj;rfhuu;> nfsby;au;)
nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;
• tptrhaj;jpw;Fk; tpyq;F tsu;g;Gf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd #oy; kfjj;jpy;
fhzg;gl;lik
• tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis cs;sfkhfTk; ntspafkhfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sj;
Njitahd ghijfs;> glFj; Jiwfs;> JiwKfq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik
• ,Uk;G> jq;fk;> ,uj;jpdk; cs;spl;l ngWkjp tha;ej
; tu;jj
; fg; nghUl;fis
kfjk; nfhz;bUe;jik
• kfjj;Jf;Fupa fhLfspypUe;J mupkuk;> ahid Kjypa tsq;fs; fpilj;jik
r%ff; fhuzpfs;
• fq;if - aKid gpuNjrj;jpy; Gtpapay; jilfs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;
r%f xw;Wik fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lik
• FyNgjk; (tu;zthjk;) fLikahf eilKiwg;glj;jg;glhik
• tu;jj
; fk;> ifj;njhopy>; tptrhak; vDk; mk;rq;fSlhfr; nry;te;j tFg;gpdu;
(nrl;bkhu;) Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
• ,e;j r%fg; gpd;dzpapy; kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;jJk; tpupthdJkhd murpay;
Kiwiaf; fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lik
• murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fr; rj;jpupau;fspd; Njit
,y;yhkw; Nghdik (Mupaq;fu;> rpR ehfu;> nksupau;> Rq;fu; vDk; ve;jnthU
tk;rj;jpdUk; rj;jpupau; my;y)


mtw;ws; xU nrhy; Vida nrhw;fSld; VNjhnthU tifapy; nghUe;jhJ
1) 1. mte;jp 2. Nfhryk; 3. tj;rak;
4. ky;y 5. kfjk; ( )
2) 1. gpk;gprhud; 2. cjad; 3. rz;lgN[hj
4. nfhry; 5. Gz;akpj;jpuu; ( )
3) 1. mupaq;fu; 2. rpRehfu; 3. ee;ju;
4. nksupau; 5. Gz;a kpj;jpuu; ( )
04 - 06 tiuahd tpdhf;fs; X, Y epuy;fshfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw ,izf;Fk;

NghJ rupahf mikAk; tpilapd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;gpDs; vOJf.
4) X epuy; Y epuy;
1. mq;fk; A - Frpefu;
2. fhk;Ngh[k; B - ,e;jpug;gpu];jk;
3. FU C - rk;gh
4. ky;y D - kJuh
5. #uNrdk; E - fhe;jhuk;
1. CEBAD 2. BCEAD 3. ADECB 4. DACEB 5. ECDAB
( )
5) X epuy; Y epuy;
1. ,uhZtj; jsgjp A - Nth`hupf
2. ePjpkd;wk; B - Nrdhehaf
3. epu;thfk; C - ke;jpup gup\j;
4. epu;thf rig D - rg;gj;jf
5. rig E - re;jhfhu
1. CEDAB 2. ABCDE 3. BADCE 4. ACEBD 5. BCDAE
( )
5) X epuy; Y epuy;
1. nksupau; A - ,uhk fpuhkk;
2. ypr;rtpau; B - kpjpiy
3. ky;yu; C - ghth
4. tpNjfu; D - itrhyp
5. Nfhypau; E - gpg;gyPr;rdk;
1. DCABE 2. DECBA 3. BCDEA 4. AEBDC 5. EDCBA
( )

07 08 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fspd; $w;Wf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; tpilj;
njhFjpapd; ,yf;fj;ijj; njupT nra;J milg;gpDs; vOJf.
• A Ak; B Ak; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 1
• B Ak; C Ak; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 2
• C Ak; D Ak; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 3
• A Ak; C Ak; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 4
xU $w;W my;yJ ,U $w;Wf;fSf;F Nky; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 5 vd;W milg;gpDs;
vOJf.
7)
A - gpe;jpa Ntj fhyj;jpy; Mupau; fq;if ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; FbNawpdu;.
B - Nfhj;jpu Ml;rpapd; gpd;du; ‘kfh[dgj’ vDk; ghupa FbNaw;wq;fs;
cUthapd.
C - gpe;jpa Ntj fhyj;jpy; epiyahd Ml;rpaikg;G cUthdJ.
D - Gf;Frhjp kd;dd; fhe;jhuj;ij Ml;rp nra;j Kf;fpakhd Ml;rpahsd;
( )
8)
A - gpk;gprhu kd;dd; kfjj;jpd; Nghu;g;gilapy; rPyfz;lhuk; vDk; Gjpa
Nghu;f; fUtpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhd;
B - RdPju;> tj;rfhuu; vd;Nghu; kfjj;jpd; gpugykhd mjpfhupfshtu;.
C - mur mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F rj;jpupa Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtuhf
,Uf;fj; Njitapy;iy
D - kfjj;jpd; jiyefuk; xU Kiw thuzhrpf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
( )
1) gpe;jpa Ntj fhyj;jpy; murpay; Nghf;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
2) “fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; epytpa Ml;rp KiwfSs; kpfTk; [dehafj;
jd;ikAilaJ FOthl;rp KiwahFk;.”
i. 16 kfh [d gjq;fSs; mlq;fhj fz ,uhr;rpaq;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(2 Gs;spfs;)
ii. fz ,uhr;rpaq;fspd; epu;thf Kiwapd; rpwg;gpay;igg; guprPypf;Ff.
(5 Gs;spfs;)
iii. Nkw;gb $w;Wld; cld;gLfpwPuh? mt;thwhapd; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fis
Kd;itf;Ff. (7 Gs;spfs;)
3) gjpdhW kfh [dgjq;fSs; gyk; tha;e;j muRfshf tsu;r;rp fz;l muRfs;

gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff. (14 Gs;spfs;)
4) kfjj;jpd; vOr;rpapy; gpk;gprhu> m[hrj;j kd;du;fspy; gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wp kjpg;gPL
nra;f. (14 Gs;spfs;)
• gpd;tUk; ,lq;fis ,e;jpa Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;J mtw;Ws; ,uz;L gw;wp
tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;G vOJf.
rg;jrpe;J gpuNjrk;> ,e;jpug; gpu];jk;> ghlypGj;jpuk;> aKdh ejp> mq;fk;>
fhrp> jhkpypg;jp> ,kak;> jf;\pyh (jl;rrPyk;) (18 Gs;spfs;)

Nju;r;rp 5.2 : ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; tpupthf;fk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gd
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : rka> nka;apay; fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;jpa ehfupfj;ijf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;s tpjj;jpid
EZfpaha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• ,e;jpahtpy; tsu;r;rpaile;j Gjpa rka
rpe;jidfis tpgupg;ghu;.
• Gjpa rka rpej
; idfs; murpaypy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;
jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
• Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs; kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; jhf;fk;
tpistpj;j tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

rka rpe; j idfspd; tsu; r ; r p

• fp.K. Mwhk; E}w;whz;by; rka kw;Wk; jj;Jt rpe;jid tsu;r;rpapy; jhf;fk;
nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp
• gpe;jpa Ntj fhyj;jpy; gpuhkzuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;j rkaf; nfhs;if
ngUk;ghyhNdhupd; kdtOj;jj;jpw;F fhuzkhaike;jik
• ahfk; nra;jy;> tu;z FyNgj ju;kkk; Kjypa nfhs;iffs; fhuzkhf
neUf;FjYf;Fs;shd gFjpapdu; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lik
• gbg;gbahf tsu;rr ; paile;j murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu epiyik fhuzkhf
gpuhkz fw;gdhthjj;jpypUe;J tpyfp ju;k topf;Fg; gjpyhf Qhd topiag;
gpd;njhlu;e;j FOtpdu; cUthdik.
• mtu;fs; cyfk;> gpugQ;rk;> tho;f;if> Mj;kh> kuzk; vDk; Mokhd
jj;Jtq;fis ntspapl;Lf; fye;Jiuahbaik
• mjw;fpzq;f fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ gpuhkz kuig xJf;fptpl;L
Gjpa rka> jj;Jt rpe;jidfs; cjakhdik.
,e;jpahtpy; cUthd Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs;

• itjPf rka newp
• fp.gp. 8k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; ,e;J rkakhfg; gupzkpj;jik
• r%fj;jpy; mjpNkyhd tug;gpurhjq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy;
Nghjpf;fg;gl;lik
• fw;gid thjf; nfhs;iffs; %yk; jkf;Fr; rhu;ghd nfhs;ifiar; r%f
kag;gLj;jpaik

• Ntjj;ijf; fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; ahfq;fs;> N`hkq;fs; nra;jy;> jhdhq;fis
Vw;wy; Kjypatw;iw mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;lik
• tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; epiy Ngwhd jd;ikf;Fkhf
ahfk; ,d;wpaikahjJ vdf; $wp kfhahfk; tiuapy; ahf N`hkq;fis
tsu;j;j gpuhkzu; r%fj;jpy; Nkyhz;ikia mile;jik
• rkz rkak;
• epfz;l guk;giuiar; Nru;e;j 24tJ jPu;j;jq;fuuhd rkz kfh tPu Kdptu;
,jd; fhuzfu;;jhththu;.
• tl gPfhupd; itrhypaGuj;jpy; gpwe;j rj;jpupa tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,tu;
gpuhkzg; NghjidfSf;F Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l ju;kk; xd;iw Kd;itj;jhu;.
• mjd;gb rkz ju;kj;jpy; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; mlq;fpAs;sd.
- ahfq;fs; cs;spl;l itjPf rka topghLfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;
- nja;tq;fis ek;Gjy;
- m`pk;iriaf; filg;gpbj;jy;
- ruPuj;jpw;F mjpf Ntjid toq;Ftjd; %yk; Mirfisf; Fiwf;f
KbAnkd;w ek;Gjy;
- m`pk;ir> jhdk;> cz;ik Ngry;> jpUlhik> nrhy;yhy; nrayhy;
vz;zj;jhyhd rfy nysfPf MirfisAk; Jwj;jy; vDk; Ie;J
nfhs;iffisf; filg;gpbj;jy;
• fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;by; mur mDruiz fpilf;fg; ngw;wikahy; rkz
rkak; tpupthf;fk; mile;jik
• fp.K. 5k; E}w;whz;by; F[uhj;jpd; tygp efupy; rkz rka FUkhupd;
khehL eilngw;wik
• gpw;fhyj;jpy; re;jpuFg;j nksupa kd;ddpd; mDruiz rkz rkaj;jpw;Ff;
fpilj;jik
• ,jd;gb kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; khy;th> uh[Gj;jpuk; vDk; gpuNjrq;fspYk;
njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; rkz rkak; gutpaik
• gftjp #j;jpuk;> itJq;f #j;jpuk;> rkhtjp #j;jpuk; vDk rkz ,yf;fpa
E}y;fs; cUthdik
• ngsj;j rkak;
• nfsjk Gj;juhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jj;Jtk; Gj;j ju;kk; vdg;gLk;.
• fgpyt];Jtpd; Rj;Njhjd kd;dDf;Fk; khah Njtpf;Fk; gpwe;j rpj;jhu;jj; u;
jdJ 29tJ tajpy; ,y;ywj;ij Jwe;J 6 tUlq;fs; rpuk gupae;jk;
nra;J 35tJ tajpy; Gj;j epiyia mile;jhu;.
• cghrfu;fSf;F m];lhq;f rPyj;ijAk; VidNahUf;F gQ;r rPyj;ijAk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• gpwg;Gj; Jd;gj;jpypUe;J kPst
; jw;F jpahd Kiwfs; mwpKfg;Lj;jg;gl;lik.
• mjd;gb ngsj;j ju;kj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gz;igg; gpd;tUk; tifapy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;.
- kj;jpa epiyf; nfhs;if
- rJuhu;a rj;jpak; (cz;ik)
- Mupa m];lhq;f khu;f;fk;

- nja;tq;fs; gw;wpa fUj;J
- itjPf Kiwapyhd ahfk;> N`hkk; tsu;g;gijg; Gwe;js;Sjy;
- jhu;kPf Kiwapy; tho;jy;
• Gj;j rkaj;jpd; kPjhd kf;fs; mgpg;gpuhak;> mur mDruiz vd;gtw;why;
FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mJ ,e;jpah KOtJk; gutp ,e;jpahtpd; mur rkak;
vDk; epiyia mile;jJ.
• rkfhy ,e;jpahtpd; NtW Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs;

• fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;lstpy; ,J Nghd;w 62 nfhs;iffs; gw;wp ngsj;j
,yf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• mtw;wpd; rka Nghjfu;fSs; gpd;tUNthu; Gfoile;j up\pfshtu;.
• G+uz fhrpag;gu;
• ed;ik> jPikfspd;gb ve;jnthU nraypdJk; tpisTfs; fpl;Ltjpy;iy
vd;Wk; Kaw;rpNahL nraw;gLtJ mu;j;jkw;wJ vd;Wk; nraw;ghlw;w
jj;jtj;ij Kd;itj;jik
• m];tNkj ahfk;> GU\Nkj ahfk; Kjypa ahfq;fs;> N`hkq;fs; ,tuhy;
,opTgLj;jg;gl;lik
• m[hrj; kd;dd; $l ,tiuj; juprpf;f te;jik
• kf;fyp Nfhrhyu;
• ,tu; %q;fpy; jbnahd;iwf; ifapy; itj;jpUe;jikahy; ,g;ngaiug;
ngw;whu;.
• mtUila Nghjid epajp thjk; my;yJ eh];jpf thjk; vdg;gl;lJ.
• mjhtJ ,t;Tyfpd; nraw;ghLfs; vy;yhk; fhuzkpd;wp epo;tjhfTk;
mjid khw;Wtjw;F ahuhYk; KbahJ vd;w fUj;J.
• Gj;j ngUkhd; ,j;jj;Jtj;ij gupfrpj;J mJ kdpjdpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fj;
jilahdJ vd;whu;.
• m[pj Nfr fk;gyu;

• cr;rthj jj;Jtj;ij ntspapl;lhu;.
• ehd;F %yju;kq;fspd; %yk; capupdq;fs; cUthtjhfTk; kuzj;jpd;
gpd;du; mit ehd;F g+jq;fSf;Fk; cupj;jhFnkd;W Nghjpj;jhu;.
• vdNt ngsjpf thjk; vd;Wk; mtUila Nghjidfis mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;.
• gFl fr;rhadhu;
• gpuhkz Fyj; j tuhd ,tu; Muk; g j; j py; epfz; l u; f s; gpd; g w; w pa
jPu;j;jq;fuhthu;.
• gpd;du; mfpupa thjk; (rh];jtj thjk;) vd;gij Kd;itj;J Gtp> ePu;>
neUg;G> thA> RfJf;fk; vd;git ahuhYk; cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;Wk;
Nghjpj;jhu;.

• rQ;ra ngy;yl;b Gj;ju;
• ,tuJ Nghjid mkuhtpf;Nfg thjk; vdg;gl;lJ.
• mjhtJ epiyahd mbg;gilaw;w jj;Jtj;ij cyfk;> Md;k tpLjiy
vd;gd gw;wpj; jhd; vt;tpj fUj;Jk; njuptpf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;whu;.
• epfz;l ehj Gj;ju; (rkz rka Kdptu;fs; vDk; jiyg;gpy; Fwpgg

; plg;gl;Ls;sJ.)
• Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs; murpaypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjk;

• ,e;jpahtpy; itjPf fhyk; Kjy; epytpte;j FyNgjk;> kj Ngjk;
Kjypatw;iwg; Gwe;js;sp Kd;NdWtjw;Fg; Gjpa rkaq;fs; tha;g;ghf
mike;jik
• r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;ijg; NghyNt r%f xw;Wikf;Fk; cjtpahf mike;j
rkj;Jtk;> gQ;rrPyk; Kjypa Nghjidfs; vd;git cs;thq;fg;gl;likAk;
tpupthd Murpay; myFfs; cUthff; fhuzkhdik
• ehd;F rq;fpuf t];Jf;fs;> jr rf;tpjp> jruh[ ju;kk; vDk; nfhs;iffs;
muru;fSf;F cjtpahf mike;jik
• Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs; r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjk;

• gpuhkzupd; Nghjidfshy; mOj;jq;fSf;fhshd mjpfsthd kf;fs;
fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;L ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;lik
• mtu;fs; vjpu;ghu;j;j m`pk;ir> rkj;Jtk; Kjypa gz;Gfs; Gjpa
rkaq;fspy; fhzg;gl;lik
• nghUshjhu> murpay; tsu; r ; r pf; F f; fhuzkhd eilKiwapyhd
fUj;Jf;fs; r%f ed;ikf;F cjtpahf mike;jik
• Gj;j rkak; Nghjpj;j gQ;rrPyk; rkz rkaj;jpYk; gpujhd nfhs;ifahFk;.
mJ r%f ed;ikf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhfj; jpfo;e;jik.

01 - 05 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSs; rupahd tpiliaj; njupT nra;J mjw;Fupa
,yf;fj;ij milg;gpDs; vOJf.
1) ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gb fz ,uhr;rpak; my;yhj ,uhr;rpak; vJ?
1. Nfhyp 2. ypr;rtp 3. tpNjf
4. ky;y 5. mte;jp ( )
2) Kjyhk; ngsj;j Nguitapy; jiyik tfpj;jtu;
1. nkhf;fyp Gj;jjp];] Njuu; 2. kfh fhrpag;g Njuu; 3. Mde;j Njuu;
4. tRkpj;jpu Njuu; 5. rhupGj;jNjuu; ( )
3) kfj ,uhr;rpaj;ij Ml;rp nra;j mur tk;rq;fisr; rupahd xOq;fpy; fhl;LtJ>
1. rpRehfu;> mupaq;fu;> ee;ju;> nksupau;> Rq;fu;
2. mupaq;fu;> ee;ju;> nksupau;> Rq;fu;> rpRehfu;
3. mupaq;fu;> rpRehfu;> nksupau;> ee;ju;> Rq;fu;
4. rpRehfu;> mupaq;fu;> Rq;fu;> ee;ju;> nksupau;
5. ee;ju;> mupaq;fu;> nksupau;> rpRehfu;> Rq;fu; ( )
4) ehd;fhk; ngsj;j Nguit vk;kd;ddpd; Ml;rpapy; ,lk;ngw;wJ?
1. m[hrj; 2. fhyhNrhfd; 3. mNrhfd;
4. fdp\;fd; 5. ù;rtu;j;jdd; ( )
5) Kjyhk; ngsj;j Nguit ,lk; ngw;wJ
1. Gj;ju; gupepu;thzkile;J 3 khjq;fspd; gpd;du;
2. Gj;ju; gupepu;thzkile;J 100 tUlq;fspd; gpd;du;
3. Gj;ju; gupepu;thzkile;J 200 tUlq;fspd; gpd;du;
4. mNrhf kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
5. fdp\;f kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ( )
6 - 10 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fs; Xu; ml;ltizapy; ,U $w;Wf;fshfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
Kjy; ml;ltizf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;gb mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jp> nghUj;jkhd
,yf;fq;fis cupa Kiwapy; milg;gpDs; vOJf.
1 rup rup
2 rup gpio
3 gpio gpio
4 gpio rup
5 rup rup Kjyhk; $w;iw NkYk;
njspTgLj;JfpwJ.


6. itjPf rka newp %yk; fl;bnaOg; itjPf rka newp fp.gp. 8k;
gg;gl;l rkaf; nfhs;if fhuzkhf E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; ,e;J rkakhf
ghuj kf;fSf;F cjtpfukhd epiy cUntLj;jJ.
cUthdJ. ( )
7. gpe;jpa Ntj fhyj;jpy; itjPf rka gpe;jpa Ntj fhyj;jpy; Gjpa jj;Jtr;
newp %yk; fw; g dhthj fu; k rpe;jidfs; %yk; cyfk;> kuzk;>
topapypUe;J tpLgl;L Qhd topia Mj; k h> gpugQ; r k; vd; g d gw; w pa
kjpj;j FOtpdu; cUthapdu;. fUj;jhly; ,lk; ngw;wJ. ( )
8. fp.gp. 6k; E}w;whz;by; cUthd Gjpa nja;tq;fs; gw;wpa ek;gpfi
; fia rkz
rka rpe;jidfSs; rkz rkak; rkak; xJf;fpaJ ( )
gQ;r rPyf; nfhs;ifiag;
gpd;gw;wpaJ.
9. g+uz fhrpag; g upd; Nghjidfs; gFl fr;rhadhupd; fUj;Jg;gb ehd;F
,t; T yfpy; epfOk; midj; J k; g+jq;fs; gw;wp fUj;J Kd;itf;fg;
fhuzkpd;wp epajpthjj;jpd; gl;lJ. ( )
mbg;gilapy; epfo;tjhff;
$Wfpd;wd.
10. ngsj;j rkag;gb ,y;ywk;> Jwtwk; ngsj;j rkak; mDkjpj;Js;s rPyk;
vDk; ,U gFjpapdUf;Fk; ,t;Tyf> kWTyf ed;ikf;F cjT
gQ;rrPyk;> m];lhq;f rPyk; vDk; tjhfr; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
nfhs;if mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ( )
1) fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;by; tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;j Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs; gw;wpr;
RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff. (14 Gs;spfs;)
2) fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;by; cUthd rkaf; nfhs;iffs; fhuzkhfg; ghuj
r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l murpay;> r%f tsur;rp gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;f. (14
Gs;spfs;)
3) “fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpa ehfupfj;ij tbtikj;j gpujhd rf;jp Gj;j
rkakhFk;”
i. fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;by; ngsj;j rka tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspj;j Ml;rpahsu;
,Utupd; ngau;fisj; jUf. (2
Gs;spfs;)
ii. fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l Gj;j rkaf; nfhs;iff;F
neUf;fkhd nfhs;iffis Kd;itj;j Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs; gw;wpr;
iii. Nkw;gb $w;iw tpku;rd uPjpahfg; guprPypf;Ff. (7 Gs;spfs;)
4) fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;L r%f epiyia xOq;fikg;gjpy; gpuhkz Nghjidfs;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij Muha;f. (14 Gs;spfs;)
5) fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;by; rl;rhj;& vDk; up\pfs; Kd;itj;j fUj;Jf;fisr;
• gpd;tUk; ,lq;fisj; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;J mtw;Ws; ,uz;L gw;wp tuyhw;Wf;
Fwpg;G vOJf.
F[uhj;> tygp> uh[;Gj;jhdk;> khy;th> fgpyt];J> itrhyp> kj;jpa ,e;jpah
(18 Gs;spfs;)
6. NguuRthjf; nfhs; i fAk; nksupag; NguuRk;
fp.K. 6k; E}w;whz;by; njhlq;fpa gjpdhW kfh [dgj Af tsu;rr ; papd; Muk;gkhf
mike;jJ kfjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tsu;rr ; paile;j Nguurpd; %ykhFk;.
tl ,e;jpahtpd; KjyhtJ Nguunrhd;whff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ kfjkhFk;.
NguuRthjf; nfhs;if tiuapy; Vida kfh [dgjq;fisg; gpd;js;sp kfjk;
tsu;r;rp fhz;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; kfjj;jpy;
mjpf ,aw;if tsq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik> kfjj;jpy; Ml;rpgl P Nkwpa mur tk;rq;fs;
kw;Wk; muru;fs; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; vd;gd gpujhdkhdit. mupaq;fu;>
rpRehfu; > ee; j u; > nksupau; > Rq; f u; Kjypa mur tk; r q; f s; kfjj; j pd;
Ml;rpahsu;fshfr; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wdu;. kfjj;jpd; mur mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd
mbg;gilahdJ mupaq;f tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;j gpk;gprhud;> m[hrj; vDk;
muru;fshy; ,lg;gl;lJ. tlNkw;F ,e;jpahit nrypAf]; epNfl;lupd;
Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLtpjJ ; f; nfhz;l re;jpuFg;j nksupad; tl ,e;jpah KOtijAk;
xU Nguurhf tpupTgLj;jpdhd;. mtdhy; tlNkw;Nf ghurPfk; tiuapYk;>
Nkw;Nf nrsuh\;buk; tiuapYk;> njw;Nf ik#u; tiuapYk; NguuR tpupthf;fg;
gl;ljhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gb tl ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Nguuirf;
fl;bnaOg;gpatd;; re;jpuFg;j nksupadhthd;. re;jpuFg;j nksupadpd; kfdhd
gpk; g prhud; mg; N guuirg; ghJfhj; j Jld; mtdJ kfdhd mNrhfdhy;
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Eiothapyhd fypq;f Njrk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJld; NguuR
cr;rf; fl;lj;ijaile;jJ. mNrhfr; rf;futu;j;jpapd; gpd;du; Ml;rpgPlNkwpa
muru;fs; kw;Wk; Rq;f mur tk;r Ml;rpahsu;fspd; gytPdk; fhuzkhf kfjg;
NguuR tPor ; r
; paile;jJ. NguuR nropgG
; lDk; nry;thf;FlDk; jpfo;ej
; re;ju;gg
; j;jpy;
gy;NtW Ml;rp Kiwfs; epytpaik njupa tUfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : ,e;jpa tuyhw;W tpupthf;fk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gd

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : NguuR vd;w vz;zf;fUit nksupa Nguuir

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 30
fw; w w; N gWfs; :
• NguuRthjf; nfhs;ifia tpsf;Fthu;.
• gyk;tha;e;j nksupag; NguuR fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l
tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
• Nguunrhd;wpw;fhd ,ay;Gfis nksupa Ml;rpapd;
mbg;gilapy; tpsf;Fthu;.

• nksupag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis
tpsf;Fthu;.
• nksupa Nguurpd; tsu; r ; r piaj; Njrg; g lj; j py;
Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

• NguuRthjKk; nksupag; NguuRk;

• gjpdhW kfh [dgjq;fspd; ,Wjpf; fhyg;gFjpapy; Vida [dgjq;fisg;
gpd;js;sp kfjk; Kd;dzpf;F tUjy;
• tl ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kiwahfg; Nguunrhd;W cUthdJ kfjj;ij
mbg;gilafhff; nfhz;lhFk;.
• kfj ,uhr;rpak; gw;wpa KjyhtJ ,yf;fpa %yhjhuf; Fwpg;ghf miktJ
mju;tz NtjkhFk;.
• kfj ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; KjyhtJ jiyefuhf mike;jJ uh[fpUfkhFk;.
• ,e;jpahtpd; KjyhtJ Nguurhf kfjk; vOr;rpaile;jikapy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:
• gy;NtW fyhrhu nry;thf;Ff; fhzkhf r%fKiw ,yFgLjjg;gl;lik.
(r%f nefpo;Tj;jd;ik)
• ngsj; j k; > rkzk; Kjypa rkaf; nfhs; i ffshy; Rje; j pukhd
rpe;jidfSf;F topgpwe;jik.
• itjPf Afj;jpy; epytpa rf rk;kjk; vd;gJ nry;thf;fpoe;jik
• ,aw;ifahd miktplk; tha;g;ghf mike;jik
• kfjj;ij Ml;rp nra;j mur tk;rq;fspdJk; muru;fspdJk; nfhs;iffs;
• muru;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;fpa mikr;ru;fs; (rhzf;fpau;> RdPju;>
rj;rfhuu;)
• ,aw;if miktplk;
• tpe;jpa kiyj;njhlu;> ,e;J rKj;jpuk;> Muty;yp kiyj;njhlu; vd;gd
kfjj;ij ,aw;ifahfg; ghJfhj;jik
• fq;if ejpapd; %yk; nropg;gile;jik (jq;fk;> ,Uk;G vd;gtw;Wld;
tptrhaj;jpw;Fk; tskhd jd;ik)
• fp[;[$lk;> ,rpfpyp> ghz;ltk;> Nt`huk;> NtGy;yk; vDk; kiyfshy;
jiyefuk; ,aw;ifahd ghJfhg;Gg; ngw;wik
• jhkpuypgjp JiwKfj;jpypUe;J ghlypGj;jpuk; tiu mike;jpUe;j tu;jj
; fg;
ghij kfjj;ij ClWj;Jr; nrd;wik
• ,aw;ifahd fdpa tsq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik (cg;G kw;Wk; ,Uk;Gr;
Ruq;fq;fs;)

• murpay; nfhs;if
• muaq;fu; tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;j gpk;gprhud;> m[hrj;jd; vDk; kd;du;fspd;
murpay; nfhs;ifapd; nry;thf;F
• gpk;gprhudpd; kfjj;ij tpupTgLj;Jk; nfhs;if
- jpUkzj; njhlu;Gfs;
- epu;thff; nfhs;iffs;
- Nghu;f; nfhs;iffs;
- J}Jj; njhlu;Gfs;
• jpUkzj; njhlu;G
• Nfhry ,sturpiaj; jpUkzk; nra;jjd; %yk; fhrp ,uhr;rpak; kfjj;Jld;
,ize;jik
• Nrjp kd;ddpd; kfshd nry;ydhitj; jpUkzk; nra;jik
• epu;thff; nfhs;if
• fpuhk epu;thfj;ij kj;jpa epu;thfj;Jld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtjw;fhf xt;nthU
fpuhkj;jpw;Fk; fpuhkzpfis epakpj;jy;
• Nghu;f; nfhs;if
• fpof;fpe;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l mq;f ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mf;fpukpj;J mbgzpar;
nra;jik
• J}Jj; njhlu;Gfs;
• fhe;jhuj;jpd; Gf;Frhdp kd;ddplk; J}Jf; FOnthd;iw mDg;gp itj;jik.
• mte; j papd; rz; l g; g N[hjp kd; d d; NehAw; w NghJ jdJ murit
itj;jpauhd [Ptfiu mq;F mDg;gp itj;jik
• m[hrj; kd;dd; yprr ; tp ,uhr;rpaj;ij jd;dbg;gLj;jpaik kfj;jpd; mjpfhu
tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhaike;jik
• m[hrj; kd;dpd; Ml;rpapdN ; ghJ kfjj;jpd; gug;gsT 2300 rJu iky;fshff;
fhzg;gl;lik
• rpRehfdhy;> mte;jptu;jdd; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L mte;jp ,uhr;rpak; kfjj;Jld;
,izf;fg;gl;lik
• fhyhNrhf kd; d dhy; ghlypGj; j pu efuk; kfjj; j pd; epiyahd
jiyefuhf;fg;gl;lik
• rpRehf mur tk;rj;ijaLj;J ee;jtk;rk; kfjj;jpy; Ml;rpgPlNkwy;
• ee;j tk;rj;jpd; KjyhtJ Ml;rpahsd; kfh gj;kee;jdhthd;.
• ee;j tk;rj;jpd; rpwe;j Ml;rpahsu;fs; 9 Ngu; gw;wp kfhNghjp trk;rj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• kfhgj;k ee;jd; rj;jpupa Fyj;ij mopj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wik
• jdee;j kd;dDld; ee;j tk;r Ml;rp Kbtile;jik
• Guhz E}y;fspd;gb ee;jtk;rk; 88 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp Gupe;jik

• nksupag; Nguurpd; Muk;gKk; tsu;r;rpAk;
• kfjg; NguuR vOr;rpapd; cr;rf; fl;lkhaiktJ nksupaupd; Ml;rpf;
fhykhFk;.
• nksupau; fhyk; gw;wp mwptjw;FjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;
• nksupag; Nguurpd; vOr;rpfF
; g; gq;fspgG
; r; nra;j Kf;fpakhd Ml;rpahsu;fs;
- re;jpuFg;j nksupa kd;dd;
- gpe;Jrhu kd;dd;
- mNrhf kd;dd;
• re;jpuFg;j nksupadpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; (fp.K. 324 - 300)

• nksupag; Nguurpd; Muk;gfu;j;jh
• ,e;jpahtpd; KjyhtJ Nguuir cUthf;fpa ngUik ,tiur; rhUk;
• ,e; J rka %yhjhuq; f spd; g b re; j puFg; j nksupad; > ee; j tk; r
murndhUtDf;Fk; jhtKwh vDk; #j;jpu Fyg; ngz;nzhUj;jpf;Fk;
gpwe;jtdhthd;.
• nksupau; rj;jpupa Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fshtu; vd;W kfh tk;rj;jpYk;
ngsj;j %yhjhuq;fspYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJld; ee;jefu; vDkplj;jpy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;Tfs; mjid cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wik.
• re;jpu Fg;j nksupad; mile;j ntw;wpfs;

• ,tdJ Kjy; ntw;wpahf mike;jJ ee;j tk;rj;jplkpUe;J kfjj;ijf;
ifg;gw;wpaikahFk;.
• nfsbay;au; my;yJ rhzf;fpad; vDk; gpuhkzdpd; MNyhrid fpilf;fg;
ngw;wik
• ,tdJ ,uz;lhtJ ntw;wpahf mike;jJ tlNky; ,e;jpahit fpNuf;f
Ml;rpahsuplkpUe;J tpLtpj;jikahFk;.
• mg;NghJ tlNky; ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rpahsdhd nrypAf]; epNfl;lUld;
Nghupl;L ntw;wpngw;wikAk; mtDld; xg;ge;jnkhd;W ifr;rhj;jpl;likAk;
• epNfl;lUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd `puhj;> fe;j`hu;> fhg+y;> gYfp];jhd; Kjypa
gpuNrjq;fs; xg;ge;jg;gb rj;jpuFg;j nksupad; trkhdik
• ,t;ntw;wpapd; gpdd ; u; nksupag; Nguurpd; mjpfhuk; ghurPfk; tiu gutpaJld;
Nkw;Nf nrsuh\;buk; tiuapy; Ml;rpajpfhuk; gutpaJld; mt;tpuhr;rpaj;jpd;
FWepy kd;ddhf itrpa G\;g Fg;jd; vd;gtd; nraw;gl;lik
• mq;Fs;s Rju;\d thtp re;jpuFg;j nksupadhy; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;ljhf
[_dhfl; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• re;jpu Fg;j nksupadpd; mjpfhuk; njd;dpe;jpah tiu gutpapUe;jikf;fhd
- re;jpu Fg;jd; ik#iu Ml;rp nra;jjhf ik#u; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sik
- re;jpu Fg;j kd;dd; vdf; fUjg;gLk; rk;g Nkhupahau; vDk; murdhy;
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; jpUney;Ntyp gpuNjrk; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;lik njhlu;gpy;
gioa jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}nyhd;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.

• ik#upd; rkz rkaj;jtUf;Fupa Fif xd;wpDs; gj;ughD vDk;
KdptUld; cgthrkpUe;J re;jpuFg;jd; kuzKw;wjhf> rkz rka
E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
• GSlhr; mtu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb MW ,yl;rk; tPuu;fSldhd gilazp
xd;W ,e;jpah KOtJk; nrd;W KO ,e;jpahitAk; jd;dbg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
,jd;gb nksupau;> fpNuf;fu; kw;Wk; ee;ju;fsplkpUe;J ,e;jpahit kPl;L
nksupag; Nguurpd; mjpfhuj;ij tlNkw;F ,e;jpah> tl ,e;jpah>
njd;dpe;jpah vd;W ghupa gug;gstpy; ,e;jpahtpd; KjyhtJ Nguurhf
cUthf;fpAs;sdu;.
• kprpu; (vfpg; J )> rpupah KjypaehLfSlDk; J}Jj; njhlu; G fis
Nkw; n fhz; l jd; %yk; Nkw; F ehLfSk; re; j puFg; j nksupadpd;
mjpfhuj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lik.
• gpe;Jrhupd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; (fp.K. 300 - 273)

• re;jpu Fg;jdpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; mtdJ kfdhd gpe;Jrhud; Ml;rp
gPlNkwpaik
• vjpupia mopj;njhopg;gtd; vDk; nghUs;gLk; vjpupapd; vkd; vDk;
ehkj;jhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lik.
• nfsby;aUld; ,ize;J Ml;rpahsu;fs; rpyupdJk; 16 efuq;fspdJk;
mjpfhuj; i j tP o ; r ; r pAwr; nra; j jhf jpngj; j pa %yhjhuq; f spy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• nksupa mNrhfDk; mtdJ nfhs;ifAk;

• Ml;rpgPlNkwpa tpjk;
• gpe;Jrhu kd;dpd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ jf;\pyhtpy; Vw;gl;l fpsu;r;rpia
mlf;Ftjw;F mNrhfd; mDg;gg;gl;lik
• jf;\pyh fpsu;r;rpia mlf;fp tpl;L mte;jp (c[;N[dp)f;F te;J mq;F
,sturdhfg; gzpahw;wpaik
• gpeJ
; rhudpd; kuzj;jpd; gpdd
; u; %j;j kfdhd Rrpkd; Ml;rp gPlNkwpaik
• mNrhfd; ghlyp Gj;jpu Ml;rpahsdhtjpy; RrPkd; rthyhfj; jpfo;ejik
• RrPkidf; nfhiy nra;J fp.K. 269 ,y; mNrhfd; ghlypGj;jpuj;jpd;
Ml;rpahsdhdjhf kfh tk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
• mNrhfd; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf 99 rNfhjuu;fisf; nfhiy
nra;jjhfj; jPgtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• jpt;tpahtjhdk; vDk; E}y; RrPkid khj;jpuk; nfhiy nra;jjhff;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wik.
• rNfhjuu; MWNgiuf; nfhiy nra; J murdhdjhf jhuhehj;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wik
• mNrhfd; Ml;rp gPlNkwp ehd;F tUlq;fspd; gpd;dNu gl;lhgpN\fk;
nra;ag;gl;ljhf kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wik. mq;F rpk;khrd cupikg;
Nghuhl;lk; epytpaikahypUf;fyhk;.

• mNrhf kd;ddpd; fPo; Nguurpd; tsu;r;rp
• Ml;rp gPlNkwp vl;lhtJ tUlj;jpy; fypq;f Njrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
• mJ murdpd; KjYk; ,WjpAkhd jpf;tp[af; nfhs;ifahf mike;jik
• ,g;Nghupdhy; Vw;gl;l capupog;G fhuzkhf kdf; ftiyAw;wikahy;
jpf; tp[af; nfhs;ifiaf; iftpl;ljhf 13tJ ghiwf; fy;ntl;by;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik. ,t;ntw;wpapd; gpd;du; mNrhfdpd; NguuR vy;iy
gpd;tUkhW mike;jik.
- tlf;F - ,kak;
- fpof;F - mrhk;> flw;fiu
- tl fpof;F - tq;fhsk;
- njw;F - fhNtup ejp
- Nkw;F - mwgpf; flw;fiu
- tlNkw;F - fhe;jhuk;> GU\Guk;

• mNrhf kd;ddpd; ju;k tp[af; nfhs;if
• nghJ kf;fSld; neUf;fkhtjw;fhf ju;k kfh khj;jpuu;fis epakpj;jjhf
6tJ ghiwf; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• vy;yh rkaq;fSf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy; ey;yJ vd 12tJ ghiwf; fy;ntl;by;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• mur nfhs;if jahupfF ; k;NghJ nghJkf;fspd; eyd;Gup eltbf;if fUj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;gl;lik
• fypq;fg; Nghupd; gpd;du; ngsj;j rkaj;ij Vw;W mjd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg;
ghLgl;lik
• mNrhfdhy; Kjw; jlitahf ngsj; j rkak; ,e; j pahtpd; mur
rkakhf;fg;gl;lik
• ngsj;j rkaj;ijr; ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; gug;Gtjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jik
• rhQ;rp tpfhiu cl;gl 8400 tpfhiufs; mikj;jjhf ngsj;j %yhjhuq;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• ngsj;j rkag; gpurhug;gzp> mNrhf ju;kk; vd;git xd;wy;y ,uz;lhFnkd
Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gl;lik.
• mNrhf ju; k k;
• mNrhf kd;dd; ngsj;j rkaj;ijj; jOtpa gpd;du; jdJ ehl;L
kf;fSf;fhfj; jdJ nfhs;if xd;iw Kd;itj;jhd;. mNrhf ju;kk;
vd;why; vd;dntd;gJ njhlu;gpy; mwpQu;fspilNa gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs;
epyTfpd;wd.
• gpsPl; kw;Wk; gpA+yu; - mNrhfd; Nghjpj;j ju;kk; murpay; kw;Wk;
xOf;ff; nfhs;if cs;slq;fpaJ.
• uh[; FKj; Kfu;[p - mNrhf ju;kk; vd;gJ midj;J rkaq;fspdJk;
rhuhk;rkhFk;.
• gP.vk;. gUth - ngsj;j ju;kj;jpd; cyfpay; gz;Gfis cs;slf;fpa
NghjidahFk;.
• tpd;];ld; ];kpj; - ,e;jpahtpd; vy;yhr; rkaq;fSf;Fk; nghJthd
ju;kkhFk;.
• mjpfstpyhd mwpQu;fspd; fUj;jhtJ mNrhf ju;kk; ngUk;ghYk; ngsj;j
ju;kj;jhy; Nghrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjhFk;. rpq;fhNyhf thjk;> tpahfgr;r>
guhgt Kjypa #j;jpuq;fspd; Nghjidfspy; FLk;g tho;tpd; xOf;fk;
gw;wpa gbg;gpidfs; gyTk; mNrhf ju;kj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sik.
• mNrhfr; rf;futu;j;jp jdJ ehl;L kf;fspd; ey;tho;tpw;fhf Kd;itj;j
mNrhf ju;kk; vd;gJ jdJ Njr kf;fs; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba xOf;f
newpf; Nfhitahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;lik.
• mit fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fpNuf;fk;> fNuh\;b> gpuhfpUjk; Mfpa nkhopfspy;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sik
• ju;k kfkhj;jpuu; %yKk; mur mjpfhupfs; %yKk; mNrhf ju;kk; ,uhr;rpak;
KOtJk; gug;gg;gl;lik.

• mNrhf ju;kj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;
• R];Ur (mbgzpT)
ngw;NwhUf;Fk; %j;NjhUf;Fk; MrpupaUf;Fk; FbapdUf;Fk; mbgzpjy;
• Mr;rpjp (kjpj;jy;)
khztu; MrpupaUf;Fk; Mrpupau; jdJ FO kPJk; kjpg;G kupahij
nrYj;jy;
• rk;gpujpgj;jp (jf;f cgrupg;G)
gpuhkzu;> Jwtpau;> cwtpdu;> gzpahsu;> jq;fptho;Nthu;> Viofs;> mfjpfs;>
ez;gu;fs; KjypNahiuj; jf;f Kiwapy; cgrupj;jy;
• jhdk; (ju;kk;)
gpuhkzUf; F k; > JwtpaUf; F k; ez; g u; f Sf; F k; cwtpdUf; F k; >
KjpNahUf;Fk; jhdkspj;jy;
kpUfq;fisf; nfhy;yhik. capUs;s vjidAk; nfhiy nra;ahjpUj;jYk;
mtw;wpw;Fj; Jd;gk; tpistpf;fhjpUj;jYk;
• nghJ tho;f;ifapy; jdpegu; njhlu;Gfspd; ntw;wpf;F toptFf;Fk;
tplaq;fSk; mNrhf ju;kj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sik.
c-k;: rj;jpaj;ij kjpj;jy;> ed;wp kwthik> mjpf mu;g;gzpg;G> jpahf
kdg;ghd;ik> tuT - nryitr; rkkhfg; Ngzy;
• mNrhf ju;kj;jpd; mk;rq;fis mtd; mikj;Js;s fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk;
mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. mt;thwhd rpy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rpy tUkhW>
• by;yp Njhg;uh J}z; fy;ntl;L
vdJ ju;kk; vd;gJ vd;d? vDk; Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpyhf ,J vOjg;
gl;Ls;sJ. mjpylq;fpAs;s ey;y tplq;fs; mNefk;. md;G> jhdkspjj ; y;>
cz;ikahd jd;ik> J}a;ikahd jd;ik vd;gitahFk;. ghjkw;w>
,uz;L ghj> ehd;F ghj> gy ghjq;fs; nfhz;l gpuhzpfSf;F capu;j;
jhdk; my;yJ mga jhdkspj;jy;. ngw;NwhUf;Fk; %j;NjhUf;Fk;
mbgzpjy;> cwtpdiu cgrupj;jy;> capupdq;fsplj;jpy; md;G fhl;ly;>
ju;kj;jpd; top elj;jy;> MrpupaUf;Fg; gzptpil nra;jy;> gpfF
; khUf;Fk;
gpuhkzUf;Fk; jhdkspj;jy;> rpf;fdk; Kjypatw;Wld; ,d;Dk; gy.
by;yp Njhg;uh J}z; fy;ntl;L

• MwhtJ ghiwf; fy;ntl;L
KO cyfpw;Fkhd Ntiyiaj; jpl;lkpLtJ vdf;Fupa nraw;ghlhff;
fUJfpNwd;. mjid tpl NtnwhU Nrit vdf;fpy;iy. vd;dhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kaw;rpahdJ vy;yh capupdq;fspdJk; ,k;ik>
kWik vDk; <Uyf ed;ikf;fhfTk; mtu;fSf;F ehd; gl;Ls;s
fldpypUe;J tpLjiy ngWtjw;FkhFk;.
• njsyp rpW ghiwf; fy;ntl;L
“rr;Nr Kdpr;rhNt gr;rh ,k” midj;J kdpjUk; vdJ gps;isfNs!
• mNrhfr; rf;futu;j;jpapd; r%f eyd;Gup eltbf;iffs;

• mNrhfdpd; murpay; nfhs; i fapy; r%f eyd; G up eltbf; i ffs;
NkNyhq;fpapUe;jd. mtdJ fy;ntl;Lf;fisg; guPl;rpj;Jg;ghu;f;Fk;NghJ
mjidj; njspthfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
• MwhtJ ghiwf; fy;ntl;L
ehd; czTl;nfhs;Sk;NghJ> cwq;Fk;NghJ> thfdj;jpy; nry;Yk; NghJ>
me;jg;Guj;jpypUf;Fk;NghJ nra;jpahsu;fs; te;J ehl;L kf;fs; gw;wpa
jfty;fisj; jhUq;fs;.”
• jdJ ,uhr;rpaj;jpDs; ghijfs;> fpzWfs;> jlhfq;fs;> mk;gyq;fs; %yk;
itj;jparhiyfs;> epoy; jUk; kuq;fs;> ee;jtdq;fs;> %ypifj; Njhl;lq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;lik.
• ed;dlj;ijAld; $ba ey;y r%fnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gtjw;fhf kf;fis
mwpT+l;ly;. mjw;fhf ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk; fw;W}z;fis
mikj;J jdJ fUj;Jf;fis kf;fSf;Fj; njupag;gLj;Jtw;fhf vOjp
itj;jik.
• mjw;fhf>
• ju;k kfhkhj;jpuu;fis mku;j;jpaik
• Ie;J tUlq;fSf;nfhU Kiw g+j;j kw;Wk; u[_f vDk; mjpfhupfisj;
ju;kg; gpur;rhuj;jpy; <LgLj;jpaik
• ehlfq;fis NkilNaw;wpaik
• kdpjUf;F khj;jpukd;wp Ie;jwpTs;s tpyq;FfSf;Fk; md;G fhl;baik
mNrhfdpd; eyd;Gup ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
• nksupaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpAk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk;

• mNrhfr; rf;futu;j;jp kuzpj;J 4 jrhg;jq;fs; foptjw;Fs; nksupag;
NguuR gy gFjpfshf rpjWz;L rPuopT Muk;gkhdJ.
• mNrhfdpd; nfhs;iffs; kiwKfkhf nksupag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Ff;
fhuzkhaike;jik.
• ahfq;fs; nra;tjw;fhf kpUff; nfhiyiaj; jil nra;jikahy;
gpuhkzupd; vjpu;g;G Vw;gl;lik
• ju;k kfhkhj;jpuu; epakdk; kw;wk; ePjpkd;wj;njhFjpahy; Vw;gl;l rkePjp

Kiwikfshy; gpuhkzupd; r%f me;j];Jf; Fiwtile;jik.
• m`pk;irf; nfhs;if fhuzkhf epu;thfj; jpwDk; ,uhZt gyKk;
gytPdkile;jik.
• ngsj;j rkak; kPJ tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;likahy; gpuhkz
rkak; Gwe;js;sg;gl;lik
• ngsj; j rkaj; j pw; f hf mjpf nry; t q; f s; nrytplg; g l; l ikahy;
nghUshjhug; gpd;dilT Vw;gl;lik.
• mNrhfdpd; gpd;du; muRupik njhlu;gpy; Vw;gl;l cs;sff; Fog;g
epiyikAk; gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu;fs; gyk; ngw;wikAk;
• fp.K. 187 mstpy; bNkl;bupa]pd; gf;bupa fpNuf;f Mf;fpukpg;G tPo;r;rpia
Ntfg;gLj;jpaik
• nksupa tk;rj;jpd; ,Wjp kd;ddhd gpufJ}jid fp.K. 187 ,y; G\;gkpj;jpu
Rq;fd; nfhiy nra;jJld; nksupa tk;r Ml;rp KbTw;wik
• Nkw;gb fhuzk; tPor;rpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jtpyi ; y vd;gJ Ma;tpdN ; ghJ
njupatUjy;
• ,uhZtk; gytPdkile;jhy; jsgjp Rq;fd; vt;thW Ml;rpf;F te;jhd;
vDk; Nfs;tp vOjy;.
• mNrhfd; ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F kl;Lkd;wp midj;Jr; rkaq;fisAk;
Mjupj;jjhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
• mNrhfd; khj;jpukd;wp mLj;Jte;j Ml;rpahsu;fSk; gpuhkzu;fSf;Ff;
fw;Fiffisj; jhdkspj;jik.
• ePjpkd;w mjpfhukhdJ mNrhfDf;F Kd;dNuh gpd;dNuh ve;jnthU
gpuhkzUf;Fk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vdr; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;lik.
• rpk;khrd cupikiag; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahikAk; mur mjpfhupfs;
Ml;rpgPlNkwpaikahy; NguuR tPo;r;rpAw;wikAk;.
• nksupa epu;thf KiwAk; fyhrhuKk;
• nksupag; Nguurpd; epu;thf Kiwikiag; gpujhdkhf %d;W gpupTfs;
%yk; fye;Jiuahl KbAk;.
• kj;jpa epu;thfk;
• gpuhe;jpa epu;thfk;
• efu epu;thfk;
• kj;jpa epu;thfk;
• ,uhr;rpak; KOJk; Nguurd; %yk; eput ; hfk; nra;ag;gl;lik. mjd; jiytd;
murdhthd;. epu;thfj; jiyefuk; ghlypGj;jpukhFk;.
• murid Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l murhl;rp Kiwnahd;W nraw;gl;lik.
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyikg; gjtpAk; kd;ddhthd;. kuz jz;lid> ehLflj;jy;>
rpiwitj;jy; Kjypa jz;lid Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;lik

• murhl;rp njhlu;ghd KbTfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F cjtpahf mikr;ruit

fhzg; g l; l ik. mikr; r uit mq; f j; j tu; njhif 12 - 20 tiu
fhzg;gl;likahy; kd;ddpd; ru;thjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;;lik.
• kd;ddpd; epu;thf eltbf;iffSf;F mur mjpfhupfs; ngUe;njhifapdu;
fhzg;gl;lik. mNrhfdpd; Kjyhk; J}z; fy;ntlby; mtu;fs; uh[
GU\u; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mtu;fs; cau;epiy> kj;jpa epiy>
fPo;epiy vDk; %d;W gpuptpDs; mlq;Ftu;.
• ,sturd;> GNuhfpju;> jsgjp> Kjyikr;ru; KjypNahu; murDf;F rkPgkhf
tpUe;j Nky;epiy cj;jpNahfj;juhtu;.
• mikr;ru;fspd; fPo; mjpfhu rig vDk; jpizf;fsq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik
• ,t;tjpfhupq;fSf;Fg; Gwk;ghf tUlhe;jk; 24000 nghw;fhRfs; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;l mjpfhupfspd; ngau;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
• ,it jtpu kfhkhj;jpuu; vdg;gl;l gjtpfspy; gyu; fhzg;gl;ljhf mNrhff;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wik.
• ,uhZtg; g il guk; g iu> juk; > mfk; g b vDk; Kg; g pupTfisf;
nfhz;bUe;jik
• r%f eyd;Gup eltbf;iffSf;fhf mNrhfdhy; kfhkhj;jpuu; gjtp
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ik
• el;G ,uhr;rpaq;fSld; njhlu;Gfisg; NgZtjw;fhfj; J}Jtu; vDk;
gjtp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lik
• ,uhr;rpak; KOJk; eput ; hf eltb;ffffs; njhlu;ghf Muha;eJ; ghu;gg
; jw;fhf
‘A+j;ju;’ vDk; mjpfhupfs; mku;j;jg;gl;lik
• mNrhfdpd; Ml;rpf;fhy epu;thfk; mjpfstpy; kf;fs; rhu;ghd jd;ik
nfhz;bUe;jik
• gpuhe;jpa epu;thfk;
• nksupa kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; %yk; jiyefiur; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fNs
Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;ld. Vida gFjpfis epu;thfk; nra;tij ,yFthf;Fk;
tifapy; gpuhe;jpa [dgjq;fs; ehd;F tFf;fg;gl;bUe;jik.
• Rtu;zfpup
• cNjdp
• NfhryP
• jf;\pyh
,g;gpuhe;jpa [dgjq;fs; uh\;buq;fs; (khtl;lq;fs;) vd;Wk; uh\;buq;fs;
Mapuk; fpuhkq;fs;> E}W fpuhkq;fs;> gj;Jf; fpuhkq;fs;> Ie;J fpuhkq;fs;
vd;Wk; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
• nksupa epu;thf Kiwapy; rpwpa epu;thf myfhff; fhzg;gl;lJ fpuhkk;
MFk;. fpuhkj;jpd; tof;Ffisj; jPu;g;gjw;F fpuhk$lu; vDk; mjpfhupfs;
epakpf;fg;gl;lik.
• efu epu;thfk;
• ghlypGj;jpu efu epu;thfk; 6 kz;lyq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
• ifj;njhopy; kz;lyk;
• ntspehl;L tptfhu kz;lyk;
• tu;j;jf eltbf;if kz;lyk;
• tUkhd tup mwtpLk; kz;lyk;
• gpwg;G> ,wg;Gg; gjpT kz;lyk;
• cw;gj;jp tpepNahf kz;lyk;
• murhq;f tUkhdj;jpw;fhf cw;gj;jpapd; 1/6 my;yJ 1/4 gq;F tupahf
mwtplg;gl;lik.
• KOikahfg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ nksupa epu;thfk; Kiwahf xOq;FgLj;jg;
gl;bUe;jik.
• nksupa fyhrhuk;
• tpN\lkhd kpfg; gpukhz;lkhd mur fiyak;rq;fs; cUntLj;jJ nksupa
fhyj;jpyhFk;.
• nksupau; fhyj; j py;
fyhrhu> fiyg; gilg;
Gf; f spd; jd; i kia
ntspg;gLj;Jk; mk;rq;
fs; rpy tUkhW:
• J}gpfs;/ tpfhiufs;
• Gj;jfah tpfhiuapd;
Nghjp kz;lgk;
• fUq;fw;W}z;fs;
• kiyfisf; File;J
cUthf;fg;gl;l
Fiffs;
• muz;kidfs;
• muz;kidapd; rpijT
fs; ghl; d h efUf; F
mUfpYs; s Gy; j pghf;
vDkplj;jpy; fz;lwpag;
muz; k id
gl;Ls;sik
• re;jpuFg;j nksupad; jdJ khspifia ghurPf myq;fhuq; fisf; nfhz;L
myq;fupj;jjhfg; ghurPf gpuTd; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik.
• khspifapd; J}z;fspy; g+q;nfhb> tpyq;F> gwit cUtq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;L
mjw;F nts;sp cUf;fpg; G+rg;gl;bUe;jik.
• tpfhiufs;
• mNrhfdhy; mikf; f g; g l; l tpfhiufs; gw; w p tk; r f; fijfspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJld; mtw;Ws; rhQ;rp J}gpAk; ghu;Fj; tpfhiuAk;
gpujhdkhdit.

• mtw;Ws; cau; fiyak;rq;fs; nfhz;l gilg;ghf fiy tpku;rfu;fspdhy;

ghuhl;Lg; ngw;wJ rhQ;rp tpfhiu vd;gJ
• rhQ;rpapd; Kf;fpakhd fiyg;gilg;ghf miktJ ehd;F jpirfspYk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrJf;fy; fiyAldhd Njhuzq;fs; MFk;.
• Njhuzq;fspy; ngsj;j rka kuGg;gb [hjff; fijfs; nrJf;fy;fshf
rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sik
• Gj;jngUkhidf; Fwpg;gjw;fhfj; ju;kr; rf;fuk;> Nghjp kuk;> t[Puhrdk;
Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik
rhQ; r p tpfhiu
• mNrhfj; J}z;fs;
• mNrhf kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l GJikahd fiyg;gilg;ghf
miktJ jdpf; fw;ghiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;l J}z;fshFk;.
• ,j;J}z;fisg; ngsj;j rka epfo;TfSld; njhlu;ghd ,lq;fspYk;
ngsj;j kf;fs; tho;e;j ,lq;fspYk; mikf;fg;gl;lik.
• jw;Nghijf;F mNrhfj; J}z;fs; 30 mstpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;
mtw;Ws; mjp rpwe;j fiy epu;khzkhf miktJ rhuzhj; J}z;
KbahFk;.

