Single Phase Circuit

1 BEKG 2433 – ELECTRIC SYSTEM

 Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this chapter, the student
should be able to:

 Analyze the AC single phase series and parallel RLC

circuits

 Calculate the voltage, current and complex power,

real power, reactive power, power factor (p.f) and
power factor correction.

2 BEKG 2433
 Chapter 3: Single-Phase Circuit
Contents….

1. Introduction
2. AC circuit with R load
3. AC circuit with L load
4. AC circuit with C load
5. AC circuit with series loads
6. AC circuit with parallel loads

3 BEKG 2433
 Contents…
7. Power in AC circuit
8. Power to pure resistive load
9. Power to pure inductive load
10. Power to pure capacitive load
11. Power to resistance and reactance loads
12. Apparent power (S)
13. Impedance & Power Triangle of P,Q,S
14. Summary of P-Q-S
15. Power Factor
16. Power Factor Correction
17. Measurement of Power

4 BEKG 2433
 Introduction
• In the real world, electrical transmission line is in
3 phase  Red-Yellow-Blue (RYB) or DC

• Most residential house using single-phase supply.

Either Red or Yellow or Blue

5
 Voltage and current in time
Voltage as a function of time (time variant):

υ (t ) = Vmax cos(ωt + θυ )
Linear frequency
Instantaneous (cycle/sec)
Max value Phase angle
value
Radial frequency (rad/sec) ω = 2πf and
Current as a function of time (time variant): 1
f =
T
i (t ) = I max cos(ωt + θ i )
Period (sec)

6 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 31/03/2023

 Voltage and current in phasor
The RMS phasor representation of voltage and current is given
in 3 forms:
Exponential
Polar
Rectangular
usingEuler' s Identity : e jφ = cos φ + j sin φ
jθ v
V = Vrmse = Vrms ∠θ v = Vrms cos θ v + jVrms sin θ v
jθi
I = I rmse = I rms ∠θ i = I rms cos θ i + jI rms sin θ i
exponential polar rectangular
Vmax
note : Vrms =
7 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 31/03/2023 2
 • Basic AC circuit comprises voltage supply and load
that is connected by electrical wire

Resistor (R)

Inductor (L)

Capacitor (C)

• We’ll analyze circuits that consist of these components,

either in series or in parallel
• R,L,C each has different properties/attributes
which gives different voltage-current relationships
8
 Resistance, Reactance and Impedance
• Resistance is friction against the motion of electrons. It is
present in all conductors, most notably in resistors. Resistance is
mathematically symbolized by the letter “R" and is measured in the
unit of ohms (Ω).

• Reactance is inertia against the motion of electrons. It is present

anywhere electric or magnetic fields are developed in proportion to
applied voltage or current, respectively; but most notably in
capacitors and inductors. Reactance is mathematically symbolized by
the letter “X" and is measured in the unit of ohms (Ω). It is the
imaginary part of impedance.

• Impedance is a comprehensive expression of any and all forms

of opposition to electron flow, including both resistance and
reactance. It is present in all circuits, and in all components.
Impedance is mathematically symbolized by the letter “Z" and is
measured in the unit of ohms (Ω), in complex form.
9
 R,L,C Elements
Relationships between phasors V and I for constant R,L and C elements with sinusoidal
steady-state excitation

IC
IR IL
1 1
XC = = Ω
X L = ωL = 2πfLΩ ωC 2πfC
V V
Z R = RΩ V 1
Z L = jX L Ω = jωLΩ ZC = Ω = − jX C Ω
j ωC

V V V
IR = IL = IC =
- jX C
R jX L
IC
IR V V
IL V
note : j = 1∠90 o
10 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 31/03/2023
 R,L,C Elements

11
 AC circuit with resistive load (R)
• Purely resistive circuit:

Resistor attribute:
Current is proportionally to the
voltage (Ohm’s Law: V=IR)

• Apply Ohm’s Law: V = IR , but we know VR = e = Vmsinωt

VR Vm sin ω t Vm
iR = = = sin ω t = I m sin ω t
R R R

Noticed that there are no phase difference.

Voltage and current are in phase.

12
 • Waveform of Voltage & Current in purely resistive
circuit
V=

• Phasor diagram of Voltage & Current in the purely

resistive circuit

VR

13
 Example 1:
Consider a purely resistive circuit. If iR = 12 sin(ωt – 18o)A and
R=5Ω, determine VR and draw the waveform

Solution:

14
 AC circuit with inductive load (L)

• Consider a purely inductive circuit:

Ideal Inductor attribute:
di
VL is proportional to the VL = L L
rate of change of current dt

• Mathematically: Take IL = Im sin ωt

di L d
VL = L = L (I m sin ω t ) = ω L I m cos ω t
dt dt
But we know inductive reactance (Unit in Ω) of an inductor
XL = ωL, thus ω L Im = XLIm = Vm

» Also, cos x = sin (x + 90o), substituting….

