Gas Laws

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Module in General Chemistry 1

Module 6 Chapter – Gas Laws

Topics:
1. Boyle’s Law
2. Charles’ Law
3. Avogadro’s Law
4. Ideal Gas Equation
5. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
6. Kinetic Molecular Theory of gases.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Use the gas laws to determine pressure, volume, or


temperature of a gas under certain conditions of change,
number of mole of gases,
2. Relate mole fractions and partial pressure, or the number of
moles of a gas.
3. Explain the gas laws in terms of the kinetic molecular
theory of gases

Biblical Integration/Core values: COMPETENCE

3
His divine power has given us everything we need for life and
godliness through our knowledge of Him who called us by his own glory
and goodness.

2 Peter 1:3

Competence is the proficiency or fitness and ability in doing things.


This core value impacts life and our understanding of all that surrounds
us. Without the right capability, skill, or proficiency in a specific field,
such as Science, nothing will make sense since this is the primary
requirement in verifying bodies of knowledge. God also has gifted humans
the ability to learn about the composition of matter in order to make sense
of the changes, actions and reactions happening around us.

Introduction

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If we observe our environment a lot of evidence proves that molecules
are moving. Such molecular motion can be easily understood by studying
their behavior.
Gases are all around us it has a characteristic that affects us and our
environment, so we need to understand some fundamental laws that
govern its behavior.

Learning Activities and Resources

This is a link to other learning resources for your reading process:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArM6EQmVz6c

Lesson Proper

Content Questions:
1. What is the relationship between the volume and pressure of a
gas at a constant temperature?
2. What is the relationship between volume and absolute
temperature of a gas at constant pressure?
3. What is the relationship between the volume of a gas with its
pressure, temperature and number of moles of a gas?
4. What is the relationship of the partial pressure of gas to its mole
fraction in a mixture?
5. What are the properties of gases based on the kinetic molecular
theory?

Unit Questions:

1. What makes gases unique?


2. How do you explain the behavior of gases?

Essential Questions:

1. How do gases affect people and the environment?

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES

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The properties of gases can be explained by the kinetic molecular
theory.
(refer to your textbook page 130-131)
Rex Textbook

1. BOYLE’S LAW:

Relationship between volume and pressure of a given amount of gas.

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) studied the effects of pressure on the


volume of gas in the sealed end of the tube by adding mercury on the open
end. The result of his experiment led to the formulation of Boyle’s Law:
The law states that at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is
inversely proportional to the pressure He noted that if the pressure
doubled, the volume of a gas reduced by half of its original value. If the
pressure is reduced by half of its original value, the volume is doubled
This means when a pressure of a gas increases the volume decreases,
if the pressure decreases the volume increases.
Boyle’s Law Mathematically Express

V1 P1= V2P2
where in:

V1 =initial volume V2 =final volume


P1= initial pressure P2= final pressure

Units for Volume Units for pressure

Liter (L) 1 atmosphere = 760 mmHg


Milliliters (mL) = 760 torr
Cubic centimeter (cm3) = 76 cmHg
= 101 325 Pa

Sample problem:

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Helium gas occupies a volume of 2L and exert a pressure of 1.2
atmosphere. What is its new volume if its pressure is changed to 720

a. Given data (known)


V1 = 2L P2 = 720 mmHg
P1 = 1.2 atm.

b. Unknow
V2=?

c. Formula
V1P1 = P2V2

d. Solution
a. Convert 720 mmHg to atmosphere
720 mmHg x 1 atmosphere = (720) (1 atm.) = 0.94736 atmosphere
760 mmHg 760

b. Calculate the final Volume (V2)

V1P1 = V2P2
P2 P2
V 2= V 1P1
P2
= (2L) (1.2 atmosphere.)
0.94736 atmosphere.
V2 = 2.53 L

mmHg at constant temperature?


Sample Problem No. 2

A sample of gas exerts a new pressure of 780 torr and occupies a new volume of 250 mL.
What is its initial volume in liter, if its pressure is initially at a 1.0 atmosphere at constant
temperature?

a. Given data (known)


P2 = 780 torr P1 =1.0 atm.
V2= 250 mL
b. Unknown
V1 = ____ Liter
c. Formula
V1P1 = V2P2 Page 4 of 14
P1 P1
d. Solution
2. CHARLES’ LAW

Relationship between volume and temperature of a confined gas.