• J}z; Kbfspy; nrJf; f g; g l; L s; s

ahid> Fjpiu> vUJ> rpqf
; k; vd;git
ehd; F jpirfisAk; Fwpg; g jhff;
fUj;J epyTjy;.
• mNrhfd; fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l
Fiffs; rpwe; j fl; l lf; fiyg;
gilg;Gfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
rhuzhj; J}z; Kb
rhQ; r p tpfhiuapd; Njhuzk;
• ,aw;ifahd fw;ghiwfisf; File;J Fiffis mikg;gJ nksupau;

fhyj;jpNy Muk;gkhdik.
• guhgu;> ehfhu;[_dh> rPjhju; Kjypa kiyg; ghiwfspy; ,t;thwhd
Fiffisf; fhzKbfpd;wik.
• rpw;gf; fiy vDk; tifapy; kzw; fy;ypy; nra;ag;gl;l muf;fd;> muf;fp
cUtKk; RLkz; rpiyAk; Kf;fpak; tha;e;jit.
• ,e;j muf;f cUtq;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; cUthd kJuh Gj;ju; rpiyf;F
khjpupahf mike;jik.

guhgu; Fd;Wfspy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Rjhkh fw;Fif
ehfhu; [ _dh kiyg; ghiwapy; mikf; f g; g l; l Nfhgpfh Fif

01 - 02 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSs; Ie;JNrhbr; nrhw;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws;

nghUe;jhj Nrhbr; nrhy;iyj; njupe;J mt;tpyf;fj;ij milg;gpDs; vOJf.
1) 1. kfjk; - gpk;gprhud; 2. Nfhryk; - gpurPd[pj;
3. c[;i[dp - rz;l gr;Nrhj 4. mq;fk; - rpRehfd;
5. fhrp - gpuk;kjj;jd; ( )
2) 1. gpk;gprhud; - mupaq;fu; 2. fhyhNrf - rpRehfu;
3. jdee;jd; - ee;ju; 4. Fzhy; - nksupau;
5. G\;gkpj;jpud; - fd;tu; ( )
03 - 04 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F xU jiyg;gpd; fPo; Ie;J tplaq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

mtw; W s; xd; W jiyg; g pw; F g; nghUe; j hJs; s J. mjidj; njupT nra; J
mt;tpyf;fj;ij milg;gpDs; ,Lf.
3) mNrhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
1. ,e; j pahtpy; fy; n tl; L g; nghwpf; F k; fyhrhuj; i j Kjd; K jy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpatd; mNrhfd;
2. mNrhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhJ Mg;fhdp];jhd;> Neghsk;
Kjypa ehLfspYk; fpilj;Js;sd.
3. mNrhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mjpfstpy; gpuhfpUj nkhopapNy vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. mNrhfdpd; rpy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpNuf;f kw;Wk; mukhdpa nkhopfspYk;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
5. mNrhf kd;dd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; kf;fSld; Neubahff; fijj;Js;shd;
( )
4) kfj ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vOr;rpf;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhaike;j gz;Gfs;
1. jiyefupdJk; ,uhr;rpaj;jpdJk; Gtpapy; miktplk;
2. tptrhak;> tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpaile;jik
3. jpwikahd muru;fspd; fPo; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l gilapdu;;
4. ,aw;if tsq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jik
5. maypypUe;j fz ,uhr;rpaq;fspd; cjtp ( )

05 - 06 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fspd; X, Y epuy;fis ,izg;gjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk;

rupahd tpilapd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf; Fwpf;Fs; ,Lf. Ie;JNrhbr; nrhw;fs;
jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; nghUe;jhj Nrhbr; nrhy;iyj; njupe;J mt;tpyf;fj;ij
milg;gpDs; vOJf.
5)
X epuy; Y epuy;
1. kfjk; A - gpk;gprhud;
2. mte;jp B - cjad;
3. Nfhryk; C - gpurPd[pj;
4. tj;rak; D - Gf;Frhjp
5. fhe;jhuk; E - gr;Nrhj
1. ABCDE 2. ACBED 3. ADBCE 4. AECBD 5. ADECB ( )
6) X epuy; Y epuy;
1. ,e;jpug;gpu];jk;; A - fq;if - aKid ejpfspilapy;
2. nfsrk;gp B - aKdh ejpf;fiuapy;
3. ùg;gh C - rj;Ny[; - uhtp ejpfspilapy;
4. ehrpf; D - Nfhjhtup ejpf;fiuapy;
5. ghUfr;r E - eu;kjh ejp Kfj;Jthuj;jpy;
1. ABCDE 2. ACBED 3. ADBCE 4. AECBD 5. ADECB ( )
07 - 10 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F Xu; ml;ltizapy; ,U $w;Wf;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

Kjy; ml;ltizf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; gb mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jp nghUj;jkhd
,yf;fq;fis cupa Kiwapy; milg;gpDs; vOJf.
1 rup rup
2 rup gpio
3 gpio gpio
4 gpio rup
5 rup rupahdJld; Kjyhk; $w;iw
NkYk; njspTgLj;JfpwJ.

7. re;jpu Fg;j nksupadpd; jha; ee;j ee; j tk; r j; j pd; ,Wjp murdhd
tk;r ,sturpahthu;. jdee; j idf; nfhd; W re; j puFg; j
nksupad; kfj kd;ddhdhd;.
( )
8. kfh mnyf; r hz; l u; tlNkw; F mg;gpuNjr Ml;rpahsdhf nrypAf];
,e;jpahitf; ifg;gw;wp mjid epNfl;lu; mku;j;jg;gl;lhd;. ( )
mtdJ gpuhe;jpankhd;whf;fpdhd;.
9. ghlyp Gj;jpu efu epu;thfk; gw;wpa efu epu; t hfk; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l J
g+uz tpsf;fk; nkf];jdP]pd; E}ypd; Itiuf; nfhz;l MW FOf;fspd;
%yk; fpilf;fpwJ. Kg; g J cWg; g pdu; f isf; nfhz; l
kz;lyj;jpd; %ykhFk;. ( )
10. mNrhf kd;dd; fPo; kfhkhj;jpuupd; ju;k kfhkhj;jpuupd; flik mNrhf

f l i k a h f m i k e ; j J e h l ; L ju;kj;ijg; gpur;rhuk; nra;tjhFk;.
kf;fspilna ngsj;j rkaj;ijg; ( )
gug;GtjhFk;.
13 - 14 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s $w;Wf;fspd; jd;ikiag;

gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapy; njupT nra;J mjw;Fupa ,yf;fj;ij milg;gpDs; ,Lf.
• A Ak; B Ak; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 1
• B Ak; C Ak; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 2
• C Ak; D Ak; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 3
• A Ak; C Ak; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 4
xU $w;W my;yJ ,U $w;Wf;fSf;F Nky; rupnadpy; ,yf;fk; 5 vd;W milg;gpDs;
vOJf.
13) nksupau;
A - mNrhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mjpfstpy; gNuh];b kw;Wk; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fspdhy;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
B - re;jpu Fg;j nksupadpd; Ml;rp njhlu;ghd ngWkjpahd jfty;fis
fpNuf;f tuyhw;whrpupau; nùNlhu]; je;Js;shu;.
C - mNrhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gpupaju;\d kd;dd; mNrhfd;
vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ jPgtk;rk;> kfhtk;rk; %ykhFk;.
D - nksupau; ehzaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;ftpyi ; y.
( )

14); nkf];jdP];
A - ,tu; re;jpu Fg;j nksupa kd;ddpd; mur rigapypUe;j nrypAf];
epf;Nuhl;ldpd; J}Jtuhthu;.
B - ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l ,z;bfh vDk; E}ypy; re;jpu Fg;j nksupadpd; fhy
,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp KiwAk; Ml;rp epWtdq;fSk; gw;wpa jfty;fs;
mlq;fpAs;sd.
C - ,tuJ E}ypy; mNrhfdpd; fypq;fg; Nghu; gw;wpa jfty;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.
D - mNrhfd; Kb#Lk; NghJ nkf];jdp]; nksupa muritapy; ,Ue;jhu;.
( )
1) “re;jpu Fg;j nksupad; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Nguurdhthd;” fUj;Jiuf;f.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
2) “nksupag; Nguurpd; rpwe;j Ml;rpahsd; mNrhf kd;ddhthd;.”
i. nksupa tk;rj;jpd; Muk;g Ml;rpahsd; ahu;? (01 Gs;spfs;)
ii. mNrhf kd;dd; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; Muk;g ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs;
,uz;ilg; ngaupLf. (02 Gs;spfs;)
iii. mNrhfdpd; murpay;> fyhrhug; gzpfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jp Nkw;gb
$w;iw tpsf;Ff. (07 Gs;spfs;)
3) “mNrhf ju;kk; vd;gJ rkankhd;W vd;gij tpl Xu; xOf;f newpf;
NfhitahFk;;” ,f;$w;iw Ma;T nra;f. (14 Gs;spfs;)
4) “mNrhfr; rf;futu;j;jpapd; Nehf;fkhf mike;jJ nghJkf;fSf;fhd eyd;Gup
eltbf;iffis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l munrhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;.”
fUj;Jiuf;f. (14 Gs;spfs;)
• gpd;tUk; ,lq;fisj; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;J mtw;Ws; ,uz;L gw;wp tuyhw;Wf;
Fwpg;G vOJf.
ghlypGj;jpuk;> rhQ;rp> fypq;fk;> uh[fpUfk;> myfhghj;> rpuht];jp> cNjdp>
rhuhzhj; (18 Gs;spfs;)

INuhg;gpa tuyhW
juk; 12 INuhg;gpa tuyhW
12.1. etPd INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;jpd; mbg;gil
m wpKfk;
INuhg;gpa ehfupfk; kj;jpajiuf;fly; gpuNjrj;jpy; Muk;gkhdJ. tpNrlkhff; fpNuf;f>
cNuhk ehfupfq;fSk;> fpwp];jt> ,];yhkpa ehfupfq;fSk; INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;jpd;
tsu;rr; pfF
; g; gq;fspgG
; r; nra;Js;sd. ,e;ehfupfq;fspy; epytpa murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu>
gz; g hl; L mk; r q; f s; INuhg; g pa ehfupfj; j pd; kP J nrYj; j pa nry; t hf; f pidf;
fye;JiuahLtJ ,t;tyfpdhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Gtpapay; uPjpahfg; ghu;fF

; kplj;J INuhg;gpa ehfupfk; njw;fpy; kj;jpaj;jiuf;fliyAk;>
tlf;fpy; tl fliyAk; Nkw;fpy; mj;jpyhe;jpf; r%j;jpuj;ijAk; fpof;fpy; Mrpahf; fz;lj;ijAk;
vy;iyfshff; nfhz;l gpuNjrj;jpy; Muk;gkhdJ. fpNuf;f> cNuhk> fpwp];jt> ,];yhkpa
ehfupfq;fspd; Muk;gk; guTif vd;gtw;iw Muha;e;J etPd ehfupfj;jpd; mbg;gil
miktjw;F me;ehfupfq;fspd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rka> fyhrhu> jj;Jtj;
Jiwfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjk; ,q;Nf fye;Jiuahlg;gl cs;sJ.
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : • gy;NtW rf;jpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ehfupfq;fs;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; Kiw gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 1.1 etPd INuhg;gh Njhw;wk; ngw;w tpjk; gw;wpj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 25
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;jpd; mbg;giliag; gFj;jha;thu;.

• etPd INuhg;gpa ehfupfk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtjw;Ff; fpNuf;f>
cNuhk> fpwp];jt> ,];yhkpa ehfupfq;fs; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpa tpjj;jpid vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
• fpNuf;f> cNuhk> fpwp];jt> ,];yhkpa ehfupfg; guk;giyg;
GwTUtg; glnkhd;wpy; Fwpg;ghu;.
• etPd INuhg;ghtpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F toptFj;j fhuzpfisj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.

gpd;tUk; ghl tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk;.
fpNuf; f > cNuhk> fpwp]; j t> ,]; y hkpa nry; t hf; F
fpNuf;f ehfupfk;
kj;jpajiuf;fly; gpuNjrj;jpy; fpNuf;f ehfupfk; fp.K. 1000 Mk; Mz;lstpy; Njhd;wpajhff;
fUjg;gLfpdw ; J. fpNuf;f ehfupfk; Njhd;Wk; Kd;du; ,g;gpuNjr kf;fs; ehfupfk; miltjw;fhd
,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; re;ju;gg ; q;fisf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. fp.K. 2000 Mk; Mz;lstpy;
f];gpad; flYf;F tlf;fpYk;> fpof;fpYkpUe;j gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J te;j Muk;g
FbNaw;wthrpfs; fpNuf;fj;ij mz;kpj;j gpuNjrq;fspy; FbNawpaJk; fpNuf;f ehfupfk;
Muk;gkhdJ. fpNuf;fj; jPtpid ikakhff; nfhz;L fp.K. 2000 Mk; Mz;lstpy;
Njhw;wk; ngw;w kpNdhtd; ehfupfKk; fp.K. 1000 Mk; Mz;lstpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd
rhd;Wfs; kaprd P pad; ehfupfKk; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w gioikahd ehfupfq;fshFk;.
400 Mz;Lfs; mstpy; epytpa kaprPdpad; ehfupfk; fp.K. 1150 Mk; Mz;lstpy;
tPo;r;rpAw;W fpNuf;fg; gFjpapy; ,Uz;l fhyk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. 150 Mz;Lfspd; gpd;du;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
207
Nlhupa fpNuf;fu;fspd; fPo; fpNuf;fj;jpy; Gjpa ehfupfk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJld; mJNt

fpNuf;f ehfupfk; vdg;gl;lJ. Kd;du; epytpa ehfupfj;jhy; Nghrpf;fg;gl;L me;j ehfupfk;
tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;FtJ fp.K. 1000 Mk;
Mz;L Kjw;nfhz;L tsu;r;rpaile;j fpNuf;f ehfupfkhFk;.
kpNdhtd; ehfupfj;jpw;Fupa fl;llk;
kaprPdpad; ehfupfk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
208
20 °E 24 °E 28 °E
Nghy;fd; FlhehL
jpuh];
igrhj;jpak;
ku;kuh
krpNlhdpah Njr];
nghnyh]; fly;
,k;Nuh]; 40 °N
mnjh]; kiy
xypk;g]; kiy
40 °N JNuha;
<
nykpNdh];
[p
irg;gpu]; gu;fKk;
a
d;
rpd;d Mrpah
f
fpNuf;fk;
l
rhb];
38 °N
y;
nly;gp
jpngj;
vl;fh kujd;
38 °N nfhupe;j; vnjd;]; Vrpa];
ka;rPdpah rNkh];
mNahdpad; xypk;gpah
gyNghdPrpah nlnyh]; nfk;Nyl;l];
];ghl;lh
f l y; ga;Nyh]; irfNy];bf; vgpNjhk];
yf;Nfhdpah
mNkhu;F];
36 °N
Njuh
rpNjuh
36 °N
kj
;jpa
fpuPl; Nehr];
ji
Nga;l];
uf
; f
ly
/
;
0 50 1 00 200
fpNyhkPw;wu;
20 °E 24 °E 28 °E
fpNuf; f k;
mf; N uhnghyp];
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
209
fpNuf;f ehfupfj;jpd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;

• epUthf eltbf; i f
- fpNuf;fj;jpw;F te;j Kjy; FbNaw;wthrpfs; Kjypy; fpuhkq;fis mikj;Jf;

nfhs;sy;.
- fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mit efuq;fshf khw;wkiljy;.
- me;j efuq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L fpNuf;f ehfupfj;jpy; efu Ml;rpKiw
Njhw;wk; ngwy;.
- gpdp\pah> ghgpNyhdpah Nghd;w ehfupfq;fspy; ,jw;F Kd;du; efu Ml;rp epytpa
nghOJk; muR njhlu;ghf kpfj; njspthd rhd;Wfs; fpilg;gJ fpNuf;fj;jpyhFk;.
• efu Ml;rpapd; gpujhd gz;Gfs;

- rpwpa epyg;gug;ig cilaJ.
- efuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Ml;rp fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sik.
- vNjd;];> ];ghl;lh vd;gd ngupa efu muRfshf tpsq;fpik.
- kf;fs; ehd;F gpupTfshf ,Ue;jik (Fbkf;fs;> ngz;fs;> mbikfs;> ntspehl;ltu;)
- Fbkf;fshff; fpNuf;f Mz;fs; kl;LNk fzpf;fg;gl;lik.
- r%jhaj;jpy; Fbkf;fs; cau;thdtu;fshff; fzpff; g;gl;lJld;> ngz;fs;> mbikfs;>
ntspehl;ltu; MfpNahu; Fiwthdtu;fshff; fzpf;fg;gl;lik.
- jiyefu; mf;Nuhnghyp]; vdg;gl;lJld; mJ tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyakhf
tpsq;fpaik.
- nghUl;fisg; gzk; nfhLj;Jg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;> jkJ nghUl;fis tpw;gid
nra;aTk; ,k;kj;jpa epiyaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
- midj;J efu muRf;Fk; mjpgjpahff; flTs; my;yJ Njtij xUtu; ,Ue;jik.
- mf;unghyp]pd; cau;e;j ,lj;jpy; flTs; my;yJ Njtijf;F Myak; xd;W
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jik. VNjd;]; efUf;F mjpgjpahd mjPdh Njtijf;Fg; ghj;jpdd;
Myak; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jikia ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $wyhk;.
ghj; j pdd; Myak;

Mrpupau; topfhl;b
210
- fpNuf;f efuhl;rpapy; gytpj murpay; Kiwikfs; epytpaik.

- ngupa muRfspy; xd;whd ];ghl;lhtpy; Kbahl;rp KiwAk;> VNjd;rpy; [dehaf
Ml;rp KiwAk; epytpaik.
- etPd cyfpy; gpurpj;jpngw;w murpay; Kiwfspy; xd;whd [dehaf Kiwapd;
jhafk; VNjd;]; efu murhFk;.
- mup];Nlhl;by; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpd;gb fpNuf;f efuhl;rpapy; gy;NtWtpjkhd 250
murpay; Kiwfs; ,Ue;jik fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs;
- fpNuf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa tho;thjhuk; tptrhakhFk;.
- kj;jpa jiuf;fly; fhyepiyf;fika gupaplf;$ba jpuhl;ir> xypt;> fha;fwp
vd;gd gapuplg;gl;lik.
- rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l tskw;w kz; fhuzkhf vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; xNu
khjpupahd tptrhaj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahik.
- efu muRfs; midj;Jk; flyhy; #og;gl;bUe;jikahy; kPd;gpbj; njhopy; Kf;fpa
,lk;ngw;wpUe;jik.
- ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpYk; <Lgl;bUe;jik.
- fspkz; ifj;njhopYk; fhzg;gl;bUe;jik.
- mbikfspd; ciog;Gg; ngwg;gl;lik.
- ,aw;if tskhfg; ngUe;jpushd nts;sp fhzg;gl;lik. mtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; nghUl;Lr; Ruq;ff; ifj;njhopy; fhzg;gl;lik.
• fy; t p
- jdpahu; ghlrhiyfs; %yKk;> jdpgg ; l;l Mrpupau;fs; %yKk; fy;tpaspff
; g;gl;lik.
- gpNsl;Nlhtpd; ~mf;flkp| vDk; epWtdKk; mup];Nlhl;lypd; ~iyrpaKk;| mtw;wpy;
Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;wik.
- fy;tp fw;w ,isQu;fspilNa kpfTk; gpurpj;jpg;ngw;w ~Nrhgpl;]|; vdg;gl;l Mrpupau;
FOnthd;W ,Ue;jik.
- ~Nrhgpl;];| vd;Nghu; Ngr;R> fzpjk;> nka;apay;> ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak; Nghd;w
ghlq;fisf; fw;gpj;jdu;.
- ];ghl;lh efu murpy; midj;J Mz;fSk; Aj;jg; gapw;rp ngwNtz;ba epiy
,Ue;jJ.
• nka;apaYk; tpQ;QhdKk;
- Njyp];> mndf;rpkpdp];> vk;gunlhy]; Nghd;w nka;apayhsu;fs; Muk;g nka;apa
yhsu;fspilNa Kf;fpakhdtu;fshtu;. (Gtpapd; mikg;Gg; gw;wpf; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itj;Njhuhtu;)
- Nrhf;uB]; - tpdh tpil Kiw
- gpNsl;Nlh - ,yl;rpa muR
- mup];Nlhl;by; - murpaypd; je;ij
- mup];lhf];> nuNlhj;jpdP];> nùf;fpspl;l]; - Gtp kw;Wk; Nfhs;fs; njhlu;ghd
Kf;fpa tplaq;fis Kd;itj;j fzpjtpayhsu;fs;.
- igjfu]; - rpwe;j fzpj Nkij - igjfu]; Njw;wk;
- Mf;fpkpb]; - fzpjk; njhlu;ghd Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;G - ePuKf;f tpjp
- `pg;Nghfpul;l]; - Nkw;fj;jpa itj;jpaj;jpd; je;ij
- nùNlhl]; - tuyhw;wpd; je;ij
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
211
• rak ek;gpf;if
fpNuf;f rka> tzf;f Kiw gof;f tof;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

mtu;fs; gy;Njtthjpfshf ,Ue;jdu;. fpNuf;fu;fspy; flTsu; xU tupir Kiwapy;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUe;jdu;. ,f;flTs;fs; ,aw;ifAld; njhl;Gilajhf ,Ue;jJld;
mtu;fspilNa cwT Kiw ,Ue;jjhf ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
• rpA]; - thdj;jpw;F mjpgjp> flTspd; gpujhdp

nùhdh - rpA]; flTspd; kidtp
mjPdh - rpA]; flTspd; kfs;
Vu]; - Aj;jj;jpw;F mjpgjp> nùhdhtpd; kfd;
ùpfpAy]; - cyifj; jhq;fp ,Ug;gtd;> rpA]; flTspd; kfd;
mg;gNyh - #upaf; flTs;
Gurapld; - rKj;jpuj;jpw;F mjpgjp
mg;ulal; - fhjYf;F mjpgjp
- flTsu; efu muRfspd; mjpgjpfshfTk; nrayhw;wpAs;sdu;.

• rpA]; - xypk;gpah
• mg;gNyh - nly;gp>
• mjPdh - VNjd;];
• mg;gulapl; - nfhupe;J
• gyp nfhLj;jYk; fpNuf;fu;fspd; G+ir Kiwfspy; xd;whFk;.
- N`hkupd; ,ypal;> xbrp> nghrpNahtpd; NtiyAk; ehSk; vDk; E}y;fs; fpNuf;f

ehfupfk; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; Kf;fpa E}y;fshFk;.
• tpisahl; L
vnjd;rpy; mike;Js;s gioa xypk;gpf; tpisahl;L ikjhdk;

Mrpupau; topfhl;b
212
ghurPfu;fSf;Fk;> fpNuf;fu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;w VNjd;]; gilapd;

jiytu;> mtu;fsJ ntw;wpia VNjd;]; kf;fSf;F mwptpf;Fk; nghUl;Lj; J}Jtd;
xUtid mDg;gpaJld; me;jr; nra;jpia mwptpfF ; k; nghUl;L Xbr; nrd;W mwptpjJ
; tplL
;
kujd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; capu;j;Jwe;jhd;. ,e;j epfo;tpid epidT+l;Lk; Kfkhf xypk;gpf;
tpohtpd; ,Wjp mq;fkhf kujd; Xl;lg;Nghl;b cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• fiyAk;> fl;llf;fiyAk;
ngupf;fpsp]; Afk; fpNuf;f fiyapd; nghw;fhykhFk;. fpNuf;f fiy INuhg;gpa
ehfupfj;jpy; ngUe;jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. rpw;gf;fiy> fl;llf;fiy vd;gd
mtw;wpy; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd.
• rpw; g f; f iy
- fpNuf;ff;fiy njhlu;ghfg; gy;NtW jpwikfis ntspg;gLj;jpa fpNuf;fu;fshy;
ahidj;je;jk;> jq;fj;jhy; rpiy nrJf;Fjy; vd;gd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mj;jPdhtpd; rpiy> rpA]; flTspd; rpiy
mjPdh Njtij
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
213
- vYk;G> rij vd;gd njspthfj; njupAk; tpjj;jpy; rpiyfs; nrJf;fg;gl;lik

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gupjptl;lk; tPRjy;> Fj;Jr; rz;il
- Rz;zf;fw;fshYk;> gspq;Ff; fw;fshYk; fl;blq;fs; mikj;jy; fpNuf;f fhy
fl;blf;fiyapd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : VNjd;]; mf;Nuhnghyp]; vDkplj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s
ghj;jpad; rpiy
ky; A j; j k;
gupjptl;lk; tPRk; tPud;
lNahdprparpd; ehlf muq; f k; ;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
214
lNahdprparpd; ehlf muq;fpd; fjpiufspy; fhzg;gLk; fiy epu;khzpq;fs;
- nlhupf; kugpwF
; mika epWtg;gl;l J}z;fspy; flTsupd; fijfs; jPll
; g;gl;Ls;sik.
J}z; f s;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
215
- kl;ghz;lq;fs;> ehzak; vd;gd> Xtpaq;fSldhd Rtu; epu;khzk; vd;gdTk;

Kf;fpkhdit.
- fpNuf;fu;fSf;Nf cupj;jhd ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : N`hkupd; ,ypal;> xbrp
- ehlff; fiyapy; ifahsg;gLk; ,d;gpay;> Jd;gpay; epfo;Tfs; mlq;fpa khjpupfs;
fpNuf;fj;jpNyNa Muk;gkhfpd.
- fp.K. 425 Mk; Mz;L tho;e;j mup];NlhNgdp]; vd;gtu; KjyhtJ ,d;gpay;
(Comedy) ehlf mikg;ghsu; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wik.
- <];fps];> AupgPb];> nrhNghf;sp]; vd;Nghu; gpugykhd fhtpa gilg;ghsu;fshf
,Ue;jik.
- nùNlhl]; - tuyhw;wpd; je;ij - fpNuf;f - ghurPf Aj;jj;ijg; gw;wp vOjg;gl;Ls;s
E}y;.
- jpArpbrp]; - ngyngNdrpa Aj;jk;
kl;ghz;lq;fs;
- fpNuf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l gy;NtW
milahsq;fs; etPd cyfpYk; murpay;
rpd;dq;fshfg; gad;gLfpd;wik.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : fOF murpay; rpdd ; khfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; ik. fpNuf;f itj;jpaj;
Jiwapy; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l ghk; g pd;
milahsk; - itj;jpaj;Jiw kw;Wk;
Vida mikg; G fspy; gad; g Lj; j g;
gl;Ls;sJ> If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd;
gy;NtW it;jjpa mikg;Gfs;.
fOFk; ghk;Gk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
216
cNuhk ehfupfk;
cNuhkupd; vOr;rp ,j;jhypapd; ilgu; ejpf;fiuf;F mUfpy; tho;e;j ,yj;jPd; nkhop

Ngrpa kf;fs; FOthy; Vw;gl;lnjdg; nghJthf ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. cNuhku;fspd;
fijfspd;gb fp.K. 753 Mk; Mz;lstpy; cNuhk; nuhkpAy];> uPk]; vDk; ,ul;il
rNfhjuu;fshy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. fp.K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L
njhlf;fk; fp.gp. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;L tiu cNuhk ehfupfk; cau; epiyapy; ,Ue;j
fhykhff; fUjg;gLfpdw ; J. cNuhku; Aj;j eltbf;iffspYk;> murpay; eltbf;iffspYk;
jpwiktha;jtu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. fp.gp %d;whk; E}w;whz;lhFk;NghJ ];ghdpah> njd;
gpuhd;];> tl Mgpupf;f gpuNjrk;> vfpg;J> krpNlhdpah> rpupah> Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; jk;
mjpfhuj;ijg; gutyilar; nra;jJld; [{ypa]; rPrupd; fhyj;jpy; tlgFjpapy;
,q;fpyhe;ijAk; jd;trg;gLj;jpg; ghupa Nguuir epWTtjpy; cNuhku; ntw;wp fz;ldu;.
[{ypa]; rPru;> xf];l]; rPru;> epNuh> nfunfy;yh> nfhd;]j

; he;jpd;> [];Bdpad;> khu;ff
; ];
mTNuypa]; Mfpa Nguuru;fs; cNuhkg; Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;jdu;. cNuhkg; Nguurpd; rpwg;ghd fhyg;gFjpapy; Nkw;F INuhg;gh> kj;jpa fpof;F>
fpof;F INuhg;gh Mfpa ngUk; gpuNjrj;jpy; cNuhkg; NguuR gutpapUe;jJ. fpwp];jt
rkaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> guty; vd;gd ,e;j Afj;jpy; epfo;e;j tpNrl epfo;ntdf; $wyhk;.
khu;f;f]; mTNuypa]pd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; cNuhkg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp Muk;gkhdnjhL

jpNahf;Nsrpad;> nfhd;];jhe;jpd; Mfpa Nguuru;fs; cNuhkg; NguuR tPo;r;rpAwhky;
fhj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;. jpNahf;Nsrpad; Nguurupd; fhyj;jpy; fpof;F> Nkw;F cNuhkg;
NguuR vd ,uz;lhfg; gpstile;jJ. Nkw;F cNuhkg; Nguurpd; jiyefu; cNuhk;
efuhf tpsq;fpaJld; fpof;Fg; Nguurpd; jiyefu; igrhe;jpakhf tpsq;fpaJ.
nfhd;];jhe;jpd; Nguurdhy; kPz;Lk; NguuRfs; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L igrhe;jpaj;ij
mjd; jiyefuhf;fp mjid Kd;Ndw;wp nfhd;];jhe;jpd; Nehgpy; vdg; ngaupl;lhd;.
nfhd];jhe;jpd; Nguurupd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; cNuhkg; NguuR kPz;Lk; ,uz;lhfg;
gpupe;jJld; fp.gp. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;by; kpNyr;ru;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mf;fpukpg;gpd;
fhuzkhf cNuhkg; NguuR tPo;r;rpAw;wJ. mt;thNw xl;Nlhkhd; JUf;fpauhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mf;fpukpg;gpd; tpisthf 1453 Mk; Mz;L fpof;F cNuhkg; NguuRk;
tPo;r;rpAw;wJ.
cNuhku; f spd; murpay; gq; f spg; G
• epUthf Kiw
Muk;gj;jpy; gpujhd Fbkf;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;l $l;lhl;rpahf epUthf eltbf;iffs;
Muk;gkhfpd. me;jf; $l;lhl;rpapy; nrdl;rig gpujhd ,lj;jpidg; ngw;wJ. %j;j
Fbfshy; me;jr; rigf;F mq;fj;jtu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
- Muk;g fhy fl;lj;jpy; nrdl; rigapd; epUthfpahfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;ltu;
Kjy;tu; vd mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; gpd;du; mtu; Nguuru; vdg;gl;lhu;.
- nfhd;ry;fs; vdg;gl;l mjpfhupfs; ,UtUf;F cNuhkf; $l;lhl;rpapy; Kf;fpa
,lk; fpilj;jJ.
- cNuhku; Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;gpaJld; Nguurpy; tho;e;j midj;J kf;fspd;
rkhjhdj;ijAk;> xUikg;ghl;bidAk; cWjp nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; khfhz epUthf
mikg;gpid eilKiwg;gLj;jpdu;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
217
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
218
- [];bd; Nguurdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;l Kiw> cNuhkhdpau;fshy;

cyfpw;F fpilj;j ngUk; gq;fspg;ghFk;.
- tof;F tprhuid> ep&gpj;jy;> [{up rig %yk; ,Wjp KbntLj;jy;> Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gl;ltupd; Fw;wk; ep&gpf;fg;g;Lk;tiu mtiu epuguhjp vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;>
rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkkhf kjpf;fg;gly; vd;gd me;jr; rl;lj; njhFjpapy;
mlq;fpAs;sJ. [dehaf ,ay;Gfs; gy ,r;rl;lj;njhFjpapy; cs;slq;fpapUe;jd.
• nghUshjhuk;
- cNuhkg; Nguurpd; gpujhd tUkhdkhf tu;j;jfk; fhzg;gl;lJ. INuhg;gpa
ehLfSld; kl;Lkpdw ; p muhgpah> rPdh> ,e;jpah> ,yq;if Nghd;w Mrpa ehLfSlDk;
tu;jj
; fj; njhlu;gpid itj;jpUe;jdu;. kl;ghz;lq;fs;> Glit> cNyhfk;> fz;zhb
vd;gd gutyhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lik.
- Mrpa ehLfspy; ,Ue;J cNuhKf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gl;Lg;Glit> thridg;
nghUl;fs;> gPq;fhd; nghUl;fs;> kUe;Jfs;> Kj;J> ,uj;jpdf; fw;fs;> ahidj;
je;jk;> czTf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thridg; nghUl;fs; vd;gd INuhg;gpar;
re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gl;lik.
- ,itjtpu fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; tptrhaj;jpw;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gl;lik.
• fy; t p
- $l;lhl;rpapd; Muk;gj;jpy; Nky;kl;lj;jpYs;s gpuGf;fspd; FLk;gg; gps;isfspd;
fy;tp ngw;NwhuhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mwpit toq;Ftijtplg; gz;ila
cNuhkg; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> tPuu;fspd; tho;f;if njhlu;ghf
,se;jiyKiwapdUf;Ff; $Wjy; vd;gd Kf;fpa ,lj;jpid tfpj;jd.
- fpNuf;f jhf;FjYf;F cs;shfpg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; fy;tp gbg;gbahf epWtd mikg;igg;
ngw;wJ. fpNuf;f mbikfSk;> Rje;jpuk; ngw;w mbikfSk; cNuhkpy; Mrpupau;
njhopypy; ,ize;jdu;. ];g+ypa]; fhtpypak;]; vDk; Rje;jpuk; ngw;w mbikfs;
fp.K. 250 Mk; Mz;lstpy; gzk; t#ypf;Fk; ghlrhiy xd;wpid Muk;gpj;jdu;.
- vOj;J> thrpg;G> ,yf;fzk;> ju;f;f rh];jpuk; vd;gd mf;fhyj;jpy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l
gpujhd ghlq;fshFk;.
- fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jpd;> fhtpak;> Ngr;R> rl;lk;> itj;jpak; Nghu; Kiw Kjyhd
ghlq;fSk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
- thdpay;> fzpjk;> tpQQ ; hdk;> itj;jpak; Mfpa ghlq;fs; cau; fy;tp epWtdq;fspd;
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;ld. nry;te;jupfspd; gps;isfSf;F kl;Lk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j cau; fy;tp epWtdk;> Vnjd;]>; Nuhl;]; Kjyhd efuq;fspYk;
mikf;fg;gl;ld.
• rkak;
- cNuhk; NguuR epiyia milAk;NghJk; ,q;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l rkankhd;W
,Uf;ftpy;iy. ntapy;> kio> kpd;dy; Nghd;w ,aw;if mikg;Gfisf; flTshff;
fUjp mtu;fs; tzq;fpdu;.
- cNuhku;fspilNa gy;nja;tf; nfhs;if epytpaJ.
- [{g;gpl;lu; - tpz;Zf;F mjpgjp> kpdu;th - ifg;ghzpau;fSf;F mjpgjp
khu;]; - Aj;jj;jpd; mjpgjp> nru]; - tpisr;rspd; mjpgjp
tPd]; - fhjYf;F mjpgjp neg;bA+d; - flYf;F mjpgjp
- Mtpfis tzq;Fjy;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
219
- jha;j; nja;tj;jpw;Fg;; G+irfs; nra;jy;

- ,we;j> capUlDs;s Nguuru;fisf; flTshff; fUjp tzq;Fjy;
cjhuzk; (rPru;> [{ypa]; rPru;> xf];l]; rPru;> jpNahf;Nsrpad;.)
- Muk;gj;jpy; cNuhkg; Nguuru;fs; fpwp];jt rkaj;jpw;F vjpuhf ,Ue;jNghJk;>
nfhd;];jhe;jpd; Nguuru; fhyj;jpy; fpwp];jt rkak; epiyahd rkakhf gpufldQ;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
- jpaNlh]pa]; Nguurdpd; fhyj;jpy; fpwp];jt rkak; cNuhkg; Nguurpd; xNu
kjkhf mjhtJ mur kjkhfpaJ.
• ,yf;fpaKk; fl;llf; fiyAk;

- ,yf;fpa eltbf;iffspYk;> ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffspYk; cNuhkupd; gpujhd Clf
nkhopahf ,yj;jpd; nkhop fhzg;gl;lJ.
- NguuR epUthff; fhyk; (xf];l]; rPru;) cNuhk ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghw;fhykhFk;.
- [{ypa]; rPruhYk; E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;ld.
- Nguuru; xf];l]; fhyj;jpy; tu;[py;> n`hNu];> yptP> xtpl; MfpNahu; Gfo;kpf;f
vOj;jhsu;fshff; jpfo;e;jdu;. tu;[py; vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;l <dpl; vDk; E}y;
cyf ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cau;e;j E}yhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
- nl]pl];> GSlhf;> [{Ntd];> nrdf;fh> khu;];> mTNuypa]; MfpNahu; ,yj;jpd;
,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpatu;fshtu;.
- gpspdp vd;gtu; ,aw;if tuyhW njhlu;ghf (Natural Histiry) etPd mfuhjpia
ntspapl;ltuhthu;.
cyfpd; KjyhtJ nra;jpj;jhs; fp.K. 131
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
220
nghJ kyry$lk;
- gj;jpupif topahf kf;fSf;F nra;jpfis toq;Fjy; cNuhku; filg;gpbj;j
topKiwahFk;. Aj;jntw;wp> tpisahl;L> Fj;Jr; rz;il vd;gd njhlu;ghd tpguq;fs;>
kuz mwptpj;jy;fs; vd;gd ,g;gj;jpupiffspy; fhzg;gl;ld. mit ,Uk;G my;yJ
fw; g yifapd; kP J ntl; l g; g l; l J. Gj; j fq; f isf; fl; L k; KiwAk; cNuhk
ehfupfj;jpNyNa Muk;gkhdJ. [{ypa]; rPru; gg;gpu]; jhis ,izj;Jf; Fwpg;Gg;
Gj;jfk; jahupj;Js;sJld; gpw;fhyj;jpy; iggpSf;fhfTk; ,k;Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
- nghJf; fl;blq;fs; mikj;jy;> trjpahd Fspayiwfs;> kyryf;$lj; njhFjpfs;
mikj;jy; vd;gd cNuhkf; fl;blf; fiyapy; njspthfj; njupfpd;wJ.
- ghupa fl;bl tisT> fl;bl cr;rpapy; Nfhs tbtkhd rpfuk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
- nfhNyhrpak; tpisahl;luq;F> jpNahf;fpNsrpag; Nguurupd; khspif tu;j;jf kj;jpa
epiyakhf tpsq;fpa ngrpypf;fh fl;blk; vd;gd cNuhkupd; fl;blf; fiyf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
- mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nfhq;wl P ; KiwAk; fl;bl epu;khzj;jpy; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wJ.
- epwg;ghtid> rpj;jpuq;fspd; nghUl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd xsp> ,Uspidf; fhl;Ltjpy;
gad;gLj;jpa jpwik> kl;ghz;lq;fis myq;fupf;Fk; fiy vd;gd rpwg;Gg; ngw;wd.
- Fztpay;Gfis ntspf;nfhzUk; tpjj;jpy; rpiyfs; mikj;jYk; cNuhkupd;
tpNrl mk;rkhFk;. xf];l];> jpuh[d;> jpNahf;fpNsrpad; Nghd;w Nguuru;fspd;
rpiyfs; ,jw;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
• ngUe; n jUf; f s;
- cNuhkg; NguuRf; fhyj;jpy; nghwpapay; Jiw rpwg;ghd epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. Kiwahf
tPjpfis mikg;gjpy; jpwik fhl;bdu;. NguuR KOtJk; ngUe;njUf;fshy; gpujhd
efuj;Jld; (cNuhKld;) njhlu;Gg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. fw;fisg; gug;gp ngUe;njUf;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
- ngupa MWfSf;Ff; FWf;fhfg; ghyq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jikAk; (ld;Ag; ejpf;F
FWf;fhf Kiwahd ePu; toq;fy; KiwAk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
221
cNuhkg; ghyk;
efUf;F ePu; toq;fg;gl;l Kiw
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
222
gz;ila cNuhkpd; ghij
• tpQ;Qhdr; rpe;jid
- jdpg;gl;l Rfhjhuk;> Rj;jk; vd;gtw;iw cau;thff; fUjpa cNuhkpau; mjw;fhf
Fspay; jlhfq;fis mikj;jdu;.
- Nehahsu;fSf;F rpfpr;ir mspg;gjw;fhf itj;jpau;fis epakpj;jJld;> cs;
Nehahsu; guhkupgG
; (jq;fpapUe;J) Kiwia itj;jpa rhiyfspy; nraw;gLj;jpdu;.
- midj;J tpQ;Qhdg; ghlq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; gpspdpahy; ner;Ruyp]; ,];Nlhupah
(,aw;if tuyhW) vDk; mfuhjp vOjg;gl;lJ.
- nrhrpfpdrhy; [{ypa]; ehl;fhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
cNuhkpy; mike;jpUe;j nghJkf;fspd; Fspay; jlhfk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
223
fpwp]; j t ehfupfk;
INuhg;ghtpy; Kjd; Kiwahf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l kjkhf fpwp];jt kjk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; mbg;gilf; fhuzpahf fpwp];jt kjk;
fhzg;gl;lJ. etPd cyfk; KOJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fpwp];J tUlk; vdg;gLk; tUl
Kiw fpwp];J gpwg;gpid ikakhff; nfhz;Nl fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cNuhkg; Nguurpy;
xf];lu; rPrupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,NaR gpwe;jJld;> mtu; gpwe;j ,lkhfpa ngj;jyN`k;
mf;fhyj;jpy; cNuhkg; NguuRf;F cupj;jhd ,lkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. fpwp];jt kjk;
,NaRtpd; rpYit kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; mg;Ngh];jtu; vdg;gLk; mtuJ rPlu;fspd;
Nghjidapd; gpd;du; gutj; njhlq;fpsJ.
fpwp];jt ehfupfj;jpdhy; INuhg;ghtpw;F fpilj;j gq;fspg;G
- fpwp];jt ehfupfk; etPd INuhg;gpa ehfupfk; Njhd;Wtjw;F mbg;gilaha;

mike;j xU topahFk;.
- fp.gp. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;NghJ cNuhkg; Nguurpd; midj;Jg; gpuNjrq;fspYk;>
rpd;dhrpahtpYk; fpwp];jt kjk; gutpapUe;jJ.
- Nguuru; nfhd;];jhe;jpd; fpwp];jt kjj;ijj; jOtp fp.gp. 313 Mk; Mz;by;
kpyhd; rhrdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJk; fpwp];jt kjk; mur kjkhfpaJ.
- Nguuru; jpNahlrpa]; 4 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; fpwp];jt kjk; jtpu;e;j
midj;J kjq;fSk; mQ;Qhdnkd;W $wp mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;Wtijj; jil
nra;jJld; (cNuhkg; Nguurpy; mur kjkhfg; gpufldQ; nra;jy;) cNuhkg;
NguuR KOJk; fpwp];jt kjNk xNu kjkhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk; vd epakpj;jhu;.
- cNuhkg; Nguurpd; kPjhd kpNyr;r Mf;fpukpg;gpd; gpd;du; Nfhy; ehl;ilj;
jiyikahff; nfhz;L jkJ muirf; fl;bnaOg;gpa FNshtp]; kd;dd; fpwp]j ; t
kjj;ij jOtpaJld; INuhg;ghtpy; fpwp];jt kjk; gutpaJ.
- mjd; gpd;du; rpk;khrdNkwpa rhspkd; Nguuru; mt;tuir gupRj;j cNuhkg;
NguuR vdg; ngaupl;L gutyilar; nra;jhu;.
- mjd;%yk; cNuhkg; Nguurpy; gjtpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
- fpwp];jt ehfupfj;jpd; %yk; INuhg;ghtpw;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l tifapyhd
kjnkhd;W fpilj;jJ.
- fp.gp. 590 Mk; Mz;lstpy; k`h fpufup vDk; ghg;guruhy; ghg;ghz;ltu; gjtp
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJld; mjw;F INuhg;gpa r%fj;jpd; Mjpf;fk; fpilj;jJ.
- mtuhy; kprdupkhu; (kiw gug; g hsu; f s; ) gpupj; j hdpah> N[u; k dp Mfpa
gpuNjrq;fSf;F mDg;gg;gl;L fpwp];jt kjk; gug;gg;gl;lJ.
- fpwp];jt kjk; rKjhaj;ij topelj;Jk; Kf;fpa epWtdkhfpaJ.
- kpNyr;ru;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J kf;fisg; ghJfhj;J gz;ila gz;ghl;ilAk;
ghJfhg;gJ rigahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
- fpwp];jt rig fy;tp eltbf;iffis topelj;Jk; Kf;fpa epWtdkhfpaJ.
- fiy mikg;Gfs; kPJ fpwp];jt rig mbf;fb nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpajhy;
kjk; rhu;e;j fiyg;gilg;Gfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd;.
- fpwp];jt kjj;jpd; jhf;fk; murpay; JiwapYk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjd;gb
nja;tPfthjf; nfhs;if mjpfstpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
224
,]; y hkpaupd; Ml; r pg; guk; g y;
Kf;fpa fl;lq;fs;
fp.gp. 570 Mk; Mz;by; mNugpahtpy; kf;fh efupy; gpwe;j K`k;kJ egp mtu;fs;
Nghjpj;j kjk; ,];yhk; kjk; vdg;gl;lJ. mk;kjj;jpw;F mika cyfpd; xNu flTshf
~my;yh`;| kl;LNk cs;shu;. ,g;Gjpa kjk; gupRj;j Fu;Mdpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ. ,];yhk;
kjj;ijj; jOtpNahu; K];ypk;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wdu;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,];yhk; kjKk; cyfpy;
gpujhd kjq;fSld; ,ize;jJ.
K`k;kJ egp mtu;fspd; Gjpa kjj;jpw;F vjpu;g;G vOe;jjhy; mtupd; capUf;Fk; Mgj;J
Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; fp.gp. 622 Mk; Mz;L mtu; kf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J kjPdhTf;F te;jhu;.
kjPdh efupy; gyu; mtu;fspd; rPlu;fshfpaJld; fp.gp. 630 Mk; Mz;by; kf;fhitAk;
ifg;gw;wpdu;. kf;fh efupy; tho;e;j kf;fs; mtuJ Nghjidia Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJld;>
mNugpah KOtJk; K`k;kJ egp mtu;fspd; kjk; gutpaJ.
fp.gp. 632 Mk; Mz;by; K`k;kJ egp mtu;fs; ,we;jNghJ muhgpah KOtJk; ,];yhk;
kjk; gutpapUe;jJ. muhgpag; gpujhdpfshy; K`k;kJ egpapd; gpujpepjpahf mG+gf;fu;
(mtuJ ez;gu;) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; KjyhtJ fyPgh vdg;gl;lhu;. jkJ FWfpa
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (632 - 634) mz;ik murhd rpupahtpy; ,];yhk; kjj;ijg; gug;Gtjpy;
ntw;wp fz;lhu;. mtUf;Fg; gpd; te;j fyPghthd cku; (634 - 644) gue;j ,];yhk;
muirf; fl;bnaOg;gpdhu;. cNuhkg; Nguurhd nùf;splirj; Njhw;fbj;J rpupah> lk];f];>
gy];jPd;> gpyp\pah vd;gtw;iwf; ifg;gw;wpaJld; nkhrngj;Njdpah> vfpg;J> ghurpfk;
vd;gd tiu ,];yhk; Nguuir gutyilar; nra;jhu;. mLj;j E}w;whz;by; tl Mgpupf;fh>
];ghdpah vd;gdtw;iw ntw;wp nfhz;L gpudP]; kiyj; njhliuf; fle;J gpuhd;irf;
ifg;gw;w Kad;Wk; mJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;J 8 Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ fpof;fpy;
rpe;Jg; gpuNjrk; tiu jkJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gug;Gtjpy; ntw;wp fz;lhu;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
225
fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ rprpyp> ,j;jhypapd; njd; gFjp vd;gtw;iwf; ifg;gw;wp
kj;jpaj; jiuf;flypy; Mjpff
; k; nrYj;j ,];yhkpauhy; ,aYkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. ePzl ; fhyk;
nry;Yk; Kd;du; fpof;F Mgpupf;fh> kyhah> ,e;NjhNdrpah> Nkw;Fr; rPdhtpd; rpy
gpuNjrq;fs;> ,e;jpah Mfpa ehLfspy; ,];yhk; gutpapUe;jJ.
fp.gp. 15 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu ];ghdpahtpy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ijf; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;

,];yhkpau; ntw;wp fz;ldu;. muhgpau;fshy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; ,];yhk;
kjj;ijj; jOtpf; nfhs;Sk;gb tw;GWj;jpaJld; mt;thW nra;ahtpbd; fg;gk; fl;Ltjw;F
my;yJ kuzj;ijj; njupT nra;a Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ. ];ghdpah Njrpa murhFk; tiu
];ghdpahtpy; K];ypk;fspd; Ml;rp epytpaJ. ngh];gu]; ePupizapypUe;J gpudP]; kiyj;
njhlu; tiu mtu;fs; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;bdu;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
226
fyP g hf; f s;
mG+gf;fupd; gpd;du; fyPghthf epakdk; ngw;w ckiu mLj;J c];khd; fyPghthdJld;
mf;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rptpy; Aj;jj;jpd; tpisthf mtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. ,jd; gpd;du;
K`k;kJtpd; kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;jpUe;j myp fyPghthf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. rpupahtpd;
MSduhf tpsq;fpa KfhtpahTf;Fk;> mypf;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;w Nkhjypy; myp
kuzkile;jhu;. mjd;gpd;du; Kfhtpah fyPghthfg; gjtpf;F te;jhu;. fyPgh gjtpf;fhf
mypapd; kfd; `{irDf;Fk; Kfhtpahtpd; kfd; nrapl;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;w
Nkhjypd; tpisthf `{ird; ,we;jhu;. Ml;rpapd; nghUl;L Vw;gl;l fUj;J NtWghL
fhuzkhf K];ypk;fs; Rd;dp> \pah vd ,U gpupTfshfg; gpupe;jdu;. mG+gf;fUk;
mtiu mLj;J Ml;rpf;F te;j ,UtUk; K`k;kJ mtu;fspd; cz;ikhd gpujpepjpfshf
Vw;Wf; nfhz;Nlhu; Rd;dp vd;Wk;> myp K`k;kJtpd; cz;ikahd gpujpepjp vDk;
nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpNahu; \pah vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
,];yhkpa ehfupfj;jhy; INuhg;gh mile;j ed;ikfs;

- ,];yhk; kjk; gutpapUe;j muhgpau;fspilNa cau; fy;tp Kiw epytpaik.
me;jf; fy;tp Kiwahy; INuhg;gh Nghrpf;fg;gl;lik.
- cau; epWtdq;fs; gy ,Ue;jik
cjhuzk; : ifNuh> gf;jhj;> lk];f];> nfhuNlhth> nrkpNy> ghrpNyhdh
Mfpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;
- muhgpaf; fy;tpkhd;fshy; gz;ila fpNuf;f E}y;fSk;> fzpj tpQQ ; hd E}y;fSk;
muG nkhopf;F nkhopg;ngau;f;fg;gl;ld.
- Ml;rpahsu;fshy; fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F mDruiz
fpilj;jy;. mjw;fhfg; jpwikahd khztu;fSf;Fg; Gyikg; guprpy; toq;fg;gly;>
%y E}y;fis xd;W Nru;j;J E}yfq;fis mikj;jy;.
- ,];yhkpa ehfupfj;jpd; %yk; cyf ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa gy
,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwy;
- cyfpd; gpujhd E}y;fspy; xd;whd Fu;Md; vOjg;gl;lik.
- Nkiyj;Nja fPioj;Njr vOj;jhsu;fSf;Fg; ngWkjptha;ej ; nrhj;jhd muhgpa
nkhopapy; Mapuj;J Xu; ,uTfs; vOjg;gly;. gpwf
; hyj;jpy; ,J gy nkhopfspYk;
nkhopg;ngau;f;fg;gl;lik.
- INuhg;gpaf; fhy fhtpaq;fspy; ngUe;jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpa Xkhu; ifahkpd;
Uigahj;.
- my; jghupapd; mg;Ngh];jtu;fspdJk;> muru;fspdJk; rupij fijfspy; Kf;fpa
,lj;jpidg; ngWfpwJ.
• itj;jpaKk;> tpQ;QhdKk;
- mtprpdd; h - itj;jpa xOf;f tpjpfshd ,jidg; gy E}w;whz;Lfshff; ifE}yhfg;
gad;gLj;jpdu;.
- uN\rpd; itj;jpa E}y; my;`tp
- g];uhNt my;`rdpd; - fz; itj;jpak; mtu;fsJ E}ypd; jOtyhFk;. Nkw;F
ehLfspd; itj;jpau;fspy; mjpf jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa ,e;E}y; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
,yj;jPd; nkhopapYk; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lik.
- my;uhrp vd;gtuhy; mk;ik Neha; milahsk; fhzg;gl;lik.
- itj;jparhiy Kiwik K];ypk;fshNyNa INuhg;ghtpw;Ff; fpilj;jik.
- cNuhk ,yf;fq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf ,e;J> muhgpa ,yf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;
Kiw Muk;gkhjy;. (0 - 9 tiu)
- ,e;jpa tpQ;Qhd mwpT mNugpah topahf INuhg;ghTf;Ff; fpilj;jy;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : rupahd msT Kiw> jrk Kiw> ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;
epajpfs;.
- jpupNfhzfzpj Kiw tsu;r;rpailjy;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
227
- mfyhq;F> nel;lhq;F tiutjpy; rupahd msT Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gly;.

- rPdhtpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fljhrp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gly;.
- mr;Rf;fiy> jpirawp fUtp vd;gd INuhg;ghTf;F mwpKfkhjy;.
- iel;wpf; mkpyk;> ry;Gupf; mkpyk;> nghnuf;]; iel;Nul; Nghd;w ,urhadg;
gjhu;j;jk; INuhg;ghTf;F mwpKfkhjy;.
• nghUshjhuk;
- ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; ,];yhk; ehfupfj;jpy; Kf;fpa nghUshjhu Kiwahf
,Ue;jJ.
- K];ypk; Nguurupd; gutYf;Fk;> cWjpg;ghl;bw;Fk; Kf;fpa fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ
ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpd; %yk; ngw;w ,yhgkhFk;. (ghiytdq;fs; epiwe;J
fhzg;gl;ljhy; tptrha eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd #oy; fhzg;glhik
,jw;fhd fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;)
- gf;jhj; efuk; K];ypk; Nguurpd; Kf;fpa tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyakhf tpsq;Fjy;.
- fPo; ehLfisg; Nghd;Nw INuhg;gpa ehLfSlDk; tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
- Mrpahtpd; tu;j;jf Mjpf;fk; 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu INuhg;gpau; ifapy;
,Ue;jik.
- K];ypk; NguuR mile;jpUe;j Kd;Ndw;wKk;> mtu;fsJ tu;j;jf Mjpf;fKk;
fp.gp. 11 Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; njhlf;fk; 15 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu eilg;ngw;w
rpYitg;Nghu;fspy; fpwp];jtu;fisj; Njhw;fbg;gjw;Fg; ngupJk; cjtpaJ.
gf;jhj; efuk;
• fiyAk; > fl; b lf; fiyAk;
- GlitfSf;Fr; rha%l;Lk; fiy> rpj;jpuf; fiy> ghurPff; fk;gsq;fs; vd;gd
muhgpau;fshNyNa INuhg;gpau;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jik.
- rq;fPjk; njhlu;ghd mwpT (fpl;lhu; Nghd;w rq;fPjg; nghUl;fs;> jhsk;> ,uhfk;)
mNugpau;fshy; INuhg;gh ngw;w ngUk; nry;tkhFk;.
- ,];yhkpa ehfupfj;jpy; tpNrl fl;bl epu;khz Kiw epytpaik. ]ghdpahtpy;
fpudlhtpy; my;`k;uh khspif> nrytpy; my;frhu;> gf;jhj;jpy; ngupa gs;spthapy>;
rkhuh gs;spthapy; vd;gd ,];yhkpa ehfupfj;jpd; cau;e;j gilg;GfSf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
228
- mtu;fsJ fl;bl epuk

; hzq;fspy; rpwg;gk;rkhf miutl;lf; $iu> tisT> cau;ej
;
NfhGuk; vd;gd cs;slq;Fk;.
my; `k;wh khspif
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
229
mwhgpa fl;llf;fiy
khdpa Kiwapd; tPor
; r
; p
• khdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

- rpYitg;NghUk; tu;j;jf Kd;Ndw;wKk;
- rpYitg;Nghiu mwpKfQ; nra;jy;
- rpYitg;Nghu; fhyj;jpy; Nkw;F> fpof;F ehLfspd; tu;j;jfk; gutyiljy;
- nfhd;];j;jhe;jpy;Nehgps; Kf;fpa tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyakhjy;
- Gjpa Kbahl;rp tu;j;jfj;jpw;F cw;rhf%l;ly;
- tu;j;jfg; guty; fhuzkhf khdpag; nghUshjhu Kiw etPd INuhg;ghtpw;F
Vw;w Kiwapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lik.
• efu tsu; r ; r p
- khdpa Kiw tPo;r;rpAw;wJk;> Rje;jpuk; ngw;w rpyuhy; rpW rpW tu;j;jf efuq;fs;
Njhw;wk; ngwy;
- mz;ikg; gpuNjrq;fspd; %yg;nghUl;fisAk;> KbTg; nghUl;fisAk; efuq;fSf;
Ff; nfhz;LtUjy;
- tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;NlhUf;Fg; ghJfhg;Gj; Njitg;gl;ljhy; mtu;fs; ,ize;J
FbNawpajhy; efuq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwy;
- tu;jj
; fk; tsu;rr
; pAw;Wg; gzg; Gof;fk; mjpfupj;J> tq;fp kw;Wk; Vida trjpfisf;
nfhz;l ehfupfk; tsu;r;rpailjy;
- efu tsu;r;rpAld; INuhg;gh Gjpa ghijapy; nry;yy;
• kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; vOr;rp

- tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpAw;W> gzg;gupkhw;wk; mjpfupj;jJk;> nry;tj;ijr; Nrfupj;j Gjpa
kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
- mtu;fs; ed;F fy;tpfw;W rKjhaj;jpy; cau; epiyapy; ,Ue;jik
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
230
- kd;du;fs; jkJ MNyhrfu;fshfTk;> epu;thf mjpfhupfshfTk; gpuGf;fis

md;wp Gjpjhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;w kj;jpa tFg;gpdiu epakpj;jy;
- ,jdhy; kj; j pafhyj; j py; gpuNjr Ml; r pahsu; f shfTk; > kd; d upd;
MNyhrfu;fshfTk; nraw;gl;l gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuk; Fiwtile;jik.
- kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; gpuGf;fs; ngw;wpUe;j r%f epiy kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;Ff;
fpilj;jik.
- gpuGf;fis tpl kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; mjpfhuKilNahuhfpaik.
- ,e;j khw;wq;fs; etPd Afj;ij Nehf;fp INuhg;ghitf; nfhz;Lr; nrd;wik.
GNshud;]; efuk;
tu;j;jf tsu;r;rpAk; efuq;fspd; Njhw;wKk;

Mrpupau; topfhl;b
231
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k;
,yf; f k; 01 - 05 tiuapyhd tpdhf; f Sf; F KiwNa Ie; J ngau; r ; nrhw; f s;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mitfspy; xd;W VjhtJ xU fhuzj;jhy; nghUj;jkw;wJ.
nghUj; j kw; w tpiliaj; njupT nra; f .
01) 1. Nrhf;uB]; 2. gpNsl;Nlh 3. nrhrpfpd];

4. igjfu]; 5. mndf;rpkPd];
02) 1. <rpfpy]; 2. nrhNghf;yP]; 3. AupgPl];

4. N`hku; 5. tu;[py;
03) 1. jpaf;yP\d; 2. nfhd;];ld;ild; 3. ngupfpsp];

4. FNshba]; 5. khu;f;f]; mTNuypa];
04) 1. gf;jhj; 2. nghnyhQ;Qh 3. nfa;Nuh

4. ghu;rNyhdh 5. lk];f];
05) 1. mtprpd;dh 2. xkhu; ifahk; 3. my;`rd;

4. gPbah]; 5. my;uh\p
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
01.
i. khdpa Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
(01 Gs;sp)
ii. khdpa Kiwapd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f ,ay;Gfs; ,uz;L tPjk; vOJf.
(06 Gs;spfs;)
iii. khdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisr; RUf;fkhf vOJf.

(07 Gs;spfs;)
02. fpNuf;f> cNuhk> fpwp];jt> ,];yhkpa ehfupfg; guk;giyg; GwTUtg; glnkhd;wpy;

Fwpf;Ff.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
03. INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;jpy; fpNuf;f> cNuhk> ,];yhkpa ehfupfq;fs; nrYj;jpAs;s
jhf;fj;jpid Muha;f.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
04. etPd INuhg;ghtpd; Muk;gj;jpw;F toptFj;j fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
232
2 etPd INuhg;ghtpd; Muk;gk;

mwpKfk;
INuhg;gpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;Fk;NghJ mjid %d;W tuyhw;Wf; fhy fl;lq;fshfg; gpupff; yhk;.
mit gpd;tUkhW
• Guhjd fhyk; - fp.K. 1000 - fp.gp 5 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu
• kj;jpa fhyk; - fp.gp. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;L - fp.gp. 15 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu
• etPd fhyk; - fp.gp. 15 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyk;
Kd;ida ghlj;jpy; Guhjd kw;Wk; kj;jpa fhy tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j

Kiw mtjhdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,e;j myfpy; kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mwpT
tsu;r;rp> Gjpa fz;Lg;gpbg;Gfs;> Njrpa muRfspd; vOr;rp> ehLfhz; gazq;fs; %yk;
INuhg;ghtpd; mjpfhug; guty;> mjd;%yk; INuhg;gh etPd Afkhf khw;wkile;j tpjk;
vd;gd gw;wpf; fw;fw; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Nju; r ; r p : • INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;; cyfpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;jpid

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 2.1 INuhg;gh etPd Afj;jpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;j tpjj;ij Ma;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 15
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • kWkyu;r;rpia tpgupg;ghu;.

• Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; %yk; INuhg;gh etPd Afj;jpwF
; te;j tpjj;ij
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
• fpNuf;f> cNuhk> fpwp];jt> ,];yhkpa ehfupfg; guk;giyg;
GwTUtg; glnkhd;wpy; Fwpg;ghu;.
njspTgLj;Jthu;.

gpd; t Uk; ghl tplaq; f spd; mbg; g ilapy; ghlj; i jj; jpl; l kplTk; .
• etPd INuhg;ghtpd; Muk;gk;

- fpNuf;f cNuhk ehfupfq;fspy; kPz;Lk; kyu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ kl;Lkpd;wp rkfhy
INuhg;gpa murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu gz;ghl;Lj; Jiwfspy; gutyhd vOr;rp
Vw;gl;lik kWkyu;r;rp vdg;gLk;.
- kWkyu;r;rpapd; cr;r fl;lk; 15 Mk; E}w;whz;lhf ,Ue;jNghJk; mwpT kWkyu;r;rp
Vw;gLtjw;fhd mwpFwp 12 Mk; E}w;whz;by; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJld;
,Ue;jikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
• gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ghlj;Jiwfs; khw;wkiljy;

- fp.gp. 1453 Mk; Mz;L xl;Nlhkd; JUf;fpau; nfhd;];jhe;jpy;Nehgpisf;
ifg;gw;wpaik kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gLtjw;Fg; gpujhd fhuzkhf mike;jik.
- kWkyu;r;rp ,j;jhypia ikakhff; nfhz;Nl Vw;gl;lJ vd;gij milahsk;
fhzy;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
233
• kWkyu;r;rpapd; jhf;fj;jhy; vOr;rp ngw;w Jiwfs;

- nkhop> fiy> fl;blf; fiy
- fpNuf;f ,yj;jpd; nkhopfspd; vOr;rp
- khdplthjk; tsu;r;rpaile;jik
- rpj;jpuk;> rpw;gk; Mfpa fiyfs; fpNuf;f> cNuhk rk;gpujhaq;fSf;F ,irthf;fk;
ngwy;
- kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy fiyfs; ,aw;iff;Fk; nysfPfj;jpw;Fk; $Ljyhf ,irthf;fk;
ngwy;
- Nfhjpf; kugpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l fl;bl epu;khzf; fiy Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
- ,j;jhypapy; Muk;gkhd kWkyu;r;rp INuhg;ghtpd; Vida ehLfSfSf;Fk;
gutpaik.
- kWkyu; r ; r papd; Nkw; F wpg; g pl; l jhf; f k; fhuzkhf INuhg; g htpy; murpay; >
nghUshjhu> r%f> rka> gz;ghL> fy;tp Mfpa rfy JiwfspYk; gutyhd
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
• khdpa murpay; Kiw tPor ; r
; pAw;W murdJ mjpfhuk; mjpfupj;jik gpuGf;fspd;
mjpfhuk; FiwTWjy;> If;fpa Ml;rpj;njhFjp mikTwy;> murpay; epiyg;ghL>
murDf;F epiyahd gil ,Ue;jik> Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
vd;gd murpay; uPjpahf Vw;gl;l khw;wq;f shFk;.
• RaNjitg; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpAw;wik> tu;j;jfk; gutyiljy;> gzg;Gof;fk;
mjpfupj;jik> tq;fp Kiw Muk;gkhfpaik> jdpg;gl;l gapu;r;nra;if gutyil
jy;> $l;L tu;j;jf rq;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwy; vd;gd nghUshjhuj; Jiwapy;
Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fshFk;.
• khdpa mbikj;jdk; mfd;W gpwg;gpdhy; md;wp nry;tk;> fy;tp vd;gtw;iw
ikakhff; nfhz;L r%f me;j];J jPuk ; hdpf;fg;gl;lik> efukakhjy;> tu;jj
; f
efuq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik> Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik> nysfPfj;jpw;F rpwg;gplk;
fpilj;jy; vd;gd r%f uPjpahf Vw;gl;l khw;wkhFk;.
• jpUr;rigapd; gioikahd fUj;Jf;fs; rthiy vjpu;Nehf;fpaJld; Gjpa
rigfs; cUthfpd. FUkhu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwe;jik rka uPjpahd
khw;wq;fshFk;.
• Md;kPf nraw;ghLfspy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L nysfPf ,uridf;F mika
epu;khzq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwy;> fpNuf;f> cNuhk ghzpapy; Gjpa fl;bl
epu;khzq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik gz;ghl;L uPjpapyhd khw;wq;fshFk;.
• fpNuf;f ,yj;jpd; nkhopfspd; Gjpa vOr;rp> Gjpa E}y;fs; mr;rplg;gly;>
jpUr;rigapy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy ngw;w fy;tp Kiw> gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk;
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Gjpa ghlq;fs; Nru;f;fg;gly;> fy;tpkhd;> mwpthspfs; Njhw;wk;
ngwy; vd;gd fy;tpj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fshFk;.
• tpQ; Q hdf; fz; L gpbg; G fs;

- Gtpikaf; nfhs;if kiwe;J #upa ikaf; nfhs;if cWjp nra;ag;gly;.
- tpQ;Qhdpfspd; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
• epf;fy]; nfhg;gu;dpf]; - Gtp cUz;ilahdnjd;Wk;> Nfhs;fs; midj;Jk;
#upaidr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wdntd;Wk; $wpaik.
• n[hn`d;]; nfg;yu; - QhapwW ; j;njhFjpapYs;s Nfhs;fs; #upaid ePst ; l;lg;
ghijapy; Rw;Wjy;.
• fypypNah fypyp - njhiyNehf;fpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jik. ,jd;%yk; cyfpy;
,Jtiu mwpa Kbahj tplaq;fis mwpaf;$bajhf ,Ue;jik.
• Irf; epA+l;ld; - GtpaPu;g;Gf; nfhs;if
• jpirawpfUtp> tl el;rj;jpu ......... fz;Lgpbg;G - ghJfhg;ghd fly; gazj;jpy;
<Lglf; $bajhf ,Ue;jik.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
234
• mr;R ,ae;jpuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik - mr;Rf; fiy tsu;r;rpaile;jJld;>

gyUf;F thrpf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jik.
• itj;jpaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

• ngury;r]; - Neha;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; fz;lwpe;J mJ njhlu;ghd
rpfpr;ir KiwfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
• ikf;fy; ru;Ntl]; - FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lj;ijf; fz;lwpjy;.
• tpy;ypak; `hu;Nt - FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFjpia KOikahff; fz;lwpjy;.
tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwapd; ,t;thwhdf; fz;Lg;gpbg;Gfs; kuGuPjpahd fUj;J moptile;J
INuhg;ghitg; Gjpa ghijf;F nfhz;Ltu cjtpaik.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
235
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 2.2 INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Vida fz;lq;fspy; Nguuirf; fl;bnaog;gpa

tpjj;jpidg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • ehLfhz; gazq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.

• INuhg;ghtpd; guty; Vida ehLfspy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa
tpjj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
• ehLfhz; gazq;fisAk; INuhg;gpa guk;giyAk; Njrg;gl
nkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

gpd; t Uk; ghl tplaq; f spd; mbg; g ilapy; ghlj; i jj; jpl; l kplTk; .
• ehLfhz; gazq;fSk; INuhg;gpa mjpfhug; gutYk;
ehLfhz; gazq;fs; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nryj;jpa fhuzpq;fs;

• mz;kpa fhuzk;: 1453 Mk; Mz;L xl;Nlhkd; JUf;fpau; nfhd;]j ; he;jpNehgpisf;
ifg;gw;wpaik.
• ,jd; tpisthfg; nghUshjhu rpf;fy;fs; Njhd;Wjy;.
• mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fs; cupa Ntisapy; fpilf;fhik.
• nghUl;fspd; tpiy cau;tiljy;.
• jkJ gpujhd murpay; > nghUshjhu kj; j pa epiyakhf tpsq; f pa
nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; K];ypk;fshy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;likahdJ fpwp];jtu;fSf;Fg;
ngUk; mgfPu;j;jpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
• tpQQ ; hd tsu;rr; pahy; Gjpa cgfuzq;fs; gy fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJld;> gy khWgl;l
fUj;Jf;fSk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lik. tl el;rj;jpukhzpAk; jpiawpfUtpAk; cyfk;
cUz;ilahdJ vd;Wk; fz;lwpag;gl;lik.
• ehLfhz; gazj;jpw;Fj; Njrpa muRfspdJ mDruizAk; kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd;
xj;Jiog;Gk; fpilj;jik.
• ePzl; gazq;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ghJfhg;Gldhd fg;gy; fl;Ljy; INuhg;gpa
uhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
• cz;ikia mwptjw;fhd Mty;> fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijg; gug;Gjy;> ,];yhkpa
rkaj;ij mopf;Fk; Nehf;fk;> Gfo;;ngWk; mtrpak;.
• K];ypkf ; spd; ifapy; ,Ue;j ,e;J rKj;jpu tu;jj
; fg; Nguuirf; ifg;gw;wpfn
; fhs;sy;.
• Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa kd;ddhd flNyhb n`d;wpahy; (fp.gp. 1394 - 1460) Muk;gpf;g;gl;l
flw; gaz eltbf;if njhlu;ghd Ma;T epWtdk;> ghJfhg;Gld; flypy; gazk;
nra;tjw;F cjtpaik.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
236
ehLfhz; gazq;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; ,Ue;j ehLfs;>

ehLfhz; gazpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;
• gu;j;jNyhNahk la]; - 1488 ,y; Mgpupf;fhtpd; njd;

Nghu;j;Jf;;fy; Kidia miljy; (Gay; Kid)
• t];nfhlfhkh - 1498 ,y; ,e;jpahtpd; fs;spf;Nfhl;
ilf;F tUjy;.
• fpwp];Nlhgu; nfhyk;g]; - 1492 fupgpapd; (Nkw;F ,e;jpa) jPTf;

$l;lj;jpd; ];gdpNahyhTf;F tUjy;.
• mnkupf;Nfh nt];Grp - mnkupf;ff; fz;lj;ijf; fz;L
];ghdpah gpbj;jy;.
• t];Nfh epAnd]; b - 1513 gdhkh ePupizia miljy;.
ngy;Nghth
• ngu;bdd;l; knfyd; - 1519 - 1522 cyfj;ijr; Rw;wptUjy;.
• gu;ndd;Nlh Nfhnl]; - 1519 nkf;rpf;Nfhitf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;.
• gpud;rp];Nfh gprNuh - NgU Njrj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;.
• N[hd; fnghl;> - Nfg; gpupl;ld; jPT> fdlh

,q;fpyhe;J nrg];jpad; fnghl;
• gpuhd;rp]; bNuf;> fpy;gu;l;> - nrd;. Nyhud;]pypUe;J GNshuplh
Nthy;lu; uNy tiuahd gpuNjrq;fs;
gpuhd;]; • [f;tp]; fhu;bau; - 1535 ,y; tl mnkupf;fhtpy; Gdpj

Nyhud;]; Mw;Wg; gpuNjrk;
• n[hapyl; - 1573 kprprpg;gp Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;F
• yhrNy - kprprpg;gp Mw;W Kfj;Jthuk;
• nrk;g;Nyd; khf;tpNl - 1608 Ftpngf; gpuNjrk;
xy;yhe;J • n`d;wp `l;rd; - `l;rd; MW kw;Wk; `l;rd; Flh
ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; tpisTfs;
• Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh> ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh Mfpa fz;lq;fspy; INuhg;gpaupd; Mjpf;fk;

gutyiljy;.
• fpwp];jt rkak; Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh> mnkupf;fh Mfpa fz;lq;fspy; guTjy;.
• INuhg;gpa gz;ghL kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk; cyfk; KOtJk; guTjy;.
• INuhg;gpa NguuR fl;bnaOg;gg;gly;.
• Gjpa tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfs; Vw;gly;.
• Nkw;$wg;gl;l ehLfhz; gazq;fs;> Ml;rpg; guty; vd;gd INuhg;ghtpy; GJ Afk;
Njhd;Wtjw;F top tFj;Js;sJ.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
237
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; 01
) ,yf;fk; 01 - 02 Mfpa tpdhf;fs; njhlu;ghf ngau;/,lq;fs; X, Y vd;w uPjpapy;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. X gpuptpy; cs;sdtw;wpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpilapy; VNjh
xU tifapy; nghUj; j khf cs; s J. mtw; i w ,izf; F k; N ghJ ngwg; g Lk;
rupahd tpiliaj; njupTnra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
X Y
01) (i) Nghu;j;Jf;fy; A. [f;yp]; fhl;bau;
(ii) ];ghdpah B. n`d;up `l;rd;
(iii) ,q;fpyhe;J C. t];nfhl fhkh
(iv) gpuhd;]; D. gu;bdd;l; knfyd;
(v) xy;yhe;J E. Nthy;lu; uNy
(1) ACBED (2) CABED (3) DECAB (4) CAEBD (5) CDEAB (..........)
X Y
02) (i) gpuhd;rp];Nfh gprhNuh A. mnkupf;fhf;fz;lk;
(ii) gu;dd;Nlh Nfhnl]; B. Ftpngf;
(iii) rk;gN
; yd; khf;tpNl C. nkf;rpNfh
(iv) mnkupf;Nfh nt];Grp D. Mgpupf;fhtpd; njd;Kid
(v) gu;j;jNyhkpA la]; E. Ng& Njrk;
(1) ACDEA (2) BADEC (3) ECBAD (4) EBCAD (5) BDACE (..........)
) ,yf;fk; 03 - 04 tiuapyhd midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; xU jiyg;gpd; fPo;

,Ue; J tplaq; f s; nfhLf; f g; g l; L s; s d. mitfspy; xd; W Fwpg; g pl; l
jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ. nghUj;jkw;w tplaj;ijj; njupTnra;J mjd;
,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
03) ehLfhz; gazq;fSf;Fj; Jiz Gupe;j fhuzk;

(1) Mrpag; nghUl;fis INuhg;ghtpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;.
(2) tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpahy; cgfuzq;fs; nra;ag;gl;lik.
(3) Njrpa muRfspd; Ml;rpahsu;fspd; mDruiz.
(4) 1453 Mk; Mz;L K];ypkf ; shy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l fpwp]j
; tu;fs; jkJ Njhy;tpia
eptu;j;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fk;.
(5) ,j;jhypAk; N[u;kdpAk; If;fpakile;jjhy; Vw;gl;l murpay; epiyg;ghL.
(..........)
04) ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; tpisT
(1) Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh> ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;ff; fz;lq;fs; INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F
mbgzpjy;.
(2) fpwp];jt rkak; cyfk; KOtJk; guTjy;.
(3) INuhg;gpa gz;ghL> njhopy;El;gk; vd;gd cyfk; KOtJk; gutpaik.
(4) Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngwy;.
(5) ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gutYf;F cjtpaik.
(..........)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
238
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; 02
01. gjpide;jhk;> gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;gpa ,dj;jtu; ehLfhz; gazq;fspy;

<LgLtjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; ahit vd;gij tpsf;Ff. (07 Gs;spfs;)
02. ehLfhz; gazq;fshy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfis tpgupf;Ff. (07 Gs;spfs;)
03. ~~ehLfhz; gazq;fs; INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fpilapy; mjpfhug; Nghl;bia Vw;gLj;J

tjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpaJ.||
i. ehLfhz; gazk; vd;why; vd;d? (01 Gs;sp)
ii. ehLfhz; gazq;fSld; njhlu;Gila INuhg;gpa ehLfs; ,uz;bidf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
(02 Gs;spfs;)
iii. ehLfhz; gazq;fSf;F cjtpa fhuzq;fs; ,uz;bidr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

(04 Gs;spfs;)
iv. ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; tpisTfspd; mbg;iglapy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l $w;wpid

tpsf;Ff. (07 Gs;spfs;)
04. INuhg;ghtpy; GJAfk; Njhd;Wtjw;F ehLfhz; gazKk;> INuhg;gpa Ml;rpg; gutYk;

cjtpa tpjj;jpidg; guprPypf;Ff.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; 03
) cyfg; glnkhd;wpy; gpd;tUk; ehLfisf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupl;L mitfspy; ,uz;L

njhlu; g hf rpWFwpg; G vOJf.
(i) nkf;rpNfh v. ,e;jpah

(ii) NgU Njrk; vi. gpuhd;];
(iii) fdlh vii. ];ghdpah
(iv) njd;dhgpupf;fh viii. ,q;fpyhe;J
(rupahd tpilf;F 1 Gs;sp> rpWFwpg;gpw;F 10 Gs;spfs;)
(18 Gs;spfs;)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
239
Njrpa muRfspd; vOr; r p

Njrpa muR
Fwpg;gpl;l Njr vy;iyiaAk;> Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fs; njhifiaAk; nfhz;L rkhe;jukhd
nkhopnahd;iwg; NgRk;> nghJthd Njrpa milahsj;Jldhd murpay; myF Njrpa
muR vdg;gLk;.
Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;fhd gpd;dzp

• vOr;rp ngw;w kj;jpa ju tFg;gpdupd; nraw;ghL
• kf;fpaty;yp> [Pd;Nghbd; vDk; jj;JtQhdpfspd; fUj;Jf;fs;
• kWkyu;r;rpapd; jhf;fk;
• tzpfthjk;
• Njrg;gw;W gpugy;akiljy;
Njrpa muRfspd; nghJ ,ay;G

• epr;rakhd Gtpapay; uPjpahd Njr vy;iyfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
• xd;Wgl;l Kbahl;rp
• gpuNjrj; jiytu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gly;.
• jdpg;gl;l gilia ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;
• kd;dDf;F epue;jukhd gil fhzg;gl;lik
• Njrpa rl;lj;njhFjpnahd;W Njhw;wk; ngwy;
• Njrpa tupf; nfhs;if gpd;gw;wg;gly;.
• Cjpak; ngWk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; njhFjp cUthjy;.
Kjd; Kjypy; ];ghdpah> ,q;fpyhe;j> gpuhd;]; vd;gtw;iw ikakhff; nfhz;L

Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
,q; f pyhe; J
INuhg;ghtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w KjyhtJ Njrpa murhFk;.

• Nehkz;b Ml;rpahsdhd tpypak; 1066 Mk; Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;ij ntw;wp nfhz;L
gpsTw;wpUe;j gpuNjrq;fis xd;wpizj;jik.
• rtp]g ; up cld;gbf;ifapd; %yk; khdpag; gpuGf;fis kd;dDf;F rhu;ghfTk;> gzpthfTk;
itj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.
• 1154 Mk; Mz;L Ml;rp gPlNkwpa 2Mk; n`d;wp kd;dd; nghJr; rl;lj;njhFjpia
Muk;gpj;jJld; ehL KOJk; mKy; nra;Ak; nghUl;L elkhLk; ePjpgjpfisAk;> [{up
KiwikiaAk; mwpKfQ; nra;jik.
• 1485 Mk; Mz;L Ml;rpf;F te;j 7Mk; n`d;wp kd;dd; bAlu; vd;w ngaupy; Gjpa
mur guk;giu xd;iw Muk;gpj;J gpugy Kbahl;ia epWt eltbf;if vLj;jik.
• gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuj;ijf; Fiwj;J kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; xj;Jiog;gpid ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
• fytuf;fhu gpuGf;fSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLtjw;fhf ~];lhu; Nrk;gu;| vDk; tpNrl
ePjpkd;wj;ij epWTjy;.
• jpUr;rigapd; mjpfhuj;ijf; Fiwf;f eltbf;if vLj;jik.
• gyk; tha;e;j fg;gw;giliaf; fl;bnaOg;gpaik.
• 8 Mk; n`d;wp kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;Jld; njhlu;Gg;gLj;jpg;
Gul;l];jhe;J rPuj
; j
; pUj;jj;ij nraw;gLj;jp ,q;fpyhe;jpwF
; k;> cNuhkd;> fpwp]j
; t rigf;Fk;
,ilapy; ,Ue;j njhlu;ig KbTf;F nfhz;Lte;J mq;fpspf;fd; rigia epWtpaJld;
mjd; jiytdhfTk; kd;dd; nraw;gl;lik.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
240
• ];Ltu;l; tk;rk; murhsj; njhlq;fpaJk; kd;dDf;Fk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa

rka uPjpahd Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gly;.
• 1688 Mk; Mz;bd; kNfhd;dj Gul;rp - cupik njhlu;ghd gpufldk;.
• cupik njhlu;ghd gpufldj;jpd; %yk; kd;ddJ/murpapdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; ghuhSkd;wj;
jpd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;jJld; ghuhSkd;w Mjpff
; j;jpd; fPo; Gul;l];jhe;J muR epWtg;gl;lJ.
mjDld; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njrpa muR fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtJ epiwtiljy;;.
];ghdpah Njrpa murhf fl;bnaOg;gg;gly;

• 1469 Mk; Mz;L mufdpy; Ngu;bdl; ,sturDf;Fk; f];ly; ,sturpf;Fk; ,ilNa
eilngw;w jpUkzk;.
• 1492 Mk; Mz;L fpudlhd;itAk;> 1512 Mk; Mz;L ethiuAk; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sy;
ehLfhz; gazk; topahf kw;iwa gpuNjrq;fis ];ghdpahTld; ,izj;J mjidg;
gyg;gLj;jy;.
• Negpy;]>; rprpyp> rhu;bdpah Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; ];ghdpah Mjpf;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
Gdpj cNuhk NguuRld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jy;.
• ];ghdpahtpy; gy rPuj ; j
; pUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuj;ijf; Fiwj;J
kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
• rka rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; Njrpa czu;it Vw;gLj;jy;.
• Kjyhk; rhu;s;]; kd;dDf;F gupRj;j cNuhk Nguurpd; gjtp fpilj;jy;.
• ];ghdpah FbNaw;w ehLfisf; nfhz;l Nguurhf cUntLj;jy;.
• ];ghdpahit INuhg;ghtpy; nry;tk; kpf;f ehlhfj; jpfor; nra;jYk; cs;ehl;L
rPu;j;jpUj;jq; fis Nkw;nfhs;sYk;.
• ,uz;lhk; gpypg; kd;dd; tpthfj; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jp muRupikia epiyehl;bf;
nfhs;sy;.
• khdpa gpuGf;fspd; gyj;ijf; Fiwf;f KaYjy;.
gpuhd;];
• gpypg; xf];ll;> 9Mk; Y}ap> 4Mk; gpypg;> IIMk; Y}ap Nghd;w muru;fs; gpuhd;rpy;
Njrpa muR Njhd;Wtjw;F mj;jpthuk; ,ly;.
• gpypg; xf];l]; kd;dd; gpuhd;rpy; ,q;fpyhe;J kd;dDf;F ,Ue;j mjpfhuj;ij KbTf;F
nfhz;Lte;J ntspehl;ltupd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLtpj;jy;.
• 9Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; gytpjf; nfhs;iffs; %yk; gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuj;ijf; Fiwj;J>
rl;lk;> gzk; mr;rply; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.
• jpUr;rigf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyq;fspy; ,Ue;J tup mwtpLjy;.
• iel;fspd; nrhj;Jfspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdij kd;dd; jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• kd;dDf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;Lr; nraw;gLk;gb ];Nll;> n[duy; rigia tw;GWj;jy;.
• ,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; kd;dd; 4Mk; gpypg; Njrpa muirf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhd;.
• gpupl;ldpd; gpuNjrk; jtpu;e;j gpuhd;rpd; Vida gpuNjrq;fspy; gpuGf;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij
Njhw;fbj;J mg;gpuNjrq;fis kd;ddpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;LtUtjpy; 2Mk; Y}ap
kd;dd; ntw;wp fz;lhd;.
• 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fj;Njhypff ; u;fSf;Fk; `pAfNdh vDk; gpuhd;rpd; Gul;l];jhe;jUf;Fk;
,ilNa eilngw; w Aj; j k; fhuzkhf Fog; g epiyia mile; j gpuhd; r py;
Gul;l];jhe;Jthj ethupd; n`d;wp fj;Njhypf;f kjj;ijj; jOtp 4 Mk; n`d;wp vd
murdhdJ gpuhd;rpy; Njrpa muR cUthf toptFj;jik.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
241
4 Mk; n`d;wp kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;

• rka rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAila 4 Mk; n`d;wp ehd;wp]; ey;yhiz %yk; `pAfNdhUf;F
rka Rje;jpuk; mopj;Jr; rka rkj;Jtj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaik.
• ePjp mikr;ru; ryP`p gpuGtpd; MNyhridapd;gb tup rPu;j;jpUj;jk; xd;wpid mwpKfQ;
nra;jik.
• tptrhaj;ijAk;> ifj;njhopiyAk; Kd;Ndw;wp ehl;by; nghUshjhu RgPl;rj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaik.
• gpuhd;rpwF
; r; nrhe;jkhd ntspehl;Lg; Nguuir fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F mj;jpthukplL
; gpuhd;rpa
ehLfhz; gazpfSf; F mDruiz toq; f p Neth]; Nfh\pahtpy; gpuhd; r pa
FbNaw;wj;ij epWtpaik.
• 4 Mk; n`d;wp kd;ddpd; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j 13 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; ,sk; tjpduhf
,Ue;jjhy; gpujk mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j upr;ypA gpuhd;rpy; Njrpa muir Njhw;Wtpf;f
ngUk; gzpahw;wpaik.
• gpuhd;rpd; If;fpaj;ij gyg;gLj;Jjy;.
• 30 tUl Nghupy; M];jpupahtpd; Ml;rpahsu;fshd `g;];gu;f; tk;rj;ij Njhw;fbj;J
gpuhd;ir INuhg;ghtpy; cau; epiyf;F nfhz;LtUjy;. gpuhd;rpd; gpuGf;fspdJk;
`pAfNdhf;fspdJk; mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
• gpuhd;rpd; epUthfk; njhlu;ghf kd;ddhy; ,d;nld;ld;l; vDk; mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;.
13 Mk; Y}ap kd;ddpd; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j 14 Mk; Y}ap kd;ddpd;

nraw; g hLfs;
• jdJ Ml;rpf;Fj; nja;tPf topAupikiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
• kd;dDf;Fj; Njitahd tpjj;jpy; mjpfhupfis epakpj;jYk; ePf;FjYk;.
• tzpfthj nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifiar; nraw;gLj;Jjy; (tu;jj ; fr; rq;fj;ij epWtjw;F
mDruiz toq;Fjy;)
• ehd;wp]; ey;yhizia uj;Jr; nra;J `pAfNdhu;fs; mDgtpjj ; mjpfhuq;fs; rYiffs;
vd;gtw;iw ePf;Fjy;.
• rka eltbf;iffisj; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;LtUjy;.
• gpuhd;rpd; mjpfhuj;ij mjpfupff
; r; nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld; ntspehl;L Aj;jq;fspy; <LgLjy;.
• ghup]; efiug; gpuhd;rpa If;fpaj;jpd; myq;fhu kj;jpa epiyakhf;Fjy;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
242
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k;
• ,yf;fk; 01 - 05 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F xt;nthU tpdhTf;Fk; Ie;J

ngau;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; xd;W Vidatw;Wld; nghUj;jkw;wJ.
mjid njupT nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
(1) 1. tzpfthjk;
2. gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;
3. xNu ePjpj;njhFjp
4. ghg;gurupd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;
5. epr;rakhd Gtpapay; Njr vy;iy ,Ue;jik (...............)
(2) 1. f];By;
2. mufd;
3. Neg;gps;];
4. ethu;
5. fpudlh (...............)
(3) 1. 4 Mk; n`d;wp

2. 2 Mk; gpypg;
3. upr;rypA
4. krhupd;
5. 14 Mk; Y}ap (...............)
(4) 1. fpNuf;f nkhop

2. cNuhk kuG
3. nysfPfk;
4. Nfhjpf;fiy
5. khdplthjk; (...............)
(5) 1. mjpfhuj;ij ikag;gLj;Jjy;.

2. kd;ddpd; ];lhlu; Nghu;g; gil
3. gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuk; mjpfupj;jy;
4. Njrpa muR
5. gzg; Gof;fk; (...............)
• 6 Mk; tpdhTf;F Ie;J Nrhb tpilfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws;

xU Nrhb xd;Wld; xd;W nghUj;jkw;wJ. nghUj;jkw;w tpiliaj; njupT
nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
(6) 1. 4Mk; n`d;wp - ehd;wp]; ey;yhizia mKy; nra;jy;

2. upr;ypA - `pAfNdhupd; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij ePf;Fjy;
3. krhupd; - 30 tUlfhy Nghiu ntw;wpf; nfhs;sy;
4. 13 Mk; Y}ap - Vohz;Lg; Nghiu ntw;wpf; nfhs;sy;
5. 14 Mk; Y}ap - murpfspd; Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wik (...............)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
243
• Vohk; tpdhtpd; jiyg;gpw;F Ie;J tpilfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; xd;W

jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUe;jhJ. nghUe;jhd mt;tpiliaj; njupT nra;J mjd;
,yf;fj;ij vOJf.
(7) Njrpa murpidf; fl;bnaOg;GtJld; njhlu;Gila kd;du;fs;

1. gu;bdd;l;> ,rngsh
2. 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd;
3. Kjyhk; rhu;s;]; kd;du;
4. Vohk; n`d;wp kd;dd;
5. ehd;fhk; n`d;wp kd;dd; (...............)
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.
01. ,j;jhypia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisj;

njspTgLj;Jf. (14 Gs;spfs;)
02. kWkyu;r;rpapd; jhf;fj;jhy; vOr;rpngw;w Jiwfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;f.

(14 Gs;spfs;)
03. kWkyu;r;rp etPd INuhg;ghtpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F cjtpa tpjj;jpidj; njspTgLj;Jf.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
04. 1. Gjpa Kbahl;rp Kiwapd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfs; ahit? (06 Gs;spfs;)
2. gpd;tUk; egu;fspy; xUtiuj; njupT nra;J Gjpa Kbahl;rpiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy;

mtu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gzpapidg; guprPyid nra;f.
m. gpuhd;rpd; gu;bdd;l;> ,engsh jk;gjpapdu;
M. gpuhd;rpd; fu;jpdhy; upr;ypA
,. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Vohk; n`d;wp kd;dd; (08 Gs;spfs;)
05. ~etPd INuhg;gpa tuyhw;wpd; Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa rpwe;j murhf jpfo;e;jJ
Njrpa murhFk;. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J Njrpa muRfspd;
gpujhd ,ay;Gfisj; njspTg;gLj;Jf.
1. Gjpa Kbahl;rp
2. tzpf thjk;
3. gyk; tha;e;j epue;jug; gil (14 Gs;spfs;)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
244
kjr; rP u ; j ; j pUj; j Kk; > Gul; l ]; j he; J eltbf; i fAk;
mwpKfk;
Nkw;F INuhg;gpa tuhyhW kj;jpa Afj;jpypUe;J etPd Afj;jpw;F khwpajpy;
Kf;fpa epfo;thf tpsq;FtJ kjr;rPu;j;jpUj;jkhFk;. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy;
Vw;gl;l ,e;j kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; fpwp];jt rig gpsTw;wJ. ,e;eltbf;ifapd;
Kf;fpa Nehf;fhf tpsq;fpaJ fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapy; rPuj
; j
; pUj;jj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;.
,t;thW 1516 Mk; Mz;L fj;Njhypf;f rigf;F vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l vjpu; eltbf;iffs;
Gul;l];jhe;J rPu;j;jpUj;jk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
kj;jpa fhyj;jpd; gpd;diug; gFjpapypUe;j ghg;guru; njhlf;fk; FUkhu; tiu jtwhd

topapy; nrd;wJld;> khdpa Kiwf; fhyj;jpy; epytpa fpwp]j
; t rig gpsTglj; njhlq;fpaJ.
,t;thW Gul;l];jhe;J rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jhy; cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpw;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l
rthy;fspd; fhuhzkhf vjpu;kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jKk; Vw;gl;lJ. gpd;du; kjj;ij Kd;itj;J
Kg;gjhz;L Nghu; Kjyhd rkag; Nghu;fSk; Vw;gl;ld. ,t;thW xU epfo;thy; kw;WnkhU
epfo;T Vw;gl;lij tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fifapy; mwpaf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,e;epfo;Tfs;
midj;jpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpr; rkaj; Jiwfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; rKjhaj;jpd;
Vida Jiwfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; tpj;jjpid tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L mjw;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy;
khw;wq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;fj; Njitahd kdg;ghd;ikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; ,e;j
myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : • rkaj; Jiwapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; rKjhaj;jpd; Vida

Jiwfspy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpid milahsk; fz;L me;j
khw;wj;jpw;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ikia tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;thu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 3.1 INuhg;ghtpy; rka rPu;j;jpUj;jk; Vw;gLtjw;F toptFj;j

fhuzpfisg; tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 25
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd gpd;dzpia tpsf;Fthu;.

• kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;j;jj;jpd; tpisTfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
• kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;Jld; njhlu;Gila ehLfis GwTUtg;glk;
xd;wpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLthu;.

kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jk;
• ghg;guruJk;> fpwp];jt rigapdJk; Ju;elj;ijf;F vjpuhf vOe;j fUj;Jf;fSk;
nraw;ghLfSNk kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpd;dzp

kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;j;jjpw;Fg; gy fhuzpfs; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;sd.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
245
(1) rkaf; fhuzq;fs;
• jpUr;rig Coy;fs; epiwe;jjhf ,Ue;jJld; nry;tk; kpFe;j epWtdkhfTk; jpfo;ej ; ik.

• kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;fr; rig ngUk; epyg;gug;igAk; nrhj;Jf;fisAk;
cupikahf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jik.
• xt;nthU fpwp];jt FLk;gKk; gPw;wu;ngd;]; vDk; tupiag; Nghd;W FLk;gj;jpd;
tUkhdj;jpd; 1/10 gFjpia lapj; vDk; tupahf nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jik.
• fj;Njhypf;f FUkhu; RfNghf tho;T tho;e;jJld; nysfPf tho;Tf;F ,irthf;fk;
ngw;wpUe;jik.
• mjpfhuj;ijj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L fpwp];jt rig gy topfis
Nkw;nfhz;lik.
• fpwp];jt cyfpd; ed;ikahd epiyg;ghl;bw;F jlq;fy; Vw;gLkhapd; nysfPf
Ml;rpahsu;fspd; cs;tptfhuq;fspy; jiyapl ghg;gurUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;nldTk;>
ghg;guru; ,iwtid tplj; jho;e;jtu; vd;Wk; kdpjiu tpl cau;e;jtu; vd;Wk;
midtiuAk; Nfs;tpf;F cs;shf;fTk;; mtiuf; Nfs;tpf;F cs;shf;f KbahJ vdTk;
$Wjy;.
• %d;whk; ,d;drd;l; ghg;guru; fj;Njhypff; rigapd; Coy;fSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gl;Nlhiuf;
nfhiy nra;tpj;jik.
cjhuzk; : ngh`pkpa ,dj;jtuhd N[hd; `]; (fp.gp. 1363 - 1415)
rtz Nuhyh (fp.gp. 1452 - 1498)
• ghg;guru; gjtpapd; kjpg;Gf; Fiwtiljy;
- ghg;guru; INuhg;gpa murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; mjpfk; jiyapl;likahy; ,iwtdpd;
gpujpepjpahf ,Ug;gijtpl cyfpy; Ml;rpahsuhf mtu; nraw;gLtij fpwp];jt
kf;fs; czu;ej ; jhy; ghg;guru; gjtpf;F cupa kupahij Fiwtilaj; njhlq;fpaik
• xNu Ntisapy; gy ghg;guru;fs; epakdk; ngwy;

- vl;lhk; nghdpg]; ghg;gurupd; kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; 1305 Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;rpa
,dj;ijr; Nru;e;j Mau; xUtu; MwhtJ fpskd;l; vDk; ngaupy; ghg;guruhdhu;.
- mtu; ghg;guru;fspd; ghuk;gupa kj;jpa epiyakhd cNuhKf;Fr; nry;yhJ Nwhd;
ejpf;fiuapy; cs;s mtpQ;Nrhd; efupy; jq;fpdhu;.
- ,J Kjy; ghg;guru; gjtpf;F te;j mNdfu; gpuhd;rpa ,dj;jtuhthu;.
- me;jg; ghg;guru;fs; cNuhkpy; md;wp gpuhd;rpy; tho;e;jJld; 1309 - 1377 tiuapyhd
fhyg;gFjp ghgpNyhdpa rpiwthrk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1377 Mk; Mz;L ghg;guru; gjtpf;F te;j 2Mk; fpufup ghg;guru; cNuhkpa kf;fspd;
Ntz;LNfhSf;F mika cNuhkpy; jq;Ftjw;Fr; nrd;whu;.
- 2Mk; fpufup ghg;gurupd; gpd;du; Mwhk; cu;gd; vDk; Mau; ghg;guru; gjtpf;F
te;jij gpuhd;rpd; fu;jpdhy;khu;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;shJ 13Mk; fpsnkd;l; ghg;guriuj;
njupT nra;jdu;.
- jpUr;rigiag; ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; mwpQu;fshYk;> fy;tpkhd;fshYk; mikf;fg;
gl;l epWtdj;jhy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,U ghg;guru;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf 5Mk; mnyf;rhz;lu;
vDk; ngaupy; ghg;guru; xUtiuj; njupT nra;jdu;.
- ghg;guru; gjtp njhlu;ghf ,Ue;j Nkhjy;fs; KbTf;F tuhikahy; gupRj;j cNuhkg;
Nguurpd; jiyaPl;by; ,r;rpf;fy; KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L Nkw;$wg;gl;l %d;W
ghg;guru;fSf;Fk; gjpyhfg; Gjpag; ghg;guru; xUtu; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
- ,k;Nkhjy;fshy; ghg;guru; gjtpf;F ,Ue;j kjpg;Gf; Fiwe;jJ.
- ,it jtpu ghg;guru;fisg; Nghd;W Vida Mau;fSk;> FUkhu;fSk; cyf
,d;gq;fSf;F ,yf;fhfpf; fj;Njhypf;f rigapd; Md;kPf> xOf;fj; Jiwfspy; jkJ
flikfis xOq;fhf epiwNtw;wtpy;iy.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
246
(2) nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs;
• jpUr;rigf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tup njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; mjpUg;jp.

• gy ehLfspy; ,Ue;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;l tup cNuhKf;F mDg;g Ntz;bapUe;jik. jkJ
ehLfspy; ,Ue;J tUle;NjhWk; ngUe;njhifahd gzk; cNuhKf;Fr; nry;tij
vOr;rpAw;Wte;j Njrpa muRfspd; kd;du;fSk;> kj;jpa tFg;igr; Nru;e;j kf;fSk;
vjpu;j;jik.
• jpUr;rigf;F cupa nry;tj;ijj; jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;s Kbahl;rp Ml;rpahsu;fSk;>
tu;j;jf rigapdUk; Kad;wik.
• nry;tj;ijr; Nrfupf;Fk; nghUl;Lj; jpUr;rig gy topKiwfisf; ifahz;lik.
• Gjpa tuptpjpg;G> gioa tupfis Kiwahf Nrfupj;jy;> epjp eltbf;iffis xUKfg;
gLj;jy;.
• fj;Njhypf;fr; rigapd; cau; gjtpfs; gzj;jpw;F tpw;fg;gly;.
• ght kd;dpg;Gg;gj;jpuk; tpw;gJ Coy; epiwe;jjhFjy;.
(3) murpay; fhuzq;fs;
• Njrpa muR Kiwapy; kd;du;fSf;Fk;> ghg;guru;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghf

Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gly;.
cjhuzk; : gpuhd;rpd; ehd;fhk; gpypg; kd;dDk;> ,q;fpyhe;jpd; KjyhtJ vl;tl;
kd;dDk; fj;Njhypf;f rigapd; epyq;fspypUe;J tup mwtply;.
• ghg;gurupd; vjpu;g;igf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shJ Mau;fisf; ifJ nra;jy;> rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ghg;guru;fisAk;> FUkhu;fisAk; muru;fs; epakpj;jy;.
• gupRj;j cNuhkg; NguurDf;Fk;> N[u;kdpapd; gpuNjr ,sturu;fSf;FkpilNa Nkhjy;fis
Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
(4) mwpTf; fhuzq;fs;
• ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l Ntjhfkj;ij N[u;kd;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa nkhopfspy;

nkhopngau;j;jik.
N[hd; itf;spg; - Mq;fpyk;
khu;l;bd; Y}ju; - N[u;kd;
• kWkyu;rr ; pahy; Vw;gl;l tpQ;Qhd tsu;rr ; p fhuzkhf mr;rpae;jpuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik>
,jdhy; Ntjhfkj;jpy; gy gpujpfs; kf;fisr; nrd;wile;jik.
• fy;tp tsu;rr ; pAld; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Rje;jpuf; fUj;Jf;fshy; jpUr;rigapd; fUj;Jf;fs;
tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
• INuhg;ghtpy; ePz;l fhyk; epiyj;jpUe;j fj;Njhypf;f kjk; gpsTgl Nkw;$wpait
fhuzq;fshfpd.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
247
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k;
• gpd; t Uk; tpdhf; f Sf; F g; nghUj; ; j khd tpiliaj; njupTnra; J mjd;

01) kjr; rPu;jpUj;jk; Vw;gLjtw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikahj tplak; vJ?

1. fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUr;rigapd; Coy;.
2. khl;bd; Y}jupd; jiyikj;Jtk;.
3. ghtkd;dpg;Gg;gj;jpuk; tpw;wik.
4. fy;tpDf;Fk; ghg;gurUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUq;fpa cwT.
5. fj;Njhypff; rigaplkpUe;j nry;tj;ij muRlikahf;f Ml;rpahsu;fs; Kad;wik.
(..............)
02) ghg;gurupd; ghuk;gupa jiyikafk; mike;j ,lk; vJ?

1. mtpQ;NQh 2. yd;ld; 3. khnry;]; 4. n[Ndhth 5. cNuhk;
(..............)
03) ~ghgpNyhdpa rpiwthrk;| vdg;gLtJ vjid?
1. ghgpNyhdpah cNuhKf;F cupajhFjy;.
2. ghg;guru;fs; gpuhd;rpy; tho;e;j fhyk;.
3. JUf;fpau; INuhg;ghtpy; Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;baik.
4. fj;Njhypf;f rigapd; mjpfhuk; gutpaik.
5. kd;du;fs; ghg;gurupd; muirf; ifg;gw;wpaik. (..............)
04) kjr; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;F topNfhypa fhuzq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jf.

(14 Gs;spfs;)
05) ghg;guru;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; kjr;ruP j

; j
; pUj;jj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkha; mike;j tpjj;jpid
tpgupf;Ff.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
248
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 3.2 Gul;l];jhe;J kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpdJk; vjpu;kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jp

dJk; tpisTfis Muha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • Gul;l];jhe;j rPu;j;jpUj;jj;ijAk;> vjpu;kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;ijAk;

njspTg;gLj;Jthu;.
• vjpu;kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;j;jjpd; tpisTfisg; gFj;jha;thu;.
• cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f> Gul;l];jhe;J kjq;fspd; gutiy
INuhg;gpag; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

Gul;l];jhe;Jr; rPu;j;jpUj;jKk;> vjpu; kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jKk;.

• cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fr; rigf;F vjpuhfg; Gul;l];jhe;J kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; N[u;kdpapy;
Muk;gkhdJ.
• ,t;thW Gul;l];jhe;J ,af;fk; N[u;kdpapy; Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gy cs;sd.
• INuhg;ghtpy; Njrpa muRfs; Njhd;wpa nghOjpYk; N[u;kdpapy; mt;thwhd tsu;r;rp
Vw;gltpy;iy.
• N[u;kdpa gpuNjr ,sturu;fSf;Fk;> gupRj;j cNuhkg; NguurDf;FkpilNa Nkhjy;
Vw;gl;lik.
• gyk;tha;e;j kj;jpa epUthfj;ij cila Ml;rp Kiw N[u;kdpapy; ,y;yhik.
• INuhg;ghtpd; Vida ehLfis tpl N[u;kdpapy; ,Ue;j ngUe;njhifahd nry;tk;
cNuhikr; nrd;wile;jik.
• N[u;kdpapy; jpUr;rig kpfTk; Coy; epiwe;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lik.
• N[u;kdpapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Gul;l];jhe;J rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpatu;
khu;l;bd; Y}ju; Mthu;. kj rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpy; mtuJ gq;fspg;Gg; gpd;tUkhW:
• 1485 Mk; Mz;L jpAupq;fpahtpy; vyprngj; vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
• N[u;kdpapy; vu;tl; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tpupTiuahsuhd mtu; 1511 Mk; Mz;L
,iwapay; njhlu;ghd Nguhrpupau; Mdhu;.
• Ntjhfkk; njhlu;ghd tpupthd fy;tpNa Y}jupd; ghlg;gug;ghFk;.
• jpUr;rigapd; gbg;gpidfs; njhlu;ghf mtu; tpdhf;fs; vOg;gpdhu;.
• mtu; ,J njhlu;ghf Nfl;l tpdhf;fs; ,uz;lhFk;.
1. gpwg;gpNyNa ghtk; cila kdpjd; kPl;Gg; ngWtJ vt;thW?
2. kdpjd; kPl;gila xNu top jpUr;rigjhdh?
,itNa ,tu; vOg;gpa tpdhf;fshFk;.
• 1517 Mk; Mz;L nul;rhy; vDk; FU ghtkd;dpg;Gg; gj;jpuk; tpw;wik njhlu;ghf
tpku;rpj;J mjw;F vjpuhf 95 epahaq;fis Kd;itj;J 1517 mf;Nlhgu; khjk; 31 Me;
jpfjp tpw;wd;Ngu;f; Mya fjtpy; xl;bdhu;.
• gpwg;gpNyNa ghtj;Jldhd kdpjd; ,iwtdpd; fUizahYk; ,iwtd; kPjpdpy; nfhs;Sk;
gf;jpapdhYk; kPlg; ila KbAk; vd;gNj Y}ju; Kjd; Kjy; Kd;itj;j gbg;gpidahFk;.
• jdpegUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fk; ,ilNa eLtpy; FUthdtu; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;$Wk;
fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; gbg;gpidia Y}ju; epuhfupj;jhu;.
• rhjhuz FUthdtu;fs; Nghd;Nw ghg;guru;fSk; jtwpiof;fyhk;.
• jdpegnuhUtUf;Fj; jdJ Md;k tpRthrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g cjTk; xNu top Ntjhfkk;
MFk;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
249
• Y}ju; Ntjhfkj;ij ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; nkhopngau;j;jhu;.

• N[u;kdpia ikakhff; nfhz;L Muk;gkhd Gul;l];jhe;J ,af;fk; gpdd
; u; INuhg;ghtpd;
Vida gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; gutpaJ. ,jpy; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpid tfpf;Fk; egu;fs;:
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J - cs;upr; Rtpq;yp
gpuhd;]; - N[hd; fy;tpd;
,q;fpyhe;J - N[hd; itf;spg;> vl;lhk; n`d;wp
• ,e;j ehLfis Kd;dzpahff; nfhz;L INuhg;ghtpd; Vida ehLfspYk; INuhg;ghTf;F
Gul;l];jhe;J kjk; gutpaJ.
kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;j;jpd; tpisTfs;

• xd;whf ,Ue;j jpUr;rig cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;> Gul;l];jhe;J vd gpsTgly;.
• INuhg;gh kj uPjpahf ,uz;lhfg; gpsTgl;lik.
• ghg;guru;fspd; gyk; Fiwe;jik.
• rkaj; jiyikj;Jtk; mur epUthfj;jpw;F fPo;gly;.
• vjpu;kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; Vw;gl;lhYk; mjd;%yk; fj;Njhypf;f rigapy; gytpjg; gpupTfs;
cUthFjYk;.
• kiw gug;;Gg; gzp (kprdup) Muk;gkhjy;.
• kjk; njhlu;ghd Aj;jq;fSk;> Nkhjy;fSk; Vw;gly;.
vjpu; kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jk;
• Gul;l];jhe;J ,af;fj;jhy; fj;Njhypff

; rigf;Fr; rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; nghUl;L
fj;Njhypf;fr; rigahy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghNl vjpu;kjr; nraw;ghlhFk;.
• tpiuthf tsu;rr ; paile;j nghJkf;fspd; nghWg;gpidr; rPuikf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; fj;Njhypff;
rigahy; gy nraw;wpl;lq;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. mjw;fpzq;f vjpu; kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd;
Nehf;fq;fshtd:
1. Gul;l];jhe;J vDk; ,af;fj;jhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; jfu;f;fg;gly;.
2. Gul;l];jhe;J kjk; guTtij jilnra;jy;.
3. rka xw;Wikia epiyehl;ly;
,t;thW Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l vjpu;kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; gy mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
1. ,NaR rig epWtg;gly; (1534)

];ghdpa ,dj;jtuhd ,f;Ndrpa]; Nyhahth (1491 - 1556) mtu;fshy; epWtg;gly;.
mtuhy; vOjg;gl;l ~Mj;k mg;gpahrk;| vDk; E}y; ,NaR rigapdupd; ifE}yhfpaJ.
fj;Njhypf;f vjpu; kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpy; ,NaR rig Kd;dzpapy; jpfo;e;jJld; ed;W
xOq; f ikf; f g; g l; l epWtdkhfTk; ,Ue; j J. ,t; t ikg; g hy; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l
nraw;ghLfs; tUkhW>
• Nghjid nra;jy;
• fj;Njhypf;f kjk; gw;wpa fy;tpia toq;Fjy;
• Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;
2. jpupnje;jpd; nghJr; rq;fj;ijf; ((Trent)) $l;Ljy; (1545 - 1563)

• 1545 Mk; Mz;L 3 Mk; gTy; ghg;guru; jpupnje;jpd; (bnud;l); vd;Dkplj;jpy; rq;fj;ijf;
$l;bdhu;.
• gy jlitfs; $ba ,r;rq;fj;jpy; mf;fhyj;jpy; mopTw;w fj;Njhypf;fr; rigapd;
epiyia kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;GtJk;> ,oe;j mjpfhuj;ij kPs ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJNk
,jd; Nehf;fq;fshf mike;jd.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
250
,e;Nehf;fj;ij epiwT nra;Ak; nghUl;Lr; rq;fj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs;.