Another condition that affects the volume of a gas is temperature.


Jacques Charles (1746-1823) measured the relationship between
temperature and volume of a gas at constant pressure, known as Charles’
Law; which states that the volume of a given amount of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute Kelvin temperature at constant pressure.

Charles’ Law Mathematically express as:

V1 = T1 or V1 = V2
V2 T2 T1 T2
Wherein
V1 = initial volume T1 = initial temperature
V2 = final volume T2 = final temperature

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O
The standard units for temperature is
Kelvin

Formulas for conversion units of temperature

Conversion Factor

0
F → 0C O
C → 0F
0
C = 5 (0F-32) 0
F = 9 . 0C + 32 or (1.8 .0C) + 32
9 5

Example:

Convert 500F to 0C Convert 100C to OF


0
0
C = 5/9 (500F-32) F = 9/5. 0C +32

= 5/9 (18) = 1.8 (100C) +32

=18 +32
= 5 (18)
9 = 500F
= 90
9
0
C =10

Convert 10 0C to OK

100C + 2730K = 283 0K

Convert 75 0F to 0K

Steps:

1. Convert OF to OC

2. OC to OK
O
Convert K to OC

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Sample Problem:

Nitrogen gas has a volume of 2.5 L and exert a pressure of 1


atmosphere at a temperature of 28 oC. Calculate its new volume if its

a. Given data.

V1= 2.5 L P = 1 atmosphere


o o o
T1= 28 C +273 K = 301 K
T2 = 15oC+ 273 oK = 288oK
b. Unknown
V2 =?
c. Formula
V1 = T1 V2T1= V1T2 V2 = V1T2
V2 T2 T1 T1 T1
Solution:
V2 = V1T2
T1
= (2.5 L) (288 0K)
301oK

temperature is changed to 15OC at constant pressure.

PROBLEM SOLVING

1. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 0.5 L and exert a pressure of 0.8


atmosphere at 25 oC.
a. What is its new volume if its pressure is changed to 1 atmosphere at
constant temperature?
b. Calculate its new temperature in oF, if its volume is changed to 0.25L
at constant pressure.
2. Oxygen gas-filled a 1.5 Liters tank at 750F and exerts a pressure of 80
cmHg.
a. What is its new pressure in the atmosphere if its volume is changed
to 2.0 L at constant temperature?

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b. Calculate its temperature changed in degree oK if its volume is
changed to 2.0 L at constant pressure

3. Avogadro’s Law

Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856) states that equal volumes of gases at the


same temperature and pressure contain the same number of moles of gas
present. This is known as Avogadro’s Law.

Mathematically expressed as:

V =kn or P = k
n

It may also be written as

V1 = V2 or V1n2 = V2n1
n1 n2
wherein:

V1= initial volume


n1 = initial number of moles
V2 = final volume
n2 = final number of moles

Sample problem (from textbook page 118)


A balloon containing 1.47 moles of gas has a volume 0f 0.783 L. If 3.55
moles of gas are added into the balloon without changing the temperature
and pressure, what will be the new volume of the balloon?
a. given data
n1 =1.47 moles
V1 = 0.783 L
n2 = 3.55 moles +1.47 moles = 5.02 mol
b. unknown
V2 =
c. Formula
V1n2 = V2n1
V1n2 = V2n1 n1 n1
d. Solution
V2 = V1n2 = 0.783 L (5.02 mol) =
n1 1.47 mol
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V2= 2.57 L
Learning Activity:

Answer Activity 8.5 page 119 from the textbook

4. Ideal Gas Law

Recall the three gas laws:

1. Boyles Law volume is inversely proportional to pressure at


constant temperature
V 1/ p = KT
2. Charles’ Law volume is directly proportional to temperature at
constant pressure.
V T =kP
3. Avogadro’s Law volume is directly proportional to the number of
moles at constant temperature and pressure. V n= kPT

Summary of these laws

PV= knT or PV = nRT, is known as the ideal gas equation

Where:

P = pressure expressed in atmosphere


V = volume expressed in Liter
n = moles = mol
T = temperature expressed in oK
R = gas constant . 0.0821 atm.L
mol.oK

Sample problem (from Textbook page 120-121)