1. cz;ikahd fj;Njhypf;f kjk; Ntjfhkj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;snjd;Wk;>
Ntjfhkj;ij tpsf;Fk; cupik fj;Njhypf;f rigf;F kl;LNk cz;L vdTk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. kPl;gila ,iwtd; kPJ tpRthrk; nfhs;tJ Nghd;W> ew;nray;fSk; mtrpak;

vd;gij typAWj;jy;.
3. fj;Njhypf;fr; rigapy; gh;ggurupd; mjpfhuKk;> jiyikj;JtKk; gw;wp typAWj;jy;.
4. Gul;l];jhe;jupd; fLk; vjpu;g;Gf;F cs;shd ghtkd;dpg;Gg; gj;jpuk; tpw;gJ jil

nra;ag;gly;.
5. Mau;fSk;> FUkhu;fSk; KiwNa xU kiwkhtl;lk;> xU gq;F vd;gdtw;wpw;F

Nkyhfg; nghWg;gpid tfpj;jy; jil nra;ag;gly;> tpthfk; nra;jYk; jil
nra;ag;gly;.
6. FU khztu;fisg; gapwW ; tpfF

; k; nghUl;L midj;J kiw khtl;lq;fspYk; FUj;Jtg;
gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upfis mikf;f Ntz;Lnkdj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
7. gjpjuJ fUj;Jf;fs; guthJ jLf;f kj tprhuid kd;wk; epWtg;gly;.
8. rka topghLfs; kf;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopfspy; elhj;Jjy;.
9. fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpw;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLk; Mau;fs;> FUf;fSf;Fj; jz;lid

toq;fj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
10. kuG uPjpahd ,yj;jPd; Ntjhfkj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

• Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;jpw;F kjk;khwpatu;fis kPsf; fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpw;F kw;Wk;
nghUl;Lr; nraw;gl;l kj tprhuiz kd;wk; fj;Njhypf;f kjj;ij Vw;fhNjhiu
vupj;Jf; nfhiy nra;jy; Nghd;w fLikahd jz;lidfis tpjpj;jy;.
• rpwg;ghf ];ghdpah> Nghu;j;Jf;fy; Mfpa ehLfspy; Ntj tpNuhjpfs; vdg;gl;l
gyu; kuzj;jpw;F my;yJ rpiwj; jz;lidf;F cs;shfpdu;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
251
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k;
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; nghUj;jkw;wijj; njupTnra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij

milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
01) 1. khl;bd; Y}ju; 2. N[hd; fy;tpd; 3. cy;upr; Rtpq;sp

4. N[hd; `]; 5. ngunry;r];
(..............)
02) 1. ,NaR rig 2. mq;fpspf;fd;rig 3. Y}j;jud; rig

4. fj;Njhypf;f rig 5. fy;tpdp];l; rig
(..............)
03) 1. khl;bd; Y}ju; - N[u;kdp 2. cy;upr; Rtpq;sp - Rtpl;ryhe;J

3. N[hd; fy;tpd; - gpuhd;]; 4. ypadhNlh lhtpd;]rp - ,j;jhyp
5. N[hd; itf;spg; - ,q;fpyhe;J
(..............)
04) vjpu;kjr; rPu;jpUj;jk; vd;why; vd;d?
1. fj;Njhypf;f rig gy gpupTfshfg; gpupe;jik.
2. Gjpa epahaq;fSld; kjr; rPu;jpUj;jj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaik.
3. Gjpa nfhs;iffshy; fj;Njhypff ; rigf;F Vw;gl;l rthy;fSf;F Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l
eltbf;if.
4. Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;jpw;Fg; Gjpa rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wjy;.
5. fj;Njhypf;f rigf;F vjpuhfg; Gul;l];jhe;ju; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;if
(..............)
05) kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisTfisj; njspTgLj;Jf.
06) vjpu;kjr; rPu;jpUj;jj;jhy; Nk;wnfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffisj; njspTgLj;Jf.
07) kjr;rPu;jpUj;jj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gpd;tUk; ehLfisf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.

N[u;kdp> RtPld;> gpuhd;];> ];ghdpah> Rtpl;ryhe;J> neju;yhe;J> nld;khu;f;>
,q;fpyhe;J
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
252
7. Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghu;
mwpKfk;
fp.gp. 1618 - 1668 MK; Mz;Ltiu N[u;kdpia ikakhff; nfhz;L Muk;gpj;J>
Vida INuhg;gpa ehLfSk; njhlu;Ggl;L Kf;fpakhf cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fUk;
Gul;l];jhe;jUk; ,U gpuptpduhfg; gpupe;J elhj;jpa gy Aj;jq;fNs Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghu;
vdg;gLfpwJ.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 3.3 kjj; i j mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; L INuhg; g htpy; Vw; g l; l
Nkhjy;fis Ma;T nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 25
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghupidj; njspTg;gLj;Jthu;.

• Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghupd; tpisTfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
• Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghupd; Kbtpy; INuhg;ghtpd; epiyia INuhg;gpa
glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

Kg;gjhz;Lg; NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

• Kg;gjhz;Lg; NghUf;F murpay;> nghUshjhu> rkaf; fhuzpfs; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpd.
• mitfspy; rkaf; fhuzpfs; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpidg; ngw;wjhy; mJ rka Aj;jk;
vdg;gLfpwJ.
rkaf;fhuzq;fs;
• kjr;rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; N[u;kdpapy; fj;Njhypf;fUf;Fk; Gul;l];jhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilNa
Vw;gl;l Nkhjy;fisj; jPu;f;Fk; nghUl;L xf;];gu;f; cld;gbf;if Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• me;j cld;gbf;ifapy; FiwghL fhzg;gl;likahy;> mjd; ruj;Jf;fs; rupahfr;
nraw;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy; kPz;Lk; ,UrhuhUf;Fk; ,ilapy; fUj;J NtWghLfs;
mjpfupj;jy;.
xf;];Ngu;f; cld;gbf;iff;F mika:
• 1552 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;ijj; jOtpa FUkhu; fj;Njhypf;fu;fshf
,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; mDgtpj;j epyq;fspd; cupikfisf; iftpl Ntz;b ,Ue;j NghjpYk;
mJ rupahf eilngwtpy;iy. 1552 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpd;dUk; Y}juJ kjj;ijg;
gpd;gw;wpa FUkhu; fj;Njhypf;f rigf;Fr; Nru;ej ; epyq;fisg; gyte;jkhf itj;jpUj;jy;.
NkYk; 1552 Mk; Mz;bw;F Kd;du; Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;ijj; jOtpa FUkhupdJ
epyq;fis mgfupf;f vjpu;kjr; rPu;jpUj;jj;jhy; tYtile;j fj;Njhypf;fu; Kad;wik.
• ,t;thW fj;Njhypf;f rigf;Fr; nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;j nrhj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghf xf;];Ngu;f;
cld;gbf;ifapd; epge;jidfs; ,U rhuhuhYk; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy.
• xf;]N; gu;f; cld;gbf;iff;F mika N[u;kd; muRfspy; murhq;f kjkhff; filg;gpbf;f
Ntz;ba kjj;jpidj; njupT nra;a me;j ehLspd; Ml;rpahsUf;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;bUe;jik. murdpd; kjk; kf;fspd; kjkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
253
• cld;gbf;iff;F mika ehl;bd; kjkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;baJ fj;Njhypf;f

kjKk; Y}juJ kjKk; MFk;. vdpDk; ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; fy;tpdJ kjKk; N[u;kd;
KOtJk; gutp ,Ue;jJld; mJ Gjpa mzpahf tpsq;fpaJ. fy;tpdJ kjj;ijg;
gpd;gw;wpNahUf;F mjid mur kjkhf;f ,Ue;j jilf;F vjpuhf mtu;fs; nraw;gly;/
ngyilapd; > gpud; l d; N gu; f ; muRfspd; Ml; r pahsu; f s; fy; t pdJ kjj; i jj;
jOtpatu;fshtu;.
• mNefkhd ehLfspy; Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpatu;fs; vjpu;kjr; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;
tpisthf kPz;Lk; fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;gp ,Ue;jdu;. NkYk; Gul;;l];jhe;J
kjk; guTjYk; jil nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. ,f;fhuzq;fshy; INuhg;gh KOtJk;
,UrhuhUf;Fk; ,ilNa fUj;J NtWghL epytpaJ.
• ,UrhuhUk; jkJ typikiar; rkg;glr; nra;Ak; nghUl;L mikg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jp
,Ue;jdu;.
cjhuzk;: - ngylapd; urpy; fy;tpd; kj Ml;rpahsdpd; jiyikapy; N[u;kd; gFjpfspy;
Gul;l];jhe;J ,sturu;fs; ~~a+dpad;|| vd;w mikg;ig epWtpaik.
- fj;Njhypf;f Ml;rpahsu;fs; gNtupahtpd; nkf;rpkpypadpd; jiyikapy;
~fj;Njhypf;f rq;fk;| vd;w mikg;ig epWtpaik.
- ,jw;fika fj;Njhypf;fk; - Gul;l];jhe;jk; vd;w ,U mzpfs; ,Ue;jik.
murpay; fhuzq;fs;
• nghfpkpa ngylapd; epfo;T

• gupRj;j cNuhkg; NguurDf;Fk; N[u;kdpadpd; Rje;jpu Nfhkfd;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghf Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gly;.
• gpuhd;rpd; g+u;Nghd; tk;rj;jpdUf;Fk; N[u;kdpapd; `g;]N
; gu;f; mur tk;rj;jpdUf;FkpilNa
Nkhjy; Vw;gly;.
• N[u;kdpapy; Rje;jpu Ml;rpahsu;fspilNa Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gly;.
nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;
• N[u;kdpapd; Rje;jpuf; Nfhkfd;fSld; tu;j;jf cwit Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s nld;khu;f;

kd;dd; tpUk;gpaik.
• Nghy;l;bf; flypy; tu;j;jf Mjpf;fj;ijg; ngw RtPld; tpUk;gpaik.
Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghupd; guty;
• N[u;kid ikakhff; nfhz;L Muk;gpf;f;ggl;l ,e;j Aj;jk;> N[u;kd; muRfSf;f

kl;Lk; md;wp INuhg;ghtpd; Vida muRfSk; rk;ge;jg;gl;L 30 Mz;L fhyk; eilngw;wJ.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l rka> murpay;> nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs; ,jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpd.
• Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghupd; gpujhd fl;lq;fs; ehd;fhFk;.

- ngh`Pkpa ngyild; fl;lk; (fp.gp. 1618 - 1620)
- nld;khu;f; fl;lk; (fp.gp. 1625 - 1629)
- RtPld; fl;lk; (fp.gp. 1630 - 1635)
- gpuhd;rpa fl;lk; (fp.gp. 1635 - 1648)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
254
nt];l;ghypah cld;gbf;if
Kg;gJ Mz;Lfs; eilngw;w Aj;jk; 1648 Mk; Mz;L ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l nt];l;ghypah

cld;gbf;ifAld; KbTf;F te;jJ. ,e;j cld;gbf;if ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;likahdJ
INuhg;ghitg; GJ topf;Fj; jpUg;gpa re;ju;g;gkhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,q;fpyhe;J> u\;ah
jtpu;e;j INuhg;ghtpd; Vida rpwpa> ngupa ehLfs; midj;Jk; ,jpy; gq;Nfw;wd. ,e;j
cld;gbf;ifapy; mlq;Fk; tplaq;fshtd:
• 1555 Mk; Mz;L xf;];Ngu;f; kfhehl;bd; mbg;gilahf mike;j Ml;rpahsdpd;
kjNk kf;fspd; kjkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gly;.
• cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;> Y}juJ kjk;> fy;tpd; kjk; vd;gd rl;lg;gb Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;
gl;lik.
• N[u;kdpapd; gpuNjr ,sturu;fSf;Fr; RahjPdk; fpilj;jy;.
• RtPlDf;Fj; jhd; vjpu;ghu;j;j Nghy;l;bf; flypy; tu;j;jf cupik fpilj;jy;.
• cNuhkg; Nguurdpd; gjtpfs; ngausthjy;.
• Nguurdpd; MNyhridr; rigf;Fg; Gul;l];jhe;J kjg; gpujpepjp xUtiu mDg;Gtjw;F
re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jik.
• Nghupy; ntw;wpaile;j ehLfSf;F Nkyjpfg; gpuNjrq;fs; fpilj;jik.
cjhuzk;: gpuhd;Rf;F - nkl;];> ^y;> tuLd;> my;Nr]; nyhNud;
RtPlDf;F - Nghy;bf; flYf;F vjpuhf cs;s gpuNjrk;> tl flYf;F
vjpuhf mike;Js;s gpuNjrk;
Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghupd; tpisTfs;
• Gdpj cNuhkg; Nguurd; Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghupy; Njhy;tpaile;jjhy; mtu; ngaustpyhd

epiyia miljy;.
• ghg;gurupd; mjpfhuk; fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpy; kPz;Lk; epiyehl;lg;gly;.
• ,Jtiuapy; INuhg;ghtpy; eilngw;w rka Nkhjy;fs; KbTf;F te;jd.
• g+u;Nghd; mur tk;rk; INuhg;ghtpy; gyk; tha;e;jjhdjd; %yk; gpuhd;]; INuhg;ghtpy;
gyk; thae;j murhf khWjy;.
• N[u;kdpapd; gpuNjr ,sturu;fs; Rje;jpukile;jjd; fhuzkhf N[u;kdp If;fpakiljy;
jhkjg;gly;.
• Rtpl;ryhe;Jk; neju;y;he;Jk; RahjPd muRfshjy;.
• RtPlDf;Fg; Nghy;bf; flypy; tu;j;jf cupik fpilj;jy;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
255
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k;
• INuhg;ghtpy; fj;Njhypf;f rigapy; epytpa Coy;fSf;F vjpuhff; fj;Njhypf;f

rigapNyNa Vw;gl;l vjpug
; G
; f; fhuzkhf kjr;ruP j
; pUj;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,jpy; gy fhuzq;fs;
jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;sd. mjw;fika gpdt ; Uk; nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; nghUj;jkw;wijj; njupTnra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij

01) 1. nghfpkpa fhyk; 2. gpuhd;rpa fhyk; 3. nld;khu;f; fhyk;

4. ,j;jhypa fhyk; 5. RtPld; fhyk;
02) 1. kj;jpah]; 2. khf;];kpypad; 3. F];lhT];

4. nthyd;];ild; 5. nef;fu;
03) 1. tpw;wd;Ngu;f; 2. gpud;ld;Ngu;f; 3. tu;nlk;gu;f;

4. `g;];Ngu;f; 5. xf;];Ngu;f;
04) Kg;gjhz;Lg; NghUld; njhlu;gw;w tplak;

1. xf;];Ngu;f; cld;gbf;ifapd; FiwghL
2. Nghupy; gpuhd;]; ntw;wp ngw;wik
3 Gdpj cNuhkg; NguuR Njhy;tpAw;wik
4. nt];w;ghypah rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifAld; rkag; Nghu;fs; KbTw;wik
5. Nguurd; rhs;]; Nghupy; <Lgl;lik
05) Kg;gjhz;Lg;Nghu;
1. 1618 Mk; Mz;L N[u;kdpia ikakhff; nfhz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik
2. fj;Njhypf;fUf;Fk; Gul;l];jhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;wik
3. Gul;l];jhe;ju;fs; ntw;wp ngw;wJld; Nghu; KbTw;wik
4. gpuhd;]; fj;Njhypf;fUf;F cjtpaik
5. Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghu; INuhg;ghtpd; rka Aj;jq;fspy; ,WjpahdjhFk;.
06) Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghupy; <Lgl;l ehLfs;

1. nld;khu;f; 2. u\;ah 3. gpuhd;];
4. Nghyhe;J 5. ,q;fpyhe;J
07) kjr;rPu;jpUj;jk; Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghu; Mfpa fhyfl;lq;fspy; nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l

rkhjhd cld;gbf;if
1. xf;];Ngu;l; cld;gbf;if 2. Yngf; cld;gbf;if
4. nt];l;ghypah cld;gbf;if 5. gpuhf; cld;gbf;if
5. Vkpad;]; cld;gbf;if
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
256
4. gpupj; j hdpa ghuhSkd; w Kiw
mwpKfk;
jw;Nghija ghuhSkd;wk; tiu gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;w Kiw gutyile;j
tpjj
; ijAk;> gpupjj
; hdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; tsu;rr
; paile;j tpNrl re;ju;gg
; q;fisg;
gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtJk; ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; kd;dupd; tpUg;gj;jpdg

; b epakpff
; g;gl;l gpuGf;fSld; $ba ~kfhrig|
vDk; epWtdk;> jw;NghJ rl;l> epUthf> ePjpj;Jiw vd;gtw;Wld; $ba ghuhSkd;wk;
tiu tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. 1215 Mk; Mz;L kfhgl;laj;jpdhy; Kjd; Kjyhf mjpfhuk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;> bAlu; fhyj;jpy; kd;dDk; ghuhSkd;wKk; ,ize;J epUthf
eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wdu;. vdpDk; 1688 Mk; Mz;bd; kNfhd;dj Gul;rp
(,uj;jk; rpe;jh Gul;rp) apd; gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpa kd;ddpd; mjpfhuk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L
ghuhSkd;wk; gbg;gbahf mjpfhuk; kpf;fjhfpaik kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; gpujhd
,ay;Gfs; vd;gd ,jd;fPo; fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wJ. ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp>
kdpj ,dj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ vd;gjid ,t;tuyhw;W epfo;Tfspd;
%yk; gFj;jha;tJ ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju; r ; r p 4.0 : • ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp> kdpj ,dj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 4.1 gpupj;jhdpa nghUshjhu r%f epiyapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSf;F

mika murpay; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpia Muha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • nghUshjhu> r%fj; Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSf;F mika

murpay; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
• gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;w Kiwapy; [dehafk; nraw;gLk;
Kiwia tpgupg;ghu;.

ghuhSkd; w pd; mjpfhuk; tsu; r ; r pailjy;

• kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; kd;ddpd; tpUg;gg;gb xd;W $ba gpuGf;fisf; nfhz;l ~kfhrig|
jw;Nghija ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Muk;gf; fl;lk; vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
• rpwe;j kd;du;fshd ,uz;lhk; n`d;wp> Kjyhk; upr;rl; MfpNahUld; fUj;J
NtWghLfspd;wp gpuGf;fs; nraw;gl;ldu;.
• jpwikaw;w %d;whk; N[hdpd; fhyj;jpy; gpuGf;fs; (kfhrig) jhk; ,oe;j mjpfhuj;ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L kd;didf; nfhz;L 1215 Mk; Mz;L kfhgl;laj;jpy;
(kf;dhfhl;lh) ifr;rhj;jplr; nra;jik ghuhSkd;wj;jpDs; mjpfhu tsu;rr; papd; Kf;fpa
fl;lkhFk;.
• ,jd;%yk; kd;ddpd; mjpfhuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• kfhrigapd; mDkjpapd;wp kd;dDf;F tup mwtpl mjpfhukpd;ik.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
257
• ehl;by; epyTk; rl;lj;jpw;F mika tof;F tprhupf;fg;glhky; Rje;jpuf; Fbkfd;

xUtDf;Fj; jz;lid toq;f kd;dDf;F mjpfhukpd;ik.
• kd;dd; ,ij kPwpdhy; kfhrigapd; ,Ugj;ije;J Ngiuf; nfhz;l FOthy; kd;dDf;Fj;
jz;lid toq;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jik.
• %d;whk; n`d;wp kd;dupd; fhyj;jpy; (1216 - 1272) mjhtJ 1265 Mk; Mz;L kfhrig
ghuhSkd;wk; vDk; ngaupy; mwpKfkhfpaJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wk; gyk;
nghUe;jpajhf ,Ue;jJld;> kd;du;fis Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J mfw;wTk; KbAkhdjhf
,Ue;jJ.
cjhuzk; : %d;whk; n`d;wp kd;dDf;F vjpuhf fyfk; tpistpj;J kd;did
rpiwg;gLj;jp 1258 Mk; Mz;L irkd; b nkhd;gl; vd;gtupd;
jiyikapy; guhd;fspy; Ml;rpia epWtpaijf; fhzf;$bajhf
cs;sJ.
• Kjyhk; vl;tl; kd;ddpd; fhyk; (1272 - 1307) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; je;ij vdg;gl;lJld;
1295 Mk; Mz;L $lg;gl;l khjpup ghuhSkd;wk; gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;w tsu;r;rpapd;
Kf;fpa re;ju;g;gkhFk;.
mikg;G
• ghuhSkd;wk; ,U gpuptpidf; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;fpaik. gpuGf;fs; rig> gpujpepjpfs;
rig vd;gtdNt mitfshFk;.
mjpfhuq;fs;
• kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigf;F rghehafiu njupT nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; fpilj;jik.
• ,uz;lhk; vl;tu;l; kd;dddpd; fhyj;jpy; (1307 - 1327) ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rl;l> epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuq;fs; gbg;gbahf mjpfupg;gijg; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
cjhuzk; : 1327 Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wk; ,uz;lhk; vl;tu;l; kd;did ePf;fptpl;L
mtdJ kfd; %d;whk; vl;tu;l;il Ml;rpapy; mku;j;jpaik.
• Gjpjhf cs;ehl;by; tup mwtpLk; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ntspehl;L
tu;j;jfu;fsplk; ,Ue;j tup mwtpLk; mjpfhuk; njhlu;e;Jk; kd;ddplNk ,Ue;jJ.
vdpDk; %d;whk; vl;tu;l; kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (1327 - 1377) me;j mjpfhuj;ijAk;
ghuhSkd;wk; RtPfupj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
• kd;ddpd; epjp njhlu;ghd mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp mjidg; ghuhSkd;wplk;
itj; J f; n fhz; l Jld; > kd; d d; Kiwahfg; ghuhSkd; w pd; epge; j idfisg;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;whdh vd;gjidf; ftdpf;Fk; nghUl;L fp.gp. 1377 Mk; Mz;L ,Utiuf;
nfhz;l ghuhSkd;w FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ,uz;lhk; upr;rl; kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; (1377 - 1399) cs;ehl;by; Vw;gl;l Fog;gk;
fhuzkhf kd;ddpd; mjpfhuk; eypTw;W ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; Xq;fpaJ. E}whz;L
Aj;jk;> tptrhapfspd; fyfk;> fUq;nfhs;is njhw;W Neha; (Black Death) Nghd;wit.
• ehd;fhk; n`d;wp (1399 - 1413) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cjtpAld; ,uz;lhk; upr;rl; kd;did
Ml;rpapypUe;J ePf;fptpl;Lj; jhd; murdhfpaik.
• ghuhSkd; w j; j pd; cjtpAld; Ml; r pf; F te; j ikahy; ehd; f hk; n`d; w pahy;
ghuhSkd;wj;ij kPwpr; nraw;gl Kbahik. ,jdhy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk;
mjpfupj;jik.
• E}whz;Lg; NghUf;Fj; Njitahd gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
tpthjq;fs; elhj;Jk; Rje;jpuk;> epjpia epUtfpf;Fk; cupik vd;gd ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
fpilj;jik. ghuhSkdw; cWg;gpdu;fisf; ifJnra;a Kbahik vd;gd %yk;
,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
258
bAlu; fhyk; (1485 - 1603)

• Nuh[h Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Vohk; n`d;wp (1485 - 1509) Ml;rpf;F tUjy;. mtd;
ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpg; ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; ,Ue;j ngUk;ghyhd mjpfhuq;fis
kd;ddJ iff;F nfhz;Lte;J Kbahl;rpiaf; fl;bnaOg;gpaik.
• vl;lhk; n`d;wp kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigAld; Nkhjy;fis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lik. fj;jupd; vd;w jdJ gl;lj;jurpia tpthfuj;J nra;J
md;dpnghypd; vd;w ngz;iz kze;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Jizia
ehLjy;. ,jd; tpisthf Gul;l];jhe;j ghuhSkd;wk; Njhd;Wjy;. vl;lhk; n`d;wp
kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (1509 - 1547) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; tsu;rr
; pailtjpd;
kw;WnkhU fl;lkhfpaik.
• Kjyhk; vyprngj; ,uhzpapd; fhyj;jpy; (1547 - 1603) ghuhSkd;w eltbf;if %yk;
rl;l uPjpahd FbauR Njhw;wk; ngwy;. ghuhSkd;w rYiffSf;F gq;fk; Vw;glhik.
];Ltl; fhyk;
• ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; tsu;r;rp ngw;w Kf;fpa fhyfl;lkhf tpsq;Fjy;.
• kd;dDf;Fk;> ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa ];^tl; fhyk; KOtJk; Nkhjy;fs;
Vw;gl;lik.
• kd;dd; fj;Njhypf;fdhf ,Ue;jJld;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu;
Gul;l];jhe;J fUj;jpidAilNauhf ,Ue;jdu;. kd;du;fs; nja;tPf tuj;ij Vw;wJld;
ghuhSkd;wk; r%f thjj;ij Vw;wik. rl;lj;jpd; Cw;W kd;ddhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd
];^tl; kd;du;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lNghjpYk; kd;ddhapDk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mike;J
elf;fNtz;Lnkdg; ghuhSkd;wk; fUjpaik. ,f;fUj;J NtWghLfshy; kd;dDf;Fk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;e;J Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
• ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp tup mwtpLjy;> tprhuizapd;wp egu;fis rpiwapy;
milj;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfshy; kd;dDf;F vjpuhfg; ghuhSkd;wk; nraw;gLjy;.
• ghuhSkd; w cWg; g pdu; f isj; njupTnra; t J njhlu; g hf Vw; g l; l tpthjj; j py;
cWg;gpdu;fisj; njupT nra;jy; njhlu;ghd rpff ; iyj; jPuf
; F
; k; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;Wf;F
khj;jpuNk cz;L vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lik Kjyhk; N[k;]; kd;dd; mile;j
Njhy;tpahFk;. ,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; Xq;Ftjw;F toptFj;jJ.
• ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk;> kd;dDf;Fkpilapy; Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gLtjw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs;
fhzg;gl;ld. kd;ddpd; ru;tjpfhur; nraw;ghLfis epWj;Jjy;> mur mjpfhupfSf;F
Fw;wk; Rkj;Jk; cupik> tupfis mKy; nra;Ak; cupik> Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk;> gpuGf;fs;
rigAld; ,ize;J rl;lkpaw;Wk; cupik> ifJnra;ag;glhkypUf;Fk; cupik> kd;dd;
jhd; tpUk;gpathW tup mwtply; vd;gd mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
• neUf;fb epiyfspy; epjpapidg; ngWk; nghUl;Lg; ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Ljy;.
cjhuzk; : 1624 Mk; Mz;L ];ghdpa Aj;jj;jpw;fhf epjp ngwy;.
• gpuhd;]p]; NgfDf;F vjpuhf ghuhSkd;wk; ek;gpfi ; fapyy
; h gpNuuidia Kd;itj;jjhy;
kd;dDf;Fk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nkhjy;fs; NkYk; tsu;ej ; d. kd;ddhy;
rl;lj;jpw;F mg;ghy; nraw;gl KbahJ vDk; fUj;J gutpaJ.
• Kjyhk; rhu;s]; ; kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; kd;dDf;Fk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpwF; kpilapy; Nkhjy;fs;
Vw;gl;lik. kd;ddpd; tuT nryTj;jpl;lk; mq;fpfupf;fg;glhjtplj;J ghuhSkd;wj;ijf;
fiyj;jy;> kd;dd; tpUk;gpathW tup mwtpLjy;> kd;dd; ,ilapilNa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
• Kjyhk; rhu;s;]; kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; 1628 Mk; Mz;L cupik njhlu;ghd kD
gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;w mjpfhu tsu;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa re;ju;g;gkhfpaik. ,jw;fika
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp vt;tpj tupNah> epjpNah mwtpLjy; rl;lj;jpw;F
KuzhdjhFk;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
259
• ePjpahd tprhuidapd;wp vtiuAk; rpiwapy; milj;jy; MfhJ.

• tup nrYj;jhjtu;fspd; tPLfspy; gil tPuu;fis epWj;JtJ jilr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
• rkhjhdk; epyTk; fhyq;fspy; ,uhZtr; rl;lq;fis mKy; nra;jy; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
• ];nfhl;yhe;J Aj;jj;jpw;fhf epjp ngWtjw;fhf Kjyhk; rhu;s;]; kd;ddJ fhyj;jpy;
1640 Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wk; $l;lg;gl;lJld; me;jg; ghuhSkd;wj; jtizfs;
%d;W thuj;jpwF ; f; fl;Lg;gl;ljhy; mJ FWfpa fhyg; ghuhSkd;wk; vd mwpKfkhfpaJ.
me;j Mz;bNyNa kd;ddhy; $l;lg;gl;l ghuhSkd;wk; njhlu;e;J ePz;lfhyk;
$l;lg;gl;ljhy; mJ ePz;lfhyg; ghuhSkd;wk; vdg;gl;lJ.
• Kjyhk; rhu;s;]; kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; 1648 Mk; Mz;L xyptu; FNwhk; nty;ypd;
jiyikapy; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk;> murDf;Fk; ,ilNa rptpy; Aj;jk; eilngw;wJ.
ghuhSkd;wk; ntw;wp ngw;wJld; FNwhk; xyptu; FNwhk; nty;ypd; jiyikapy;
$l;lurhq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpAld; Kjyhk; rhu;s] ; ; kd;dd;
nfhiy nra;ag;gly;.
• FNwhk; nty;ypw;Fg; gpd;du; kPz;Lk; Kbahl;rp epWtg;gl;lJld; Kjyhk; rhu;s;];
kd;ddpd; kfdhd ,uz;lhk; rhu;s;]; Ml;rpgPlk; Vwpdhd;.
• ,uz;lhk; rhu;s;]pd; (1660 - 1685) fhyj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;Jld; Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;L
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; tYtile;jJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; murDf;Fr; rhu;ghf
(Nlhup) vjpuhf (tpf;) vd ,U gpupTfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
• ,uz;lhk; N[k;]; kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; (1685 - 1688) kd;dDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;
jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nkhjy;fs; cr;r epiyia mile;jd. mjd; tpisthf 1688
Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp (kNfhd;j Gul;rp) Vw;gl;lJ. kd;ddpd; mjpfhuj;ij kPwp
,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujhd epUthf epWtdkhfg; ghuhSkd;wk; khw;wk; mile;jJ.
• ,r;rk;gtj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; N[k;]; gpuhd;Rf;F jg;gpr; nrd;wJld; xy;yhe;j tpypaKk;>
NkupAk;> tutiof;fg;gl;L mtu;fSf;Fr; rpk;khrdk; toq;fg;gl;lik. 1689 Mk; Mz;L
cupikr; rl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epge;jidf;F mika mtu;fs; ehl;bd; epUthfj;ij
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yr; rk;kjk; njuptpj;jikahy; mJKjy; ,q;fpyhe;Jg; ghuhSkd;wk;
kd;dDf;F Nkyhf ehl;bd; cau; epWtdkhfpaJ.
• 1689 cupikr; rl;lj;jpw;F mika>
- tpy;ypaKk;> NkupAk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; murdhfTk;> murpahfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly;.
- fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wk; vtUf;Fk; rpk;khrdk; cupikahff; $lhJ
vd jPu;khdpj;jy;.
- ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpiag; ngwhJ kd;ddhy; tup tpjpf;f KbahJ.
- ghuhSkd;wpy; NgRjy;> fUj;J ntspapLjy; Nghd;w Rje;jpuj;jpw;F kd;dd;
jiltpjpj;jyhfhJ.
- ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp kd;dd; epue;jug; gilnahd;iw itj;jpUj;jy;
MfhJ. ,t;thwhd epge;jidfSf;F kd;dd; cl;gl Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ.
• 689 Mk; Mz;L cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kpfTk; mjpfupjj ; J.
cupikr; rl; l j; j pd; %yk; kd; d id epakpf; F k; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd; w j; j pw; F
fpilj;jikahy; ePz;lfhykhf kd;dDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;Wf;Fkpilapyhd Nghuhl;lk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ntw;wpapd; %yk; KbTf;F te;jJ.
• `Ndhtu; tk;rj;jpw;F ,q;fpyhe;jpd; rpk;khrdk; cupikahfpaJ.
• 1201> epfuhz rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Md; ,sturpapd; gpd;du; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; rpk;khrdk;
`Ndhtu; tk;rj;jpw;F cupikahjy;. ghuhSkd;w mjpfhu tsu;r;rpapd; kw;WnkhU
epfo;thFk;.
• `Ndhtu; tk;rj;ij Nru;e;j Kjyhk; N[hu;[;> ,uz;lhk; N[hu;[; Mfpa kd;du;fSf;F
Mq;fpy nkhop njupahjjd; fhuzkhf mtu;fs; epUthf eltbf;iffspy; ,Ue;J
tpyfpapUe;jikahdJ ehl;bd; epUthfr; nraw;ghLfspy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F Kd;Dupik
fpilj;jik. gpujku; gjtp tsu;r;rpaile;jik.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
260
• ehl;il Ml;rp nra;Ak; nghUl;Lf; fgpdl; FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJld; mjw;F epiwNtw;W

mjpfhuk; fpilj;jik. gpujku; mjd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jik.
• ];^tl; mur tk;rk; 1688 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpapd; tpisthf Ml;rpf;F te;jJld;
Muk; g pj; j kd; d Df; F k; > ghuhSkd; w j; j pw; F kpilapyhd Nkhjy; f s; KbTw; W g;
ghuhSkd;wk; Kf;fpak; ngw;wJ. ghuhSkd;wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJld; ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
nghJ kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; mjpfhuk; ngWtjw;fhf kfh gl;laj;jpd; %yk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
fpsu;r;rp 1689 Mk; Mz;L cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; epiwtile;jJ vdf; $wyhk;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k;
• gpd; t Uk; tpdhf; f Sf; F g; nghUj; ; j khd tpiliaj; njupTnra; J mjd;

1. kf;dh fhl;lh ve;j kd;dDila fhyj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJ?

1. ,uz;lhk; n`d;wp 4. Kjyhk; vl;tu;l;
2. %d;whk; n`d;wp 5. ,uz;lhk; vl;tu;l;
3. %d;whk; N[hd; (....................)
2. A, B ia ,izj;Jr; rupahd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.

1. kfhgl;laj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jply; A. Kjyhk; rhu;s;]; kd;dd;
2. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; je;ij B. ,uz;lhk; N[k;]; kd;dd;
3. bAlu; tk;rj;jpd; KjyhtJ Ml;rpahsd; C. Kjyhk; vl;tu;l; kd;dd;
4. xyptu; FNwhk; ntypdhy; nfhiy nra;ag;
gl;l ,q;fpyhe;jpd; kd;dd; D. %d;whk; N[hd; kd;dd;
5. kNfhd;dj Gul;rpapd; NghJ ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
kd;dd; E. Vohk; n`d;wp kd;dd;
(1). DABCE (2). ACBED (3). CEABD (4). EABDC (5) DCEAB
(....................)
3. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghfg; nghUe;jhj tpil

A. kfhrig B. kfhgl;lak; C. gud;fspd; rig
D. ^khrig E. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rig (....................)
4. guhSkd;w mjpfhu tsu;rr; p njhlu;ghf bA+lu; fhyj;jpy; epfo;ej

; nraw;ghlhf tpsq;FtJ
A. Vohk; n`d;wp kd;dd; Nuh[h Aj;jj;ij ntw;wpf; nfhz;lik
B. vl;lhk; n`d;wp kd;dd; Gul;l];jhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;ij epWtpaik
C. kfhrig epWtg;gl;lik
D. kf;dhfhl;lh cld;gbf;if ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lik
E. ,U rigfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;lik (....................)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
261
5. ,q;fpyhe;Jg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk;> ];^tl; fhy kd;du;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Nkhjyhf

mikahj tplak;
A. kd;dd; nja;tPf tuj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;likAk;> ghuhSkd;wk; r%f thjj;ij
Vw;Wf; nfhz;lik
B. ghuhSkd;wk; gpujpepjpfisj; njupT nra;jy;
C. ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;LjYk;> fiyj;jYk;
D. rl;lk; ,aw;wYk;> nraw;gLj;jYk;
E. tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ij mq;fpfupj;jy; (....................)
1. 1215 - 1688 Mk; Mz;L tiu gpupjj

; hdpa ghuhSkd;w Kiw tsu;rr
; pailj;j tpjj;jpidr;
RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
2. ];^tl; mur tk;r fhyj;jpy; kd;dDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;Wf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l Nkhjy;fis

tpgupf;Ff.
3. ~1688 Mk; Mz;L kNfhd;dj Gul;rpapd; %yk; kd;ddpd; mjpfhuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ|
I. kNfhd;dj Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhf ,q;fpyhe;ij tpl;Lj; jg;gpr; nrd;w kd;dd; ahu;?

(01 Gs;sp)
II. kNfhd;dj Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Ml;rp gPlj;jpy; Vw;wg;gl;ltu;fs; ahtu;?

(02 Gs;spfs;)
III. kNfhd;dj Gul;rpf;fhd mz;kpa fhuzj;ijr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

(03 Gs;spfs;)
IV. kNfhd;dj Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; ahit? (08 Gs;spfs;)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
262
Nju; r ; r p 4.0 : • ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjp fhuj;ij mjpfupj;j> kdpj ,dj;jpd;

Kd;Ndw; wj;jpw;F toptFj;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 4.2 gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ghuhS

kd;w Ml;rp Kiwapd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfisg; gFj;jha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 5
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • gpujpepjpj;Jtg; ghuhSkd;w Kiw kdpj ,dj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;F

cjTk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
• gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw> fl;rp Kiw> fgpdl; Kiw vd;gtw;iwg;
gpupj;jhdpa guhSkd;wj;ijj; jOtpg; gFg;gha;thu;.

ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; ,ay;Gfs;
gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw
• ,q;fpyhe;Jg; ghuhSkd;wk; nghJ kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; epWtdkhjy;
- kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jik
- Nju;jy; njhFjp Kiw Muk;gkhjy;
- Nju;jy; Kiw eilKiwf;F te;jik
- kd;ddpd; tpUg;gg;gb miof;fg;gl;l tup t#ypg;Nghu; Muk;gj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;ij
gpujpepjpjJ
; tg;gLj;jpa nghOjpYk; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; ghuhSkd;wk; kf;fisg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa epWtdkhjy;.
- gpuNjr epUthf myfhf tpsq;fpa gpupT (\au;) kw;Wk; kd;ddJ jpl;lj;jpw;F
cs;shd efuq;fs; khj;jpuk; Muk;gj;jpy; Nju;jy; njhFjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
me;jj; Nju;jy; njhFjpfs; midj;jpypUe;Jk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ,t;tpuz;L
cWg;gpdu;fs; tPjk; njupT nra;ag;gl;lik.
- jdpegu; ngUk; tUkhdj;jpw;F mika thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;
- 1832 Mk; Mz;L rPu;j;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapd; jpUg;G Kidahjy;.
mr;rl;lj;jpw;F mika>
- Nju;jy; njhFjp kPz;Lk; gpupf;fg;gl;lJld; thf;Fupik gutyiljy;. mJ
rdj;njhjifapy; 24 tPjj;jpw;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly;.
- nrhj;JilNahUf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j thf;Fupik ,r;rl;lj;jpdhy;
kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;Fk; cupj;jhFjy;.
- thf;Fupikia vjpu;ghu;j;j njhopyhsu;> thf;Fupikiag; ngWtjw;fhff; FOthf
,izjy;.
- ,t;tpaf;fk; rhl;]; ,af;fk; vdg;gl;lJ.
- mtu;fsJ Kf;fpa Ntz;LNfhs;fshtd>
- taJte;j midj;J Mz;fSf;Fk; thf;Fupik toq;Fjy;
- ,ufrpa thf;nfLg;ig mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.
- ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fr; rk;gsk; toq;Fjy;
- Nju;jy; Ntl;ghsu;fSf;F epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;j nrhj;Jj; njhlu;ghd jifikfis
xopj;jy;
- rkkhd kf;fs; njhifiaf; nfhz;l Nju;jy; njhFjpfis cUthf;Fjy;.
- Mz;LNjhWk; ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jiy elhj;Jjy;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
263
- 1858 Mk; Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpwF

; mika Ntl;ghsUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba
epyk; njhlu;ghd jFjp ePf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;thNw vk;kjj;ij> Nru;e;jtuhapDk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpf;f tha;g;G fpilj;jJ.
- 1867 Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpy; thf;fhsUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba nrhj;Jj; njhlu;ghd
jFjp jsu;j;jg;gl;ljhy; njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; thf;Fupik fpilj;jJ.
- ,ufrpa thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; gpujpepjpfisj; njupT nra;Ak; Kiw 1872 Mk;
Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Muk;gkhdJ.
- Nju;jy; Kiwahf eilngWk; nghUl;L 1883 Mk; Mz;L Coy; kw;Wk; rl;l
tpNuhj nray; rl;lk; mKyhf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1918 Mk; Mz;L ngz;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jJ. FLk;gj; jiytpfSf;Fk;>
FLk;gj; jiytu;fspd; kidtp (30 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l ngz;fs;) fSf;Fk; thf;Fupik
fpilj;jJ.
- 1928 Mk; Mz;L gpujku; ];ld;]p nghy;l;tpd; Kd;itj;j rl;lj;jpy; 21 taJf;F
Nkw;gl;l midj;Jg; ngz;fSf;Fk; thf;Fupik cupj;jhdJ. ,jw;fika 1928 Mk;
Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ru;trd thf;Fupik nraw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
• fl;rp Kiw
- ];^tl; mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk; Kjy; kd;dDf;Fk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;
epytpa rkaf; fUj;J Kuz;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf ,q;fpyhe;jpy; murpay; fl;rp
Kiwfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. ,uz;lhk; rhu;s] ; pd; gpd;du; fj;Njhypf;fu;fshd mtdJ
rNfhjuu; N[k; r pw; F muRupik toq; f hJ Gul; l ]; j he; j kjj; i jr; Nru; e ; j
NtnwhUtUf;F muRupik toq;f kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rig eltbf;if vLj;j
Ntisapy; kf;fs; gpujpepjpjfs; rig ,U fl;rpfshfg; gpsTw;wik.
- nkhd; r d; NfhkfDf; F r; rhu; g hdtu; f s; KiwaP l ; l hsu; f s; vdTk; > ]; ^ tl;
tk;rj;jpduplkpUe;J rpk;khrdj;ij gwpj;Jf;nfhs;sj; jaq;fpatu;fs; gae;Njhu; vdTk;
mwpKfkhjy;.
- fhyQ;nry;y mtu;fs; tpf; fl;rp vd;Wk; Nlhup fl;rp vd;Wk; mwpKfkhfpdu;.
- kd;dDf;Fr; rhu;ghdtu;fs; Nlhup vd;Wk;> kd;dDf;F vjpuhdtu;fs; tpf; vd;Wk;
kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; ,U fl;rpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
- ,jw;fika ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,U fl;rp Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
- ,t;tpU fl;rpfSk; 1832 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; ypguy;> fd;ru;Ntl;bt; vDk; ngau;fspy;
mwpKfkhfpd.
- 1900 Mk; Mz;by; njhopw;fl;rp Muk;gkhfpaJ.
- 1906 Mk; Mz;L nghJj; Nju;jypy; njhopw;fl;rp mjpfg;glbahd Mrdq;fisg;
ngw;wJld; ypguy; fl;rpAld; ,ize;J Kjd; Kiwahf $l;L murhq;fk; xd;iw
mikj;jd.
- 1924 Mk; Mz;L uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdy;lb ; d; fPo; Kjd;Kjyhfj; njhopw;fl;rp murhq;fk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1929 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu tPo;r;rpAld; gpujhd fl;rpfs;
%d;Wk; ,ize;j nkf;nlhdhy;l;bd; fPo; Njrpa murhq;fj;ij mikj;jd.
- ,uz;lhk; cyf khfh Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ Vw;gl;l Njrpa ,ilA+wpidf; fUj;jpw;
nfhz;L %d;W fl;rpfSk; ,ize;J Njrpa murhq;fj;ij mikj;jd.
- ,uz;lhk; cyf khfh Aj;jj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; 1945 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w nghJj;Nju;jypy;
tpd;rd;l; Nru;rr; piyj; Njhw;fbj;J fpsnkd;l; ml;yp vd;gtuhy; njhopw;fl;rp murhq;fk;
epWtg;gl;lJ.
- ypguy; fl;rp 1945 Mk; Mz;L nghJj;Nju;jypy; gpdd ; u; gytPdkile;jJld; fd;ru;Ntl;bt;>
njhopw;fl;rp vd;gd vOr;rpAw;wd.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
264
• fgpdl; Kiw
- fgpdl; Kiw %d;whk; n`d;wp kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- %d;whk; n`d;wp kd;ddpd; ePjpr; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghff; $l;ba gpupTf; fTd;rpypd;
tpNrlf; fkpl;bNa fgpdl;bd; Muk;gk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
- ,uz;lhk; rhu;s;]; kd;duhy; epWtg;gl;l Ie;J mikr;ru;fisf; nfhz;l mikr;ru;
rig ngUk;ghYk; jw;fhy mikr;ruitf;F xg;ghdjhFk;.
- 1688 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; rupahd Kiwapy; jw;fhy fgpdl; Kiw
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- murhq;fj;jpd; ngUthupahd mjpfhuj;ijj; jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;sg; ghuhSkd;wk;
gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; mikr;ruitapd; tsu;r;rpf;F toptFj;jd.
- `Ndhtu; tk;rj;jpd; KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ N[hu;[; kd;du;fs; Mq;fpy nkhopia
Ngrf;$batu;fshf ,y;yhjpUe;jikahy; mikr;ruitapd; $l;lq;fspy; mtu;fs;
jiyik tfpg;gijj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,jdhy; mikr;ruitapy; rpNu\;lu;
xUtu; jiyik tfpf;Fk; gof;fk; Muk;gkhdJ.
- ,jd; %yk; gpujk ke;jpup gjtp Muk;gkhfpaJ. nuhgl; Nthy;Nghy; KjyhtJ
gpujk ke;jpupahff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;.
- kd;du;fs; mikr;ruitapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpajhy; mikr;ru;fs; $b vLf;Fk;
jPu;khdq;fis mwptpg;gJk;> kd;dd; mjw;F mDkjp toq;FtJk; gof;fj;jpw;F
te;jJld; fgpdl; Kiw tpiuthf tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.
- Kjd;Kjyhf 1715 Mk; Mz;L xNu murpay; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J fgpdl;bw;F
mikr;ru;fisj; njupT nra;jy; Muk;gkhfpaJ.
- nuhgl; Nthy;Nghyhy; mJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJld;> mjd;%yk; mikr;ruitapd;
$l;Lg;nghWg;G vd;w mbg;gil vz;zf;fU nraw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
265
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k;
• gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; xd;W VNjh xU fhuzj;jhy; kw;witfSld; nghUe;jhJ.

nghUj;jkw;w tpilapd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
01) 1. uk;Nr kf;nlhdy;l; 2. tpd;rd;l; ru;r;rpy; 3. N[hd; ury;

4. xyptu; FNuhk;nty; 5. fpsnkd;l; ml;yp
(...........)
02) gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;w tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghf Kf;fpakhd kd;du;fs; rpyuJ ngau;fs;

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; ghuhSkd;w mjpfhu tsu;rr; pf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ahj
kd;dd; ahu;?
1. %d;whk; N[hu;[; 2. Vohk; n`d;up 3. ehd;fhk; n`d;up
4. vl;lhk; n`d;up 5. ,uz;lhk; N[k;];
(...........)
03) ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ gpupj;jhdpahtpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Njrpa murhq;fj;jpd;

jiytu; ahu;?
1. tpd;];ld; Nru;r;rpy; 2. N[hd; ury; 3. fpsnkd;l; ml;yp
4. uk;Nr kf;Nlhdy; 5. ];ld;yp Nghyl;ypd;
(...........)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
266
• gpd;tUk; tpdhtpd; rupahd tpiliaj; njupTnra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij

04) 1832 Mk; Mz;L rPu;jpUj;jr; rlj;jpw;F mika khw;wkile;j tplak; njhlu;ghd
tpilfs; mlq;FtJ
A kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jik

B ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fr; rk;gsk; toq;Fjy;
C rdj;njhifapy; 24% khNdhUf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;
D ,ufrpa thf;nfLg;G mwpKfkhjy;
1. A Ak; C Ak; 2. B Ak; D Ak; 3. C Ak; D Ak;

4. C khj;jpuk; 5. midj;Jk;
(...........)
05) ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ru;tNjr thf;Fupik nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

1. 1833 Mk; Mz;L 2. 1858 Mk; Mz;L 3. 1872 Mk; Mz;L
4. 1918 Mk; Mz;L 5. 1928 Mk; Mz;L
(...........)
01. gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;w Kiwapy; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfisg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd;

fPo; fye;JiuahLf.
i. gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw
ii. fl;rpKiw
iii. nfgpdl; Kiw
02. 18Mk;> 19 MK; E}w;whz;Lfspy; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wk; [dehaf epWtdkhf

khw;wkile;j tpjj;jpid tpgupf;Ff.
03. gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; fPo; ,d;Wtiu fl;rpKiw tsu;r;rpaile;j

tpjj;jpid tpgupf;Ff.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
267
5. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp
mwpKfk;
kdpjd; jd; iffspdhy; rpwpa mstpy; jkJ Njitf;nfdg; nghUl;fisAk;
NritfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;jikf;Fg; gjpyhf ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ghupa
mstpy; tpepNahfj;jpd; nghUl;Lg; nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;jikahy;
Vw;gl;l ghupa khw;wNk ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp vdg;gLk;. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpahy; Vw;gl;l
nghUshjhu r%f> murpay;> gz;ghL vd;gdtw;wpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; INuhg;ghtpYk;
gpd;du; Vida fz;lq;fspYk; nrYj;jpa jhf;fj;jpid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tNj ,e;j myfpd;
Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;.
Nju; r ; r p 5.0 : • ,aw;ifapd; rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;NghJ kdpjd; ngw;w

ntw; w papidj; njspthf tpsq; f pf; n fhz; L mjw; f ika
nraw;gLthu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 5.1 cyfpd; Nghf; i f khw; w paikg; g j; j py; ifj; n jhopw; G ul; r p
Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 20
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • ijf;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd gpd;dzpiaAk; Gjpa

fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisAk; gFj;jha;thu;.
• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; gutiyg; GwTUtg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Lthu;.
njspTgLj;Jthu;.

• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; Muk;gk;

- ijf;njhopw; Gul;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
- Njrpa muRfspd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpf;Fj;
Njitahd gpd;dzpia mikj;jy;.
- 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; tu;jj
; fk; tpuptile;jik ifj;njhopw;
Gul;rpf;F toptFj;j tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
- ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;Ff; Fbj;njhif mjpfupg;G Kf;fpa fhuzkhjy;.
• ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

- ,q;fpyhe;jpy; khdpaKiw tPor;rpAw;wikAk; murpay; epiyg;ghLk;.
- nghUl;fspd; Nfs;tpf;Nfw;g toq;fiy Nkw;nfhs;s cw;gj;jp Kiw Nghjhik.
- ehl;by; ,aw;if tsq;fs;; kpFjpahff; fhzg;gl;lik.
- tsthsu;fs; ,Ue;jJld; mtu;fSf;F mDruiz toq;Ftjw;Fr; nry;te;j
tFg;gpdUk; ,Ue;jik.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
268
- Gtpapay; uPjpahf ehL rpwpjhf ,Ue;jik> jPthf ,Ue;jik> cs;ehl;by;

tsu;r;rpaile;j Nghf;Ftuj;J ,Ue;jik.
- Ntypailg;gpdhy; kf;fs; Ntiy Njb efuq;fSf;F te;jik.
,jdhy; kdpj ciog;ig ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jik.
- tsu;r;rpaile;j tq;fpfs; fhzg;gl;lik.
- ,q;fpyhe;J murhq;fk; gpd;gw;wpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;.
- %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngwTk;> KbTg; nghUl;fis tpw;fTk; $ba FbNaw;w
ehLfisf; nfhz;l Nguurhf ,q;fpyhe;J tpsq;fpaik.
- ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp %d;W Kf;fpa ifj;njhopy;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
eilngw;wJ.
• Glitf; ifj;njhopy;
Fbirf; ifj;njhopyhf tpsq;fpa Glitf; ifj;njhopy;> ,ae;jpuk;> ePuhtp kw;Wk;
vupnghUs; tiffs; vd;gdtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Kd;Ndw;wkile;jijf; ifj;njhopy;
Gul;rpapd;NghJ fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. me;je;jr; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Vw;gl;l gy;NtW
,lu;fis ntw;wp nfhs;Sk; nghUl;Lg; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; gy Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
• N[hd; Nf - gwf;Fk; jwp Xlk;/E}zhop
• N[k;]; `hfpupT]; - E}w;Fk; n[dp (];gpd;dpq; n[dp)
• upr;ru;l; Mf;iul; - ePu;r; rl;lk;
• rhKNty; nfhk;g;ld; - kpAy; ,ae;jpuk;
• vyP tpbdp - gQ;rpypUe;J tpijia mfw;Wk; ,ae;jpuk;
• vypa]; `hNt - ijay; ,ae;jpuk;
• vl;kd;l; fhl;iul; - tYthy; ,aq;Fk; ,ae;jpuj; jwp
• ,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopy;
,q;fpyhe;jpd; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpiaj; Jupjg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopypy;
Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; ngUe; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ> mjd; nghUl;Lg; Gjpa ,ae;jpuq;fs;
gy epu;khzpf;fg;gl;ld.
• Vg;u`hk; lu;gp - 1709 epyf;fupiaf; nfhz;L ,Uk;Gj;jhjpid cUf;fp thu;g;G
,Uk;gpid cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
• n`d;up Nfhl; - 1784 Nuhyu; ,ae;jpuk;
• n`d;up ng];ku; - 1856 vspjhf ,Uk;gpid cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kiw
• tpypak; rPkd;];> vkyp n[up khl;bd; jk;gjpfs; - 1860 jpwe;j ciy Kiw
• tpypak; rPkd;]; - 1878 kpd;rhu ciy
• epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;
,ae;jpuq;fis ,aq;f itg;gjw;F vupnghUshf epyf;fupiag; gad;gLj;jpaik
ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ngupJk; cjtpaJ.
• Njhk]; ept;nfhkd; - ePuhtp ,ae;jpuk;
• N[k;]; Nthl; - ePuhtp ,ae;jpuj;ij NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wk;
• `k;up Nltp - ghJfhg;G tpsf;F
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
269
• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp gutpa Vida Jiwfs;
tptrhak;
• Ntypailg;ghy; ghupa tptrha epyq;fs; cUthdik
• tptrhaj;jpw;F ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaik.
• tptrhag; nghUl;fis khw;Wk; Kiw
• Gjpa gapupLk; Kiw (tupirahf tpijf;Fk; Kiw)
• Gjpa grisfs;
ePuhtp ,ae;jpuk; ghJfhg;G tpsf;F
Nghf; F tuj; J
• nuhgl; Gy;ld; - 1807 Gifg;glF
• N[hd; nkf;flk; - 1811 nkf;flk; Kiw
• n`d;up ngy; - 1811 Giff;fg;gy;
• N[hu;[; ];Btd;rd; - Giftz;b
• nlk;yu; - 1885 Nkhl;lhu; tz;b
• iul; rNfhjuu;fs; - 1903 tpkhdk;
njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;
• 1840 - ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ngdP jghy; Nrit
• 1844 - rhKNty; Nkh]; - je;jp Kiw
• 1866 - iru]; lgpspA gPy;l; - Nfgy; Kiw
• 1876 - mnyf;rhz;lu; fpufk; ngy; - njhiyNgrp
• 1899 - N[hd; nyhfp ngahl; - njhiyf;fhl;rp
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
270
• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; guty;

18 Mk; E}w;whz;L ,q;fpyhe;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w ifj;njhopw;
Gul;rp tpiutpy; INuhg;gh KOtjpYk; mnkupf;f If;fpa ehl;bYk; gutpaJ. mjd;
gpd;du; ag;ghd; cl;gl Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpYk; Vida ehLfspYk; njd;dnkupf;fh>
Mgpupf;fh fz;lk; vd;gdtw;wpYk; gutpaJ.
• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

- Fbirf; ifj;njhopy; kiwe;J ghupa ifj;njhopy;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
- tptrhaj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;j nghUshjhuk; ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; vd;gdtw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lik.
• gzg; Gof;fj;Jldhd ghupa tu;j;j mikg;Gf;fs; cUthdik.
• Kjyhspj;Jt Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
• Gjpa NguuRthjj;jpw;F top Vw;gl;lik.
r%fk;
• nry;tj;ij KjyPL nra;j nry;te;jUk; jkJ ciog;ig tpw;W tho;ej; ViofSk;
vd;W rKjhaj;jpy; ,U gpuptpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;. ,t;tpU gpuptpdupilNa
Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
• efukakhf;fy;
• #oy; khriljy;.
• fpuhkq;fs; ghoiljy;> epyk; mw;Nwhu; Njhw;wk; ngwy;> kuG uPjpahd r%f
mikg;Gr; rPu;NfLfs;.
murpay;
• kj;jpa tFg;Gj; Njhd;Wjy;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
271
• gy;NtW murpay; nghUshjhu fUj;Jf;fs; Njhd;Wjy;.

- nuhgl; Xtdpd; rkj;Jt ,af;fKk; rhB];l; ,af;fKk;.
- khf;rprf; nfhs;if> n[uk; ngd;jkpapd; gad;ghl;Lthjk;.
• mlk; ];kpj;jpd; jiyaplhikf; nfhs;if.
• njhopyhsu; ,af;fq;fs; cUthFjy;.
• NguuRthjk; tpuptiljy;.
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 1
gy; N ju; T tpdhf; f s;

Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; tpdhf;fSf;F KiwNa Ie;J ngau;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy;
xd;W VNjhnthU fhuzj;jpdhy; kw;nwhd;Wld; nghUe;jhJ. nghUe;jhj tpiliaj;
njupe;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
01) 1. n`d;up lu;gp 2. n`d;up Nfhl; 3. n`d;up Ng];ku;

4. ikf;fy; ru;Ntl]; 5. tpypak; rPkd;];
02) 1. n`d;up ngy; 2. nuhgl; Gy;ld; 3. nlk;su;

4. N[hd; fy;tpd; 5. N[hd; kf;flk;
03 Mk; tpdhTf;F KiwNa Ie;J Nrhbg; gjq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy;

xU Nrhb xd; W ld; xd; W nghUe; j hJ. mjidj; njupe; J milg; G f; f s; mjd;
,yf;fj;ij vOJf.
03) 1. N[hd; Nf - gwf;Fk; jwp Xlk;

2. N[k;]; `hfpupt;]; - ijay; ,ae;jpuk;
3. upr;ru;l; Mf;iul; - ePu;r;rl;lk;
4. rhKNty; FNuhk;ld; - kpa+y; ,ae;jpuk;
5. vl;kd;l; fhl;iul; - tYthy; ,aq;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;jwp (.........)
,yf; f k; 05> 06 Mfpa tpdhf; f Sf; F xU jiyg; g pd; fP o ; Ie; J tpilfs;

nfhLf; f g; g l; L s; s d. mtw; W s; xd; W mj; j iyg; g pw; F g; nghUj; j kw; w J. mjidj;
njupT nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Ffs; vOJf.
04) ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;?

1. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; khdpaKiw tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
2. ehl;by; ,aw;if tsq;fs; ,Ue;jik.
3. FbNaw;w ehLfspypUe;J %yg; nghUl;fis ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;
$bajhf ,Ue;jik.
4. Gtpapay; uPjpahf ehL rpwpa jPthf ,Ue;jik.
5. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk; ,q;fpyhe;ij te;jile;jik. (.........)
05) ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; ed;ikfs;

1. cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis ntspehl;L re;ijfSf;F mDg;gp mjpf ,yhgk;
mile;jik.
2. Ntiy tha;g;G mjpfupj;jik.
3. ntspehLfspypUe;J ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F cjtpfs; te;jik.
4. tq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rp
5. Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhu Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wik. (.........)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
272
gpd; t Uk; tpdhTf; f hd rupahd tpilfis vOJf.
06. ~~ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhf INuhg;ghtpy; njhopDl;g> nghUshjhu> r%fj;

Jiwfspy; mbg;gil khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.||
i. ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp KjyhtJ Vw;gl;l ehl;ilg; ngaupLf.

(01 Gs;sp)
ii. mJ me;j ehl;by; Vw;gLtjw;fhd %d;W fhuzq;fisj; jUf.
(03 Gs;spfs;)
iii. Glitf; ifj;njhopYld; njhlu;Gila %d;W fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLf.
(03 Gs;spfs;)
iii. Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpdhtpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s Jiwfspy; mbg;gil khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;jf; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp vt;thW jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ vd;gij tptupf;Ff.
(07 Gs;spfs;)
07. gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp

gw; w p tpgupf; F f.
i. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd gpd;dzp
ii. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gpujhd fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;
iii. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; nghUshjhu> r%f tpisTfs;
(14 Gs;spfs;)
08. gpupjj
; hdpa GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; gpdt
; Uk; ,lq;fisf; FwpjJ
; g; ngaupLf. mtw;wpy;
,uz;L ,lq;fisg; gw;wp tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;G vOJf.
1. yptu;g+y; 2. khd;nr];lu; 3. yz;ld; 4. Njk;]; ejp
5. ];nfhl;yhe;J 6. Nty;]; 7. tlfly; 8. Mq;fpyf; fhy;tha;
(14 Gs;spfs;)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
273
6. mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghu;
mwpKfk;
RNjr Nfhj;jpu kf;fisf; fiyj;Jtpl;L tl mnkupf;fhtpy; FbGFe;j INuhg;gpa
,dj; j tu; mq; F FbNaw; w q; f is mikj; J f; n fhz; l du; . mnkupf; f f; fz; l k;
fz;Lgpbf;ffg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; ];ghdpah> ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;]>; neju;yhe;J Mfpa ehLfs;
tl mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jd.
cjhuzk; : ];ghdpah - GNshuplh
gpuhd;]; - epy; gpuhd;]; (fdlh)> Yrpahdh
gpupj;jhdpah - 13 FbNaw;wq;fs;
ahj;jpiuj; je;ijfs; vdg;gl;l gpupj;jhdpaf; FOtpdu; tl mnkupf;fhTf;Fr;

nrd;W mq;F FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. rka uPjpahfj; jkJ jha; ehl;bdpdW ;
Rje;jpukhf nraw;gl tpUk;gpa mtu;fs;> jk;khy; fl;bnaOg;gg;l;l FbNaw;wq;fspd;
epUthfj;jpd; nghUl;L ~~Nk gpstu;|| (itfhrpg; g+) cld;gbf;ifia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;;L Gjpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpdu;. gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fk; mnkupf;fhtpy;
FbNawpa FbNaw;wthrpfsplkpUe;J tup mwtpl Kad;wJ. mjw;F vjpuhf nraw;gl;l
mnkupff; FbNaw;wthrpfs; ~~gpujpepjpjJ
; tk; ,d;wp tuptpjpgg
; jpyi
; y|| vd;w njhdpgn
; ghUspy;
N[hu;[; nth\pq;ldpd; jiyikapy; Nghuhb ,q;fpyhe;ijj; Njhw;fbj;J 1776 Mk;
Mz;L mnkupf;f If;fpa ehL vd;w Rje;jpu muir epWtpf; nfhz;lik ,e;j myfpd;
%yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : • xU ehl;L kf;fs; xd;WikAld; nraw;gLtjd; %yk; ntw;wp

ngw KbAk; vd;w Gupe;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 6.1 INuhg;gpa ehfupfk; mnkupf;ff; fz;lj;jpy; gutpa Kiw gw;wpg;
guPl;rpg;ghu;.
6.2 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu; cyf tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngWk; tpjj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 20
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu;
• 15 Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; INuhg;gpauhy; mnkupf;ff; fz;lj;jpy; FbNaw;wq;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ljhfg; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. mnkupf;fhTf;Fr; nrd;w
INuhg;gpau; mf;fhyj;jpy; mq;F epytpa ehfupfj;ij Kw;wpYk; mopjJ
; tplL
; > INuhg;gpa
ehfupfj;ijj; jOtpa Gjpa ehfupfnkhd;iw mnkupf;fg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fl;bnaOg;gpdu;.
• INuhg;gpau; mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;j fhyj;jpy; mg;gpuNjrq;fspy;
ehfupfkile;j kf;fs; thoe;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
• njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfspd; %yk; mnkupff ; htpd; Muk;gf; FbNaw;wthrpfs; njhlu;ghfj;
jfty;fs; fpilg;gJld; mtu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Rw;whliy Nerpg;gtu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.
mtu;fs; tlf;F> njw;F> kj;jpa mnkupf;fg; gpuNjrjq;fspy; gutpapUe;jdu;.
• 15Mk; E}w;whz;L INuhg;gpau; mnkupf;fhTf;F te;jNghJ mq;fpUe;j RNjrpfs;
nghJthfr; nrt;tpe;jpau; vdg;gl;ldu;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
274
• nrt;tpe;jpau; vdg;gl;l mnkupf;ff; fz;lj;jpy; tho;ej

; RNjrpfshy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l
Kf;fpakhd ehfupfq;fs; gy ,Ue;jd.
1. N`hg;Nty; Nfhj;jpu ehfupfk;
2. ,Nuhf;nfhap]; Nfhj;jpu ehfupfk;
3. gpAgpNyh Nfhj;jpu ehfupfk;
4. khah ehfupfk;
5. ,d;fh ehfupfk;
6. m];nlf; ehfupfk;
• ,itfspy; khah> ,d;fh> m];nlf; ehfupfq;fs; kpfTk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jitfshf
,Ue;jd.
• tptrhak; Kd;Ndw;wkhd epiyapy; ,Ue;jd.
• ghijfs; gy;NtW tpjkhd epu;khzq;fs;> fl;blq;fs; vd;gd ,Ue;jd.
me;jP]; kiyf;F mUfpy; fhzg;gLk; ,d;fh ehfupfKk; ghijAk;
gapu; nra;ag;gl;l epyKk; gapu; nra;ag;gl;l KiwAk;

Mrpupau; topfhl;b
275
gapu;r;nra;if epyk; guprPypf;fg;gLk; ,lk;
ghyk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
276
INuhg;gpau; mnkupf; fhTf;Ff; Fbngau;e;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
fp.gp. 1453 Mk; Mz;L xl;Nlhkd; JUf;fpauhy; nfhd;]j ; he;jpNehgpy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ljd;

tpisthf INuhg;gpaUf;Ff; fPioj;Nja tu;jj ; fj; njhlu;G jilg;gl;lJ. ,jd; tpisthff;
fPioj; NJarq;fSf;F tUtjw;F mtu;fs; Gjpa topiaf; fz;Lgpbf;f Kad;wjd;
tpisthf mtu;fs; mnkupff ; hTf;F te;jdu;. ,jw;fika Nkiyj;Njrj;jtu; mnkupff ; htpy;
FbNaw;wq;fis mikf;f topNfhypa fhuzq;fs; rpy cs:
(1) murpay; fhuzq;fs;

• INuhg;ghtpy; Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
• Njrpa muRfspy; kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; gyk; tha;e;jtu;fshf ,Ue;jik.
• Njrpa muRfspd; Ml; r pahsu; f s; ehLfhz; gazpfSf; F mDruiz
toq;fpaik.
];ghdpah - ngu;bdd;l;> ,rngyh
gpuhd;]; - ehd;fhk; n`d;up
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; - flNyhb n`d;up
,q;fpyhe;J - 7 Mk; n`d;up> 1MtJ vyprngj; ,uhzp
(2) nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs;

• tzpfthjf; fUj;Jf;fs; gutpaik
• ehl;Lf;Fr; rhjfkhd tu;j;jf epYit> nghd; epakk; vd;gdit tzpfj;jpy;
gpujhd gz;GfshapUe;jd.
• ehLfisf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;F Kaw;rpj;jik.
cjhuzk; :
16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ];ghdpah> njd;> kj;jpa mnkupf;f gpuNjrq;fisf;
ifg;gw;wpaik. mq;F> nghd;> nts;sp Vuhskhff; fpilj;jikNa ,jw;fhd
fhuzkhFk;.
(3) rkaf; fhuzq;fs;

• 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L epfo;e;j rkag; Gul;rpapd; tpisthfg; gy;NtW rkag;
gpupTfSf;fpilNa Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gly;.
• ,jdhy; ,d;dy;fSf;F cs;shd kf;fs; Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;gp mnkupf;fhTf;Fr;
nrd;wik.
cjhuzk; :
- ,q;fpyhe;jpy; 8 Mk; n`d;up kd;dd;> Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;ijj; jOtpf;
nfhz;lik.
- fj;Njhypf;f kjj;ijr; Nru;ej
; Nku;p bAlu; Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;ijr; Nru;ej
; tu;
fSf;F ,d;dy; tpistpj;jy;> ,t;thwhd fhuzq;fshy; ,q;fpyhe;J kf;fs;
kjr; Rje;jpuk; ehb mnkupf;fhTf;Fr; nrd;wik.
• cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpa ];ghdpah> jdJ rkaj;ijg;
ghJfhf;fTk; tpuptilar; nra;aTk; fLk; Kaw;rp nra;jJld; Gjpa cyfpy;
fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijg; gug;Gk; Nehf;Fld; nraw;gl;lik.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
277
mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;j INuhg;gpa ehLfs;
(1) ]; g hdpah
• 1492 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; fupgpad; jPTfisf; ifg;gw;wp mnkupf;fhtpy;
FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jy;> ];ghdpahtpy; gue;j Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
• jw;Nghija mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfspd; GNshuplh> nlf;rhd;> fypNghu;dpah>
ept; nkf;rpf;Nfh> mupNrhdh> xf;yN`hkh MFpa gpuhe;jpaj;ijr; Nru;e;j
gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
• njd; mnkupff ; htpy; NgU> nkf;rpfN
; fh Mfpa gpuNjrq;fs; ];ghdpag; NguurpwF
; g;
gzpjy;.
(2) Nghu; j ; J f; f y;
• 1500 Mk; Mz;L Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; gpNurpy; ifg;gw;wg;gly;.
(3) ,q; f pyhe; J

• Mq;fpNyau; tl mnkupf;fhtpd; fpof;Ff; fiuapy; gjpd;%d;W FbNaw;wq;fis
epWtpdu;. N[hu;[pah> njd; fNuhypdh> tl fNuhypdh> Ntu;[pdpah> Nkupyhe;J>
nlyntahu;> ngd;rpy;Ntdpah> fndbfl;> ept;N[u;rp> Nuhl;]; jPT> krhRnrl;];>
ept;`k;\au;> ept;Nahu;f; Mfpa FbNaw;q;fspy; Mq;fpNyauJ Ml;rp gutpaJ.
(4) gpuhd; ] ;
• Njhy; tu;j;jfj;jpy; nghUl;L tl mnkupf;fhtpy; gpuhd;rpau; 1500 - 1700 ,w;F
,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jdu;.
• Gdpj Nyhud;]; ejp njhlf;fk; kprprpg;gp ejpapd; Kfj;Jthuk; tiuapyhd
gpuNjrk; gpuhd;rpaUf;F cupajhf ,Ue;jJ.
gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; FbNaw;wq;fs; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;l Kiw
• gpupj;jhdpa Kbf;Fk;> ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; FbNaw;wq;fis epUtfpg;gjw;F ngUk;

mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jik.
• gpupj;jhdpa kd;ddhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l MSdiuAk;> MNyhridr; rigiaAk; nfhz;l
FOtpy; mit epUtfpf;fg;gl;lik.
• epUthf eltbf;if njhlu;ghff; FbNaw;wthrpfs; mjpf Rje;jpuk; cilatu;fshf
,Ue;jik.
• nghUshjhu uPjpahff; FbNaw;wthrpfSf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
• gpupj;jhdpau; tl mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;wq;fisj; jkJ cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;
nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; gpuNjrkhfTk; jkJ KbTg; nghUl;fis tpw;Fk;
,yhgk; ngWk; re;ijahfTNk FUjpdu;.
cjhuzk; :
Gilit nea;jYf;fhd gUj;jpr; nra;iff;Fk; rpful; cw;gj;jpf;fhd Gifapiyr;
nra;iff;Fk; gpupj;jhdpau; mDkjp toq;fpa NghjpYk; me;j %yg; nghUl;fisf;
nfhz;L ifj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpf;ff; FbNaw;wthrpfSf;Fj; jil tpjpj;jdu;. %yg;
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L gpupj;jhdpaNu ifj;njhopy;fis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
• %yg;nghUl;fs; midj;Jk; gpupjj; hdpahTf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJld;> mitfspd; tpiyiaAk;
gpupj;jhdpahNt jPu;khdpj;jJ.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
278
• ehtha;r; rl;lk;> Rq;f tup vd;gdtw;wpd; %yk; FbNaw;wq;fspd; nghUshjhu

Rje;jpuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gpupj;jhdpah Kad;wik. FbNaw;w thrpfs; nghUl;fis
vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;NghJ mitfisg; gpupj;jhdpaf; fg;gy;fspNyNa vLj;Jr; nry;y
Ntz;Lnkd;W ehtha;r; rl;lk; %yk; tpjpf;fg;gl;lik.
• fg;gy;fspy; nghUl;fis vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;NghJ me;jr; rl;lq;fs; fLikahfr;
nraw;gl;lik.
mnkupf; f Rje; j pug; Nghu;

• tl mnkupf;fhtpy; mj;jpyhe;jpf; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;j gpupj;jhdpaf;
FbNaw;wq;fs; gjpd%
; d;Wk; ,ize;J gpupjj
; hdpag; NGuurpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngWtjw;fhf
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;w ,af;fNk mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu; vdg;gLk;.
• tlf;F vy;iyg; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;j gpuhd;rpauhYk; Nkw;fpy; ,Ue;j nrt;tpe;jpau;fshYk;

mbf; f b mr; R Wj; j y; Vw; g l; l J. gpupj; j hdpauplkpUe; J ngwg; g l; l cjtpapdhy;
FbNaw;wthrpfSf;F ,e;j mr;RWj;jy;fspd;NghJ ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jJ. 1756 - 1763
Mk; Mz;L tiu eilngw;w Vohz;Lg; Nghupy; FbNaw;w thrpfspd; nfhs;ifapy;
khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. Vohz;Lg; Nghupy; gpupj;jhdpah gpuhd;irj; Njhw;fbj;jJld; 1763
Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; gpupj;jhdpaf; FbNaw;wf; nfhs;if NkYk; fLikahdJ.
mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
• gpupj;jhdpa tzpfthjf; nfhs;if

gpupjj
; hdpa FbNaw;wq;fspd; epUthfk; njhlu;ghf MSdu; xUtu; epakpff ; g;gl;bUe;jhu;.
FbNaw;w ehLfspd; jpiwNrupapy; ,Ue;Nj mtUf;Fr; rk;gsk; toq;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
gpupj;jhdpa tu;j;jfu;fSf;Fk; gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ytrk; fpilf;ff;$ba
Kiwapy; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; tpUg;gj;jpd;gb jahupj;j nfhs;if FbNaw;w
ehLfspy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mnkupf;ff;FbNaw;wq;fspd; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjpiaf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jpa rl;lf;Nfhit gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
cjhuzk; :
• ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fisg; gzk; nfhLj;Jg; ngWk;NghJk; Kjypy; mtw;iwg; gpupj;
jhdpa JiwKfq;fSf;F vLj;Jr; nrd;W mq;F Rq;ftup nrYj;jpg; gpdd ; u; mnkupff ; f;
FbNaw;wq;fSf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;gb tpjpj;jy;.
• gpupjj ; hdpahtpd; cw;gj;jpfF; g; Nghl;b Vw;gLk; tpjj;jpy; FbNaw;w ehLfs; nghUl;fis
cw;gj;jp nra;jy; jilnra;ag;gly;.
• FbNaw;w ehLfspd; tu;jj ; fg; nghUl;fisg; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F khj;jpuNk tpepNahfpf;f
Ntz;Lnkd tpjpj;jy;.
• gpuhd;Rf;Fk; gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;w Vohz;L Aj;jj;jpw;F mjpf

gzk; nrytpl Ntz;bapUe;jjhy; gpupj;jhdpa jpiwNrup ntWikaile;jpUe;jJ. NkYk;
Gjpjhfg; gpupj;jhdpah ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhf;fTk; epUtfpf;fTk;
Nkyjpf nryT nra;aNtz;ba epiy Vw;gl;ljhy;> Gjpa tUkhd topfis mJ Njl
Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ. mjd; nghUl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffshtd:
1. Rq;f tupia mjpfupj;jy;
2. ehthar; rl;lj;ijf; fLikahfr; nraw;gLj;jjy;.
• Vohz;Lg; Nghiu ntd;w gpd;du; 1763 Mk; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wk; FbNaw;w
ehLfspd; epUthfj;ij Kiwg;gLj;jpaik.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
279
• Aj;jr; nryTfspy; xU gFjpiaf; FbNaw;wthrpfsplkpUe;J ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jpd; vz;zkhf ,Ue;jJ. Vw;fdNt eilngWk; Aj;jq;fSf;Fj;
Njitahd gzj;ijAk; gil tPuu;fisAk; FbNaw;wthrpfs; toq;Ftjhy; NkYk;
tupia mtu;fsplkpUe;J mwptplf;$lhnjd;gJ FbNaw;wthrpfspd; fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ.
• vt;thnwdpDk; ,Jtiu fLikahfr; nraw;gLj;jg;glhj tzpfr; rl;lq;fisg; gpupjj; hdpa

murhq;fk; nraw;gLj;j eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lik. %d;whk; N[hu;[; kd;dd;
mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;wq;fspypUe;J tup mwtpLtjw;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mq;ff
P huj;ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik. ,jw;fika Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs; rpy:
1. FbNaw;wthrpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gpupj;jhdpa mjpfhupfSf;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.
2. gjpd;%d;W FbNaw;wq;fSf;F NkyhfNth Nkw;Fg; gFjp Njr vy;iyf;F cs;Nsh
tpuptila FbNaw;wthrpfSf;Fj; jiltpjpj;jy;.
3. FbNaw;wq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;nfdf;$wp mnkupf;fhTf;Fg; gilfis mDg;gpaJld;
mtw;wpd; nryitf; FbNaw;w ehLfs; Vw;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpjpj;jik.
• FbNaw;wthrpfs; Nkw;F Nehf;fpg; guTtjd; %yk; nrt;tpe;jpau;fs; rpde;njOthu;fs;

vd;gjw;fhfNt ,e;jr; rl;lq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. ,e;jj; jilfs; rpW epy
cupikahsu;fSf;Fk; cNuhkk; tpw;gid nra;NthUf;Fk; ghjfkhkf mike;jjhy;
mtu;fSf;Fg; gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fk; kPJ kdf;frg;G Vw;gl;lJ.
• FbNaw;wthrpfs; Vw;Wkjp nra;j fUk;Gr; rhw;wpw;F tup nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd rl;lk;

nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. 1764 Mk; Mz;L tpjpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jr; rl;lk; rPdp rl;lk; vdg;gl;lJ.
,r;rl;lk; fLikahfr; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy; kf;fs; ,jw;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gl;ldu;.
• FbNaw;wq;fspy; epWj;jg;gl;bUe;j gpupjj

; hdpag; gilapd; nryTfisf; FbNaw;w ehLfs;
Vw;f Ntz;Lnkdg; gpupj;jhdpah tw;GWj;jpajhy; FbNaw;wthrpfspd; Mj;jpuk; NkYk;
mjpfupj;jJ.
• 1765 Mk; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpag; gpujkuhf ,Ue;j N[hu;[; fpNud;tpy; mtu;fshy;
Kj;jpiu tup xd;Wk; Gjpjhf mwpKfk; nra;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;fika
• fhzp cWjp> gj;jpupif> Vida epiyahd Mtzq;fs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F nrYj;jg;gl
Ntz;ba Kj;jpiu tup tpjpj;jy;.
• FbNaw;wq;fspypUe;J tup mwtpLtjw;F ,q;fpyhe;Jg; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F mjpfhuk;
cs;sik.
• cupik njhlu;ghff; FbNaw;wthrpfs; tpdh vOg;Gjy;.
• vjpu;ggpd; fhuzkhf 1776 Mk; Mz;L Kj;jpiu tup ePf;fg;gly;.
1767 lTd;l;nrd;l; rl;lk;

gpujku; tpy;ypak; gpl; vd;gtupd; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruitapd; jpiwNrupapd;
nrayhsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l rhs;]; lTd;l;nrd;l; Gjpa tupia mwtplj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wk; FbNaw;wthrpfsplkpUe;J fz;zhb> jfuk;> rha tiffs;>
fljhrp> Njapiy vd;gdtw;Wf;fhd tupia mwtplj; jPu;khdpj;jik.
• FbNaw;wthrpfs; ,ize;J mtw;wpw;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;jik.
• gpd;du; Njapiy tup jtpu;e;j Vida tupfs; ePf;fg;gl;lik.
gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Ff; FbNaw;wthrpfsplkpUe;J tup mwtpLk; cupik
cz;nld;gijf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfj; Njapiy tup ePf;fg;gltpy;iy.
• gpupj;jhdpag; nghUl;fisg; gfp\;fupj;J> cs;ehl;by; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
Mu;tk; FbNaw;wthrpfSf;F Vw;gl;lik.
• ept;Nahu;f; FbNaw;wj;jpy; rl;lrigia ,ilepWj;jplj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
280
ngh];ld; NjePu; tpUe;J (1773 brk;gu; 16)
gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wk; Njapiy tupia ePff ; hjjhy; Nfhgkile;j FbNaw;wthrpfs;

ngh];ld; JiwKfj;jpy; eq;$ukpl;bUe;j fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fj;jpd; fg;gy;fspy; Vwp (rhKNty;
mlk;]; cl;gl;l FOtpdu;) mjpypUe;j Njapiyg; ngl;bfisf; flypy; vwpe;jdu;. ,jdf;
Nfs;tpAw;wJk; Vida JiwKfq;fspypUe;J NjapiyiaAk; mt;thNw nra;jdu;. ,e;epfo;T
Aj;jk; Muk;gpg;gjw;F mz;kpa fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
,e;j epfo;tpd; tpisthf %d;whk; N[hu;[; kd;dDk; mtdJ MNyhrfuhd Nehu;j;

gpuGTk; rpy eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
• gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jhy; ngh];ld; JiwKfk; %lg;gl;lJld;> FbNaw;wthrpfspd;
gfpuq;ff; $l;lq;fSk; jilnra;ag;gl;ld.
• Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l FbNaw;wthrpfspd; tof;F> gpupj;jhdpahtpy; tprhupf;fg;gly;.
• krhRnrl;]; FbNaw;wj;jpwF
; toq;fg;gl;bUe;j tpNrl cupikfs; ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;lik.
KjyhtJ fz;l jpl;l kfhehL (1774)
gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jpd; fLikahd eltbf;iffSf;F vjpuhfj; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk;

nghUl;L Ntu;[pdpa rl;lrig fz;l kfhehL xd;iwf; $l;Lk; nghUl;L Kjy; eltbf;if
vLj;jJ. KjyhtJ fz;lj;Jf;fhd kfhehL 1774 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; khjk;
gpynly;gpahtpy; $baJ. N[hu;[pah jtpu;e;j midj;Jf; FbNaw;wq;fspdJk; gpujpepjpfs;
mjpy; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. N[hu;[; th\pq;fld;> N[hu;[; mlk;];> rhNKNty; mlk;];>
N[hd;N[ Mfpa mnkupf;f tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;ghd nranyhd;iw epiwT nra;j jiytu;fs;
rpyu; ,jpy; gq;Nfw;wdu;. mjpy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfs;:
• FbNaw;wthrpfspd; cupik njhlu;ghd gpufldnkhd;iw mq;fPfupj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
281
• fz;lj;Jf;fhd mikg;gpid epWTjy;.

• jiytuhf N[hu;[; th\pq;ld; epakpj;jy;.
• fz;lj;Jf;fhd kfhehl;bd; jPu;khdj;jpw;F mikaf; FbNaw;wthrpfs; NghUf;Fj;
jahuhFjy;.
,jw;fika
• gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fk; FbNaw;wthrpfSf;FkpilNa 1775 Mk; Mz;L nyf;rpd;ld; vDk;
,lj;jpy; KjyhtJ Nghu; Muk;gkhdJ.
• 1775 Mk; Mz;L FbNaw;wq;fs; midj;jpdJk; gpujpepjpfs; xd;W$bg; gzk;
mr;rpLtjw;Fk; N[hu;[; th\pq;ldpd; jiyikapy; Nghu;g; gilnahd;iw xOq;F
nra;tjw;Fk; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
Rje;jpuk; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gly; (1776 [{iy 04)
• 1776 Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjk; 4 Mk; jpfjp mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; gpufldk; vd;w
ngaupy; mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;lik.
• ,jd; %yk; mnkupf;fu; Rje;jpu ,dj;jpdu; vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly; Muk;gkhdik.
• N[hu;[; Nth\pq;ldpd; jiyikapy; Aj;jk; Muk;gkhjy;.
• tpypak; `hNtapdhy; Nuhl; jPtpy; FbNaw;w ehl;Lg;gil Njhy;tpAwy;> epa+Nahu;f;
efu; gpupj;jhdpau; trk; tUjy;.
• gpynly;gpahTk; gpupj;jhdpau; trk; tUjy;.
• ,uz;lhtJ kfhehl;by; gpupj;jhdpg; Nguurpy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy ngwj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• Vohz;Lg; Nghupy; Njhy;tpAw;w gpuhd;];> gpupj;jhdpaiug; gopthf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; 1778
Mk; Mz;L FbNaw;wthrpfSf;F cjTjy;.
• gpuhd;rpypUe;J gzk;> njhz;lu; gil> fg;gy; vd;gd fpilf;fg;ngw;wjhy; FbNaw;wthrpfs;
typik ngwy;.
• 1779 Mk; Mz;L ];ghdpahTk; xy;yhe;Jk; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhfg; Nghupy; <Lgly;.
• 1781 Mk; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpag; gilia elhj;jpr; nrd;w nfhd;Nthyp];> Nahu;f;
lTdpy; Nth\pq;ldpd; gilahy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gly;.
FbNaw;wthrpfspd; ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
• mnkupf;fhTf;Fk; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa J}uk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jik

• N[hu;[; Nth\pq;ldpd; jpwikahd jiyikj;Jtk;
• FbNaw;wthrpfs; nfhupy;yhg;Nghu; Kiwapy; rpwe;jtu;fshf ,Ue;jik gpupj;jhdpag;
Nghu; tPuUf;F mt;thwhd jpwik ,d;ik.
• gpuhd;];> ];ghdpah Nghd;w ehLfs; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhff; FbNaw;wthrpfSf;F
cjtpaik.
• u\;ah> RtPld; Kjyhd Vida INuhg;gpa ehLfSk; gpupj;jhdpahTf;F vjpuhf
eLepiy mzpnahd;iw Muk;gpj;jik.
• gpupj;jhdpag; Nguurpd; Vida gpuNjrq;fspYk; murhq;f vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
Muk;gkhfpaik.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
282
Rje;jpuk; ngWjYk; Gjpa murpay; ahg;gpid mq;fPfupj;jYk;
• 1783 Mk; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;wq;fs; gjpd;%d;Wk; cj;jpNahfg+u;tkhf

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L ghup]; cld;gbf;if ifr;rhj;jplg;gly;.
• fdlhtpd; njd; vy;iyapypUe;J GNshuplhtpd; tl vy;iy tiuAk; mj;jpyhe;jpf;
rKj;jpuj;jpypUe;J ehl;bd; cl;Gwkhf kprprpg;gp ejp tiuAk; gutpf; fhzg;gLk; gpuNjrk;
mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfs; vdg;gl;lik.
• 1787 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpuk; ngw;w mnkupf;fu; gpynly;gpah kfhehl;by; Gjpa
ahg;nghd;wpidj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
• KbauRf;Fk; ghuhSkd;w Kiwf;Fk; khWghlhd Kiwiaj; njupTnra;J epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjp Kiw vDk; ngaupy; [dehaf muirj; Njhw;Wtpj;jik.
• mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu; etPd fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j Kjyhtj [dehafg; Gul;rp vd
cyf tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;wik.
• cyfpd; gyk; tha;e;j murhd mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; 01
gpd; t Uk; tpdhf; f spd; rupahd tpiliaj; njupT nra; J mjd; ,yf; f j; i j
milg; G f; F wpf; F s; vOjTk; .
01) mnkupf;ff; fz;lj;jpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikf;fhNjhu;
1. ];ghdpau; 2. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; 3. Mq;fpNyau;
4. gpuhd;rpau; 5. Rtpl;ryhe;ju; (..........)
02) mnkupf;f Muk;g FbNaw;wq;fspy; cs;slq;fhjJ?
1. N[hu;[pah 2. Ntu;[pdpah 3. epa+N[u;rp
4. nlyntahu; 5. fypNghdpah (..........)
03) mnkupf;fu; Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ij ntspapl;l Mz;L
1. 1776 2. 1774 3. 1765 4. 1779 5. 1781 (..........)
04) gpupj;jhdpaf; FbNaw;wq;fs; gjpd;%d;Wk; cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L
ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l cld;gbf;if
1. gpuhf; cld;gbf;if 2. Yngf; rkhjhd cld;gbf;if
3. ghup]; cld;gbf;if 4. nt];l;ghypah cld;gbf;if
5. Vkpad;]; cld;gbf;if (..........)
05) mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUf;Fj; jiyik trpj;jtu;
1. ypq;fd; 2. nkhd;Nuh 3. Nth\pq;ld; 4. n[gu;rd; 5. [f;rd; (..........)
06) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; fPo; mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;wq;fs; epUtfpf;fg;gl;lik
njhlu;ghd rupahd tpilahf miktJ vJ?
A - gpupj;jhdpa Kbf;Fk;> ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; FbNaw;wq;fis epUtfpf;f mjpf
mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jik.
B - FbNaw;wthrpfs; epUthf eltbf;ifapy; Rje;jpukhf ,aq;fpaik.
C - FbNaw;wj;jpd; epUthfj;jpd; nghUl;L epakpf;fg;gl;l MNyhridr; rigapy;
mnkupf;fh ,Ue;jik.
D - FbNaw;wthrpfs; nghUshjhu uPjpahf Rje;jpukw;wtu;fshf ,Ue;jik.
1) A, B, C 2) B, C, D 3) A, B, D 4. midj;J tpilfSk; (..........)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
283
01. mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghu; Vw;gLtjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fisj; njspTgLj;jp

mg;Nghupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
02. ~~mnkupff; Rje;jpug; Nghu; mnkupff
; htpy; kl;Lky;y INuhg;ghtpYk; ngUe;jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.||
i. mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; jiytiug; ngaupLf. (01 Gs;sp)
ii. mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; gpujhd jhuf ke;jpuk; vd;d? (01 Gs;sp)
iii. mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUf;F topaha; mike;j nghUshjhu> murpay; fhuzp

fisj; njspTgLj;Jf. (04 Gs;spfs;)
iv. mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; tpisTfspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l $w;wpidj;

njspTgLj;Jf. (08 Gs;spfs;)
03. ~~mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUf;F murpay;> nghUshjhuk; vd;gd fhuzq;fshapd.||
i. ,q;fpyhe;J kd;ddpd; mDruizAld; 1497 Mk; Mz;L epa+gTz;yhe;Jf;F

tUif je;j ahj;jpupfs; ahu;? (01 Gs;sp)
ii. ,q;fpyhe;J kf;fs; tl mnkupff

; htpy; FbNawpaikf;fhd ,uz;L fhuzq;fisj;
jUf. (02 Gs;spfs;)
iii. tl mnkupf;fhtpd; fpof;Ff; fiuapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;

%d;wpidg; ngaupLf. (03 Gs;spfs;)
iv. Mq;fpy murhq;fj;jpdhy; tl mnkupf;fhtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l FbNaw;w ehLfspd;

nfhs;ifapy; ftdk; nrYj;jp Nkw;$wg;gl;l $w;wpidj; ju;f;f uPjpahf
Kd;itf;Ff. (08 Gs;spfs;)
03. i. mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu; Vw;gLtjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fisg; guprPypf;Ff.

(08 Gs;spfs;)
ii. mnkupf;fu; ntw;wpaile;jikapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa fhuzq;fis tpgupf;Ff.

(06 Gs;spfs;)
04. cyfg; glj;jpy; INuhg;gpau;fshy; epWtg;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fisf; Fwpf;Ff.

(14 Gs;spfs;)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
284
7. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp
mwpKfk;
gpuhd;rpy; epytpa Coy; epiwe;j Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf 1789 Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;rpa
kf;fs; nra;j Gul;rp gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp vdg;gLk;. mg;Gul;rpia Nehf;Fifapy; mJ
cldbahf Vw;gl;l Gul;rp my;y vdTk;> gy tUlq;fshf epytpa rPuN ; flhd epiyikahy;
Vw;gl;l Gul;rp vd;Wk; mwpaf;$bajhf cs;sJ. gpuhd;rpy; epytpa murpay;> nghUshjhu>
r%fr; rPu;NfLfNs gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;. "Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;>
rNfhjuj;Jtk;" vDk; jhuf ke;jpuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; xUq;fikf;fg;gl;l ,e;jg; Gul;rpapy;
16 Mk; Y}ap kd;ddpd; ru;thjpfhu Ml;rp tPo;r;rpaile;J kf;fs; ntw;wp ngw;wdu;.
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisthfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;w kdpj cupik njhlu;ghd gpufldk;
gpwf
; hyj;jpy; cyfpd; gy ehLfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;Ftjhy;> gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpahdJ
cyf tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa epfo;thff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; ,J njhlu;ghff;
fw;gJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : • Rje;jpuKk; kdpj cupikfSk; kf;fs; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;

vd;gij tpsq;fpf;nfhz;L mjidg; ghJfhf;f eltbf;if
vLg;ghu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 7.1 u\;ag; Gul;rp cyf murpaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij
tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 08
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • u\;ag; Gul;rpia tpsf;Fthu;.

• Gul;rp %yk; ntw;wp nfhz;l rkTilikf; nfhs;ifia njspT
gLj;Jthu;.
• Nrhrypr thjk; cyf mjpfhu mzpahf cUthd tpjj;ij
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
murpay; fhuzq;fs;
• ehl;bd; midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; kd;ddplk; Ftpe;J fhzg;gly;.
• Ml;rpahsu;fs; tpidj;jpwd; mw;wtu;fshf ,Ue;jik.
cjhuzk;: gjpide;jhk; Y}ap kd;dd;> 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd;
• Njitaw;w Nghu;fspy; <Lgl;lik
cjhuzk;: - gjpdhd;fhk; Y}ap kd;dd; ];ghdpa muRupikg; Nghupy; <Lgl;lik
- ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghu;
- gjpide;jhk; Y}ap Vohz;Lg; NghupYk;> mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghupYk;
<Lgl;lik
• 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;ddpd; J}uNehf;fw;w nray;fs;
cjhuzk;: - tu;Nfh> nef;fu; Nghd;w jpwikahd mikr;ru;fis ePf;fptpl;L> gpuGf;
fspd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F mikaj; jpwikaw;w mikr;ru;fis epakpjj ; ik.
- jdJ kidtpahd khup md;nlhapdl;bd; mwpTiug;gb nraw;gl;lik.
• KbauR gytPdkiljy;
• nyj;Nujp nfr;Nr vDk; gpbahiz Kiw
• ];Nll; n[duy; vDk; ghuhSkd;wk; $l;lg;glhik
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
285
nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs;
• nghJkf;fshy; Rkf;f Kbahj tpjj;jpy; tupfis tpjpj;jik
• gpuGf;fs; tup nrYj;jhky; gy rYiffis mDgtpj;jik
• eLj;ju tFg;gpdupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F ,Ue;j jilfs;
• tupf;nfhs;ifapd; rPuw;wjd;ik
• epy milg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;
• mjpfupj;j nrythy; jpiwNrup ntWikahfpaik
• mur FLk;gj;jpd; Mlk;gur; nryTf;F ehl;bd; tUkhdj;jpd; ngUk; gFjp nrytplg;gly;
• <ld; tu;j;jf xg;ge;jKk; mjd; tpisTfSk;
murdpd; gLf;ifaiw (jq;fKyhk; g+rg;gl;lJ)
Ntu;y;N]y;]; khspif
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
286
r%ff; fhuzq;fs;
• nghJkf;fs; Kfq;nfhLj;j ,d;dy;fs;
• gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; r%f epiyikfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;glYk; tFg;G NtWghLfSk;
• gpuGf;fs; kl;Lk; midj;Jr; rYifiaAk; ngw;wik
ntspf; fhuzq;fs;
• jj;Jt Qhdpfspd; jhf;fk; (n`hg;]>; nyhf;> &Nrh> Nthy;Nlau;> nkhd;l];fpA Nghd;Nwhu;)
• Vohz;Lg; NghUk; mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUk;
• gpuhd;]pd; fhyepiy (mjpf Fspu;> Nfhil> gQ;rk;)
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Njhw;wKk; gutYk;

• gpuhd;]; KOtJk; mikjpaw;w epiy Vw;gl;ljhy;
gpuGf;fspd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F mika 16 Mk; Y}ap
kd;dd; ];Nll; n[duy; rigiaf; $l;Ljy;.
• nldp]; ikjhd cWjp nkhopAk; > Njrpa rig
nraw;gl;likAk;
• eLj;ju tFg;gpdUk; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapy; jiyikj;Jtk;
tfpj;jy;.
• g]; B y; rpiwf; $ lj; i jj; jhf; f paJld; Gul; r p
Muk;gkhfpaik. Gul;rp td;Kiw Njhw;wj;ijg; ngwy;.
(14.07.1789)
• gpuGf;fspd; rYiffs; ePf;fg;gly;.
• fp.gp. 1791 Mk; Mz;L 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; jg;gpr;
nry;YjYk; M];jpupahtpd; cjtpia ehLjYk;.
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; gpujhd fl;lq;fs;

• gpuhd;rpa $l;lurhq;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; (1792)
• 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dDk; khup md;ldl; murpAk; nfhiy
nra;ag;gly; (1793)
• gpuhd;rpa $l;lurhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf Aj;jk; Vw;gly;
(,q;fpyhe;J> ];ghdpah> M];jpupah) fpsBd;
gaq;fu Ml;rpapd; Muk;gk; (1793-1795)

• nld;ld;> kul;> nuhng];gpau; Nghd;Nwhu; n[Nfhgpad;
fl;rpapdupd; ifapy; mjpfhuk; te;jik
• rpwpJ fhyk; Ml;rpapypUe;J [pnuhd;bd; jiytu;fs;
[f;Nfhgpduhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gly;
• [f;Nfhgpd;fspilNa fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs;
Njhd;wpaikAk; xUtu; xUtiuf; nfhiy nra;jikAk;
nuhng];gpauhy; nld;ld; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lik
• gaq;fu Ml;rpapd; KbTk; ju;kpNlhupad; vjpu;Gul;rpAk;
([hf;Nfhkpd;fspd; gaq;fu Ml;rpia Kwpabf;Fk;
nghUl;L Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l ,af;fk; ju;kpNlhupad;
vjpu;g;Gg;Gul;rp vdg;gl;lJ.)
• mjpfhu rig Ml;rpiag; nghWg;Ngw;wy;. (1795 xf;Nlhgu;)
• nfhd;ry; Kiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik neg;Nghypad; nghdghu;l;
• neg;Nghypad; nfhdghu;l; mjpfhuj;ijg; nghWg;Ngw;wy;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
287
16 Mk; Y}ap kd;did fpsBdpy; itj;J nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lijr; rpj;jupf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;
Nkup md;Nlha;dl; murp fpsBdpy; itj;J nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lij rpj;jupf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
288
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

• fp.gp. 1791 Mk; Mz;L kdpj cupikg; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gly;
• khdpaKiwg; nghUshjhuk; tPor ; r
; pAw;W Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhu Kiw Njhd;Wjy;.
• kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; gyk; tha;ej
; murhq;fk; xd;W mikf;fg;gly;.
• kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;F murpay; cupikfs; fpilj;jy;.
• gpuGf;fSk; FUkhUk; jq;fsJ epyq;fis ,oe;jik.
• gpuGf;fsplKk; FUkhuplKk; ,Ue;j epyq;fs; tptrhapfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;ljhy;
gpuhd;rpy; rpwpa epyj;ijAila tptrha tFg;G xd;W Njhd;wpaik.
• rkkhd tupKiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• ~Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhuj;Jtk;| vd;w fUj;J INuhg;gh KOtJk; gutpaik.
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

• INuhg;gh kj;jpafhy khdpa Kiwapy; ,Ue;J etPd Kiwf;F tUjy;.
• gpuhd;]; ru;thjpfhu Kbahl;rp KiwapypUe;J [dehaf Ml;rpKiw tiuapy;
khw;wkiljy;.
• gpuhd;rpa kf;fs; vjpu;ghu;j;j Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; Kjyhd mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gly;.
• mbg;gil cupikfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ypguy;thjk;> Njrpa thjk; Nghd;w
tw;iw cupikahf;fpaf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L INuhg;gh KOtJk; gy Gul;rpfs; Vw;gl;lik.
• ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,j;jhyp If;fpak; mile;jik> N[u;kdp If;fpakiljy;
vd;gdtw;wpd; %yk; INuhg;ghtpy; Njrpathjk; gutyiljy;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
289
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 1
• fP N o jug; g l; L s; s nrhw; f spy; nghUj; j kw; w nrhy; i yj; njupT nra; J

mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
(1) 1. yghal; 2. nef;fu; 3. nkul; 4. nld;ld; 5. kpuhNgh

(...............)
(2) 1. nkhd;nl];fpa+ 2. Nthy;Nlau; 3. &Nrh 4. N[hd;nyhf; 5. kf;fpa typ

(...............)
(3) 1. nef;fu; 2. nlu;Nfh 3. upr;ypA 4. nfnyhf; 5. gpuad;

(...............)
(4) 1. 14Mk; Y}ap 2. 8Mk; n`d;up 3. upr;rypA 4. krhupd; 5. nef;fu;

(...............)
(5) 1. fupghy;b 2. nkul; 3. nuhng]; gpau; 4. nld;ld; 5. kpuhNgh

(...............)
• gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fs; xt;nthd;wpd; fPOk; Ie;J tplaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;

gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; xU tplak; jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ. mjidj;
njupT nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
(6) gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp

1. gjpdhd;fhk; Y}ap kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; Muk;gkhfpaJ.
2. kd;ddpd; epjp mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j nef;fu; gy tupr; rPuj ; pUj;jq;fis Kd;itj;jhu;.
3. gpuhd;rpd; jpiwNrup ntWikahdNj gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F mz;kpa fhuzkhFk;.
4. 1789 Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjk; 14 Me; jpfjp g];By; rpiwr;rhiy jhf;fg;gl;lik
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa epfo;thFk;.
5. Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;gd gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; jhuf kj;jpukhFk;.
(...............)
(7) gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;
1. Njrpa nghJr;rig epWtg;gl;lik
2. $l;lhl;rp epWtg;gl;lik
3. gjpd;%d;whk; Y}ap kd;ddpd; fPo; gpuhd;rpd; Kbahl;rp kPsikf;fg;gl;lik
4. gaq;fu Ml;rp
5. mjpfhurig Ml;rpf;F tUjy;
(...............)
1. gioa Kbahl;rp Kiwapd; gytPdk; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpfF
; toptFj;j fhuzq;fspy;
xd;whFk;.
2. nkhd;nl];fpa+ gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F cjtpa jj;JtQhdpahthu;.
3. 1789 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; ];Nll; n[duy; $l;lg;gl;lJ.
4. 1789 Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjk; g];By; rpiwr;rhiy jhf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. 1793 Mk; Mz;L [dtup khjk; 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; Kb #bdhd;.
(...............)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
290

1. ];Nll; n[duhy; $l;lg;gl;lik
2. g];By; rpiwr;rhiy jhf;fg;gl;lik
3. 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; rpur;Nrjk; nra;ag;gl;lik
4. 18 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; murdhdik
5. gaq;fu Ml;rp
(...............)
1. nldp]; ikjhd cWjpAiu gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Muk;g milahskhFk;.
2. gjpNdohk; Y}ap kd;dd; rl;luPjpahd kd;ddhf Kb#l;lg;gl;lhd;.
3. khup md;nlhapdl; rpur;Nrjk; nra;ag;gl;lhd;.
4. Njrpa rigapdhy; kdpj cupikfs; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
5. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapdhy; kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; mgpgg
; puhaq;fs; gy epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.
(...............)
• gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd A, B, C, D vDk; tpilfspy; xd;Nwh> gyNth

rupahdjhFk;. rupahd tpiliaj; njupe;J A Ak; B Ak; rupahapd; (1) vdTk;>
B Ak; C Ak; rupahapd; (2) vdTk;> C Ak; D Ak; rupahapd; (3) vdTk;> A Ak;
D Ak; rupahapd; (4) vdTk;> xU tpil my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l tpilfs;
rupahapd; (5) vdTk; milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
(1) gpudh;rpag; Gul;rp njhlu;ghd rupahd tpil / tpilfs;

A. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa jhuf ke;jpuk; Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;
vd;gjhFk;.
B. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; %yk; gpuGf;fspd; rYif cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
C. nuhng];gpaupd; jiyikapy; gpuhd;rpy; $l;lhl;rp epWtg;gl;lJ.
D. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; Gul;rp vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
(...............)
(2) gpd;tUNthupy; gpuhd;rpag; Nghupy; gq;Fgw;wpNahu; ahtu;?

A. yghnal; B. nuhng];gpau; C. upr;ypA D. Yap neg;Nghypad;
(...............)
(3) gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; vit?

A. khdpa Kiw tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
B. kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; murpay; cupik ngw;wik
C. Kbahl;rp tYtile;jik
D. neg;Nghypad; nghdghl; Ml;rpf;F te;jik
(...............)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
291
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 2
• gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.
01. gpd;tUk; midj;Jg; gpuptpdUk; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sdu;.

mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;gpid tpgupf;Ff.
(i) kd;du;fs; (ii) gpuGf;fs; (iii) kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; (iv) rhjhuz kf;fs;
(14 Gs;spfs;)
02. ~gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp kj;jpa tFg;gpduhNyNa Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.||

(i) gpuhd;rpag;Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;F mz;kpa fhuzk; vd;d?
(02 Gs;spfs;)
(ii) gpuhd;rpy; kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; Kfq;nfhLj;j ,d;dy;fs; ahit?
(04 Gs;spfs;)
(iii) gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jp> Gul;rpapid
Muk;gpg;gjpy; kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; Mw;wpa gzpia tpku;rd uPjpapy; tpsf;Ff.
(08 Gs;spfs;)
03. (i) 18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; gpuhd;rpy; epytpa gioa Kbahl;rp Kiwapd; gpujhd
,ay;Gfs; ahit?
(07 Gs;spfs;)
(ii) 1789 Gul;rpapd; Muk;gj;ijAk; mjd; tpisTfisAk; guprPypf;Ff.
(07 Gs;spfs;)
04. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%ff; fhuzpfis

tpsf;Ff.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
05. ~~gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp gpuGf;fs; tFg;gpduhNyNa Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.|| ,jid tpku;rd

uPjpahf Kd;itf;Ff.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
06. ~gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp jw;Nghija INuhg;ghitj; Njhw;Wtpj;j kpf Kf;fpa epfo;thFk;.||

(i) gpuhd;rpag;Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;F toptFj;j mz;kpa fhuzk; vd;d?
(01 Gs;sp
(ii) Gul;rpf;F Kd;du; gpuhd;rpy; epytpa r%ff; fl;likg;igj; njspTgLj;Jf.
(02 Gs;spfs;)
(iii) gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa re;ju;g;gq;fs; ahit?
(03 Gs;spfs;)
(iv) gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jp mJ gpuhd;]; njhlu;ghf kl;Lkd;wp
INuhg;ghtpd; Vida ehLfs; kPJk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij gupryP pfF
; f.
(08 Gs;spfs;)
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
292
etPd cyf tuyhW
juk; 12 etPd cyf tuyhW
1. etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wk;
mwpKfk;
cyfpd; Kf;fpakhd fhyg;gFjp 15Mk; Ehw;whz;bYk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dUNk Njhw;wk;
ngWfpwJ. mjw;F mbj;jskplg;gl;lJ INuhg;ghtpyhFk;. INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;jpwF
; mj;jpthuk;
mikj;j cau;kl;l ehfupfq;fshd fpNuf;f> cNuhk ehfupfq;fspd; fhyk; gz;ila
fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ. mt;thwhd cau; ehfupfq;fs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;L tsu;r;rpaile;J
tUk; 15Mk; Ehw;whz;bw;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyk; etPd fhyk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd
cau; epiyfisf; nfhz;buhJ gpd;jq;fpa ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;j Mwhk; Ehw;whz;L
Kjy; gjpide;jhk; Ehw;whz;L tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjp ,uz;L cau; ehfupfq;fSf;F
,ilg;gl;l fhykhf miktjhy; mJ kj;jpa fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
kj;jpa fhyk; vdg;gLk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; epyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l khdpa

Kiw rpwg;gpay;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mapuk; Mz;Lfshf INuhg;ghtpy; midj;J
ehLfspYk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j khdpa KiwahdJ fy;tp tsu;r;rp> tu;j;jf tpupT>
tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; vOr;rp> ehLfhz; gazq;fs;> Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wk;>
ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; tPor; r
; pAw;wJ. INuhg;ghit kj;jpa fhyj;jpypUe;J
etPd fhyj;jpw;F khw;wpa ,e;jg; gy;NtW mzpfs; nraw;gl;l gjpd;%d;whk; Ew;whz;L
Kjw;nfhz;L gjpide;jhk;> gjpdhwhk; Ehw;whz;L tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjp kWkyu;r;rpf;
fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ. kWkyu;rr; papd; tpisthf INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l etPdfhy ,ay;Gfshd
ehL fhz; gazq;fs;> NguuRfs; Njhd;Wjy;> ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk;> fpwp];jt rkak;
guTjy; vd;gd ,lk;ngwyhapd. NkYk; ,itfs; Mrpa> Mgpupf;f> mnkupf;ff;
fz;lq;fSf;Fk; gutpajd; topahf etPd cyfk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,jw;fika INuhg;ghit
ikakhff; nfhz;L cyfk; KOtjpYk; kdpj ehfupfk;> nghUshjhuk;> murpay;> rkak;>
gz;ghL Kjyhd midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fspy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jp>
etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij mspj;jy; ,e;j myfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Nju; r ; r p 1.0 : • etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tuyhw;W

epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 1.1 tzpf Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwapd; vOr;rpahdJ etPd cyfpd;

vOr;rpf;F toptFj;j Kiwapidg; gFj;jha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

• INuhg;ghtpy; tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; vOr;rp etPd cyfpd;
Njhw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

1.1 khdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rpAk;> tzpf thhj;jpd; vOr;rpAk;

• khdpa Kiw vd;gJ epy cupikiaAk;> mjDld; njhlu;Gila NritiaAk;>
Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l murpay;> r%f> gz;ghl;L KiwahFk;.