1. How many moles of an ideal gas are there if the volume If the gas is
146 L at 14oC and a pressure of 3.45 atmosphere?

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a. Given data

V= 146 L
T = 14 oC +273oK= 287 oK
P= 3.45 atmosphere

R = 0.0821 atm. L
mol.0K
b. Required

n= ?

c. Formula

PV= nRT

PV = nRT
RT RT

n = PV
RT

d. Solution

n = PV
RT

= (3.45 atm.) (146 L)


0.0821 L.atm. (287 oK)
mol. oK
n = 21.4 mol

Sample problem 2. (from textbook page 120-121)

The pressure gauge of a steel cylinder of methane (CH 4) reads 23


atmosphere, the cylinder has a volume of 0.5 L at 25 oC. How many grams
of CH4 does the cylinder contain?
a. Gives data
V= 0.5 L
T = 25oC +273 =298 oK
P = 23 atmosphere
R = 0.0821 amt. L
mol. oK
b. Unknow? mass Page 10 of 14
c. Formula
n=mass /molar mass

Calculate the molar mass of CH4

C = 1 x12=12
H = 4 x1 = 4
16g/mol

Learning activity

Answer activity 8.6 from your textbook page 121

4. Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

John Dalton (1766-1844) found that the pressure exerted by the


mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the gases
present. This is known as Dalton’s law of Partial Pressures.

Mathematically expressed as

PT = P1 + P2…..
Where:

PT = total pressure of gas in the mixture


P1 = pressure of gas 1
P2 = pressure 2

If there are three gases, the partial pressure of each gas can be
calculated using the derived formula

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PA = X A
PT

PA = nA
PT nT

Where:
XA = mole fraction of gas A (XA = nA)
nT
PA = XAPT

The mixing of gases in a container does not change their individual


average kinetic energy, such that the pressure exerted is as if there were
just one gas in the container. This principle applies if the container for the
individual gas is of the same volume as the mixture and that the
temperature is also equal.

The collection of gases by water displacement is a good example of the


application of Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure. This process can be
worked only to those gases that are insoluble in water.

Sample problem (from textbook page 123)

For a gas sample whose total pressure is 756 torr. What are the partial
pressures of the following component gases: 1.35 mol N 2, 3.45 mol CO2,
4.38 mol H2 and 1.49 mol SO2?

a. Given data:

nN2 = 1.35 mol PT= 756 torr


n CO2 = 3.45 mol
nH2 = 4.38 mol
n SO2 = 1.49 mol
nT = 10.67 mol

b. Unknown = partial pressure of each gas?

c. Formula
PA = XAPT
XA = mole fraction of solute (XA =nA)

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nT
d. Solution:
1. Calculate the partial pressure of N2
XN2 = 1.35 mol = 0.127
10.67 mol
PN2= XN2 PT
= (0.127)(756 torr)
= 96.012 torr
2. Calculate the partial pressure of CO2
XCO2 = 3.45 mol = 0.323
10. 67 mol
PCO2 = XCO2PT
= (0.323)(756 torr)
= 244.188 torr
3. Calculate the partial pressure of H2
XH2 = 4.38 mol
10.67 mol
= 0.410
PH2 = XH2PT
(0.410)(756 torr)
= 309.96 torr
4. Calculate the partial pressure of SO2
XSO2 = 1.49 mol = .0.140
10.67 mol
PSO2 = XSO2PT
= (0.140)(756 torr)
= 106 torr

Learning Activity

Answer Activity 8.7 # 1 page 126 from your textbook

Summary of the Concept

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Gas exhibits observable behavior These behaviors maybe explained by the
kinetic molecular theory.

The observable behaviors of gases can be described in terms of four


variables; pressure, volume, temperature and amount of gas in mole.
There are relationships between pairs of variables, allowing changes in
two variables while keeping other variables constant.

Pressure is the force exerted per unit area of a surface.

Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy possessed by a


body.

Volume is the amount of space an object occupies

Textbook

General Chemistry 1,2017. Rodil,Gadiano, Santos. Conceptual Science and


Beyond.

References:

General Chemistry 1. 2017: Iloa, Lontoc, Gayon


Science and Technology III. Chemistry 2003: Echija, Bayquen, Alfonso, De
Vera
Chemistry; Science and Technology for a Better Life 2005

Prepared by:

NATALIE F. RITUAL
Subject Teacher

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