• mJ cNuhkg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpAld; Vw;gl;l Fog;g epiyapy; INuhg;ghtpd; gy;NtW

ehLfspy; tsu;r;rpaile;j KiwahFk;. cNuhkg; Nguuir tPo;r;rpAwr;nra;j N[u;kd;
Nfhj;jpu kf;fshy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l gy;NtW muRfspy; nray;gl;l khdpa Kiw
ngUk;ghYk; xNu tpjkhd ,ay;gpidf; nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jJ.
gpujhd ,ay; G fs;

• murpay; uPjpahfg; gyk; tha;e;j KbauRfs; ,y;yhjpUe;jJld; mjpfhuq;fs;
gutyhf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpuNjr muRfs; gyk; tha;e;j gpuGf;fspd; fPo; epu;tfpf;fg;gly;.
• cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffs; khdpa Kiwia ikakhff; nfhz;L eilngw;wJld;>
mg;gpuNjrq;fs; RaNjitiag; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; myfhf ,Ue;jik.
• khdpag; gpuGtpd; fPo; gapu;r;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l khdpa mbikfspd; tho;f;if
Kiw me;epNahd;a xj;Jiog;gpy; jq;fpapUe;jik.
• fj;Njhypf;f rig Nkyhjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; FUkhUf;Fk; rpwg;ghd
xU epiy ,Ue;jik.
khdpa Kiw tPo;r;rpailtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

• fy;tp kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd vOr;rp
• kWkyu;r;rp
• tu;j;jfk; gutuyiljYk;> Gjpa Kjyhspj;Jt tFg;gpdu; Njhw;wk; ngWjYk;>
gzg;Gof;fk; mjpfupj;jYk;.
• tu;j;jf efuq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwy;.
• Njrpa muRfs; Njhd;Wjy;
• ehLfhz; gazq;fs;
• ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp
kWkyu; r ; r p
• kWkyu;r;rpahdJ INuhg;ghit kj;jpa fhyj;jpypUe;J etPd fhyj;jpw;F khw;wpa
Kf;fpa epfo;thFk;.
• kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
* nghUshjhu uPjpahf tu;j;jfk; gutyile;J Kjyhspj;Jtk; vOr;rpngwy;.
* murpay; uPjpahfg; Gjpa Kbahl;rp vz;zf;fUTld; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Njrpa
muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngwy;.
* rka uPjpahff; fj;Njhypf;f rigapy; fhzg;gl;l ru;thjpfhug;Nghf;F jfu;f;fg;gl;L
rka rPu;jpUj;jk; Vw;gly;.
* fpNuf;f> cNuhk ehfupfq;fspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; Gj;Japu; ngwy;.
tzpf Kjyhspj; J tj; j pd; vOr; r p

• tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtk; vd;gJ>
tu;j;jf eltbf;if %yk; gzk; rk;ghjpf;Fk; nry;te;j tFg;G xd;W Njhd;WjYk;>
gzg;Gof;fj;ijg; gpujhdkhff; nfhz;l r%f> nghUshjhuj; njhlu;Gfs; fl;bnaOg;gg;
gLjYkhFk;. ,jw;fika ehnlhd;wpd; nry;tj;ij mstpLk; msTNfhyhf tpsq;fpaJ
me;j ehL Nrfupj;J itj;Js;s nghd;> nts;sp> Kj;J> ,uj;jpdf;fw;fs; vd;gdthFk;.
• epyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l khdpa RaNjitg; nghUshjhu Kiw tPo;r;rp
aile;J Kjyhspj;Jt Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;w gpd;du; me;j Kiwiar; nraw;gLj;J
tjw;F mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fis tpw;wy;> tpiy nfhLj;J thq;Fjy;> gzg;Gof;fk;>
nryhtzpKiw> tq;fpfs; Muk;gkhfp tsu;r;rpAw;wik vd;gd cjtpahf mike;j
fhuzq;fshf tpsq;fpd. mt;thNw INuhg;ghtpy; Muk;gkhfp tsu;rr ; paile;j tu;jj
; f
Kjyhspj;Jtk; mq;F GJ Afj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJld;> mjd; %yk; etPd cyfk;
Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; cjtpaikiaf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
• 11Mk; Ehw;whz;L njhlf;fk; 13Mk; Ehw;whz;L tiu eilngw;w rpYitg; Nghu;fs;

INuhg;ghtpy; khdpa Kiwapd; tPor ; r
; pfF
; g; gy topfspYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sd.
mitfspd; gpujdkhditfs; tUkhW:
* Nkw;F fpof;F tu;j;jfk; tpuptiljy;.
* khdpa Kiw tPo;r;rpAwy;
* gzg;Gof;fk; tpuptiljy;
* tu;j;jf efuq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwy;
* gpuGf;fs;> epy mbikfs; vd;w epiy tPo;r;rpAwy;.
• kj;jpa fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Gjpa Kbahl;rp Kiwapd;
fPo; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Njrpa tu;j;jff; nfhs;ifAk;> Gjpa tupf; nfhs;ifAk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gly;.
• ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; %yk; FbNaw;wthjg; NguuRfs; fl;bnaOg;gg;glYk; mjd;
%yk; tu;jj; f eltbf;iffs; INuhg;ghTf;F ntspNa Vida fz;lq;fspYk; gutpaik.
• tu;j;jfk; tpuptile;jJld;> tu;j;jfj;jpd; %yk; nry;tj;ijr; Nrfupj;j nry;te;ju;fs;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wik. ,jd; %yk; Kjyhspj;Jtk; gbg;gbNa tsu;r;rpailjy;.
• tu;j;jf eltbf;iffs; gutyile;jJld;
* Gjpa efuq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwy;
* tq;fp KiwfSk;> nryhtzp KiwfSk; Njhd;Wjy;.
* tu;j;jf rq;fq;fs; Njhd;Wjy;. ($l;L tu;j;jf rq;fk;)
• mjw;fika 11Mk; Ehw;whz;L Kjy; INuhg;ghtpy; tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtk; Muk;gkhfp
gy Ehw;whz;Lfshfg; gbg;gbNa tsu;;r;rpaile;J> NguuR tpupthf;fj;Jld; cyfpd;
Vida gFjpfSf;Fk; gutp etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F toptFj;Js;sik gw;wpf;
fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;.
etPd re;ij efuq;fs;

GNshud;]; efuk;
Gzu;epu;khzf; fiy

fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k;
• 01 - 04 tiuapyhd tpdhf; f Sf; F (A), (B), (C), (D) vd Ie; J tpilfs;

jug; g l; L s; s d. mitfspy; xd; N wh> gyNth rupahdit. mjidj; njupT
nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
A Ak; B Ak; kl;Lk; rupahdhy; ....................... 1 vdTk;.

B Ak; C Ak; kl;Lk; rupahdhy; ....................... 2 vdTk;.
C Ak; D Ak; kl;Lk; rupahdhy; ....................... 3 vdTk;.
D Ak; E Ak; kl;Lk; rupahdhy; ....................... 4 vdTk;.
Xd;W my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nky; rupahdhy; ....................... 5 vdTk;.
(...............)
1. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; khdpa Kiwapd; nghJ ,ay;G ahJ?

A. gyk; tha;e;j FbauR ,y;yhik
B. FUkhUf;Fr; rpwg;gplk; ,Ue;jik
C. ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G ,Ue;jik
D. epy mbikfs; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;lik
E. epy mbikfspd; epiyik rPuhf ,Ue;jik
(...............)
2. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; epykhdpaj;Jt Kiw tPo;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

A. gpuGf;fSf;fpilapyhd mjpfhug; Nghl;b
B. epy mbikfspd; Mu;g;ghl;lk;.
C. fy;tp kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rp
D. gzg;Gof;fk; mjpfupj;jik
E. mjpfhuk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jik
(...............)
3. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fSs; tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; ahit?

A. jpwe;j nghUshjhuk;
B. tptrha tsu;r;rp
C. Fbirf; ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rp
D. gzg;ghtid
E. Kjyhspj;Jt tFg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
(...............)
4. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fSs; kWkyu;r;rpapd; ,ay;G ahJ?

A. kjr; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; Vw;gly;
B. nysfPf (cyfpay;) thjk; vOr;rpngwy;
C. Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngwy;
D. fpNuf;f> cNuhk ehfupfq;fspd; kWkyu;r;rp
E. gz;ila r%f mikg;G tPo;r;rpAwy;.
(...............)
5. khdpa Kiw tPo;r;rpAk;> tzpf Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwapd; vOr;rpAk; etPd cyfpd;

Njhw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 1.2 Njrpa muRfspd; vOr;rp etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpa tpjj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • Njrpa muRfs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisj; njspT

gLj;Jtu;.
• INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpa Njrpa muRfs; gw;wp tptupg;gu;.
• INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpa Njrpa muRfisj; Njrg;glj;jp;y
Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Ltu;.
• Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wk; etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj;jpd; kPJ
jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

1.2 Njrpa muR
• Njrpa murpd; mwpKfk;
Fwpg;gpl;l Njr vy;iyiaAk;> Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fs; njhifiaAk; nfhz;l xNu

nkhopiag; NgRk;> nghJthd Njrpa milahsj;ijf; nfhz;l kd;ddpd; mjpfhuj;ij
cWjpahff; nfhz;l murpay; myNf Njrpa muR vdg;gLk;.
• Njrpa muRfspd; ,ay;Gfs;
- Fwpg;gpl;l Gtpapay; Njr vy;iy ,Uj;jy;

- gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuk; Fiwtile;J> kj;jpa tFg;ghupd; mjpfhuk; NkNyhq;Fjy;.
- rk;gsk; ngWk; cj;jpNahf tFg;G Njhw;wk; ngwy;
- ,iwik tha;e;j Kbahl;rp
- xNu rl;lj; njhFjp
- tzpfthjk;
- kd;dDf;F epiyahd gil ,Uf;fpd;wik
- xNu tpj tup Kiw
- rkaj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
,t;thwhd ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l murpay; Kiw “ Gjpa Ml;rp Kiw” vdg;gLk;.
• Njrpa muRfspd; tpupthf;fk;
• INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpa Muk;g Njrpa muRfs;

- ,q;fpyhe;J
- ];ghdpah
- gpuhd;];

• ,q;fpyhe;J Njrpa murhf tsu;r;rp ngwy;

- ,q;fpyhe;J Njrpa murhf tsu;r;rp ngWtjpy; rpwg;ghd gzpia epiwNtw;wpa
jiytu;fs; rpyu; tUkhW:
• Nehkz;bapy; tpy;ypak; Nfhkfd; (1066)
- gpuhd;rpd; gpuNjr myFfspy; xd;whd Nehkz;bapd; tpy;ypak; Nfhkfd; 1066
Mk; Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;ij ntw;wp nfhz;lJld; Njrpa muRf;Fj; Njitahd
mbj;jskplg;gl;lik.
- 1086 Mk; Mz;by; rhs;];gup thf;FWjp %yk; khdpa gpujhdpfs; kd;dDf;Fg;
gf;fr;rhu;ghdtu; vd;gij cWjp nra;jik
- ehl;bd; midj;J epyq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpguk; mlq;fpa “Lk;];Nl Gf;” vDk;
ngaupy; mwpf;if jahupf;fg;gl;lik.
• Vohk; n`d; w p kd; d dpd; Ml; r pf; f hyk;

• yq;nf];lu;> Nahu;f; Mfpa gpuptpdu;fspilNa eilngw;w Nuh[h Aj;jj;jpd; (1453 -
1485) gpd;du; yq;nf];lu; tk;r Vohk; n`d;wp ntw;wpngw;wik.
• Nahu;f; tk;r vyprngj;ijj; jpUkzk; nra;jjd; %yk; mur cupikAila ,U
tk;rq;fis ,izj;J bAlu; vDk; Gjpa mur tk;rk; Muk;gkhfpaik.
• ,q;fpyhe;J Njrpa murhf khWtjpy; Vohk; n`d;wp kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;.
- Nrit vDk; rl;lj;ij mKy; nra;J gpuGf;fspd; jdpg;gl;l giliaj; jil
nra;jik.
- gpuGf;fspd; Aj;j mr;RWj;jiy ePf;fp milf;fyr; rl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaik.
- ];lhu; Nrk;gu; vDk; Gjpa ePjpkd;w Kiwiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jik
- Gjpjhf vOr;rp ngw;W te;j kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;F murhq;fj;jpy; cau; gjtpfis
toq;fpaik.
- kd;ddpd; epiyahd gilia Vw;gLj;jp mjid Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wik.
- ntbkUe;Jfspd; jdpAupikia kd;dd; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik.
- fk;gsp tu;j;jf tsu;r;rpapd; nghUl;L gu;f];bAld; ~khY]; ,d;lu; Fu;R];|
vDk; tu;j;jf cld;gbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lik.
- N[hd; fNghl;> nrg];jpad; fNghl; Mfpa ehLfhz; gazpfSf;F mDruiz
toq;fpaik.
- fy;tpapdJk;> kjj;jpdJk; Gj;jhf;fj;jpw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik.
• vl; l hk; n`d; u p kd; d dpd; Ml; r pf; f hyk;

- ,q;fpyhe;J Njrpa murhf tsu;r;rp ngwj;Njitahd rka Rje;jpuj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaik
- tpthfk; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidahy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cjtpia ehb cNuhkd;
fj;Njhypff
; rigapdpdW
; k;> ghg;gurpypUe;Jk; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wikahdJ ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
Njrpa murpd; mjpfhuk; tsu;r;rpaila topNfhypaik.
- fj;Njhypf;f rigf;Fr; nrd;w tUkhdj;ijj; jilnra;J mtw;iw murpd; eyDf;
fhfg; gad;gLj;jpaik.
• ]; g hdpah Njrpa murhf tsu; r ; r paile; j ik

• Njrpa muRfshf xd;wpize;J> INuhg;ghtpy; gyk; tha;ej
; murhf Muk;gf;fl;lj;jpy;
vOr;rpAw;w muRfspy; xd;whf ];ghdpah tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. cNuhk NguuR fhyj;jpNy
`p];ngdpf; vDk; kdpj ,dk; tho;e;j me;j gue;j gpuNjrk; Igpupaf; Flh ehl;by;
Kf;fpa gFjpahf tpsq;fpaJ. fp.gp.1450 Mk; Mz;lstpy; Igpupad; Flh ehl;by;
Ie;J gpujhd muRfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
1. f];By; - ,rngyh murp
2. mufd; - Ngu;bdd;l; kd;dd;
3. fpuzlh - K];yPk; Ml;rpahsu;fs;

4. ethu; - RahjPd Ml;rpahsu;fs;
5. Nghu;j;Jf;fy; - RahjPd Ml;rpahsu;fs;
• ];ghdpah Njrpa murhf vOr;rp ngWtjpy; Ml;rpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

nraw;ghLfs;.
- Ngu;bdd;l; - ,rngyh jk;gjpapduhy; nra;ag;gl;l Nritfs;: (1469-1516)
- mufdpd; Ngu;bdd;l; kd;dDk;> f];Bypd; ,rngyh murpAk; jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhz;ljd; tpisthf ];ghdpahtpy; Gjpa Kbahl;rpf;Fk; gpuNjr ,iztpw;Fk;
mj;jpthukpl;lik.
- Ngu;bdd;l; - ,rngyh jk;gjp 1492 Mk; Mz;L K];yPk;fisj; Njhw;fbj;Jf;
fpudlhitAk;> 1512Mk; Mz;L RahjPd Ml;rpahsu;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J ethu;
muirAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lik.
- rl;lj;ijAk;> xOq;ifAk; epiyehl;Lk; nghUl;Lf; fhty; Jiwia kWrPuikj;J
epue;ju Nghu;g;giliaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jik
- kd;ddpd; MNyhrfu; gjtpf;Fk;> Vida gjtpfSf;Fk; kj;jpa tFg;gpdiu
epakpj;jik.
- nghJr; rl;lj; njhFg;igj; jahupj;jik
- ehzaj;jhs;fis mr;rpLjiy murd; RtPfupj;Jf; nfhz;lik.
- cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpw;F ,Ue;j jilia ePf;fpaik.
- kd;ddpd; MNyhridr; rigahd Nfhnl]; rigapd; mjpfhuj;ijf; Fiwj;jik.
- ehLfhz; gazq;fSf;F mDruiz toq;fpaik.
cjhuzk;: nfhyk;g];> kfyd;.
- tpthfj; njhlu;ghy; ];ghdpah Nguurhf cUthf eltbf;if vLj;jik.
cjhuzk;: Ngu;bdd;l; ,rngyhtpd; kfshd [{thdhit cNuhkg; Nguurdhd
nkf;]pkpypadpd; kfdhd gpypg;Gf;F tpthfk; nra;Jitj;jik.
• Kjyhk; rhs;];> Ie;jhk; rhs;]pd; Ml;rpf;fhyq;fs;:

• Ngu;bdd;l; ,rngyh jk;gjpapdupd; Ngudhd ([{thdh> gpypg; MfpNahupd; kfd;)
Kjyhk; rhs;rpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; ];ghdpag; Nguurpd; nghw;fhyk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
• tpthfj; njhlu;ghy; mtUf;Fj; je;ij topapYk;> jha; topapYk; gue;j gpuNjrk;
cupikahdik.
cjhuzk;:
jha;top cupik: ];ghdpah> Neg;gPs;];> rprpyp> rhbdpah.
je;ijtop cupik: Nehu;kd;b gpuNjrk;> gpshz;lu;]>; neju;yhe;J> gpuhd;]>; yf;]k;Ngu;f;
• ];ghdpahtpd; KjyhtJ rhs;]; 1519 Mk; Mz;L jdJ ghl;ldhuhd nkf;rpkpypad;
Nguurupd; kuzj;Jld; cNuhkg; NguuRg;; gjtpf;F cupj;Jilatdhdhd;. mtd;
5MtJ rhs;]; vDk; ngaupy; Ml;rpgPlk; Vwpdhd;.
• tzpfthj nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpaik.
• ehLfhz; gazq;fSf;F mDruiz toq;fpaik.
• Ml;rpf;F tUk;NghJ jdf;fpUe;j cs;ehl;Lf; Fog;gq;fis ntw;wp nfhz;lik.
• ,uz;lhk; gpypg; kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyk;

• fLikahd fj;Njhypf;fdhd gpypg;> Kf;fpakhd Gul;l];jhe;J ehLfspypUe;J
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rthy;fSf;F Kfq; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJld; mtw;iw
ntw;wp nfhz;lik.

• mur gjtpia epiyehl;bf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L tpthfj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;lik.
cjhuzk;:
§ Nghu;j;Jf;fy; ,sturpiaj; jpUkzk; nra;jy;.
§ ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Nkup murpia tpthfk; nra;jy;
§ gpuhd;]pa mur FLk;gj;jpd; vyprngj; ,sturpia jpUkzk; nra;jy;
§ M];jpupa `g;];Ngu;f; tk;r Md; ,sturpia tpthfk; nra;jy;
§ Igpupad; Flhehl;bd; KO mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;
§ ehLfhz; gazq;fSf;F mDruiz toq;Fjy;.
gpuhd;]; Njrpa murhf tsu;r;rpaile;jik

16Mk; Ehw;whz;L ];ghdpahtpd; nghw;fhykhfj; jpfo;e;jJ Nghy 17Mk; Ehw;whz;L
gpuhd;]pd; nghw;fhykhf tpsq;fpaJ. Gpuhd;Rf;Fk; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w
Ehw;whz;L Aj;jj;jpy; (1338 – 1453) gpuhd;]; ntw;wpaile;jJld; mJ Njrpa
murhf tsu;r;rpaila mj;jpthukplg;gl;lJ.
gpuhd;irj; Njrpa murhf Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjpy; Kf;fpa gzpapid epiwNtw;wpa

jiytu;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
ehd;fhk; n`d;wp (1580-1610)

• gpuhd;rpy; rka xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;jpaik
• ehd;wp]; Miz %yk; `pAfNdhu;fSf;F rptpy;> murpay;> rka Rje;jpuj;ij
toq;fpaik.
• Njrpa tupf; nfhs;ifia nraw;gLj;jpaik
• ehLfhz; gazq;fSf;F mDruiz toq;fpaik
• Gjpa gapu;r;nra;if Kiw> Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw vd;gtw;iw Kd;Ndw;wpajd; %yk;
tptrha tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpaik.
upr;rypAtpd; gzpfs;
• gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij ePf;fp kd;ddpd; mjpfhuk; NkNyhq;fr; nra;jik.
• gpuNjr epu;thfj;jpw;fhf ,d;nld;lhd;l;Lfis epakpj;jik.
• ehd;wp]; Miz %yk; `pAfNdhu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;j murpay; mjpfhuq;fis
xopj;jy;.
• gpuGf;fspilNa epytpa ,Ugf;fg; Nghiuj; jil nra;jy;
• Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghiu ntd;wpl mbj;jskpLjy;.
• ePjpkd;w rigapd; mjpfhuj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;.
14Mk; Yhap kd;ddpd; gzpfs; (1643 -1715)

• nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;fhd eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
• ehd;wp]; Mizia Kw;wpYk; ePf;Fjy;
• nja;tPftopAupik vd;w nfhs;ifia murhl;rpia cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• mjpfhuj;ijg; gutyhf;Fk; nghUl;L ntspehl;L Aj;jq;fspy; gq;Nfw;wy; (xy;yhe;J
Aj;jk;> xf;];Ngu;f; rq;f Aj;jk;> ];ghdpa thupRupik Aj;jk;.)
• FbNaw;wg; Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;g eltbf;if vLj;jik

o gpuhd;rpa Nkw;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf rq;fk;> tlf;F rq;fk;> nythd;l; rq;fk;. gpuhd;rpa
fpof;fpej
; pa tu;jj
; f rq;fk; Kjyhd jdpgg; l;l epWtdq;fis epWTtjw;F mDruid
toq;Fjy;. mjd; %yk; ,e;jpah> fdlh> Nkw;fpej ; paj; jPTfs; Kjyhd gpuNjrq;fspy;
gpuhd;rpd; FbNaw;wg; Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;g mDruiz toq;Fjy;.
• Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wk; etPd cyfpd; cjaj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jjy;
o gz;ila khdpaKiw tPor ; r
; pAWk; NghJ mjpfhuq;fs; xd;WgLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rpKiw
nahd;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l khw;wkhdJ etPd fhy Muk;gj;jpw;F
cjtpa Kiwiaf; fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;.
,yf;fk; 1-3 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F xU jiyg;gpw;F KiwNa Ie;J tpilfs;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; xd;W jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;. nghUj;jkw;w
tpiliaj; njupT nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
1. Njrpa muR
a. mjpfhuq;fs; murdplk; Ftpe;j gyk; tha;e;j KbauR.
b. gyk; tha;e;j khdpa gpuGf;fs; tFg;G.
c. gyk; tha;e;j epiyahd gil.
d. tu;j;jfg; gutYf;F mur mDruiz fpilj;jik.
e. kd;du;fshy; kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; cjtp ngwg;gly;.
(...............)
2. ,q;fpyhe;J Njrpa murhf tsu;r;rp ngwy;.
a. bAlu; vDk; Gjpa mur tk;rk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
b. gpuGf;fspd; jdpg;gl;;l gil jil nra;ag;gl;lik
c. kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;F murpy; cau; gjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;lik.
d. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cjtpAld; fpwp];jt rigapypUe;J ePq;Fjy;
e. nja;tPftopAupik vd;w fUj;ij Ml;rpia cWjp nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;
gLj;Jjy;.
(...............)
3. gpuhd;]; Njrpa murhf vOr;rp ngWtjpy; 14k; Yhap kd;ddhy; nra;ag;gl;l gzpfs;
a. nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;sy;
b. ed;wp]; Mizia ePf;Fjy;
c. Kg;gjhz;L Nghiu ntw;wp nfhs;sy;
d. FbNaw;wthjg; Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
e. ntspehl;L Aj;jq;fspy; gq;Nfw;wy;.
(...............)
gpd;tUk; tpdhtpd; rupahd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.
4. ];ghdpahitj; Njrpa murhf;Ftjw;F mj;jpthukpl;ltu;fs; ahtu;;?

a. tpy;ypak; Nfhkfd; b. Ngu;bdd;l; ,rngyh jk;gjpapdu;
c. Kjyhk; rhs;]; d. ,uz;lhk; gpypg;-Nkup jk;gjpapdu;
e. upr;rypA
5. mjpfhuj;ij xU epiyg;gLj;jpf; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Njrpa muRfs; etPdfhy

Muk;gj;jpw;F cjtpa tpjj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jf.
6. cyfg; glnkhd;wpy; gpd;tUk; ,lq;fisf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.

,q;fpyhe;J ethu; Neg;gps;]; gpuhd;];
f];By; Nghu;j;Jf;fy; rprpyp fdlh
fpudlh cNuhk; rhu;Bdpah ,e;jpah
mufd; ];ghdpah M];jpupah Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs;

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 1.3 jdpikg; g Lj; j g; g l; b Ue; j ehLfs; cyfpw; F mwpKfkhd

Kiwia ehLfhz; gazq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • INuhg; g htpd; ehLfhz; gazq; f Sf; F Kd; d u; Mrpah>

Mgpupff
; h> mnkupff
; h Mfpa fz;lq;fspy; epytpa epiyikiaj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• INuhg;ghtpy; ehLfhz; gazq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;fhd
fhuzq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• ehLfhz; gazq;fs;> mtw;wpd; tpisTfs; vd;gtw;iw vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lthu;.
• ehLfhz; gazg;ghijfisj; Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Lthu;.
ghlj; ijj;
i jj; jpl; l kpLtjw; F upa mwpTWj; j y; f s; :
1.3 ehLfhz; gazq; f s;
ehLfhz; eltbf;ifapd; nghUl;L Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh> mnkupf;fh Mfpa fz;lq;fspd;

epiyik gw;wpf; fw;gJ mtrpakhFk;. rpwg;ghf 15Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; ehLfhz;
gazq;fis Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ Mrpahtpy; kpfTk; tsu;r;rpaile;j nghUshjhu>
murpay;> r%f epiyik fhzg;gl;lJ. rpwg;ghf ,e;jpah Fwpgg ; plj;jf;f ehfupfnkhd;wpwF
;
cupikAilajhf ,Ue;jJld; rPdhTk; Mrpahtpy; NguuR epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. ,yq;if
kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfSf;fpilapy; Fwpgg ; plj;jf;f mstpy; murpay;> nghUshjhu
rkaj; njhlu;Gfs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUe;jd. Nkw;F ehLfspy; cs;Nshu; mnkupf;fhtpy;
nrd;W FbNaWKd; mq;F RNjrpfs; tho;eJ ; te;jdu;. rpwg;ghf ,d;fh> khah. m];nlf;];
vd;Nghupd; ehfupfq;fs; kpfTk; cau;ej
; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jikf;F njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfspd;
%yk; jfty;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,it ,uz;bidAk; tpl Mgpupf;ff; fz;lj;jpy;
NtWgl;l epiyik fhzg;gl;lJ. ,Uz;l fz;lk; vdg;gl;l Mgpupf;ff; fz;lj;jpy;
nghUshjhu murpay;> r%f epiy mt;tsT cau;e;jjhff; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
ehLfhz; gazq; f s; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Ltjw; f hd fhuzq; f s;
• 1453 Mk; Mz;L Nkw;F-fpof;F ehLfspd; tu;jjf kj;jpa epiyakhf tpsq;fpa

nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; JUf;fpau; iftrkhdikahy; INuhg;gpaUf;F tu;j;jfg; ghij
jilg;gl;lik.
• cyfk; njhlu;ghf Vw;gl;l Mu;tk;
• tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
• NguuR fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lik.
• tu;j;jfr; re;ijfisj; Njbr; nry;Yk; Nehf;fk;.
• kjg;gpurhuk; nra;Ak; Nehf;fk;
• mur mDruiz fpilj;jik
• rhfrk; kpf;f mDgtq;fisg; ngWk; Mty;.
• K];ypk;fSld; Vw;gl;l Nghl;b

ehLfhz; gazpfSk; > mtu; f sJ fz; L gpbg; G fSk;
• th];nfhlhfhkh - fs;spf;Nfhl;ilj; JiwKfj;ij miljy;

• gu;j;jNyhkpNah la]; - Gay; Kidia miljy;
• fpwp];Nlhgu; nfhyk;g]; - Nkw;fpe;jpa jPTfshd fpA+gh> i`l;b> `p];ghdpNahyh
vDk; fupgpad; jPTfSf;Fg; gazpj;jy; ,jd; tpisthf
mnkupf;fhf; fz;lk; ,Ug;gij mwpjy;
• Ngu;bddl; kfyd; - Kjd; Kiwahf cyifr;Rw;wp tUjy;
• mnkupf;Nfh nt];Grp - tl mnkupf;fhtpy; jiuapwq;Fjy;
• fg;uhy; - njd; mnkupf;fhtpy; gpNwrpypy; jiwapwq;Fjy;
• khf;tpl;Nl - Ftpngf;if fz;lwpjy;
• Nrg];jpad; fNghl;> N[hd; fNghl; - epA+gTd;yhe;ijf; fz;lwpjy;
• gpuhd;rp];Nfh gprhNuh - NgU gpuNjrj;ijf; fz;lwpjy;
• Ngu;bdd;Nlh Nfhnl]; - nkf;rpNfhitf; fz;lwpjy;
• N[hapyl; - kprprpg;gp Mw;Wg;gLifiaf; fz;lwpjy;
• N[f;tp]; ehl;bau; - Gdpj Nyhud;]; Mw;Wg; gpuNjrj;ijf; fz;lwpjy;
kprprpg; g p Mw; W g; g Lif
ehLfhz; gazq; f spd; tpisTfs;
• Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh> mnkupf;fh Mfpa fz;lq;fspy; INuhg;gpaupd; mjpfhuk; gutpaik

• Gjpa tu;j;jf efuq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
• ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp gutyile;jik
• kjg;gpurhu eltbf;iffs;
• INuhg;gpa ehfupfk; cyfk; KOtJk; gutpaik
• cyfpd; mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfs;> mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfs; vd;w epiy
Vw;gly;

• Nkw;Ff; fpof;F ehLfspd; tu;j;jfk; tpuptiljy;

- Gjpa tu;j;jf efuq;fs; Njhd;Wjy;.
cjhuzk;: yp];gd;> NfB];> yz;ld;
- Gy Gjpa tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fs; INuhg;ghtpy; mwpKfkhjy;.
cjhuzk;: cUisf;fpoq;F> fUk;G> nfhf;Nfh> Gifapiy> rha tiffs;> ,z;bNfh>
Njapiy> Nfhg;gp> gPq;fhd; nghUl;fs;.
• ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; tpisthf Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; etPd cyFkPJ nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpAs;sik.
- jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j ehLfs; cyfpw;F ntspg;gl;lik.
- ehLfspd; Ml;rp Kiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;.
- Nkw;fj;Nja gz;GfSf;F ,irthf;fk; ngwy;.
- ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk;.
,z;bNfh gapu;r;nra;if ,z;bNfh tu;zk;
Wla j.dj
fUk;G gapu;r;nra;if

fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 1
nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.
1. a. nuhgl; fpist; b. th];nfhlfhkh c. ngy;Nghth

d. n`d;wp `l;rd; d. n[f;yP]; fhl;bau;
2. ehLfhz; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzp.

a. cyfk; njhlu;ghf Vw;gl;l Mu;tk;
b. Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Mu;tk;
c. Gjpa tu;j;jf efuq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwy;
d. mur mDruiz fpilj;jik
e. rhfrkhd mDgtq;fisg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mty;
3. X cld; Y Ig; nghUj;Jf.

X Y
1. ];ghdpah A. nksdp tpy;ypak;
2. ,q;fpyhe;J B. Mwhk; rhs;];
3. gpuhd;]; C. Vohk; n`d;wp
4. neju;yhe;J D. Ngu;bdd;l;> ,rngyh
5. M];jpupah E. ehd;fhk; n`d;wp
1. BEACD 2. DABCE 3.DEACB 4.DCEAB 5.BACED
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 2
4. ehLfhz; gazq;fs; etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijj;

njspTgLj;Jf.
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 3
5. ehLfhz; gazq;fspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w ehLfisj; Njrg;glk; xd;wpy;
Fwpj;Jg;ngaupLf.

2. INuhg;gpa mjpfhug; gutYk; NguuR fl;bnaOg;gg;gLjYk;
mwpKfk;
fpwp];jt INuhg;gpaupd; jiyefuhfTk;> Nkw;F-fpof;F tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspd;
kj;jpa epiyakhfTk; tpsq;fpa nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; JUf;fpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ljhy;
INuhg;gpau; fPioj; Njrq;fSld; nra;j tu;j;jfk; jilg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; Njrpa muRfspd;
mDruizAld; fPioj;Nja ehLfSld; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L Gjpa tu;jj ; fg;
ghijfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;. ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; Muk;gk; vd;gd gw;wp Ke;jpa ghlj;jpy;
cq;fs; ftdk; <u;f;fg;gl;lJ . ,jd; tpisthf Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh> mnkupf;fh> Mrpahf;
fz;lq;fspy; INuhg;gpauhy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf;nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
,t;thW INuhg;gpauJ Mjpff ; khdJ INuhg;ghTf;F ntspNa Vida ehLfspy; gutpaikNa
INuhg;gpa Mjpf;f tsu;r;rp vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J NguuR nraw;ghlhFk;.
ahNjDk; murpay; vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l muR> jdJ Mjpf;fj;ij kw;WnkhU Njr

vy;iyf;Fs; mike;Js;s murpy; gug;GtJ NguuRthjk; vdg;gLk;.
,e;jr; nraw;ghLfspd; tpisthf mbgzpe;j muR FbNaw;;wkhf ,Ue;jJld;>

me;j muRfspy; epytp te;j epUthf nghUshjhu r%ff; fl;likg;Gfs; khw;wg;gl;L
NguuRf;Fj; Njitahd tpjj;jpy; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wik FbNaw;wthjk; vdg;gLk;.
• 1850 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;du; rpwg;ghff; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; ,r;nraw;ghl;bd;
Ra&gk; khw;wkile;jJ. mJ Kjy; ,J “Gjpa FbauR thjk;|| vdg;gl;lJ.
• FbNaw;wq;fisf; ifg;gw;WtJ Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; nraw;ghl;Lld; njhlu;Gilajhf
,Ug;gjhy; NguuRthjj;jpw;Fk; FbNaw;wthjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;G cs;sJ.
ehLfhz; gazq;fSld; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; NtW fz;lq;fspy; jkJ mtjhdj;ijr;

nrYj;jp FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;lik. FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jjd; %yk;
jkJ Ml;rpia tpupthf;fpaik vd;gd ,e;j myfpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Nju; r ; r p 2.0 : • etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa mk;rq;fs;

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 2.1 INuhg;ghtpy; typik tha;e;j muRfs;> cyfk; KOtJk;

jkJ mjpfhuj;ij tpuptilar;nra;j Kiwia tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 20
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Vida fz;lq;fspy; mtjhdk; nrYj;Jtjw;

fhd fhuzq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• INuhg;gpa ehLfs; cyfpd; Vida ehLfspd; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij
tpuptilar; nra;j Kiwia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
• INuhg;gpa Mjpff
; g; gutiy cyfg;glj;jpy; FwpjJ
; f; fhl;Lthu;.

INuhg;gpa mjpfhu tpupthf;fKk;> NguuR fl;bnaOg;gg;gLjYk; INuhg;gpa mjpfhu tpupthf;fj;

jpw;Fg; gpd;dzpahf mike;j fhuzq;fSk;;.
ehLfhz; gazq;fSf;F Kd;Ndhbahf mike;j fhuzq;fs;
• Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ];ghdpah> xy;yhe;J> ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;]; Mfpa INuhg;gpa ehLfs;

gq;Nfw;wik.
• rkaj;ijg; gug;Gjy;
- fPioj;Nja ehLfspy; ,];yhkpa Mjpf;fj;ijg; gytPdg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mtu;fsJ
nghUshjhug; gyj;ij tPo;r;rpAwr; nra;J fPioj;Njr tu;j;jfj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
- cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fu;> Gul;l];jhe;ju; Mfpa ,U gpuptpdUk; kjk; gug;Gjypy;
Mu;tk; fhl;Ljy;.
- INuhg;ghtpy; epytpa cs;ehl;Lr; rka Nkhjy;fSk;> G+ry;fSk;
- ,jd; tpisthf rpy FOtpdu; rka Rje;jpuk; ehb NtW ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y
tpUk;gpaik.
cjhuzk;: ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gpA+upl;ld;fs; mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNawpaik.
nghUshjhu Nehf; f k;
Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wj;Jld; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu Nghl;b
tzpf thjk;
• jdpahu; Kaw;rpfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• mjd; %yk; $l;L tu;j;jf rq;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
cjhuzk;;: xy;yhe;j fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf rq;fk;> Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf
rq;fk;. ,r;rq;fq;fs; INuhg;ghTf;F ntspNa ,yhgkPlL
; tjw;Fr; re;ju;gg
; k;
Njly;. nghd; epakk;
• ehLfs;> jq;fk; Nghd;w ngWkjp tha;e;j nghUl;fisr; Nrfupg;gjpy; Nghl;bAld;
nraw;gl;lik.
cjhuzk;: ];ghdpah> ,yj;jPd;> mnkupf;f gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.
• khdpa Kiw tPo;r;rpAld; Ntypailg;G> efuq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwy; vdgd fhuzkhf
INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l epiyik.
- efuq;fSf;F kf;fs; te;J FbNaWtJ mjpfupj;jik
- ,jd; fhuzkhf Ntiyapd;ik> czTj;jl;Lg;ghL> tPl;Lg; gpur;rpid> Rfhjhu
r%f rpf;fy;fs; vd;gd jPtpukiljy;
- ,e;epiyik me;ehLfspd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ghjfkhf mike;jik.
- INuhg;gpau; Jhug; gpuNjrq;fspy; kf;fisf; FbNaw;w eltbf;if vLj;jik. cjhuzk;:
mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;J mq;F kf;fisf; FbNaw;w ,q;fpyhe;J
Kd;te;jik.
FbNaw;wq;fis tpupthf;Fk; nghUl;Lg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l nfhs;iffs;
• FbNaw;wq;fis epWTjy;
- INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; kf;fs; jkJ ehl;bdu; ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W
mq;Ff; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;lik.
- gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;j RNjrpfisf; fiyj;jik.
cjhuzk;: ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J mnkupf;fhTf;Fr; nrd;w FbNaw;w thrpfshy; RNjr
kf;fshd nrt;tpe;jpau;fs; mfjpfshf;fg;gl;lik. Mgpupf;ff; fz;lj;jpy;
gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fis INuhg;gpa ehLfs; ifg;gw;wpaJk; mq;fpUe;J
Nfhj;jpu kf;fs; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; kl;Lk; thof; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;
gl;lik.
RNjr kf; f is mbikg; g Lj; j y;

• jhk; mbikg;gLj;jpa gpuNjrq;fspy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j RNjr Ml;rp kw;Wk;
gupghyd Kiw mt;thNw nraw;Lj;jg;gl;lik.
cjhuzk;: ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gFjpfspy; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk;> xy;yhe;jUk;
Kd;ndLj;Jr;nrd;w Ml;rpapd; fPo; RNjr ,uhrfhupa Kiw mt;thNw nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• FbNaw;wg; gpuNjrq;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L gyk;
tha;e;j NguuRfspy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rp kw;Wk; epUthff; fl;likg;ig
FbNaw;w ehLfspYk; mwpKfQ; nra;jik.
cjhuzk;: gpNurpypy; Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJ epthfk;.
Fiwe;j nrytpy; $ba tUkhdk; ngWk; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifia

nraw; g Lj; J jy;
• Muk;gj;jpy; FbNaw;w ehLfspypUe;j tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fs; nry;tk; vd;gtw;iwj; jha;
ehl;Lf;F mDg;gpaik.
cjhuzk;: fPioj;Njrq;fspy; thridj; jputpaq;fs; ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;fhtpy; jq;fk;>
Mgpupf;fhtpy; mbikfs;.
• gpd;du; FbNaw;w ehLfspy; nghUshjhuf; fl;likg;ig khw;wp mikj;Jg; NguuR
ehLfSf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;jikAk;> Vw;Wkjp nra;jikAk;.
• ngwg;gLk; ,yhgj;ijf; FbNaw;w ehLfspd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; nrytplhJ mtw;iwj;
jk; jha; ehl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yy;.
RNjrpfspd; ftdj;ijg; ngWk; nghUl;L cghaq;fisf; ifahSjy;
• rka Nghjid> fy;tp Kiw> ,yhgk; ngWjy;> gy;NtW gz;ghl;L ,ay;Gfis mwpKfk;
nra;jik.
• ~ehfupfg;gLj;Jjy;| vd;w Njhuizapy; rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjpy; <Lgl;ldu;.
NguuRf;Fr; rhjfkhd FbNaw;w ehl;Lf; nfhs;iffis mwpKfk;

nra; j Yk; nraw; g Lj; J jYk;
• Gjpa rl;lq;fis mwpKfk; nra;J FbNaw;w ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu

eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
cjhuzk;:
1850 Mk; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wk; mwpKfk; nra;j ,Uk;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; (Iron
act) fPo; FbNaw;w ehLfspypUe;J tupapd;wp ,Ug;Gj;jhjpid ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjw;fhd
trjpifsr; nra;J nfhLj;jjd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpa tpahghupfSf;Fg; Gjpa FbNaw;w
ehLfspy; tpahghuk; Muk;gpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jik.
NguuR fl; b naOg; g g; g ly;
• INuhg;ghtpd; mjpfhug;gutYld; NguuR fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtjpy; gpujhd g+Nfhs tyaq;fs;

%d;wpid ikakhff; nfhz;L nraw;gl;ld. mitfshtd: tl mnkupf;fh> Mrpah>
Mgpupf;fh vd;gdthFk;.
1492 Mk; Mz;L nfhyk;grpdhy; ];ghdpahtpypUe;J Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ehLfhz;
gazq;fspd; topahff; fupgpapd; jPTfs;> mnkupf;fg; gpuNjrk;> njd; mnkupf;fh>
MrpahTf;F tUtjw;fhd Gjpa fly;top vd;gd fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. tl> njd; mnkupff ;
gpuNjrk; ~Gjpa cyfk;| vdg;gl;lJld;> mtw;wpw;F mnkupf;fh vd;w ngau; #l;lg;gl;lJ.
,j;jhypa ehLfhz; gazpahd mnkupf;Nfh nt];Grp vd;gtiuf; nfsutpf;Fk;
KfkhfthFk;.
]; g hdpaupd; mjpfhug; guty;
• rkag; gpurhuk;> tu;j;jfk; vd;gdtw;wpd; nghUl;L ehLfhz; gazq;fspy; <Lgl;l

];ghdpau; fp.gp. 1600 Mk; Mz;lstpy; ghupa Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;gpaik.
• ];ghdpaupd; gpujhd FbNaw;wj;ij ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;fhtpy; epWtpaik. fp.gp. 16Mk;
17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; kj;jpa ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f epyg;gupgpy; 3/5 gq;fpy; NguuR
gutpapUe;jik.
jw;Nghija If;fpa mnkupff ; hTf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd GNshuplh> nkf;rpfN
; fh gdhkhtpypUe;J
bupdpnll; tiuapyhd Nkw;fpe;jpa jPTfs;> Mrpahtpy; gpypg;gPd;> x\pdpah mjid
mz;ba jPTfs; vd;gd ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
• jha; ehl;bw;Ff; $Lkhd tiuapy; nry;tj;ijf; nfhz;L tUk; Nehf;Fk; tu;j;jf
VfNghf cupikiaAk; nghd; epakj;ijAk; nraw;gLj;Jjy;.
• fj;Njhypf;f kjj;ijf; FbNaw;w ehLfspy; mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
• 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; NguuR tPo;r;rpAw;wik
• NguuR epWtg;gl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;
− RNjr gz;ghL tPo;r;rpAw;wik
− 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L ];ghdpah INuhg;ghtpy; nry;tkpf;f ehlhf tpsq;fpaik.
Nghu; j ; J f; f ypd; mjpfhug; guty;
• cyfk; KOtJk; Mq;fhq;Nf FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpaik

- njd; mnkupf;fh> Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh Mfpa fz;lq;fs; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
- njd; mnkupf;fhtpy; gpNurpy;> njw;fhrpahtpy; ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy;
kyhf;fh> bNkhu; Kjyhd gpuNjrq;fs;.
• FbNaw;wq;fis mikg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
- njd; mnkupf;fh - ngWkjpahd cNyhfq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> Njhl;lg; gapur ; ;
nra;if.
- Mrpah - tu;jj
; fk;> kjg;gpurhuk;> Nghu; eltbf;iff;F cfe;jjhf ,Ue;jik
- Mgpupf;fh - mbik tpahghuk;> ngWkjp tha;e;j cNyhfq;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;.
• 17Mk; E}w;whz;by; NguuR tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
xy; y he; j pd; mjpfhug; g uty;
• tu;j;jfk;> fly; typik> Njrpathjk;> mur mDruiz vd;gd NguuRg; gutYf;F

cjtpaik.
• 17 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjp mjd; nghw;fhykhf tpsq;fpaik.
• Mrpah> Mgpupf;fhtpd; fpof;Fg; gFjp tl mnkupf;fhtpd; mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpug;
gpuNjrk; Mfpatw;wpy; NguuR mikf;fg;gly;
• Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp
− Mrpahtpy; NguuRf;Fg; gpupj;jhdpah mr;RWj;jyhf ,Ue;jik
− 1670 Mk; Mz;lstpy; mnkupf;fhtpy; xy;yhe;juJ Mjpf;fk; tPo;r;rp mile;jik

gpupj; j hdpag; Nguurpd; guty;
• 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; cyfpy; kpfg;ngupa Nguuir epWtpaik

− cyf epyg;gug;gpy; 1/4 gq;F mjw;F nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jik.
− ~#upad; kiwahj NguuR| vd;W miof;fg;gl;lik.
− 1815 - 1914 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk; gpupj;jhdpag; Nguurpd; E}w;whz;Lf; fhyk;
vdg;gLjy;.
− [Nkf;fh> gfhkhj; jPTfs;> ghu;kNlh]; cl;gl Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs;> tl mnkupf;fh
gpuNjrk;> ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> kNyrpah cl;gl Mrpag; gpuNjrk; vd;gd gpupj;jhdpaupd;
fPo; ,Ue;jik. ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; fUk;G> gUj;jp> Nfhg;gp> Njapiy> ,wg;gu; Nghd;w
tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fspdJk;> ,aw;iff; fdpg; nghUl;fshd jq;fk;> fhuPak;> nts;sp>
,uj;jpdf; fw;fs; vd;gdtw;wpdJk; tu;j;jf cupikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
Kf;Nfhz tu;j;jfk; (Triangular Trade)
• INuhg;gh> Mgpupf;fh> mnkupf;fhTf;F ,ilNa eilngw;w tu;j;jfk; ,t;thW

miof;fg;gl;lik.
• gpupj;jhdpau; jkJ Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;l Mgpupf;fg; gFjpapy; gpbj;j ePfN
; uh ,dj;jtiu
mnkupf;fhtpd; FbNaw;wq;fSf;F mbikfshf tpw;W mjw;Fg; gjpyhf rPdp> gUj;jp>
Gifapiy Nghd;w nghUl;fis mnkupf;fhtpypUe;J ngw;W mitfis INuhg;ghTf;Ff;
nfhz;L nrd;wik. ,jw;fika INuhg;gh> mnkupf;fh> Mgpupf;fh vd;gdtw;Wf;fpilNa
Kf;Nfhz tu;j;jfk; eilngw;wik.
• 16 Mk; 17Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; NguuR tpuptile;jik.
− ehLfhz; gazq;fs;> tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyaq;fis epWTjy;> FbNaw;wq;fis
mikj;jy; vd;gd %yk; NguuR tpupT eilngw;wik.
• FbNaw;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;likAk;> tu;jj ; f eltbf;ifapd; nghUl;L tu;jj ; f rq;fq;fs;
epWtg;gl;likAk;
• fhyk; nry;y ghupa Nguuir Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; fbdkhd nrayhfpaik.
− FbNaw;wnkhd;iw epWTk;NghJ kw;WnkhU FbNaw;wk; tpLjiy ngw;wik.
− gpuhd;rpaupd; cjtp FbNaw;wq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jik.
cjhuzk;: mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUf;Fg; gpuhd;]; cjtpaik
− cyfg; Nghupy; <Lgl;likAk;> FbNaw;w ehLfSf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jikAk;.
INuhg;gpa mjpfhug; gutYld; cyfpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
murpay;
• FbNaw;w ehLfspd; Ml;rpapdJk; epUthfj;jpdJk; fl;likg;G tPo;r;rpAwy;.

• gy;NtW ,dg;gpupr;rpidfSk; murpay; gpur;rpidfSk; Njhd;Wjy;.
nghUshjhuk;
• FbNaw;w ehLfspy; epytpa Njrpa nghUshjhu Kiw tPo;r;rpAw;wik.

• gy gpuNjrq;fspy; nghUshjhu Kiw ,ul;ilj; jd;ik ngw;wik
− Nguurpd; Njitf;fhd milahsk; fhzg;gl;l gapu;fspd; nra;if
cjhuzk;: ,yq;ifapy; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; Muk;gKk; gutYk;
− cs;ehl;bd; Ra Njitg; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpAwy; nry;tj;ij mgfupj;jy;.
− FbNaw;wq;fspy; gyk; tha;e;jtu;fshf ,Ue;jtu;fs; cyfpy; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
gyk; tha;e;jtu;fshdik.

r%fk;
• FbNaw;wq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l r%f mikg;Gr; rPu;Fiye;jik.

• Nky;ehl;Lj; jhf;fj;Jldhd fyg;G r%fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; Njhd;wpaik.
• Gjpa ,dq;fs; Njhd;wpaik
cjhuzk;: ,yq;ifapy; gwq;fpau;> ,e;jpahtpy; mq;Nyh ,e;jpau;> ,yj;jpd; mnkupff
; htpy;
];ngdpf;fu;.
• tFg;G thupahd r%fk; Njhd;wpaik.
gz;ghL
• Nkw;F ehLfspd; gof;ftof;fq;fs; Vw;gl;lik.

• nkhopapy; Gjpa nrhw;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk; ,ize;jik.
• fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpd; jhf;fk;.
• Gjpa fiyak;rq;fs; mwpKfkhfpaik.
• Njrpa gz;ghl;by; rpy mk;rq;fs; kiwaj; njhlq;fpaik.

fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 1
INuhg;ghtpy; FbNaw;wq;fSld; njhlu;Gila ehLfisAk; FbNaw;w ehLfisAk; cyfg;

glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 2
• gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fspd;rupahd tpiliaj; njupT nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij

(1) NguuR vd;gJ>

1. INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Nkw;F> fpof;F ehLfspy; jkJ Ml;rpiag; gug;gp> mtw;wpd;
kPJ Nkyhjpf;fk; nrYj;JtJ.
2. Mrpah> Mgpupff
; h> mnkupff
; h Mfpa fz;lq;fspd; ehLfisf; FbNaw;w ehLfshf;fp>
jkJ mjpfhuj;ij tpupthf;FtJ.
3. Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l ehnlhd;W kw;nwhU vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l ehl;bd;kPJ
mjpfhuj;ijg; gug;GtJ.
4. VNjDk; xU murpy; epytptUk; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f epiyikfis
khw;wpaikj;J jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;Ljy;.
5. munrhd;wpd; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l xw;iw Ml;rpia Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yy;.
(...............)
(2) INuhg;gpau; jkJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gy;NtW ehLfspy; epiyehl;ba Ntisapy;

me;ehLfspd; RNjrpfisf; ftUk; nghUl;L Nkw;nfhz;l cgha eltbf;if
1. RNjrpfspd; cw;gj;jpiag; gzk; nfhLj;J thq;Fjy;.
2. RNjr Ml;rpahsu;fspd; FiwghLfis vLj;Jf;$Wjy;.
3. ghlrhiyfis Muk;gpj;J> fy;tpiag; ngWtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.
4. INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj; njspTgLj;jpf; FbNaw;w ehLfspd; ed;ik
fUjpNa jhk; nraw;gLtjhfg; gpurpj;jg;gLj;Jjy;.
5. FbNaw;w ehLfspy; njhopw;rhiyfis mikj;J> RNjrpfis mtw;wpy; Nritapy;
mku;j;Jjy;.
(...............)
(3) Kf;Nfhz tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;l ,dj;jtu;

1. mnkupf;fu; 2. ];ghdpau; 3. xy;yhe;ju;
4. gpupj;jhdpau; 5. gpuhd;rpau;
(...............)
(4) xy;yhe;juJ mjpfhuk; gytPdkile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fspy; xd;whf ,Ug;gJ>

1. gpupj;jhdpauJ mjpfhu tpupthf;fk;
2. gpuhd;rpauJ mjpfhu tpupthf;fk;
3. xy;yhe;j Ml;rpahsuJ gytPdk;
4. FbNaw;wq;fis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg; ngUe;njhifahd gzk; nrytplg;gl;lik
5. xy;yhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l cs;ehl;Lr; rpf;fy;fs;
(...............)

(5) X cld; Y I ,izf;Fk;NghJ ngwg;gLk; rupahd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.
X Y
(i) tzpfthjk; (A) ngWkjp tha;e;j cNyhfq;fisr; Nrfupf;Fk; Nghl;b
(ii) nghd; epakk; (B) xU ehl;bd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;
fis khw;wpg; NguuRf;Fj; Njitahd Kiwapy; mikj;
Jf;nfhs;sy;.
(iii) ehLfhz; gazq;fs; (C) mjpf ,yhgk; ngWk; Nehf;fk;
(iv) NguuR thjk; (D) ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; Vw;gl;lJ
(iv) Gjpa NguuRthjk; (E) Gjpa ehLfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;
^1& BACED (2) CAEBD (3) ACDBE (4) DEABC (5) ECADB
• ,yf;fk; 06 - 10 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf ,t;tpuz;L

$w;Wf;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU tpdhj; njhlu;ghff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
$w;Wf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdijf; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s 1> 2> 3> 4> 5 vd;gdtw;wpy;
vJ vd;gijj; njupT nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
KjyhtJ $w; W ,uz; l htJ $w; W
1. rupahdJ gpioahdJ
2. rupahdJ rupahdJ
3. gpioahdJ gpioahdJ
4. gpioahdJ rupahdJ
5. rupahdJ rupahdjhf ,Ug;gJld; Kjyhtij NkYk; njspT
gLj;JfpwJ.
KjyhtJ $w; W ,uz; l htJ $w; W
INuhg;ghtpy; khdpaKiw tPo;r;rpAw;w epyj;ij ,oe;j kf;fs; efuj;ij Nehf;fp

6
Jld; Ntypailg;G ,af;fk; Muk;g te;jJld; r%f> Rfhjhu rpf;fy;fs; gy
(.........)
khdJ. Vw;gl;ld.
mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis FbNaw; w ehLfspypUe; J ngw; w
7
mikj;J mq;F kf;fisf; FbNaw;w ,yhgj; i j me; e hLfspd; mgptpUj;
,q;fpyhe;J Kide;jik. jpf; F g; gad; g Lj; j p kpFjpahdij
khj;jpuk; jkJ ehl;Lf;Ff; nfhz;L
nry; y NguuRthjpfs; eltbf; i f
(.........)
vLj;jdu;.
];ghdpau;fs; fp.gp. 1600 Mk; Mz;ls fp.gp. 1800 Mk; Mz; L xy; y he; J
8
tpy; Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpy; ghupa Nguu Mjpf;fj;jpd; nghw;fhykhFk;.
(.........)
irf; fl;bnaOg;gp ,Ue;jdu;.
19Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; gue;j> gyk; fpof; f pe; j paj; jP T fspd; mjpfhu
9
tha; e ; j Nguuirf; fl; b naOg; g pa tpupthf;fj;jpy; gpupjj
; hdpau;fsJ gpujhd
gpupj;jhdpaUf;F cyfpy; 3/4 epyk; Nghl;bahsuhd xy;yhe;ju;> gpupj;jhdp
(.........)
nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jJ. au;f;F mr;RWj;jyhfTk; mike;jdu;.
,ul; i lg; nghUshjhuKiw vd; g J ,yq;ifapy; gwq;fpaUk; ,e;jpahtpy;
10 Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp vd;gdtw;Wld; $ba mq;Nyh ,e;jpaUk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
nghUshjhu KiwahFk;. INuhg;gpa mjpfhu tpupthf;fj;Jld;
(.........)
Vw;gl;l khw;wkhFk;.
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 3
• gpd;tUk; vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil vOJf.
1. INuhg;gpa Mjpff
; tpupthf;fj;jpwF
; g; gpdd
; zpahf mike;j fhuzq;fis cjhuzq;
fSld; tpsf;Ff.
2. INuhg;gpau; FbNaw;wq;fspd; tpupthf;fk; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;iffis

3. nghd; epakk;> NguuRthjk;> Gjpa NguuR thjk; vd;gtw;wpw;Fr; rpWFwpg;G vOJf.

3. etPd cyfpid cUthf;fpa Gul;rpfs;

mwpKfk;
1215 Mk; Mz;L kfhgl;laj;jpd; %yk; KjyhtJ Kiwahf kd;ddpd; mjpfhuk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;> 1688 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp (kNfhd;dj Gul;rp)
Ald; kd;ddpd; mjpfhuk; Fiwe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; Xq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.
1689 Mk; Mz;L cupikr; rl;lj;Jf;F mika kd;ddpd; mjpfhuk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
rl;l uPjpahd ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; NkNyhq;f top fpilj;jJ. ,e;j khw;wq;fs;
rl;luPjpahf eilngw;wik murpay; uPjpahf Kiwahfg; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wk;
typik mile;jik vd;gd njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLtNj ,e;j myfpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;
gLfpwJ.
,d;fh> khah> m];nlf;]; Mfpa ehfupfq;fis mopj;J> ];ghdpah> njd;

mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpaJld;> Mq;fpNyau; tl mnkupf;fhtpy; 13
FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpdu;. jha; ehlhd ,q;fpyhe;jpd; fPo; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jf;
FbNaw;wq;fs; Mq;fpy murpdhy; mKy; nra;ag;gl;l tupfSf;F vjpuhfg; ~gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
,d;Nwy; tupAkpy;iy| vd;w njhdpg;nghUSld; Mq;fpy murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhfg; Nghu;
njhLj;jdu;. N[hu;[; th\pql
; dpd; jiyikapy; Nghuhb> Mq;fpy murhq;fj;ijj; Njhw;fbj;J
1776 Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;l Rje;jpug; gpufldk; %yk; If;fpa mnkupf;fh vDk;
Rje;jpu muirj; Njhw;Wtpj;jik vd;gd ,e;j myfpy; fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpwJ.
~~Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;|| vDk; njhdpg;nghUSld; gpuhd;rpa rPuN

; flhd
Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf 1789 Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;rpa kf;fs; Muk;gpj;j Nghuhl;lk; ~gpuhd;rpag;
Gul;rp| vdg;gLfpwJ. gy tUlq;fshf gpuhd;rpy; epytpa murpay;> nghUshjhu. r%f
epiyikfs; gpuhd;]pag; Gul;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;j tpjj;ijAk; mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa
16Mk; Y}ap kd;ddpd; ru;thjpfhu Ml;rpia Kwpabj;J ntw;wpngw;wikAk; ,e;j myfpy;
fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf Njhw;wk; ngw;w cupikr;
rl;lk; cyf tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa epfo;T vd;gJTk; ,jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ. 1688 Mk;
mz;L Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp 1776 Mk; Mz;L mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghu; 1789 Mk; Mz;L
gpuhd;]pag; Gul;rp Mfpa %d;Wk; etPd cyifj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;s
tpjj;jpy; ftdk;nrYj;JtJ ,e;j myfpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nju; r ; r p : • etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa mzpfs;

tuyhw;Wr; rf;jpfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 3.1 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; Mq;fpyg;

Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;gpidg; guprPypg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

• Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpapd; Muk;gj;ijAk; tsu;r;rpiaAk; tpgupg;ghu;.
• NguuRf;F vjpuhff; FbNaw;wthrpfs; Nghu; nra;j Kiwia
mnkupf;fr; Rje;jpug; Nghupd; mbg;gilapy; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• Gjpa cyif mikg;gjpy; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;gpid
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

1688 Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp
Gul;rpapd; gpd;dzp
• ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ghuhSkd;w murpay;Kiw ePz;lfhykhf tsu;r;rpAw;wik.

• 1215 Mk; Mz; L kfhgl; l aj; j pd; (kf; d hfhu; l h) %yk; kd; d dpd; mjpfhuk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• kfh rigapd; mDkjpapd;wp kd;dDf;F tup mwtpl Kbahik.
• tprhuizapd;wp vtUf;Fk; jz;lid toq;f Kbahik
• kd;dd; ,jid kPwpdhy; kd;dDf;Fj; jz;lid toq;f kfh rigapd; ngud;fspd;
rigf;;F mjpfhukspf;fg;gly;.
• Kjyhk; vl;tl; kd;ddpd; fhyk; (1272-1307) gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wKiw tsu;r;rpapd;
Kf;fpakhd fl;lkhf tpsq;fpaik.
• ,uz;lhk; vl;tl; kd;ddpd; fhyk; (1303-1327) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lthf;ff; fofk;>
rl;l epu;thff; fofk; vd;gdtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fs; gbg;gbNa tsu;r;rpaile;jik
• ,uz;lhk; upr;rl; kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; (1377-1399) kd;ddpd; mjpfhuk; Fiwe;J
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; mjpfupj;jik
• ehd;fhk; n`d;up kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; tsu;r;rpAw;wik
• fj;Njhypf;f rigAld; Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghL fhuzkhf vl;lhk; n`d;up kd;dd;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cjtpiag; ngw;wikahy;mjd; mjpfhuk; mjpfupj;jik. (Gul;l];jhe;j
ghuhSkd;wk;)
• ];Ltl; kd;du;fspd; fhyj;jpy; kd;dDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l
Kuz;ghL fhuzhkhfg; ghuhSkd;wk; kd;dDf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gl;lJld; mJ
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhfpaik
• Kjyhk; rhs;]; kd;dd; (1625-1649) cupik kDit Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;. ,jdhy; kd;ddJ
mjpfhuj;Jf;F Nkyhfg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; tYtile;jik.
• me;j kDtpw;F mika
− ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mq;fPfhukpd;wp tup mwtpl Kbahik
− ePjpahd tprhuiz ,d;wp vtiuAk; rpiwapy; milf;f Kbahik
− tup nrYj;jhj egu;fspd; tPLfspy; giltPuu;fis epWj;JtJ jil nra;ag;gl;lik.
− mikjp epyTk; fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,uhZtr; rl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Kbahik
• Kjyhk; rhs;]; kd;dd; kDitf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ jd; tpUg;Gg;gb Ml;rp nra;jik
• 1648 Mk; Mz;L cupik kD njhlu;ghf kd;dDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa
kPz;Lk; Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;lik.
• Kjyhk; rhs;]; kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; 1648 Mk; Mz;L xyptu; FNuhk; nty;ypd;
jiyikapy; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; kd;dDf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu; Vw;gl;lik.
mjpy; ghuhSkd;wk; ntw;wpaile;jJld; FNuhk; nty;ypd; jiyikapy; $l;lhl;rp
mikf;fg;gl;lik.
• ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; kd;dd; Fw;wthspnadj; jPug ; g
; spf;fg;gl;Lr; rpur;Nrjk; nra;ag;gl;lik
• xyptu; FNuhk; nty;ypd; jiyikapy; $l;lhl;rp nraw;gl;lik
• ,uz;lhk; rhs;]; kd;dd; Ml;rpf;F tUjYk; kPz;Lk; Kbahl;rp nraw;gl;likAk;
• ,uz;lhk; rhs;]; kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; kPz;Lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; tYtiljy;
• ,f;fhyflj;jpy; kd;dDf;Fr; rhu;ghf ~Nlhup| fl;rpAk; kd;Df;F vjpuhf ~tpf;| vDk;
fl;rpAk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
• ghuhSkd;wj;Jld; ,ize;J nraw;glhikahy; ,uz;lhk; N[k;]; kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy;
(1685-1688) kd;dDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nkhjy;fs;.
• kd;dDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nkhjy; cr;rf; fl;lj;ij mile;jjd;

tpisthf 1688 Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp (kNfhd;dj Gul;rp> ,uj;jk; rpe;jhg;Gul;rp)
Vw;gl;lik.
• ,uz;lhk; N[k;]; kd;dd; rpk;khrdj;ij tpl;Lr; nrd;wik
• ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; rpkk
; hrdj;Jf;F cupjJ
; ilatshd Nkup murpAk; tpypak; ,sturDk;
(xy;yhe;J) tutiof;fg;gl;L mtu;fSf;Fr; rpk;khrdj;ij toq;fpaik.
• mjd; gpd;du; cupikr; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lik.
• 1689 Mk; Mz;L cupikr; rl;lj;jpw;F mika
− tpypak;> Nkup MfpNau; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; murDk; murpAk; vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly;.
− fj;Njhypf;f kjj;ijr; Nru;e;j vtUf;Fk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; rpk;khrdk; cupikahf
KbahJ vdj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
− Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j rl;lq;fis khw;wNth> Gjpa rl;lq;fis mKy; nra;aNth kd;dDf;F
mjpfhuk; ,y;iy vdj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
− ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp kd;dd; tup mwtpl KbahJ.
− ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; NgRk; cupikf;F kd;dd; jilahf ,Uj;jyhfhJ.
− ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp kd;dd; epue;jug; gil itj;jpUf;fyhfhJ.
− 1689 Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd; %yk; kd;ddpd; mjpfhuj;ij tplg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
mjpfhuk; NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jik.
− kd;du;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gl;likahy; ePz;l fhykkhf kd;dDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa
epytpa Fog;gk; KbTf;F te;J> ghuhSkd;wk; ntw;wpailjy;.
− 1689 Mk; Mz;L cupikr; rl;lk; [dehafj;jpd; cWjpg;ghl;Lf;F topfhl;bahf
,Ue;jik.

fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 1
• gpd; t Uk; tpdhf; f Sf; F Ie; J nrhw; f s; nfhLf; f g; g l; L s; s d. mtw; W s;

xd;W kw;iwaJld; nghUe;jhJ. mjidj; njupT nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij
1. A. yq;f];lu; B. bAlu; C. G+u;Nghd; D.];Ltl; E. Nahu;f;

(...........)
2. A. Kjyhk; rhs;]; kd;dd; B. ,uz;lhk; vl;tl; kd;dd;
C. %d;whk; N[hu;;[; kd;dd; D. Vohk; n`d;up kd;dd;
E. %d;whk; tpypak; kd;ddu;
(...........)
3. A. vohk; n`d;up kd;dd; B. ,uz;lhk; vyprngj; murp
C. vl;lhk; n`d;up kd;dd; D. xyptu; FNuhk; nty;
E. Nkup bA+lu;
(...........)
4. gpd;tUk; tphdtpd; X, Y vd;gdtw;iw ,izj;Jr; rupahd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.
X Y
1. kfhgl;lak; A. Kjyhk; rhs;];
2. Gul;l];jhe;J ghuhSkd;wk; B. ,uz;lhk; N[k;];
3. Nghypg; ghuhSkd;wk; C. vl;lhk; n`d;up
4. ePz;l fhyg; ghuhSkd;wk; D. %d;whk; N[hd;
5. kNfhd;djg; Gul;rp E. Kjyhk; N[k;];
(1) CFABD (2) FABDC (3) DCEAB (4) ABDCE (5) BDCEA
(...........)
5. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ghuhSkd;w tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghfg; nghUj;jkw;w tpiliaj; njupT

nra;f.
1. 1215 Mk; Mz;L kfhgl;lak; ifr;rhj;jplg;gly;.
2. 1776 Mk; Mz;L mnkupf;fh gpupj;jhdpahtpypUe;J tpLjiy ngWjiyg; gpufldk;
nra;jy;.
3. 1628 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; rhs;]; kd;dd; cupik kDit Vw;wy;.
4. 1648 Mk; Mz;L xyptu; FNuhk; nty;ypd; jiyikapy; $l;lurhq;fk; epWtg;gly;.
5. 1689 cupikfs; gpufldk;
(...........)
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 2

1. 1688 Mk; Mz;L kNfhd;dj Gul;rpapd; tpisthfg; gpupj;jhdpa kd;ddpd; mjpfhuk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jf.
2. ];^tl; murtk;rf; fhyj;jpy; kd;dDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l
Nkhjy;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jf.
3. kfhgl;lak; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJ Kjy; 1689 Mk; Mz;L tiu gpupjj
; hdpag; ghuhSkd;wk;
tsu;r;rpaile;j Kiwiar; RUf;fkhfj; njspTgLj;Jf.
4. Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf.
5. Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfisj; njspTg;gLj;Jf.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 3.2 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk; Xu; cfy rf;jpahf mike;j

tpjj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 07
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghiu tpgupg;ghu;.

• mnkupf;fhtpy; gpupj;jhdpaf; FbNaw;wq;fisg; Gwtupg;glj;jpy;
Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
• mnkupff
; Rje;jpug;Nghu; cyf tuyhw;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa
tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.


INuhg;gpa ,dj;jtu; tUk;NghJ mnkupf;fhtpy; ,Ue;j Muk;gf;Fbfs;
• INuhg;gpa ,dj;jtu; mnkupf;fhTf;F te;jpwq;fpaNghJ mnkupf;fhtpy; ,Ue;jtu;fs;
nghJthf nrt;tpe;jpau; vdg;gl;ldu;.
• 15 Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; mnkupff
; htpy; mbnaLj;J itj;j INuhg;gpau;fs;> mnkupff
; htpy;
tho;e;j kf;fisAk; mtu;fsJ Kd;Ndw;wkkhd ehfupfj;ijAk; mopj;J> INuhg;gpa
ehfupfj;Jf;Fr; rkkhd Gjpa ehfupfj;ij mq;F epiyepWj;jpdu;.
INuhg;gpau; mnkupf;fhTf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

• fp.gp. 1453 Mk; Mz;L INuhg;ghtpd; Kf;fpa tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyakhf tpsq;fpa
nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; K];ypk;fspd; iff;F te;jjhy; fPioj;Njrq;fSf;Fr; nry;Yk;
tu;j;jfg; ghij jilg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; INuhg;gpau; fPioj;Njrq;fSf;Fr; nry;tjw;Ff;
fly; topiaf; fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; nry;ifapy; mnkupff ; htpy; jiuapwq;fpaik.
• ,q;fpyhe;jpy; epytpa nghUshjhu> r%f khw;wq;fspd; fhuzkhf ,d;dy;fSf;F
c;sshd kf;fs; jkf;Fj; Njitahd njhopy;> tu;j;jfk;> epyk; vd;gdtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; ey;tho;T tho;tjw;F tha;g;igj; Njbf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mnkupf;fhtpy;
FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jik.
• 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l rkag; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf rkag; gpupTf;s
Njhd;wpaJld; mitfSf;fpilNa Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;lik.
• mtw;why; Jd;Gw;w kf;fs; kj Rje;jpuk; ehb mnkupf;fhit mile;jik.
Mq;fpNyau; mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis epWTjy;

• Nghu; j ; J f; N fau; > ]; g hdpau; > gpuhd; r pau; > xy; y he; j u; MfpNahu; mnkupf; f htpy;
FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpa Vida INuhg;gpa ,dj;jtuhtu;.
− Mq;fpNyau; tl mnkupf;fhtpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; 13 FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpdu;.
− N[hu;[pah> njd; fNuhypdh> tl fNuhypdh> Ntu;[pdpah> Nkupyhe;J> nlyntahu;>
epa+N[u;rp> ngd;rpy;Ntdpah> fndf;bfl;> Nuhl; jPT> krhRnrl;];> ept;`k;g;rau;>
ept;Nahu;f; vDk; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;j Mq;fpNyau; mf;FbNaw;wq;fisj; jha;
ehl;bd; fPo; itj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;wq;fs; epUtfpf;fg;gl;l Kiw

• gpupj;jhdpa kd;ddhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l MSduhYk; MNyhridr; rigahYk; mnkupf;ff;
FbNaw;wq;fs; epUtfpf;fg;gl;lik.
• FbNaw;wq;fis epUtfpg;gjpy; gpupj;jhdpa kd;dDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; epiwa
mjpfhuq;fs; ,Ue;jik.
• FbNaw;wthrpfs; epUthfk; njhlu;ghf Rje;jpuj;ij mDgtpj;jjhy; epUthfj;jpw;F

vjpuhf mtu;fs; nraw;glhik.
• nghUshjhu uPjpapy; mtu;fSf;Fr; Rje;jpukpd;ik.
• mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;wq;fspy; ifj;njhopy; tsu;rr ; pailtijg; gpupj;jhdpau; tpUk;ghik.
• gpupj;jhdpau; tl mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;wq;fisj; jkJ cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;
nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; gpuNjrkhfTk; jkJ KbTg; nghUl;fis tpw;W ,yhgk;
ngWk; re;ijahfTk; fUjpaik.
cjhuzk;: Gilit cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd gUj;jpiaAk; rpful; cw;gj;jpf;Fj;
Njitahd GifapiyiaAk; kl;Lk; gapu; nra;a mDkjp mspj;jJld;>
Gilit cw;gj;jp> rpful; cw;gj;jp vd;gdtw;Wf;Fj; jil tpjpj;jdu;.
• %yg; nghUl;fs; midj;ijAk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; tpw;f Ntz;Lnkd epu;g;ge;jpUj;jy;>
mitfSf;fhd tpiy ,q;fpyhe;jpdhNyNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gly;.
• ehtha;r; rl;lk;> Rq;f tup vd;gd %yk; FbNaw;wq;fspd; nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
gpupj;jhdpau; eltbf;if vLj;jik.
• rhjhuz fg;gy;fSf;F ,e;jr; rl;lk; fLikahf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
rpful; cw;gj;jpf;fhd Gifapiy mnkupf;fhtpy; gapu;nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Glitfs; ifj;njhopYf;fhd gUj;jp cw;gj;jp mnkupf;fhtpy; gapu;r;nra;ifiaf;

fhl;Lk; rpj;jpuk;

• tl mnkupf;fhtpy; mj;jpyhe;jpf; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;j gpupj;jhdpaf;
FbNaw;wq;fs; gjpd;%d;Wk; ,ize;J gpupj;jhdpag; Nguurpy; ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk;
ngWtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;ifNa mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghuhFk;. ,J
nkupf;f Rje;jpug; Gul;rp vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
• tlf;fpypUe;j gpuhd;rpaf; FbNaw;wq;fshYk; Nkw;fpy; nrt;tpe;jpau;fshYk; Vw;gl;l
mr;RWj;jy;fspd;NghJ jha;ehlhd gpupj;jhdpahtpdJ ghJfhg;G FbNaw;wthrpfSf;Fj;
Njitg;gl;lik.
• 1756 - 1763 tiu gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fk; gpuhd;rpaUf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w Vohz;L
Aj;jj;jpy; gpuhd;rpau; Njhy;tpaile;jik.
• ,jdhy; tlf; f pYk; Nkw; f pypUe; J k; te; j mr; R Wj; j y; f s; KbTw; w jhy;
FbNaw;wthrpfSf;Fj; jha;ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gj; Njitg;glhik.
mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

• mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;wq;fspd; tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fisg; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F khj;jpuNk tpw;f
Ntz;Lnkdf; $wpaik. NkYk; mg;nghUl;fSf;Fg; gpupj;jhdpah jhd; tpUk;gpathW
tpiyiaj; jPu;khdpj;jik.
• ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fis tpiy nfhLj;J thq;Fk; nghOJk;> Kjypy; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd JiwKfnkhd;Wf;Ff; fg;gy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;L Rq;ftup nrYj;jpa
gpdd ; u; FbNaw;wq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;l nry;y Ntz;Lnkd tpjpjj ; y;> ,jdhy; nghUl;fspd;
tpiy mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;lik.
• gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cw;gj;jp nr;aag;gLk; nghUl;fSf;Fg; Nghl;b Vw;gLk; ve;jg;nghUSk;
FbNaw;wq;fspy; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; jil tpjpj;jik.
cjhuzk;: Glit> rpful;
• Vohz;Lg; Nghupy; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F mjpf nryT Vw;gl;ljd; tpisthfg; nghUshjhuk;
tPor; r; pAw;wik. mjid <L nra;tjw;fhfg; gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fk; FbNaw;wq;fspypUe;J
mjpf gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kad;wik.
− ehtha;r;rl;lk; fLikahff; filg;gpbf;fg;gly;
− Gjpa tupfs; tpjpj;jy;.
• tupfSf;Ff; FbNaw;wthrpfs; vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;jik.

• 1763 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wk; FbNaw;wq;fspy; epUthfj;ij
Kiwahf Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lik.
• ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,e;jr; nraw;ghL jkf;Fj; jilahf cs;sJ vdf;$wpf; FbNaw;wthrpfs;
mjid vjpu;j;jik.
• gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fk; mJtiu fLikahfr; nraw;gLj;jhj tzpfr; rl;lq;fisf;
fLikahfr; nraw;gLj;j Kide;jik.
• mnkupf;fhTf;Fg; Nghu;g;gilia mDg;gpaik.
• FbNaw;wthrpfis mlf;Ftjw;Fg; gpupj;jhdpa mjpfhupfSf;F mwpTiu toq;fpaik.
• Nkw;F vy;iyapd; cl;Gwkhf tpuptiltjw;Ff; FbNaw;wthrpfSf;Fj; jil tpjpj;jik.
FbNaw;wthrpfs; Nkw;fpy; tpuptile;J nrd;why; nrt;tpe;jpau;fs; nfhjpj;njOthu;fs;
vd;W vz;zp ,r;rl;lj;ij tpjpj;jik.
• ,r;rl;lk; (jil) rpW epy cupikahsu;fisAk; fk;gdp cNuhkk; tpw;Nghu;fSf;Fk;
ghjfkhf ,Ue;jjhy; mtu;fs; gpupj;jhdpaUld; kdf;frg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
mnkupf;fhtpy; Gjpa tupfis mwpKfk; nra;jy;

• rPdpr; rl;lk; (1764) fUk;Gr; rhWf;nfd xU rl;lj;ij mKy; nra;aj; jPu;khdpj;jik.
• rPdpr; rl;lj;ij kf;fs; vjpu;j;jik.

• FbNaw;wq;fspy; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpupjj

; hdpag; gilapdupd; nghUl;Lr; nrythFk;
njhifiar; nrYj;JkhW FbNaw;wq;fis tw;GWj;jpaik.. ,J mtu;fsJ mjpf
Nfhgj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhfpaJ.
• 1765 Mk; Mz;L Kj;jpiu tupia tpjpj;jy; - cWjp> gj;jpupif> rl;luPjpahd Mtzq;fs;
vd;gdtw;Wf;Fg; ngUe;njhifahd gzj;ijf; FbNaw;wthrpfs; nrYj;j Neu;e;jik.
• Kj;jpiu tupf;F vjpuhf kf;fs; Mu;g;ghl;lk; nra;jik - vjpu;g;gpd; fhuzkhf 1776
Mk; Mz;L Kj;jpiu tup ePf;fg;gl;lik. FbNaw;wq;fs; kPJ ve;j tupiaAk; tpjpf;fj;
jkf;F mjpfhuk; cz;nldg; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wk; $wpaik.
• FbNaw;wq;fspypUe;J tup mwtpLtjw;Fg; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ,Uf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; gw;wpf;; FwpNaw;w kf;fs; Nfs;tp vOg;Gjy;.
• ~gpuepjpjJ
; tk; ,d;Nwy; tupAkpyi
; y| vd;w Nfh\j;Jld; FbNaw;wthrpfs; gpupjj ; hdpaUf;F
vjpuhf nraw;gly;.
lTd;nrd;l; rl;lk; (1767)

• mnkupf;fhTf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gLk; Njapiy> jfuk;> fljhrp> rha tiffs;
vd;gdtw;wpw;Ff; FbNaw;thrpfsplkpUe;J Rq;ftup mwtplg; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wk;
jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• epA+Nahu;f; FbNaw;wj;jpd; rl;lrigia ePf;Ftjw;Fj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• ,e;j rl;lq;fSf;F vjpuhf kf;fs; nraw;gl;lik.
• ngh];ld;> gpynly;gpah> epA+Nahu;f; Nghd;w efuq;fspd; tu;j;jfu;fs; gpupj;jhdpag;
nghUl;fisg; gfp\;fupj;J Mu;g;gl;lk; nra;jy;.
• gpupj;jhdpag; nghUl;fisg; gfp\;fupj;Jj; Njrpag; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a kf;fs;
Mu;tk; fhl;Ljy;.
• kf;fspd; xw;Wikiar; rpjwbf;Fk; nghUl;Lj; Njapiy tup jtpu;e;j Vida tupfisg;
gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fk; ePf;Fjy; (FbNaw;wq;fs; kPJ tup tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; jkf;F
cz;nld;gijf; fhl;Lk; nghUl;Lj; Njapiy tup ePf;fg;gltpy;iy.)
• gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jpd; ,t;tpj nray;fshy; mtu;fsJ Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLjiy
ngwf; FbNaw;wthrpfs; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• rhKNty; mlk;]pd; jiyikapy; gpupj;jhdpa Rq;f mjpfhupfSf;F vjpuhf Mu;g;ghl;lk;
nra;ag;gl;lJld; me;j Mu;g;ghl;lk; fLikahfj; jLf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngh];ld; NjePu; tpUe;ijf; fhl;Lk; rpj;jpuk; ^1773&

ngh];ld; NjePu; tpUe;J (1773)

• Njapiy tupf;F vjpuhf mnkupf;ff; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspy; rpyu; ngh];ld; JiwKfj;jpy;
eq;$ukpl;bUe;j fg;gnyhd;wpy; Vwp> mjpypUe;j Njapiyg; ngl;bfs; midj;ijAk;
flypy; vwpe;jdu;. ~ngh];ld; NjePu; tpUe;J| vd ,J miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
• mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghu; Muk;gpg;gjw;F ,J mz;kpa fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
• ngh];ld; rk;gtj;ijf; Nfs;tpAw;Nwhu; Vida JiwKfq;fspypUe;j Njapiyg;
ngl;bfSf;Fk; ,t;thNw nra;jdu;.
• gpupjj
; hdpa murhq;fk; ngh];ld; JiwKfj;ij %baJld;> gfpuq;fkhff; $l;lq;fisAk;
jil nra;jJ.
• krhRnrl; FbNaw;wj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;j tpNrl Mizg; gj;jpuj;ij uj;Jr; nra;tjpy;
Nkyjpf gilia krhRnrl; gpuNjrj;jpw;F mDg;Gjy;.
• Fw;wthspfspd; tof;Ffs; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; tprhupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdj; jPuk; hdpf;fg;gly;.
• gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsupd; fLikahd nray;fSf;F vjpuhff; FbNaw;wthrpfs; nraw;gl
Kad;wik.
KjyhtJ fz;ljpl;l kfhehL (1774)

• N[hu;[pah jtpu;e;j Vida gd;dpnuz;L FbNaw;wq;fspdJk; gpujpepjpfs; ,ize;J
gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsupd; mlf;FKiwfSf;F vjpuhfg; gpynly;gpahtpy; kfhehL
xd;iw elj;jpaik. ,J KjyhtJ fz;lj;jpw;fhd kfhehL vdg;gLk;.
• N[hu;[; Nth\pq;ld;> N[hd; mlk;];> rhKNty; mnlk;];> N[hd; N[ vd;Nghu; mjpy;
jiyik tfpj;jik.
• fz;lj;jpw;fhd mikg;G vDk; mikg;gpid epWTjy;.
• FbNaw;wthrpfs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s epge;jidfis ePf;FkhW %d;whk; N[hu;[;
kd;dDf;Ff; fbjnkhd;iw mDg;Gjy;.
• gpupj;jhdpag; nghUl;fisg; gfp\;fupj;jy;.
• kf;fspd; cupik njhlu;ghd gpufldk; xd;iw mq;fPfupj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
• fz;lj;jpw;fhd kfhehl;bd; jPu;khdj;jpw;fika FbNaw;wthrpfs; NghUf;Fj; jahuhjy;.
• N[hu;]; Nth\pq;lidj; jiytuhf epakpj;jik.
• gpu;jjhdpag; gilf;Fk; FbNaw;wthrpfSf;FkpilNa 1775 Mk; Mz;L nyf;rpd;ld;
vDk; ,lj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhfg; Nghu; Muk;gpj;jy;.
• gpupjj
; hdpag; gilapduhy; FbNaw;wthrpfs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L mtu;fs; Nru;jJ
; itj;jpUe;j
MAjq;fs; mopf;fg;gly;.
• gpupj;jhdpag; gilapd; Kul;Ljdkhd ,r;nray; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; gutpaJk; Nghu;
Muk;gkhFjy;.
• 1775 Mk; Mz;L midj;Jf; FbNaw;wq;fspdJk; gpujpepjpfs; ,ize;J rq;fnkhd;iwf;
$l;bg; gzk; mr;rpLtjw;Fk; N[hu;[; Nth\pq;ldpd; jiyikapy; Nghu;g; gilnahd;iw
mikg;gjw;Fj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
1776 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpug; gpufldk;

• ,uz;lhtJ fz;lj;jpw;fhd kfhehl;by; N[hu;[pah jtpu;e;j Vida gd;dpnuz;L
FbNaw;wq;fsJk; jiytu;fs; Aj;jj;jpw;F mDruiz toq;Fjy;.
• mt;thNw gpupj;jhdpag; Nguurpy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy ngwj;jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• 1776 [{iy khjk; 4 Me; jpfjp Njhk]; n[gu;rdpd; jiyikapy; mnkupf;fu; ~Rje;jpug;
gpufldk;| xd;iw ntspapLjy;.
− ,jpy; mnkupf;fu; Rje;jpu kf;fs; vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Muk;gkhjy;.
− N[hu;[; Nth\pq;ldpd; jiyikapy; Nghu; Muk;gkhjy;.
− Vohz;Lg; Nghupy; Njhyptpaile;jjhy; gpupj;jhdpaiug; gopthq;fj; jahuhf ,Ue;j
gpuhd;]; FbNaw;wthrpfSf;F cjTjy; (1778)
− gpuhd;rpypUe;J gz cjtp> gil cjtp> fg;gy;fs; vd;gd fpilj;jhy; FbNaw;wthrpfs;
typik ngwy;.

− xy;yhe;J> ];ghdpah vd;gd gpuhd;rpd; ez;gu;fshdjhy; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpufhg;

Nghupy; gq;Nfw;wy;.
− u\;ah> nld;khu;f>; RtPld; vd;gdtw;Wldhd MAjq;fSld;$ba eLepiyr; rq;fKk;
gpupj;jhdpahTf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gly;.
− njhlu;ghly; Kiwfspd; FiwghL> gpupj;jhdpahtpypUe;J Aj;jf;fsk; mjpf J}uj;jpy;
,Ue;jik> NghUf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; rpukk; Mfpa
fhuzj;jhy; gpupj;jhdpag;gil gytPdkiljy;.
− Nghupy; Njhy;tpAw;w gpupj;jhdpau; 1783 Mk; Mz;L FbNaw;w thrpfSld; ghup];
cld;gbf;ifapy; ifr;rhj;jpl;lJld; Nghu; KbTf;F tuy;.
• 1783 Mk; Mz;L gpupjj ; hdpag; Nguurpy; ,Ue;J tpyfp N[hu;[; Nth\pql
; dpd; jiyikapy;
If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;wj;ij epWtpf; nfhz;lik.
FbNaw;wthrpfspd; ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

• mkupf;fhTf;Fk; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd J}uk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jik.
• mnkupf;fhtpd; Gtpapay; mikg;Gj; njhlu;ghfg; gpupj;jhdpag;gil mwpe;jpuhik.
• FbNaw;wthrpfs; nfupy;yhg; Nghupy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJld; mnkupf;fg; gilahy; mjw;F
<LnfhLf;f Kbahik.
• N[hu;[; nth\pq;ldpd; jpwikahd jiyikj;Jtk;> ,jw;Fr; rkkhd xU jsgjpNaDk;
gpupj;jhdpag; gilapy; ,d;ik.
• gpuhd;]>; ];ghdpah> xy;yhe;J Mfpa ehLfs; gpupjj
; hdpahTf;F vjpuhff; FbNaw;wq;fSf;F
cjtpaik.
• u\;ah> RtPld;> nld;khu;f;> gpu\;ah Nghd;w INuhg;gpa ehLfSk; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F
vjpuhf eLepiy mzpnahd;iw epWtpaik.
• gpupj;jhdpag; Nguurpd; Vida gpuNjrq;fspYk; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rpfs;
Muk;gkhjy;.
cjhuzk;: mau;yhe;J> ,e;jpah
• gpupj;jhdpahtpNyNa gpupj;jhdpauJ nray;fis tpUk;ghj FbNaw;wthrpfSf;Fr;
rhjfkhfr; nraw;gl;l murpay;thjpfs; ,Ue;jik.
Rje;jpuk; ngWjYk; Gjpa murpay; mikg;ig mq;fPfupj;jYk;

• 1783 Mk; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpah FbNaw;wq;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij rl;luPjpahf Vw;Wg; ghup];
cld;gbf;ifapy; ifr;rhj;jpl;lik.
• fdlhtpd; njd; vy;iyapy; ,Ue;J nkf;rpf;Nfh Flh tiuapYk; mj;jpyhe;jpf;
rKj;jpuj;jpy; ,Ue;J kprprpg;gp ejp tiuf;Fk; gue;j epyg;gpuNjrk; mnkupf;f If;fpa
ehLfs; vdg;gLk;.
• 1787 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpuk; ngw;w mnkupf;fu;> gpynly;gpah kfhehl;by; Gjpa murpay;
ahg;igj; jahupj;jik.
• Kbahl;rp Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhff; $l;lhl;rp Kiwiaj; njupT nra;J [dehaf Ml;rpiaf;
fl;bnaOg;gpaik.
• mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghu; etPd cyfpy; eilngw;w KjyhtJ Njrpathj> [dehafg;
Gul;rp vd cyf tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wik.
• jw;fhy cyfpy; gyk;thae;j ehlhf tpsq;Fk; If;fpa mnkupf;fh Njhw;wk; ngWjy;.

fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 1
(1) X cld; Y I ,izj;J rupahd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.
X Y
(i) Nghu;j;Jf;fy; (A) Ftpngf;
(ii) ];ghdpah (B) `l;rd; Flh
(iii) ,q;fpyhe;J (C) nkf;rpf;Nfh
(iv) gpuhd;]; (D) gpNurpy;
(iv) xy;yhe;J (E) ngd;rpy;Ntdpah
(1) BDCEA (2) ABDCE (3) EABDC (4) DCEAB (5) CEABD
(...............)
• gpd;tUk; ngau;fspy; nghUj;jkw;w ngaiuj; njupT nra;f.
(2) A. N[hu;[; Nth\pq;ld; B. N[hd; mlk;]; C. Njhk]; n[gu;rd;

D. N[hu;[; fpud;tpy; E. rhKNty; mlk;];
(...............)
(3) A. nyf;rpd;ld; B. yq;fh\au; C. nfhd;Nfhl;;

D. ngh];ld; E. gpynly;gpah
(...............)
(4) mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghupd; tpisTfs; rpy fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy;

nghUj;jkw;w tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.
1. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;Fjy;.
2. Mq;fpyg;Gul;rp mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; tpisthFk;.
3. mnkupf;f If;fpa ehL vDk; ngaupy; Gjpa munrhd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
4. gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;w ehLfs; Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F topfhl;baha; mike;jik.
5. Kbahl;rp Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf mnkupf;fhtpy; $l;lhl;rpKiw Njhw;wk; ngwy;.
(...............)

fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 2
01. mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu; Vw;gLtjw;fhd gpujhd fhuzq;fisj; njspTgLj;jp>

mg;Nghupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff. (14 Gs;spfs;)
02. ~~mnkupff ; Rje;jpug; Nghu; mnkupff

; htpy; kl;Lkd;wp> INuhg;ghtpYk; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.||
(i) mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; jiytupd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(01 Gs;sp)
(ii) mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; gpujhd njhdpg;nghUs; vd;d?
(01 Gs;sp)
(iii) tl mnkupf;fhtpy; ,Ue;j FbNaw;wq;fs; ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(02 Gs;spfs;)
(iv) mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUf;F toptFj;j nghUshjhu> murpay; fhuzpfisr;
RUf;fkhf Kd;itf;Ff.
(04 Gs;spfs;)
(v) mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; tpisTfspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l $w;wpidg;
guprPypf;Ff.
(08 Gs;spfs;)
03. ~~mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUf;F murpay;> nghUshjhuk; fhuzq;fshfpd.||

(i) ,q;fpyhe;J kd;ddpd; mDruizAld; 1497 Mk; Mz;L epa+gTz;yhe;Jf;F
te;j ahj;jpupfd; ahu;?
(01 Gs;sp)
(ii) ,q;fpyhe;J kf;fs; tl mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw toptFj;j fhuzq;fs;
,uz;bidj; jUf.
(02 Gs;sp)
(iii) tl mnkupf;fhtpd; fpof;Ff; fiuapy; mikf;fg;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fs; %d;wpd;
ngaiuj; jUf.
(03 Gs;spfs;)
(iv) Mq;fpy murhq;fj;jhy; tl mnkupf;fhtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l FbNaw;wthj
nfhs;ifapy; ftdk; nrYj;jp Nkw;$wg;gl;l $w;wpid tpku;rd uPjpahf
Kd;itf;Ff.
(04 Gs;spfs;)
(v) mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; tpisTfspd;mbg;gilapy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l $w;wpidg;
guprPypf;Ff.
(08 Gs;spfs;)
04. (i) mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghu; Vw;gLtjw;F toptFj;j gpujhd fhuzq;fisg;

guprPypf;Ff.
(08 Gs;spfs;)
(ii) mnkupf;fupd; ntw;wpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzq;fis tpsf;Ff.
(06 Gs;spfs;)
05. cyfg;glj;jpy; INuhg;gpa ,dj;jtu; mnkupff

; htpy; epWtpa FbNaw;wq;fisf; FwpjJ; g;
ngaupLf.
(14 Gs;spfs;)

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 3.3 kdpj cupikfisf; fhg;gjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;bg;

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpiag; gFj;jha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 08
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp Vw;gLjtw;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gFj;jha;thu;.

• gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; %yk; ntw;wpnfhz;l mbg;gil kdpj
cupikfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
• kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; etPd cyfk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
vz;zf;fU vd;gjidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp
murpay; fhuzq;fs;
• ehl;bd; midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; kd;ddplk; Ftpe;J fhzg;gly;.
• Ml;rpahsu;fs; tpisj;jpwd; mw;wtu;fshf ,Ue;jik.
cjhuzk;: gjpide;jhk; Y}ap kd;dd;> 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd;
• Njitaw;w Nghu;fspy; <Lgl;lik
cjhuzk;: - gjpdhd;fhk; Y}ap kd;dd; ];ghdpa muRupikg; Nghupy; <Lgl;lik
- ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghu;
- gjpide;jhk; Y}ap Vohz;Lg; NghupYk;> mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghupYk;
<Lgl;lik
• 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;ddpd; J}uNehf;fw;w nray;fs;
cjhuzk;: - tu;Nfh> nef;fu; Nghd;w jpwikahd mikr;ru;fis ePf;fptpl;L> gpuGf;
fspd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F mikaj; jpwikaw;w mikr;ru;fis epakpjj ; ik.
- jdJ kidtpahd khup md;nlhapdl;bd; mwpTiug;gb nraw;gl;lik.
• KbauR gytPdkiljy;
• nyj;Nujp nfr;Nr vDk; gpbahiz Kiw
• ];Nll; n[duy; vDk; ghuhSkd;wk; $l;lg;glhik
nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs;
• nghJkf;fshy; Rkf;f Kbahj tpjj;jpy; tupfis tpjpj;jik
• gpuGf;fs; tup nrYj;jhky; gy rYiffis mDgtpj;jik
• eLj;ju tFg;gpdupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F ,Ue;j jilfs;
• tupf;nfhs;ifapd; rPuw;wjd;ik
• epy milg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;
• mjpfupj;j nrythy; jpiwNrup ntWikahfpaik
• mur FLk;gj;jpd; Mlk;gur; nryTf;F ehl;bd; tUkhdj;jpd; ngUk; gFjp nrytplg;gly;
• <ld; tu;j;jf xg;ge;jKk; mjd; tpisTfSk;
r%ff; fhuzq;fs;
• nghJkf;fs; Kfq;nfhLj;j ,d;dy;fs;
• gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; r%f epiyikfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;glYk; tFg;G NtWghLfSk;
• gpuGf;fs; kl;Lk; midj;Jr; rYifiaAk; ngw;wik

murdpd; gLf;ifaiw (jq;fKyhk; g+rg;gl;lJ)
Ntu;y;N]y;]; khspif

ntspf; fhuzq;fs;
• jj;Jt Qhdpfspd; jhf;fk; (n`hg;]>; nyhf;> &Nrh> Nthy;Nlau;> nkhd;l];fpA Nghd;Nwhu;)
• Vohz;Lg; NghUk; mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUk;
• gpuhd;]pd; fhyepiy (mjpf Fspu;> Nfhil> gQ;rk;)
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Njhw;wKk; gutYk;

• gpuhd;]; KOtJk; mikjpaw;w epiy Vw;gl;ljhy; gpuGf;fspd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F mika
16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; ];Nll; n[duy; rigiaf; $l;Ljy;.
• nldp]; ikjhd cWjp nkhopAk;> Njrpa rig nraw;gl;likAk;
• eLj;ju tFg;gpdUk; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapy; jiyikj;Jtk; tfpj;jy;.
• g];By; rpiwf;$lj;ijj; jhf;fpaJld; Gul;rp Muk;gkhfpaik. Gul;rp td;Kiw
Njhw;wj;ijg; ngwy;. (14.07.1789)
• gpuGf;fspd; rYiffs; ePf;fg;gly;.
• fp.gp. 1791 Mk; Mz;L 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; jg;gpr; nry;YjYk; M];jpupahtpd;
cjtpia ehLjYk;.
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; gpujhd fl;lq;fs;

• gpuhd;rpa $l;lurhq;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; (1792)
• 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dDk; khup md;ldl; murpAk; nfhiy
nra;ag;gly; (1793)
• gpuhd;rpa $l;lurhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf Aj;jk; Vw;gly;
(,q;fpyhe;J> ];ghdpah> M];jpupah)
gaq;fu Ml;rpapd; Muk;gk; (1793-1795)

• nld;ld;> kul;> nuhng];gpau; Nghd;Nwhu; n[Nfhgpad;
fl;rpapdupd; ifapy; mjpfhuk; te;jik
• rpwpJ fhyk; Ml;rpapypUe;J [pnuhd;bd; jiytu;fs;
[f;Nfhgpduhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gly;
• [f;Nfhgpd;fspilNa fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs;
Njhd;wpaikAk; xUtu; xUtiuf; nfhiy nra;jikAk;
nuhng];gpauhy; nld;ld; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lik
• gaq;fu Ml;rpapd; KbTk; ju;kpNlhupad; vjpu;Gul;rpAk;
fpsBd;
([hf;Nfhkpd;fspd; gaq;fu Ml;rpia Kwpabf;Fk;
nghUl;L Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l ,af;fk; ju;kpNlhupad;
vjpu;g;Gg;Gul;rp vdg;gl;lJ.)
• mjpfhu rig Ml;rpiag; nghWg;Ngw;wy;. (1795 xf;Nlhgu;)
• nfhd;ry; Kiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik
• neg;Nghypad; nfhdghu;l; mjpfhuj;ijg; nghWg;Ngw;wy;.
neg;Nghypad; nghdghu;l;

16 Mk; Y}ap kd;did fpsBdpy; itj;J nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lij rpj;jupf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;
Nkup md;Nlha;dl; murp fpsBdpy; itj;J nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lij rpj;jupf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

• fp.gp. 1791 Mk; Mz;L kdpj cupikg; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gly;
• khdpaKiwg; nghUshjhuk; tPor ; r
; pAw;W Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhu Kiw Njhd;Wjy;.
• kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; gyk; tha;ej
; murhq;fk; xd;W mikf;fg;gly;.
• kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;F murpay; cupikfs; fpilj;jy;.
• gpuGf;fSk; FUkhUk; jq;fsJ epyq;fis ,oe;jik.
• gpuGf;fsplKk; FUkhuplKk; ,Ue;j epyq;fs; tptrhapfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;ljhy;
gpuhd;rpy; rpwpa epyj;ijAila tptrha tFg;G xd;W Njhd;wpaik.
• rkkhd tupKiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• ~Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhuj;Jtk;| vd;w fUj;J INuhg;gh KOtJk; gutpaik.
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

• INuhg;gh kj;jpafhy khdpKiwapy; ,Ue;J etPd Kiwf;F tUjy;.
• gpuhd;]; ru;thjpfhu Kbahl;rp KiwapypUe;J [dehaf Ml;rpKiw tiuapy;
khw;wkiljy;.
• gpuhd;rpa kf;fs; vjpu;ghu;j;j Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; Kjyhd mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gly;.
• mbg;gil cupikfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ypguy;thjk;> Njrpa thjk; Nghd;w
tw;iw cupikahf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L INuhg;gh KOtJk; gy Gul;rpfs; Vw;gl;lik.
• ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,j;jhyp If;fpak; mile;jik> N[u;kdp If;fpakiljy;
vd;gdtw;wpd; %yk; INuhg;ghtpy; Njrpathjk; gutyiljy;.

fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 1
• fP N o jug; g l; L s; s nrhw; f spy; nghUj; j kw; w nrhy; i yj; njupT nra; J

mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
(1) 1. yghal; 2. nef;fu; 3. nkul; 4. nld;ld; 5. kpuhNgh

(...............)
(2) 1. nkhd;nl];fpa+ 2. Nthy;Nlau; 3. &Nrh 4. N[hd;nyhf; 5. kf;fpa typ

(...............)
(3) 1. nef;fu; 2. nlu;Nfh 3. upr;ypA 4. nfnyhf; 5. gpuad;

(...............)
(4) 1. 14Mk; Y}ap 2. 8Mk; n`d;up 3. upr;rypA 4. krhupd; 5. nef;fu;

(...............)
(5) 1. fupghy;b 2. nkul; 3. nuhng]; gpau; 4. nld;ld; 5. kpuhNgh

(...............)
• gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fs; xt;nthd;wpd; fPOk; Ie;J tplaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;

gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; xU tplak; jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ. mjidj;
njupT nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.

1. gjpdhd;fhk; Y}ap kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; Muk;gkhfpaJ.
2. kd;ddpd; epjp mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j nef;fu; gy tup rPuj ; pUj;jq;fis Kd;itj;jhu;.
3. gpuhd;rpd; jpiwNrup ntWikahdNj gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F mz;kpa fhuzkhFk;.
4. 1789 Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjk; 14 Me; jpfjp g];By; rpiwr;rhiy jhf;fg;gl;lik
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa epfo;thFk;.
5. Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;gd gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; jhuf kj;jpukhFk;.
(...............)
(7) gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;
1. Njrpa nghJr;rig epWtg;gl;lik
2. $l;lhl;rp epWtg;gl;lik
3. gjpd;%d;whk; Y}ap kd;ddpd; fPo; gpuhd;rpd; Kbahl;rp kPsikf;fg;gl;lik
4. gaq;fu Ml;rp
5. mjpfhurig Ml;rpf;F tUjy;
(...............)
1. gioa Kbahl;rp Kiwapd; gytPdk; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpfF
; toptFj;j fhuzq;fspy;
xd;whFk;.
2. nkhd;nl];fpa+ gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F cjtpa jj;JtQhdpahthu;.
3. 1789 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; ];Nll; n[duy; $l;lg;gl;lJ.
4. 1789 Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjk; g];By; rpiwr;rhiy jhf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. 1793 Mk; Mz;L [dtup khjk; 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; Kb #bdhd;.
(...............)


1. ];Nll; n[duhy; $l;lg;gl;lik
2. g];By; rpiwr;rhiy jhf;fg;gl;lik
3. 16 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; rpur;Nrjk; nra;ag;gl;lik
4. 18 Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; murdhdik
5. gaq;fu Ml;rp
(...............)
1. nldp]; ikjhd cWjpAiu gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Muk;g milahskhFk;.
2. gjpNdohk; Y}ap kd;dd; rl;luPjpahd kd;dhf Kb#l;lg;gl;lhd;.
3. khup md;nlhapdl; rpur;Nrjk; nra;ag;gl;lhs;.
4. Njrpa rigapdhy; kdpj cupikfs; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
5. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapdhy; kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; mgpgg
; puhaq;fs; gy epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.
(...............)
• gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd A, B, C, D vDk; tpilfspy; xd;Nwh> gyNth

rupahdjhFk;. rupahd tpiliaj; njupe;J A Ak; B Ak; rupahapd; (1) vdTk;>
B Ak; C Ak; rupahapd; (2) vdTk;> C Ak; D Ak; rupahapd; (3) vdTk;> A Ak;
D Ak; rupahapd; (4) vdTk;> xU tpil my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l tpilfs;
rupahapd; (5) vdTk; milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
(1) gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp njhlu;ghd rupahd tpil / tpilfs;

A. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa jhuf ke;jpuk; Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;
vd;gjhFk;.
B. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; %yk; gpuGf;fspd; rYif cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
C. nuhng];gpaupd; jiyikapy; gpuhd;rpy; $l;lhl;rp epWtg;gl;lJ.
D. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; Gul;rp vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
(...............)
(2) gpd;tUNthupy; gpuhd;rpag; Nghupy; gq;Fgw;wpNahu; ahtu;?

A. yghnal; B. nuhng];gpau; C. upr;ypA D. Yap neg;Nghypad;
(...............)
(3) gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; vit?

A. khdpa Kiw tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
B. kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; murpay; cupik ngw;wik
C. Kbahl;rp tYtile;jik
D. neg;Nghypad; nkhdghl; Ml;rpf;F te;jik
(...............)

fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 2
01. gpd;tUk; midj;Jg; gpuptpdUk; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sdu;.

mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;gpid tpgupf;Ff.
(i) kd;du;fs; (ii) gpuGf;fs; (iii) kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; (iv) rhjhuz kf;fs;
(14 Gs;spfs;)
02. ~gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp kj;jpa tFg;gpduhNyNa Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.||

(i) gpuhd;rpag;Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;F mz;kpa fhuzk; vd;d?
(02 Gs;spfs;)
(ii) gpuhd;rpy; kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; Kfq;nfhLj;j ,d;dy;fs; ahit?
(04 Gs;spfs;)
(iii) gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jp> Gul;rpapid
Muk;gpg;gjpy; kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; Mw;wpa gzpia tpku;rd uPjpapy; tpsf;Ff.
(08 Gs;spfs;)
03. (i) 18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; gpuhd;rpy; epytpa gioa Kbahl;rp Kiwapd; gpujhd
,ay;Gfs; ahit?
(07 Gs;spfs;)
(ii) 1789 Mk; Gul;rpapd; Muk;gj;ijAk; mjd; tpisTfisAk; guprPypf;Ff.
(07 Gs;spfs;)
04. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%ff; fhuzpfis

tpsf;Ff.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
05. ~~gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp gpuGf;fs; tFg;gpduhNyNa Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.|| ,jid tpku;rd

uPjpahf Kd;itf;Ff.
(14 Gs;spfs;)
06. ~gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp jw;Nghija INuhg;ghitj; Njhw;Wtpj;j kpf Kf;fpa epfo;thFk;.||

(i) gpuhd;rpag;Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;F toptFj;j mz;kpa fhuzk; vd;d?
(01 Gs;sp
(ii) Gul;rpf;F Kd;du; gpuhd;rpy; epytpa r%ff; fl;likg;igj; njspTgLj;Jf.
(02 Gs;spfs;)
(iii) gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa re;ju;g;gq;fs; ahit?
(03 Gs;spfs;)
(iv) gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jp mJ gpuhd;]; njhlu;ghf kl;Lkd;wp
INuhg;ghtpd; Vida ehLfs; kPJk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij gupryP pfF
; f.
(08 Gs;spfs;)

ifj; n jhopy; Gul; r p

mwpKfk;
kdpjd; jd; iffspdhy; rpwpa mstpy; jkJ Njitf;nfdg; nghUl;fisAk;
NritfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;jikf;Fg; gjpyhf ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ghupa
mstpy; tpepNahfj;jpd; nghUl;Lg; nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;jikahy;
Vw;gl;l ghupa khw;wNk ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp vdg;gLk;. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpahy; Vw;gl;l
nghUshjhu r%f> murpay;> gz;ghL vd;gdtw;wpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; INuhg;ghtpYk;
gpd;du; Vida fz;lq;fspYk; nrYj;jpa jhf;fj;jpid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tNj ,e;j myfpd;
Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;.
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : • etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj;jpy; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpl tuyhw;Wr;

rf;jpfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 4.1 cyfpd; Nghf;if khw;wpaikg;gjpy; ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp jhf;fk;

nrYj;jpa tpjk; gw;wpa jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 20
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd gpd;dzpiaAk; Gjpa

fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisAk; gFj;jha;thu;.
• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; gutiyg; GwTUtg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Lthu;.
njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• ijf;njhopw; Gul;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; Muk;gk;

- Njrpa muRfspd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpf;Fj;
Njitahd gpd;dzpia mikj;jy;.
- 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; tu;jj
; fk; tpuptile;jik ifj;njhopw;
Gul;rpf;F toptFj;j tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
- ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;Ff; Fbj;njhif mjpfupg;G Kf;fpa fhuzkhjy;.
• ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

- ,q;fpyhe;jpy; khdpaKiw tPor;rpAw;wikAk; murpay; epiyg;ghLk;.
- nghUl;fspd; Nfs;tpf;Nfw;g toq;fiy Nkw;nfhs;s cw;gj;jp Kiw Nghjhik.
- ehl;by; ,aw;if tsq;fs;; kpFjpahff; fhzg;glhik.
- tsthsu;fs; ,Ue;jJld; mtu;fSf;F mDruiz toq;Ftjw;Fr; nry;te;j
tFg;gpdUk; ,Ue;jik.

- Gtpapay; uPjpahf ehL rpwpjhf ,Ue;jik> jPthf ,Ue;jik> cs;ehl;by;

tsu;r;rpaile;j Nghf;Ftuj;J ,Ue;jik.
- Ntypailg;gpdhy; kf;fs; Ntiy Njb efuq;fSf;F te;jik.
,jdhy; kdpj ciog;ig ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jik.
- tsu;r;rpaile;j tq;fpfs; fhzg;gl;lik.
- ,q;fpyhe;J murhq;fk; gpd;gw;wpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;.
- %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngwTk;> KbTg; nghUl;fis tpw;fTk; $ba FbNaw;w
ehLfisf; nfhz;l Nguurhf ,q;fpyhe;J tpsq;fpaik.
- ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp %d;W Kf;fpa ifj;njhopy;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
eilngw;wJ.
• Glitf; ifj;njhopy;
Fbirf; ifj;njhopyhf tpsq;fpa Glitf; ifj;njhopy;> ,ae;jpuk;> ePuhtp kw;Wk;
vupnghUs; tiffs; vd;gdtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Kd;Ndw;wkile;jijf; ifj;njhopy;
Gul;rpapd;NghJ fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. me;je;jr; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Vw;gl;l gy;NtW
,lu;fis ntw;wp nfhs;Sk; nghUl;Lg; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; gy Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
• N[hd; Nf - gwf;Fk; jwp Xlk;/E}zhop
• N[k;]; `f;upT]; - E}w;Fk; n[dp (];gpd;dpq; n[dp)
• upr;ru;l; Mf;iul; - ePu;r; rl;lk;
• rhKNty; nfhk;g;ld; - kpAy; ,ae;jpuk;
• vyP tpbdp - gQ;rpypUe;J tpijia mfw;Wk; ,ae;jpuk;
• vypa]; `hNt - ijay; ,ae;jpuk;
• vl;kd;l; fhl;iul; - tYthy; ,aq;Fk; ,ae;jpuj; jwp
• ,Uk;Gf;Ff; ifj;njhopy;
,q;fpyhe;jpd; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpiaj; Jupjg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopypy;
Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; ngUe; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ> mjd; nghUl;Lg; Gjpa ,ae;jpuq;fs;
gy epu;khzpf;fg;gl;ld.
• Vg;u`hk; lu;gp - 1709 epyf;fupiaf; nfhz;L ,Uk;Gj;jhjpid cUf;fp thu;g;G
,Uk;gpid cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
• n`d;up Nfhl; - 1784 Nuhyu; ,ae;jpuk;
• n`d;up ng];ku; - 1856 vspjhf ,Uk;gpid cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kiw
• tpypak; rPkd;];> vkyp n[up khl;bd; jk;gjpfs; - 1860 jpwe;j ciy Kiw
• tpypak; rPkd;]; - 1878 kpd;rhu ciy
• epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;
,ae;jpuq;fis ,aq;f itg;gjw;F vupnghUshf epyf;fupiag; gad;gLj;jpaik
ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ngupJk; cjtpaJ.
• Njhk]; epy;nfhkd; - ePuhtp ,ae;jpuk;
• N[k;]; Nthl; - ePuhtp ,ae;jpuj;ij NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wy;
• `pk;up Nltp - ghJfhg;G tpsf;F

• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp gutpa Vida Jiwfs;
tptrhak;
• Ntypailg;ghy; ghupa tptrha epyq;fs; cUthdik
• tptrhaj;jpw;F ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaik.
• tptrhag; nghUl;fis khw;Wk; Kiw
• Gjpa gapupLk; Kiw (tupirahf tpijf;Fk; Kiw)
• Gjpa grisfs;
ePuhtp ,ae;jpuk; ghJfhg;G tpsf;F
Nghf; F tuj; J
• nuhgl; Gy;ld; - 1807 Gif ts;sk;
• N[hd; nkf;flk; - 1811 nkf;flk; Kiw (ghij mikg;G)
• n`d;up ngy; - 1811 Giff;fg;gy;
• N[hu;[; ];Btd;rd; - Giftz;b
• nlk;yu; - 1885 Nkhl;lhu; tz;b
• iul; rNfhjuu;fs; - 1903 tpkhdk;
njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;
• 1840 - ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ngdP jghy; Nrit
• 1844 - rhKNty; Nkh]; - je;jp Kiw
• 1866 - iru]; lgpspA gPy;l; - Nfgy; Kiw
• 1876 - mnyf;rhz;lu; fpufk; ngy; - njhiyNgrp
• 1899 - N[hd; nyhfp ngahl; - njhiyf;fhl;rp

• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; guty;

18 Mk; E}w;whz;L ,q;fpyhe;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w ifj;njhopw;
Gul;rp tpiutpy; INuhg;gh KOtjpYk; mnkupf;f If;fpa ehl;bYk; gutpaJ. mjd;
gpd;du; ag;ghd; cl;gl Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpYk; Vida ehLfspYk; njd;dnkupf;fh>
Mgpupf;fh fz;lk; vd;gdtw;wpYk; gutpaJ.
• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

- Fbirf; ifj;njhopy; kiwe;J ghupa ifj;njhopy;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
- tptrhaj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;j nghUshjhuk; ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; vd;gdtw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lik.
• gzg; Gof;fj;Jldhd ghupa tu;j;j mikg;Gf;fs; cUthdik.
• Kjyhspj;Jt Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
• Gjpa NguuRthjj;jpw;F top Vw;gl;lik.
r%fk;
• nry;tj;ij KjyPL nra;j nry;te;jUk; jkJ ciog;ig tpw;W tho;ej; ViofSk;
vd;W rKjhaj;jpy; ,U gpuptpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;. ,t;tpU gpuptpdupilNa
Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
• efukakhf;fy;
• #oy; khriljy;.
• fpuhkq;fs; ghoiljy;> epyk; mw;Nwhu; Njhw;wk; ngwy;> kuG uPjpahd r%f
mikg;Gr; rPu;NfLfs;.
murpay;
• kj;jpa tFg;Gj; Njhd;Wjy;.
• gy;NtW murpay; nghUshjhu fUj;Jf;fs; Njhd;Wjy;.
- nuhgl; Xtpdpd; rkj;Jt ,af;fKk; rhB];l; ,af;fKk;.
- khf;rprf; nfhs;if> n[uk; ngd;jkpapd; gad;ghl;Lthjk;.
• mlk; ];kpj;jpd; jiyaplhf; nfhs;if.
• njhopyhsu; ,af;fq;fs; cUthFjy;.
• NguuRthjk; tpuptiljy;.

fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 1
gy; N ju; T tpdhf; f s;

Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; tpdhf;fSf;F KiwNa Ie;J ngau;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy;
xd;W VNjhnthU fhuzj;jpdhy; kw;nwhd;Wld; nghUe;jhJ. nghUe;jhj tpiliaj;
njupe;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
01) 1. n`d;up lu;gp 2. n`d;up Nfhl; 3. n`d;up Ng];ku;

4. ikf;fy; ru;Ntl]; 5. tpypak; rPkd;]; (.........)
02) 1. n`d;up ngy; 2. nuhgl; Gy;ld; 3. nlk;su;

4. N[hd; fy;tpd; 5. N[hd; kf;flk; (.........)
03 Mk; tpdhTf;F KiwNa Ie;J Nrhbg; gjq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy;

xU Nrhb xd; W ld; xd; W nghUe; j hJ. mjidj; njupe; J milg; G f; f s; mjd;
,yf;fj;ij vOJf.
03) 1. N[hd; Nf - gwf;Fk; jwp Xlk;

2. N[k;]; `hf;fpupt;]; - ijay; ,ae;jpuk;
3. upr;ru;l; Mf;iul; - ePu;r;rl;lk;
4. rhKNty; FNuhk;ld; - kpAy; ,ae;jpuk;
5. vl;kd;l; fhl;iul; - tYthy; ,aq;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;jwp (.........)
,yf; f k; 05> 06 Mfpa tpdhf; f Sf; F xU jiyg; g pd; fP o ; Ie; J tpilfs;

nfhLf; f g; g l; L s; s d. mtw; W s; xd; W mj; j iyg; g pw; F g; nghUj; j kw; w J. mjidj;
njupT nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Ffs; vOJf.
04) ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;?

1. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; khdpaKiw tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
2. ehl;by; ,aw;if tsq;fs; ,Ue;jik.
3. FbNaw;w ehLfspypUe;J %yg; nghUl;fis ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;
$bajhf ,Ue;jik.
4. Gtpapay; uPjpahf ehL jPthf ,Ue;jik.
5. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk; ,q;fpyhe;ij te;jile;jik. (.........)
05) ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; ed;ikfs;

1. cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis ntspehl;L re;ijfSf;F mDg;gp mjpf ,yhgk;
mile;jik.
2. Ntiy tha;g;G mjpfupj;jik.
3. ntspehLfspypUe;J ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F cjtpfs; te;jik.
4. tq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rp
5. Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhu Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wik. (.........)

fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k;
gpd; t Uk; tpdhTf; f hd rupahd tpilfis vOJf.
06. ~~ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhf INuhg;ghtpy; njhopDl;g> nghUshjhu> r%fj;

Jiwfspy; mbg;gil khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.||
i. ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp KjyhtJ Vw;gl;l ehl;ilg; ngaupLf.

(01 Gs;sp)
ii. mJ me;j ehl;by; Vw;gLtjw;fhd %d;W fhuzq;fisj; jUf.
(03 Gs;spfs;)
iii. Glitf; ifj;njhopYld; njhlu;Gila %d;W fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLf.
(03 Gs;spfs;)
iii. Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpdhtpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s Jiwfspy; mbg;gil khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;jf; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp vt;thW jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ vd;gij tptupf;Ff.
(07 Gs;spfs;)
07. gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp

gw; w p tpgupf; F f.
i. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd gpd;dzp
ii. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gpujhd fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;
iii. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; nghUshjhu> r%f tpisTfs;
(14 Gs;spfs;)
08. gpupjj
; hdpa GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; gpdt
; Uk; ,lq;fisf; FwpjJ
; g; ngaupLf. mtw;wpy;
,uz;L ,lq;fisg; gw;wp tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;G vOJf.
1. yptu;g+y; 2. khd;nr];lu; 3. yz;ld; 4. Njk;]; ejp
5. ];nfhl;yhe;J 6. Nty;]; 7. tlfly; 8. Mq;fpyf; fhy;tha;
(14 Gs;spfs;)

ypguy; t hj Njrpathjf; nfhs; i ffspd; tsu; r ; r p
mwpKfk;
Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ehl;Lg; gw;iwAk; Kd;itj;Jg; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by;
ypguy;thjKk; NjrpathjKk; INuhg;gpa murpaypy; mjpf jhf;fk; nrYj;jpd. rpW ehLfshfg;
gpupe;jpUe;j gy INuhg;gpa ehLf;s ,t;tpU nfhs;iffshy; ngupa> gyte;j ehLfshapd.
,j;jhypAk; N[u;kdpAk; ,tw;wpy; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. ypguy;thjj;jpdJk; Njrpa
thjj;jpdJk; tsu;r;rp mit eilKiwapy; nraw;gl;l tpjk; vd;gd gw;wp ,e;j myfpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Nju; r ; r p : • etPd cyfpd; gy;NtW murpay; fUj;Jf;fs; eilKiwapy;

nraw;ghlhf khw;wkile;j tpjj;jpidg; guprPypg;ghu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 5.1 ypguy;thjj;jpdJk; Njrpa thjj;jpdJk; rpe;jidfspd; tsu;rr

; p
gw;wpAk; mit eilKiwapy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiw gw;wpAk;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 25
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • murpay; rpe;jidfspd; tsu;r;rpAld; Gul;rp mzpfs; Njhw;wk;

ngw;w tpjj;jpid tpgupg;ghu;.
• ypguy;thj> Njrpathj murpay; rpe;jidfs; eilKiwapy;
nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
• ,j; j hypa If; f pak; > N[u; k dpa If; f pak; vd; g dtw; i w
Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ypguy;thjk;
• gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; nraw;gl;l gpujhd rpe;jidahFk;.
• nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpfspd; rigapd; cjtpAld; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l rl;luPjpahd
murpay; jpll
; j;jpd; %yk;> kf;fSf;Fj; jpUg;jpfukhd Ml;rpKiwiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gNj
,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
• murpay; jiyaPbd;wpr; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; Rje;jpug; nghUshjhu r%f Kiwiaf;
fl;bnaOg;GtNj ,jd; Kf;fpa ,ay;ghFk;.
Njrpathjk;
• Fwpg;gpl;l Gtpapaw; gpuNjrj;jpDs; thOk; kf;fs; gpuptpdu; jkJ nghJj;jd;ikia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jkJ jdpjJ ; tj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ midj;J kf;fisAk;
xNu Njrpaj;Jf;Fs; ,izg;gJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
• ,d> nkhop> rka> gof;f tof;fq;fspd; nghJj;jd;ik nghJ cupik vdg;gLfpwJ.
• ,e; j g; nghJ czu; t pdhy; kf; f spd; Rje; j puj; i j tsu; J f; n fhs; s f; $ bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wik.

1815 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; INuhg;ghtpy; ypguy;thj> Njrpathj ,af;fq;

fspd; tsu;r;rp
• ];ghdpahtpy; ypguy;thjKk; NjrpathjKk; vOr;rp ngw;wikAk; mit xLf;fg;gl;likAk;.
• u\;ahtpy; ypguy;thj Ntz;LNfhs;fSk; mit xLf;fg;gl;likAk;
• 1820 - 21 ,j;jhypapy; Neg;gps;];> kPl;kd;;l Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;gl;l fpsu;r;rp
• 1821 - 1829 tiu fpNuf;fk;> JUf;fpa Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLjiyailAk; nghUl;L
Nghuhbaik. 1829 Mk; Mz;L Mj;upahNehgy; cld;gbf;if %yk; fpNuf;fk; tpLjiy
ngWjy;.
• fpNuf;fk; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wik Njrpathjk; ngw;w ntw;wpahFk;.
• 1814 - 1848 tiu gpuhd;rpy; murpay; rkepiyia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Kaw;rpfSk;> mtw;Wf;F vjpuhd rthy;fSk;
• mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy; Njrpathj Gul;rpfs; Vw;gl;lik (xy;yhe;J> ngy;[pak;>
,j;jhyp> N[u;kd;)
• ,t;thW INuhg;gpa rKjhaj;jpy; 1815 - 1848 Mk; Mz;L tiu fhzg;gl;l gpujhd
,ay;Gfshtd.
− gpuGj;Jt murpay; Kiwiag; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jp> Vw;fdNt epytpa murpay;
fl;likigg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd vz;zpa gpuptpdu;
− kj;jpa njhopyhs tu;f;fj;jpidg; gpujpepjpj;Jt;ggLj;jp gioa INuhg;ghit khw;wp
aikj;J ypguy;thjk;> Njrpathjk; vDk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; %Yk; Kd;Ndhf;fpr;
nry;Yk; vz;zj;jpidAila gpuptpdu; Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lk;
1848 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rp

• 1848 Mk; Mz;lstpy; INuhg;gh KOtJk; fpsu;r;rpfukhd gpd;dzp Njhd;wpapUe;jik
• gpuhd;rpy; Vw;gl;l Fog;gj;jpd; tpisthf Y}ap neg;Nghypad; Ml;rpf;F te;jik
• ,j;jhypapy; Njrpathj> ypguy;thj nraw;ghLfs;
• 1848 Mk; Mz;L N[u;kdpapy; nraw;gl;l Njrpathj> ypguy;thj mzpfs;
• gpuhd;]>; ,j;jhyp> N[u;kd; Mfpa ehLfs; jtpue ; j
; gy INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; NjrpathjKk;
ypguy;thjKk; Njhy;tpaile;jik
• gpupj;jhdpah khj;jpuk; Gul;rpfspd;wp rPu;jpUj;jj;ij mwpKfk; nra;jik
• mjpfhugyk;
• ,j;jhypa If;fpak;
− ,j;jhypapd; If;fpaj;jpwF Kd;du; mq;fpUe;j epiyik
− ,j;jhypapy; epytpa murpay; gpsTfs;
− Neg;gps;];> rprpypj; jPTfs; vd;gd ];ghdpa G+u;Nghd; mur guk;giuahy;
Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lik
− cNuhk;> kj;jpa ,j;jhyp vd;gd ghg;guruhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lik
− ghu;kh> nkNlhdh> l];fdp vd;gd M];jpupa mur guk;giuahy; Ml;rp
nra;ag;gl;lik.
− ntdp];> nyhk;ghb Mfpa gpuNjrq;fs; M];jpupa Nguurpd; fPo; Ml;rp
nra;ag;gl;lik.
− gPlk
; d;l>; rhBdpah cl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs; ,j;jhypa rNtha; mur guk;giuapd;
fPo; ,Ue;jik.
− neg;NghypadJ Ml;rpapd; tpisthf ,j;jhypa kf;fspilNa xw;Wik njhlu;
ghf czu;T Vw;gl;lik.
− Njrpa czu;T tsu;r;rpaile;jik

,j;jhypa If;fpaj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rpfSk; mtw;Wld;

njhlu;Gila ,af;fq;fSk;
• ,j;jhypapd; Njrpathjk; vOr;rpAwy;
• fhNghdhup ,af;fk;
− fhNghdhup ,af;fj;jpdhy; M];jpupa Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhfr; Rje;jpug;Nghu;
Muk;gkhfpaik.
• krpdpapd; ,sk; ,j;jhypa ,af;fk;
• [pNahgu;bapd; jiyikapd;fPo; Gjpa ,af;fk; Muk;gkhfpaik.
• xd;gjhk; gpA]; ghg;guru; ypguy;thj murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;ij Kd;itj;jy;.
• 1848 Mk; Mz;L ,j;jhypapd; tpLjiyg;Nghu;.
• vjpu;g;Gf;fs; vOe;jikAk; ,t;tpaf;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikAk;.
,j;jhypa If;fpaj;jpw;F cjtpNahu;

• fTd;l; fT+u;> gPl;kd;l; murpd; gpujkuhfpaik.
• ,j;jhyp nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jik.
• ypguy;thjpfspd; cjtpiag; ngw;W ,j;jhypapy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
• ,j;jhyp If;fpakhFk; nraw;ghl;bd; jiyikj;Jtk; gPl;kd;l; muRf;F cupajhFjy;.
• fpupkpad; Nghupy; rk;ge;jg;gLjy;
• ,j;jhypa If;fpaj;jpw;Fg; gpuhd;rpdJk; gpupj;jhdpauJk; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
• fTd;l; ft+u;> gpuhd;rpd; %d;whk; neg;Nghypad; MfpNahu; Gnyhk;gpah]; cld;gbf;ifapy;
ifr;rhj;jply;.
fupghy;b
• ,j;jhypa kf;fspilNa Njrpa czu;it tsu;j;jy;.
• fupghy;bapd; nrQ;rl;il tPuu;fshy; njd; ,j;jhypag; gpuNjrk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L gPl;kd;l;
murdplk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lik
− cNuhikj; jtpu;e;j ghg;gurupd; midj;Jg; gpuNjrq;fSk; ifg;gw;wg;gly;.
− 1866 Mk; Mz;L ntdp]; ,izf;fg;gly;.
− 1870 Mk; Mz;L cNuhk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJld; ,j;jhypapd; If;fpak; epiwTw;wik.
N[u;kdpapd; If;fpak;
• N[u;kdpa If;fpaj;jpw;F Kd;du; epiytpa murpay; epiyik
− 1648 Mk; Mz;L nt];lg ; hypah cld;gbf;ifapd; tpisthf N[u;kdp gy muRfshfg;
gpsTgly;.
− neg;Nghypad; nghdghl; N[u;kd; gpuNjrj;ij Mf;fpukpjJ; iwd; rq;fj;ij mikj;jy;.
− tpad;dh kfhehl;bd; gpd;du; neg;Nghypadpd; Kaw;rp tPo;r;rpailjy;.
− nrhy;tiuapd; rq;fj;jpd; fPo; N[u;kdpapy; nghUspay; xUikg;ghL Vw;gly;.
− M];jpupahtpd; rhd;ryu; nkl;lu;epf;fhy; ypguy;thjf; fUj;Jf;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jgly;.
cjhuzk;: fhy;];ghl; Miz
− 1830 - 1848 Mk; Mz;L Nghuhl;lq;fSk; mitfspd; Njhy;tpAk;
− 1848 gpuhq;gl; ghuhSkd;wKk; 1848 Gul;rpapd; Njhy;tpAk;
N[u;kdpapd; If;fpaj;jpy; gp];khu;f;fpd; gq;F

• xl;Nlhtd; gp];khu;f; gw;wpa mwpKfk;.
• N[u;kdpapd; If;fpaj;jpw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fj; jFjpAilajhFk;gb gpu\;ahtpd;
nghUsjhhuj;ijAk; murpaiyAk; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F nraw;gl;l tpjk;
• gp];khu;f;fpd; ,uh[je;jpu cghak;> ~,uj;jKk; ,Uk;Gk;| vd;w nfhs;if gpu\;ahtpd;
Nghu;g;gilia tYg;gLj;jpaik.
• n\y;];tpf; N`hy;];ild; gpur;rpid. n\y;];tpf; ,izf;fg;gly;.
• 1866 Mk; Mz;Lg; Nghupy; M];jpupah Njhy;tpaile;jik.
• 1871 Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;irj; Njhw;fbj;jjd; %yk; gpu\;ahtpd; jiyikapd; fPo;
If;fpa N[u;kdp Njhw;wk; ngWjy;.
,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;
6°E 10°E 14°E

d;]
;
h
gpu
Rtpr;ru;yhe;J
46°N
nrNtha;
nyh
M];jpupah
k
;g
hu ntdp]; 46°N
la ;
^1860 ,y; bAupd; ! ;b ntdp];

d;
gpuhd;]{f;F !
toq;fg;gl;lJ) gu;kh
l; k
n[Ndhth
Bd
!
h
gS
r hu; b d s ah g S l
eP]; nk
! GNshud;];
m
l;u
l];fdp pa
hb
f;
fl
; kd; l;
y;
42°N Nfhrpf;fh
Ng
hg;g
pd
Nuhk; !
,uhr
42°N
;m
uR
Neghs;];
jhd
p
! Neghs;];
rhu;bdpah
k
j;
jp
j
a
i
uf
; f
p
d
tpsf;fk; ly
jh
38°N
;
r
1859 w;F Kw;gl;l rhbdpah

uh
1859 ,y; ,izj;Jf;

,
nfhs;sg;gl;l gpuNjrk;
38°N
1860 ,y; ,izj;Jf;
yp
p
1866 ,y; ,izj;Jf;
1870,y; ,izj;Jf;
/ rprpyp
K r; r
pr
nfhs;sg;gl;l gpuNjrk; 0 200 4 00 8 ,00

fpNyhkPw;wu;
10°E 14°E

N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;
5°E 10°W 15°W 20°E
RtPld;
60 °N
nld;khu;f;
tl fly;
ghy;bf; fly;
nry;];tpf; 60 °N
N`hy;];ild;
yga ; p
v
ej
nkf;nyd;gu;f;
p
neju;yhe;J `Ndhth
! gu;ypd;
u\;ah
iud
ngy;[pak;
;
e jp
nrf;rdp
n`N] Nghyhe;J
50 °N ! Vk;]; gpuhq;gu;l;
!
yf;]k;Ngu;f;
gNtupah 50 °N
NyhNud;
Tnlk;gu;f; M];jpupa-`q;Nfup
gpuhd;]; Ngld;
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J
40 °N
tpsf;fk;
m
1866 f;F Kd; gpu\;ah

j;j
40 °N
py
he
1867 ,y; ,izj;Jf;
/
;jpf
;f
kj;jpa jiuf; fly;

ly
1871 ,y; ,izj;Jf;

;
0 200 4 00 8 ,00
fpNyhkPw;wu; nfhs;sg;gl;l gpuNjrk;
10°W 15°W 20°E

fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 1
• nghUj;jkw;w tpiliaj; njupTnra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs;

vOJf.
(1) 1. Njrpathjk; 2. Nfhu;rpf;fh 3. ];ghdpah

4. fpNuf;fk; 5. nuhB\pah (...............)
(2) 1. fhnghdhup ,af;fk; 2. ,sk; ,j;jhypa ,af;fk;

3. fupaupg;Nghu; ,af;fk; 4. jh];nfg;gpl;ly; ,af;fk;
5. Njrpa ,af;fk; (...............)
(3) 1. Y}ap neg;Nghypad; 2. xl;ltd; fupghy;b 3. N[hrg; krpdp

4. nfkpNyh fT+u; 5. Fnrg; fupghy;b
(...............)
(4) 1. nyhk;ghu;b 2. jh];fdp 3. itkhu;

4. gPl;kd;l; 5. Neg;gps;];
(...............)
(5) 1. N[u;kd; xd;wpizg;G 2. iwd; rq;fk; 3. nrhy;tiud; rq;fk;

4. Nf];bad; kfhehL 5. gpynly;gpah kfhehL
(...............)
(6) nghUj;jkw;w Nrhbiaj; njupTnra;f.

1. krpdp - ,sk; ,j;jhypa ,af;fk;
2. fupNghy;b - nrQ;rl;ilg; gil
3. rhu;bdpah - rNtha; mur guk;giu
4. nfud;];fp - nrQ;rl;ilg; gil
5. nrhy;tiud; cld;gbf;if - nghUshjhu rq;fk;
(...............)
(7) X iaAk;; Y iaAk; ,izf;Fk;NghJ nghUj;jkhf mikAk; tpiliaj; njupT

nra;f.
X Y
(i) nkl;ldpf; (A) ypguy; rPu;jpUj;jj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jjy;
(ii) gp];khu;f; (B) njd; ,j;jhypiaf; ifg;gw;Wjy;
(iii) xd;gjhk; gpA]; ghg;guru; (C) If;fpa ,j;jhypapd; kd;ddhf Kb#Ljy;
(iv) fupghy;b (D) ,uj;jKk; ,Uk;Gk; nfhs;if
(iv) tpf;lu; ,k;khDNty; (E) ypguy; fUj;Jf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
1. EDABC 2. ACDBE 3. DECBA 4. ADBCE 5. EABDC

(...............)

• jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpilapd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
(8) 1. neg;Nghypad; nghdghl;bd; nfhs;iffs;> ,j;jhypapy; Njrpa thjj;ij vOr;rpngwr;

nra;tjpy; Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
2. ,j;jhypapy; epytpa M];jpupa Mjpf;fk; ,j;jhypapd; If;fpaj;jpy; gpujhd jilahf
tpsq;fpaJ.
3. ,j;jhypa If;fpaj;jpd; Kf;fpa gq;fhsp fT+u; Mthu;.
4. nrhy;tuPd; rhBdpaj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; epWtg;gl;lJ.
5. ,j;jhypa If;fpak; 1870 Mk; Mz;L cWjpg;gLJ;jg;gl;lJ.
(...............)
(9) N[u;kd; If;fpakiljy;

1. fTd;l; fT+u; GNyhk;gpau;]; cld;gbf;ifapy; ifr;rhj;jply;
2. gp];khu;f; ,uh[je;jpu cghaq;fisf; filg;gpbj;jy;
3. gpu\;ahtpd; jiyikapy; If;fpa N[u;kdp cUthFjy;
4. n\y;tpf; ,izf;fg;gly;
5. nrhy;tupd; rq;fj;jpd; fPo; nghUshjhu ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy;
(...............)
(10) N[u;kid ,izf;Fk; Kd;du;

1. N[u;kdp %d;W Kf;fpa myFfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jik
2. iwd; rq;fj;ij epWtpaik
3. nrhy;tiud; rq;fj;jpd; fPo; nghUshjhu ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaik
4. fhy;];gl; Miz
5. gpud;f;gu;l; ghuhSkd;wk; Njhy;tpAw;wik
(...............)
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 2
01. (i) ypguy; thjj;ijAk; Njrpa thjj;ijAk; njspTgLj;Jf.

(ii) INuhg;ghtpy; ypguy;thjj;jpdJk; Njrpathjj;jpdJk; tsu;r;rpapid tpsf;Ff.
02. ~~,j;jhypa If;fpaj;jpy; ypguy;thjKk; NjrpathjKk; eilKiwapy; nraw;gl;lijf;

fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.|| ,jidg; guprPypf;Ff.
03. ~~,uj;jj;jpdhYk; ,Uk;gpdhYk; khj;jpuNk N[u;kdpia ,izf;f KbAk; vd gp]k ; hu;f;

ek;gpdhd;|| N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jtjpy; gp];khu;f; gpd;gw;wpa nray;Kiwfs;
,f;$w;Wld; nghUe;Jk; Kiwiag; guprPyid nra;f.
04. gpd;tUk; ,lq;fis INuhg;gpag; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.

kpyhd;> n[Ndhth> ntdp];> nghnyhQ;Qh> cNuhk;> Neg;gps;]>; ml;wpahl;bf;fly;>
rhBdpah> Nfhrpf;fh> rprpyp> mNahdpad; fly;> iwd; ejp> vy;g;]; ejp> lhd;Ag;
ejp> Ngh ejp> tp];Lth ejp> ghy;bf; fly;> ngy;[pak;> yf;rk;ghu;f;> gNtupah>
irNt\pah> Ngu;ypd;> lhd;rpf;> gpud;l;Ngu;f;

Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jfk;
mwpKfk;
1871 Mk; Mz;L N[u;kdp If;fpakile;j gpd;du; INuhg;ghtpy; gpuhd;]; ngw;wpUe;j
,lj;ij ,oe;jJld; me;j ,lj;ij N[u;kdp ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mjd; gpd;du; N[u;kdp
gbg;gbNa INuhg;ghtpy; Kd;dpiyf;F te;jJld; gpuhd;Rf;Fk; N[u;kdpf;FkpilNa Nghl;b
Vw;gl;lJ. gyk;tha;ej ehLfspilNa el;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; $ba mstpy;
gpuhd;ir INuhg;ghtpy; jdpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifia N[u;kdp gpd;gw;wpaJ.
,jd; tpisthf INuhg;gh gbg;gbahf ,U mzpfshfg; gpupe;jJ. ,t;thW ,U mzpfs;
gpupe;jik> gy Mz;Lfshf INuhg;ghtpy; epytpa Vida gpur;rpidfs; vd;gd fhuzkhf
1914 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; Muk;gkhdJ. ngUe;njhif capu;r; Nrjj;ijAk;
nghUl; Nrjj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jp cyfk; KOtjpYk; eilngw;w ,g;gaq;fu Aj;jj;Jf;fhd
fhuzq;fs; Aj;jj;jpd; gpujhd fl;lq;fs;. Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs; vd;gdtw;iwf;
fye;JiuahLtJk; Aj;jj;jpd; nfhûj;ijAk; rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjd; mtrpak; gw;wpf;
ftdk; nrYj;JtJk; ,e;j myfpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju; r ; r p 6.0 : • mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghf Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs; moptpid Vw;gLj;Jk;

vd; g jid tpsq; f pf; nfhz; L rkhjhdj; i jg; ghJfhf; f
eltbf;if vLg;ghu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 6.1 Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; mopTfs; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 20
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • cyf Aj;jk; Vw;gl;l tpjj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

• cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
• cyf Aj;jk; njhlu;ghd ,lq;fs;> ehLfs; vd;gdtw;iw cyfg;
glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLthu;.

Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;

• 1914 - 1919 tiu cyfk; KOtjpYk; eilngw;w Aj;jk; Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;
vdg;gLk;.
Aj;jk; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp

• nghUshjhuk;> gilg;gyk;> flw;gil typik vd;gdtw;wpy; INuhg;ghtpd; Vida
ehLfis tplg; gpupj;jhdpa Kd;dzpapy; ,Ue;jik.
• ,Jtiu INuhg;ghtpy; Mjpf;fkpFe;j ehlhf tpsq;fpa gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk; kj;jpa
INuhg;ghtpy; Mjpf;fkpf;f ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;j N[u;kdpf;Fk; ,ilNa
epytp te;j Nghl;b el;Gwtpy; tpupry; Vw;gl;ljd; %yk; ,U ehLfSf;FkpilNa
Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik Vw;gly; (flw;giil typik njhlu;ghf)
• FbNaw;wthjj;jpd; gpujhd typiktha;ej; ehlhd gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk; Nkyhfg; gpuhd;]>;
tlf;F fpof;F> Nkw;F Mgpupf;fg; gpuNjrj;jpYk; njd; fpof;F Mrpahtpd; ngUk;
gFjpapYk; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;baik.
• 20 Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;nghOJ [g;ghd; tl gRgpf; tyaj;jpy; gyk;tha;e;j ehlhf

vOr;rp ngw;wJld; Mrpahtpy; gy ehLfspy; jdJ Ml;rpia epWtp ,Ue;jik.
• Nkw;F ty;yuRfisg; Nghd;W [g;ghDk; u\;ahTk; rPdh kPJ jkJ ftdj;ijr;
nrYj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jJld; rPdhthdJ u\;ah> [g;ghd;> Nkw;F ehLfs; vd;gdtw;wpd;
neUf;FjYf;F cl;gl;lik.
• tptrhaj; j pYk; ifj; n jhopypYk; Kd; N dw; w kile; j pUe; j mnkupf; f h Nkw; F
miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; gykpf;fjhf tpsq;fpaik.
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
Gjpa NguuRf; nfhs;if

• N[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp Nghd;w INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Gjpa ty;yuRfshf vOr;rp ngw;W
te;jik
• ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhfg; gpujhd INuhg;gpa ehLfs; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
mgptpUj;jp mile;J te;jik.
• cw;gj;jpapd; nghUl;L %yg; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> ghupa mstpy; cw;gj;jpia
tpepNahfk; nra;jy;> Nkyjpf %yjdj;ij KjyPL nra;Ak; nghUl;Lr; re;ijfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; vd;gd Gjpa NguuRthjj;jpd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jik.
• gpuhd;]>; gpupj;jhdpah> Nghu;jJ
; f;fy;> ];ghdpah> xy;yhe;J> ,j;jhyp> ngy;[pak;> N[u;kdp
Mfpa ehLfs; FbNaw;wthjg; Nghl;bapy; <Lgl;lik.
Mgpupf;fh njhlu;ghd Nghl;b

• 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; INuhg;gpau; Mgpupf;fh kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaik
• Mgpupf;fhtpypUe;j fdpg;nghUl;fisg; ngWtNj INuhg;gpaupd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jik
• gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> xy;yhe;J> ];ghdpah> Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ,j;jhyp> ngy;[pak; Mfpa
ehLfs; Mgpupf;fhf; fz;lj;ijg; gq;fpl;Lf; nfhz;lik.
Nghy;fd; gpur;rpid
• 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; JUf;fpag; NguuR tPor
; r
; pia Nehf;fpr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jJ.
JUf;fpag; Nguurpd; fPo; ,Ue;j fpwp];jtu;fs; JUf;fpa NguuRf;F vjpuhf vOk;Gjy;.
• JUf;fpg; Nguuir mopj;Jtpl;L mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; jdJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;l u\;ah
Kad;wik.
• gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;]; Nghd;w INuhg;gpa ehLfs; mjw;F vjpuhf ,Ue;jJld; JUf;fpa
Nguuirg; ghJfhf;f eltbf;if vLj;jik.
• M];jpupah JUf;fpf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ngh];dpah - ù;rpNfhtpdh gpuNjrj;ij ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;lik.
• Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpw;F mz;kpa fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ Nghy;fd; gpuNjrj;jpy;
Vw;gl;l rpf;fyhFk;. (ru[pNth rk;gtk;.)

gu;bdd;l; jk;gjpapdu; ru[pNth jiyefupy; nfhiynra;ag;gLtjw;F Kd;
INuhg;gh ,U mzpfshfg; gpupjy;

• gpuhd;Rf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fdpg;nghUs; tskpf;f my;Nr];- nyNud; gpuNjrk; 1871 Mk;
Mz;L N[u;kdpahy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;likahy; ,U ehl;bdUf;FkpilNa gifik Vw;gly;.
• INuhg;ghtpy; gpuhd;irj; jdpikg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;Jld; gp];khu;f; INuhg;ghtpy;
el;Gf;$l;LwT Kiwia Muk;gpj;jy;.
• gp];khu;f;fpw;Fg; gpd;du; N[u;kdpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if khw;wkiljy;.
• INuhg;gpa ehLfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W vjpuhf ,U mzpfshfg; gpupe;jik.
• Muk;gj;jpy; epytpa gpuhd;;rpa - ,q;fpyhe;J el;G> u\;a el;G vd;gd N[u;kdpf;F
vjpuhff; $l;Lr; Nru;e;jik (1927)
• 1908 Mk; Mz;by; N[u;kdp - M];jpupah> ,j;jhyp xd;W NrUjy; (filrp Neuj;jpy;
,j;jhyp N[u;kdpapypUe;J tpyfp ,q;fpyhe;Jld; ,ize;jik)
• gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> u\;ah> ,j;jhyp> mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfs; vd;gd Ner ehLfs;
vdTk;> N[u;kdp> M];jpupah> `q;Nfup> JUf;fp> gy;Nfupah vd;gd mr;R ehLfs;
vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lik.
Nghupd; gpujhd fl;lq;fs;

• 1914 Mk; Mz;l [{d; khjk; 28 Me; jpfjp M];jpupa Kbf;Fupa ,sturd; gpuhd;]p];
Ngu; b dd; L k; mtdJ kidtpAk; rNuh[pthtpy; ru; g pa ,dj; j td; xUtdhy;
nfhy;yg;gl;likahy; M];jpupah Nru;gpahTf;F vjpuhf Aj;jg; gpufldk; nra;jy;.
• u\;ah Nru;gpahTf;F cjt Kd; te;jikahy;> u\;ahTf;F vjpuhf N[u;kdp Aj;jg;
gpufldk; nra;jy;.
• ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;]>; ,j;jhyp Mfpa ehLfs; M];jpupahTf;F vjpuhf mzp tFj;jJld;
JUf;fp> gy;Nfupah> `q;Nfupah vd;gd M];jpupahTf;Fr; rhu;ghf Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;fpaik.
• Nghu; eilngw;w Kidfs;
− Nkw;F Kid
− fpof;F Kid
− njd;fpof;F Kid
− Mgpupf;f Kid
− flw;Nghu;
− mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfs; Nghupy; gq;Nfw;wik
Aj;j mopTfs;
Nghupd; tpisTfs;
• ngUkstpyhd capu;r;NrjKk; nghUl; NrjKk; Vw;gly;
• Coy; epiwe;j KbauRfs; tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
cjhuzk;: M];jpupag; NguuR> `q;Nfupag; NguuR> JUf;fpag; NguuR
• mnkupf;fh cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rpAwy;.
tu;Nry; cld;gbf;if
• Fw;wthspnadf; $wp ,t;Tld;gbfifapd; %yk; N[u;kdpf;Ff; fLikahd jz;lid
toq;fg;gly;.
• my;Nr]; - nyhNud; gpuNjrKk; rhu; gs;sj;jhf;F vd;gdTk; gpuhd;Rf;Fk; n\y;rtp];
gpuNjrk; nld;khu;f;fpw;Fk; toq;fg;gly;.
• N[u;kdpapd; midj;Jf; FbNaw;wq;fSk; ntw;wpngw;w mzp ehLfspilNa gfpue ; j
; spff
; g;
gly;.
• N[u;kdpapd; giltPuu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia xU ,yl;rk; vd tiuaWj;jy; fl;lha
Aj;j Nritiaj; jil nra;jy;.
• N[u;kdpapd; flw;gil typikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp> Nghu;f;fg;gy;> ePu; %o;fp cw;gj;jpiaj;
jil nra;jy;.
• ntw;wpaile;j ehLfSf;Fg; ngUe;njhifahd gzj;ij e\;l<lhfr; nrYj;Jk;gb
N[u;kdpf;F tpjpf;fg;gly;.
INuhg;gpa Njrg;glk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gly;

• JUf;fpa Nguurpd; fPo; ,Ue;j ehLfs; rpytw;iw ,izj;J a+Nfh];Nytpah vd;w
ngaupy; Gjpa muirj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
• nkhNuypah> RNld;ld;yhe;J Mfpa muRfis ,izj;J nrf;Nfh];rNyNtf;rpah vd;w
ehl;ilj; Njhw;Wtpj;jjy;.
• Nghyhe;Jf;F ld;rpf; JiwKfj;ijAk; mq;F nry;tjw;fhd epyg;gFjp xd;iwAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J Rje;jpu elhf;fpaik. ,jdhy; fpof;F> Nkw;F vd;W N[u;kdp ,uz;lhfg;
gpsTgl;lik.
• UNkdpah> gy;Nfupah vd;gd Gjpa muRfshfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJld; JUf;fp
INuhg;ghtpypUe;J tpyf;fp itf;fg;gl;lJ.

• gpd;yhe;J> yj;Jtpah Mfpa ehLfspd; Rje;jpuj;ij Vw;wik.

• gioa muRfspd; ngau;fSf;Fg; gjpyhfg; Gjpa ngau; #l;lg;gly;.
cjhuzk;: nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; - ,];jhd;g+y;
nkrnghj;Njkpah - <uhf;
15°W 0° 15°E 30°E
tpsf;fk;
,oe;j epyg;gpuNjrk;
u\;ahTf;F
gpd;yhe;J
55°N
M];jpupa-`q;Nfupf;F
Nehu;Nt
gy;NfupahTf;F
N[u;kDf;F RtPld; v];Njhdpah

tl fly;
nyl;tpah 55°N
mau;yhe;J nld;khu;f;
m ypJNtdpah
j; fpof;F u\;ah
yh
rK e; gpupj;jhdpah gpu\;ah
j;j jp
puk f; neju;yhe;J
;
Nghyhe;J
ngy;[pak; N[u;kd;
45°N
yf;]k;Ngu;f; nrf;N
fh]
;Nyht
hf;fpa
h
gpuhd;];
Rtpr;ru;yhe;J x];upah
`q;Nfup 45°N
UNkdpah
f U q;
;fy
;
f l y;
;Jf
vb
ANfh];yhtpah
l;u
hu;j
];ghdpah ,j;jhyp
pas
gy;Nfupah
f;
Ng
fl
my;Ngdpah
y
;
35°N k JUf;fp
j;
jp fpNuf;fk;
a
<[
j
s pa
/ iu
d
f;
; f
fl
ly
y; 35°N
;
0 200 4 00 800
fpNyhkPw;wu;
0° 15°E 30°E
ru;tNjr rq;fk; epWtg;gly;

• cyfpy; rkhjhdj;ijAk; [dehafj;ijAk; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L rutNjr rq;fk;
epWtg;gl;lik.
• Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du; mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp Tl;Nuh tpy;rdpd; vz;zf;fUTf;F
mika ru;tNjr rq;fk; epWtg;gly;.
Muk;gk;
• ehLfspilNa Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisg; Ngr;R thu;ji
; jfs; %yk; rkhjhdkhfj; jPuj
; j
; y;.
• rpW muRfspd; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ,iwikiaAk; ghJfhj;jy;.
• cyfshtpa xw;Wikapd; %yk; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;.
• ehLfSf;fpilNa Gupe;Jzu;itAk; xj;Jiog;igAk; Nkk;glr; nra;jy;.
• kdpj ,dj;jpd; rkhjhd epiyg;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd NtW eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.
ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; ey;y gz;Gfs;

• nghJ mikg;G vz;zf;fU Njhw;wk; ngWjy;.
• ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gly;.
cjhuzk;: ePjpkd;wk;> Rfhjhuk;> njhopyhsu; mikg;Gf;fs;
• ru;tNjr Nkhjy;fs; jPu;j;J itf;fg;gly;
cjhuzk;: 1921 Mk; Mz;L N[u;kdpfF ; k;> Negps]
; f
; F
; k; ,ilNa iryPrpah njhlu;ghf
Vw;gl;l Nkhjy; jPu;j;J itf;fg;gl;lik.
1925 Mk; Mz;L fpNuf;fk;> gy;Nfupah Mfpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy;.
1926 Mk; Mz;L nkhRy; vz;nza; epyk; njhlu;ghf <uhf;> JUf;fp vd;g
tw;Wfpilapyhd Nkhjy;.
• kdpj cupikfs; cWjpnra;ag;gly;

cjhuzk;: mfjpfisg; Gdu;tho;tspjj
; y;> mbik tpahghuk;> Nghijg;nghUs; tpahghuk;
vd;gdtw;iwj; jil nra;jy;> Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.
ru;tNjr rq;fk; Njhy;tpAw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

• gyk;tha;e;j ehLfs; rq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfpaik.
cjhuzk;: If;fpa mnkupf;fh rq;fj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwhik.
• Njhy;tpaile;j ehLfs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lik.
cjhuzk;: Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; Fw;wthspfshd N[u;kd;> u\;ah Mfpa ehLfSf;F
ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; fpilf;fhik.
• ty;yuRfspilNa cld;ghbd;ik
• rq;fj;Jf;nfd ru;tNjr Nghu;g;gil ,y;yhik.
• epuhAj nfhs;if gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lnkdf; $wg;gl;l nghOjpYk; mjw;nfd epuhAjf;
FO epakpf;fg;gl;lhik.
• cyf rkhjhdj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk; Nehf;fk; tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
cjhuzk;: 1931 [g;ghd;> kQ;#upahit Mf;fpukpj;jy;.
1931 ,j;jhyp> mgprPdpahit Mf;fpukpj;jy;.
1938 N[u;kd; iwd;yhe;ijAk; nrf;NfhnryNtf;rpahit ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;lik Nghd;w reju;g;gq;fspy; ru;tNjr kd;wj;jhy; mjidj; jil
nra;a KbahJ Nghdik.
• 1933 - 1938 fhyg;gFjpapy; N[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp> ag;ghd; Mfpa ehLfs; ru;tNjr rq;fj;jp
ypUe;J tpyfpaik.

fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 1
• ,yf;fk; 01 - 05 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F xt;nthU tpdhTf;Fk; Ie;J

ngau;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; xd;W Vidatw;Wld; nghUj;jkw;wJ.
mjidj; njupT nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
(1) 1. N[u;kd; 2. M];jpupah 3. ,q;fpyhe;J 4. JUf;fp

5. gy;Nfupah
(...............)
(2) 1. nyhapl; N[hu;[; 2. tpd;];ld; Nru;r;rpy; 3. xnyd;Nlh
4. fpsnkd;Nrh 5. Tl;Nuh tpy;rd; (...............)
(3) 1. Ntu;Nry;]; 2. nrd;l;N[u;kd; 3. epAyp
4. n\y;];tpf; 5. nyhrd;Nj (...............)
(4) X iaAk;; Y iaAk; ,izf;Fk;NghJ nghUj;jkhf mikAk; tpiliaj; njupT
nra;f.
X Y
(i) ANfh];Nytpah (A) Nthu;Nrh
(ii) nrf;nfh];yNtf;fpah (B) Gf;fnu];l;
(iii) Nghyhe;J (C) ngy;fpNul;
(iv) UNkdpah (D) Nru;gpah
(iv) gy;Nfupah (E) gpuhf;
1. BACDE 2. EDCBA 3. CEABD 4. DECAB 5. EDACB (...............)
• ru;tNjr rq;fk; njhlu;ghfg; nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.
(5) 1. Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd;du; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L epWtg;gl;lJ.

2. mJ T+l;Nuh tpy;rdpd; MNyhridg;gb epWtg;gl;lJ.
3. gpuhd;];> ,q;fpyhe;J> ,j;jhyp> u\;ah> N[u;kd; vd;gd Muk;g mq;fj;Jt
ehLfshFk;.
4. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; cyfg;Nghu; Vw;glhjpUg;gijj; jLg;gjpy; ru;tNjr rq;fk; ntw;wp
fz;lJ.
5. ru;tNjr rq;fj;ij mikg;gjw;F Kd;dpd;w nghOjpYk; mnkupf;f mjpy; gq;F
nfhs;stpy;iy. (...............)
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 2

01. Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?
02. Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; tpisTfis tpsf;Ff.
03. ~~1919 Mk; Mz;L Ntu;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if gopthq;Ftij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l rhrdkhFk;.||
1. Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;fhd mz;kpa (cldb) fhuzk; ahJ?
2. Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupy; gpujhd mzpfisr; Nru;e;j ehLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
3. Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa %d;W fhuzpfisr; RUf;fkhf
tpgupf;Ff.
4. Ntu;Nry;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; ruj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L NkNyAs;s
$w;wpidf; fye;JiuahLf.
04. ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; ntw;wpiaAk; Njhy;tpiaAk; fye;JiuahLf.
05. Kjyhk; cyfg;NghUld; njhlu;Gila ehLfis cyfg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.
u\; a g; Gul; r p
mwpKfk;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Kjy; ,U jrhg;jq;fspy; u\;ahtpy; epytpa ru;thjpfhu
khdpaKiwapyhd rhu; kd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf tptrha> njhopyhsu; kj;jpa
tFg; g pdu; vOr; r pAw; w ikAk; ,Wjpahf u\; a htpy; rkTilik Ml; r p Kiw
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;liklAk; u\;ag; Gul;rp vdg;gLfpwJ. ,g;Gul;rpapd; %yk; u\;ahtpy; Vw;gl;l
murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f khw;wq;fs;> mk;khw;wq;fs; Vida ehLfspy; gutpa tpjk;>
rkTilikthjk; GJ mzpahfr; nraw;gl;l Kiw vd;gdtw;iw tpgupg;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;
mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;.
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : • etPd cyfpy; gy;NtW murpay; rpej

; idfs; nraw;ghl;L uPjpapy;
eilKiwapy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa tpjj;ijg; guprPypg;ghu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 7.1 u\;ag; Gul;rp cyf murpaypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;jpid
tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 15
fw; w w; N gWfs; : • u\;ag; Gul;rpia tpgupg;ghu;.

• Gul;rpapy; ntw;wpnfhz;l rkTilik vz;zf;fUitj; njspT
gLj;Jthu;.
• rkTilikthjk; cyfpd; gyk;tha;e;j rf;jpahf mike;jij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
• rkTilik gutyile;j ehLfis cyfg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg;
ngaupLthu;.

u\;ag; Gul;rp
• u\;ag; Gul;rpia mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
• Gul;rp %d;W fl;lq;fspy; nraw;gly;.
- 1905 Gul;rp - 1917 khu;r; Gul;rp - 1917 xf;Nlhgu; Gul;rp
u\;ag; Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

• Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfshd ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;]; vd;gdtw;Wld; xg;gpLifapy; u\;ah
vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; gpd;jq;fp ,Ue;jik.
• 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; mbnaLj;J itf;Fk;NghJ u\;ahtpy; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lik>
kfh gPw;wu;> kfh nfj;jupd; MfpNahupd; Ml;rpf;fhyk;.
• r%f> gz;ghl;L NtWghLfisf; nfhz;l ghupa muir Ml;rp nra;tJ fbdkhf
,Ue;jikahy; rhu; kd;du;fs; ru;thjpfhu Kiwapy; nraw;gly;.
• ru;thjpfhu Ml;rpf;Fr; rhu;ghd mjpfhupfs; rpyupd; epUthfk; ngUk; Coy; epiwe;jjhff;
fhzg;gl;;lik.
• epykhdpa mbikfisg; Nghd;W tptrhapfSk; rKjhaj;jpy; ngUk; mePjpf;F
cs;shfpaik.
• tu;j;jfj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l gy efuq;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;jJld; ntspehLfspd;
KjyPL mjpfupj;jik.
• ehl;bd; tUkhdj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp cau; mjpfhupfspd; Njitf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

• 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; - epy mbik tpLjiyr; rl;lk;.
• u\;ahtpDs; r%f rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; gbg;gbNa tYtiljy;.
• rkTilik rpe;jidapd; tsu;r;rp
• rkTilikf; fl;rpfspd; tsu;r;rp
Gul;rpapd; mz;kpa fhyj;jpy; u\;ahtpy; epytpa murpay;>

nghUshjhu> r%f epiyik
murpay;
• ,uz;lhk; epf;fy]; kd;ddp; Coy; epiwe;j Kbahl;rp
• 1905 Mk; Mz;L u\;a - [g;ghd; Aj;jj;jpy; u\;ah Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lik.
• 1905 Mk; Mz;L ghupa Ntiy epWj;jk;.
• 1905 Mk; Mz;L epakpf;fg;gl;l ^kh Njhy;tpAwy;.
NtiyepWj;jk;
nghUshjhuk;
• khdpag; nghUshjhu Kiw gytPdkiljy;.
• kf;fs; njhif mjpfupj;jYk;> Ntiyapd;ik> Vo;ik epiy mjpfupj;jikAk;
• ntspehl;L KjyPl;bd; %yk; ciog;ig Ruz;baik.
• tptrha> njhopyhs> kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; ngUe;njhifahNdhu; ,d;dy;fSf;F
cs;shdik.
• u\;a jpiwNrup ntWikAw;wik.
r%fk;
• gpugykhd kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; fhzg;glhik.
• czTg; gpur;rpid mjpfupj;jYk; nghUl;fspd; tpiy cau;tiljYk;

Gul;rp Vw;gl;l Kiw

• 1917 khu;r; Gul;rp
• nfhd;];fpapd; nkd;n\ypf; murhq;fk; ntw;wpailahik.
• 1917 mf;Nlhgu; Gul;rp
• nghy;n\ypf;Ffs; Ml;rpf;F tUjYk; Nrhtpaj; rkTilik murhq;fk; epWtg;gLjYk;.
u\;au; ghijapwq;fpg; Nghuhl;lk;
u\;au; Nghuhl;lj;ij epWj;jy;

Gul;rpapd; ntw;wpAk; mjd; jhf;fKk;

• ru;tjpfhu khdpaKiw rhu; muru;fspd; Ml;rp tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
• nydpdpd; jiyikapy; Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if mwpKfk; nra;ag;gly;.
• nghJkf;fSk; epUthfj;jpy; njhlu;Gnfhs;s tha;g;gspf;fg;gl;lik.
• N[hrg; ];lhypdpd; fhyj;jpy; u\;ah gpugy ehlhfpaik.
• rkTilikf; fUj;Jf;fSk;> Ml;rp KiwAk; fpof;F INuhg;ghtpy; ,Ue;J Vida
fz;lq;fSf;Fk; gutpaik.
− rkTilik ehLfs; - rPdh> fpAgh> tl nfhupah> tpal;dhk;.
rhu; kd;ddpd; FLk;gk;
jiyikjhq;fpa nydpd;
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; PLk; 1
• ,yf;fk; 01> 02 vd;gdtw;wpd; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; KiwNa Ie;J tpilfs;

nfhLf; f g; g l; L s; s d. mtw; w py; xU tpil jiyg; G f; F g; nghUj; j kw; w J.
mjidj; njupT nra;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; vOJf.
(1) u\;ag; Nghu; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk;

1. rhu; kd;du;fs; ru;thjpfhu Kiwapy; Ml;rp nrYj;jpaik.
2. epUthf mjpfhupfspd; nray;fs; Coy;fs; epiwe;jjhf ,Ue;jik.
3. epykhdpa r%f> nghUshjhu Kiw njhlu;e;Jk; epiyj;jpUe;jik.
4. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk; ehL KOtJk; nraw;gl;lik.
5. rkTilikf; fUj;Jf;fspd; tsu;r;rpapidf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jik.
(...............)
(2) u\;ahit Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fs;
1. Kjyhk; mnyf;rhz;lu; rhu; kd;dd;
2. ,uz;lhk; myf;rhz;lu; rhu; kd;dd;
3. kfh gPw;wu; kd;dd;;
4. Vohk; n`d;up kd;dd;
5. Kjyhk; epf;fy]; kd;dd;
(...............)
• %d;whk; ehd;fhk; tpdhf;fSf;F Nrhbg; gjq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws;

xU Nrhb xd;Wld; xd;W nghUe;jhJ. mjidj; njupT nra;J mjd;
(3) 1. ,uz;lhk; mnyf;rhz;lu; (rhu;) kd;dd; - epy mbikfis tpLjiy nra;jy;.

2. ,uz;lhk; epf;fy]; (rhu;) kd;dd; - [g;ghDldhd Aj;jj;jpy; Njhy;tpaile;jik.
3. nfud;];fp - nkd;rpypf; fl;rp
4. tP.I. nydpd; - nghy;n\ypf; fl;rp
5. N[hrg; ];lhypd; - Lnuhl;rpAldhd Nkhjypy; Njhy;tpAw;wik.
(...............)
(4) 1. u\;a Aj;jk; - 1905

2. nghy;n\tpf; Gul;rp - 1917 mf;Nlhgu;
3. Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; - u\;ag; Gul;rp
4. tP.I. nydpdpd; kuzk; - 1924
5. N[hrg; ];lhypd; - Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk;
(...............)

01. ~~Nghy;n\tpf; Gul;rp rkTilikf; fUj;Jf;fspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpahFk;.||

(i) Nghy;\tpf; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l Mz;bidj; jUf.
(01 Gs;sp)
(ii) ,g;Gul;rpf;Fj; jiyik tfpj;j ,Utupd; ngau;fis vOJf.
(02 Gs;spfs;)
(iii) Gul;rpapd;NghJ kf;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Ntz;LNfhs;fs; ahit?
(03 Gs;spfs;)
(iv) NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s $w;wpidg; Nghy;\tpf; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfspd; mbg;gilapy;
fye;JiuahLf.
(08 Gs;spfs;)
02. (i) 1917 Nghy;\tpf; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisg; guprPypf;Ff.

(06 Gs;spfs;)
(ii) mg;Gul;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfisg; gFj;jha;f.
(08 Gs;spfs;)
03. cyfg; glj;jpy; gpd;tUk; rkTilik ehLfisf; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupl;L> mitfspy;

,uz;L ehLfisg; gw;wp tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;G vOJf.
1. u\;ah 2. Nghyhe;J 3. `q;Nfup 4. gy;Nfupah
5. fpAgh 6. rPdh 7. tpal;ehk; 8. tlnfhupah
(rupahff; Fwpg;gpl;litfSf;F 01 Gs;sp tPjk; 08 Gs;spfs;

tuyhw;wf; Fwpg;Gf;F 05 Gs;spfs; tPjk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

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tuyhW

r%f tpQ;Q hdj;J iw

Kjw; gjpg;G: 2017

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;

,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy

Mrpupau;fspw;F> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;fis topg;gLj;Jtjw;F

,e;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp

fyhepjp. jpUkjp. [ae;jp FzNrfu

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjpkpf;fit vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk;

,yq;if etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;j jd;ikiaj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gL

gPl hjpgjp> fyhepjp khGs;n fhl Rkzujd Njuu;

2007 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;; ikag;ghlq;

f.ngh.j. rhjhuz jug; guPli

6-11 Me;juq;fSf;fhfj; Nju;rr

‘tuyhW’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; %yk; khztuplj;Nj fl;bnaOg;g vjpu;ghu;ff

mjw;fika ‘tuyhW’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis epiwT nra;jthW

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iii

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp v

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; vii

ghlj;jpl;l cs;slf;fk; ix - xlv

fw;w y; fw;g pj;j y; nrad;K iwf;f hd mwpTWj;j y;f s;

,yq;if tuyhW 1 - 109

,e;jpa tuyhW 110 - 205

INuhg;gpa tuyhW 206 - 292

cyf tuyhW 293 - 363

 ,yq;if tuyhW (gz;L njhl;L fp.gp. 1978 tiuapy;)

etPd cyf tuyhW:

,ilawhj mf;fiwAzHT vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk;> [dehaf tho;fi

(%yk; : Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003)

(I) njhlu; g hly; Nju; r ; r pfs;

(II) MSik tpUj;j p njhlu;g hd Nju;r ;r pfs;

(III) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r ;r pfs;

(V). rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu; ghd Nju;r ;r pfs;

(VI).Xa;T Neuj;i jg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;w pa Nju;r;r pfs;

(VII) “fw;w Yf;F f; fw;w y;” njhlu;ghd

(%yk; : Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003)

7. Kf;fpa tuyhw;W khe;ju;fspd; rhpijfis Kd;khjphpahff; nfhs;sy;.

ghl Fwpf;N fhs;f s; Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs;

i ii iii iv v vi vii viii

1. tuyhw;W Nghf;F> tsh;r;rp vd;gd gw;wp tpsq;fp tuyhnwq;fpYk;   

5. Vida fyhrhuq;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.   

10. tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fspd; Clhf ,lq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;. 

jtiz 3 6. 1 5.1> 6.1 5.1> 6.1> 7.1 5.1> 6.1> 7.1

jtiz 3 11.1 10.1> 11.1 13.2> 14.1 11.1> 12.1

tuyhw;Wg; ngWkhdj; 1.1 t u y h W v d ; w h y ; 1. tuyhW mwpKfk;  tuyhW njhlu;ghd nghUs; 07

fis vLj;Jf;fhl;L ghu;.

Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; ghl

jpid EZfpahuha; mike;jpUj;jy;  Gtpapay; uPjpahd NtWghL

Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; ghl

3.2 %yhjhug;gFg;gha;T 3.2 %yhjhuq;fis tpku;rd  tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fis

Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; ghl

Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; ghl

Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; ghl

5.2 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj; 5.2 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd;  ,uhrul; i l ehfupfj; j pd;