» We have VL = Vm sin (ωt + 90o)…..when IL = Im sin ωt
15
 • Waveform of Voltage & Current in the purely inductive circuit:
Current lag Voltage by 90o or Voltage lead current by 90o

90o
90o

• Phasor diagram of Voltage & Current in the purely inductive

circuit

16
 Example 2:
Consider a purely inductive circuit. The voltage across a 0.2H
inductance is VL = 100 sin (400t + 70o)V. Determine iL and sketch it.
Solution:

17
 AC circuit with capacitive load (C)
• Now consider a purely capacitive circuit:

Ideal Capacitor attribute:

dvC
iC is proportional to the
IC = C
dt
rate of change of voltage

• Mathematically: Take VC = Vm sin ωt

dv C d
iC = C = C ( Vm sin ωt ) = ωCVm cos ωt
dt dt
But we know capacitive reactance (Unit in Ω) of a capacitor
XC = 1/ωC, thus ω C Vm = Vm/XC = Im

Again, cos x = sin (x + 90o), substituting….

 iC = Im sin (wt + 90o)…….when VC = Vm sin ωt
18
 • Waveform of Voltage & Current in the purely capacitive circuit: Voltage
lag Current by 90o or Current lead voltage by 90o

• Phasor diagram of Voltage & Current in the purely

capacitive circuit: :

19
 Example 3:
Consider a purely capacitive circuit. The current through
a 0.1µF capacitor is IC = 5 sin (1000t + 120o)mA. Determine VC.

Solution:

20
 R-L-C relationships

Pure Pure Pure

Resistive Inductive Capacitive
• V and I • V leads I • I leads V
in-phase by 900 by 900
• I lags V • V lags I
by 900 by 900

How to memorize the relationships?

C I V I L
21
 AC circuit with series loads
• Series connection? Connect all the components to make them
in series between point A & B. Current is the reference….
A

B
• Parallel connection? Connect all the components to make them
in parallel between point A & B. Voltage is the reference…
A

22 B
 R & L in series
Applying KVL V = VR + VL
Current is the ref. V R = IR and V L = IX L

Thus V = I ( R + X L )

Also V = VR2 + VL2

V VL
Phasor diagram: VL φ = tan −1

VR
φ VR
I (Reference)
Impedance Triangle:
XL
φ = tan −1
Z R
XL R
φ φ = cos −1
Z
23 R
 R & C in series
Applying KVL V = VR + VC
V R = IR and V C = IX C

Thus V = I ( R + X C )

Also V = VR2 + VC2

I (Reference)
VR φ VR φ = tan −1
VC
Phasor diagram:
VC VR
V
Impedance Triangle:
R XC
φ φ = tan −1
R
Z XC
R
φ = cos −1
Z
24
 Example 4 (R-L series):
Determine:
a) Reactance and
12Ω impedance
100V,
50Hz 100mH
b) The current
c) Phase between current
and supplied voltage

Solutions:

25
 Example 5 (R-C series):

0.5 A

C = 8µF

V = 230V
What is the value of R?
86.5Hz

Solutions:

26
 R, L & C in series If VL>VC [XL>XC]

Apply KVL V = VR + VL + VC
V R = IR V L = IX L and V C = IX C

Thus V = I ( R + X L − X C )

Also V = VR2 + ( VL − VC )2

Phasor diagram:

V [Z] VL-VC
VL − VC X − XC R
φ [XL-XC] φ = tan −1 = tan −1 L = cos −1
VR R Z
I (Reference) VR [R]

2 2
where Z = R + j ( X L − X C ) and Z = R + (X L − XC )

27
 R, L & C in series If VC>VL [XC>XL]

Apply KVL V = VR + VL + VC
V R = IR V L = IX L and V C = IX C
Thus V = I ( R + X C − X L )

Also V = VR2 + (VC − VL ) 2

Phasor diagram:

V [Z] VC-VL Vc − VL −1 X C − X L −1 R
[XC-XL] φ = tan−1
= tan = cos
φ VR R Z
I (Reference) VR [R]

where Z = R + j ( X C − X L ) and Z = R 2 + ( X C − X L )2

28
 Example 6:
A circuit having a resistance of 12Ω, an inductance of 0.15H and a
capacitance of 100µF are connected in series across a 100V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate the magnitude & angle of the followings:
a) the impedance;
b) the current;
c) the voltages across R, L and C;
d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage

Solutions:

29
 AC circuit with parallel loads
• The reference is now voltage, instead of current as in series circuit
• CIVIL concept still can be applied
I

V reference
V
IR IL φ IR
KCL will be used
IL I

IR IC
I
V IC
φ IR
V reference
30
 R & L in parallel I = IR +IL
V V
Applying KCL IR = and IL =
R XL
Voltage is the Ref. V V
Thus I = +
R XL
1 1
Also I = V + 2
R2 XL

Phasor diagram:
IL
(Reference) φ = tan −1
IR
1
R Z =
φ = tan −1 1 1
XL
2
+ 2
R XL
Z
φ = cos −1
R
31
 R & C in parallel I = IR + IC
V V
Applying KCL IR = and IC =
R XC
V V
Thus I = +
R XC
1 1
Also I = V + 2
R2 XC
Phasor diagram:
IC
φ = tan −1
IR
1
R Z =
φ = tan −1 1 1
XC
2
+ 2
R XC
Z
φ = cos −1
R
(Reference)
32
 Example 7:
Three branches, possessing a resistance of 50Ω, an inductance of
0.15H and a capacitance of 100µF respectively, are connected in
parallel across a 100V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate:
a) the current in each branch
b) the supply current
c) the phase angle between the supply current and the supply
voltage

33
 Power in AC Circuit
• Electrical appliances rated in Watt, HP (horsepower), VA (volt-
ampere) or VAR.

• What is power?
• Power is defined as the rate of flow of energy past a
given point
• In DC circuits, the equation for power, P = VI (Watts).

• In AC circuits, we have real power or active power (P), reactive power (Q)
and complex power (S).

34 BEKG 2433
 Real,Reactive Power & Complex Power
• Real Power or Active Power, P (a scalar with unit: Watt)
• RMS based – thermally equivalent to DC power
• power that does useful work- light a lamp, heat, turning of an electric
motor, etc

• Reactive Power, Q (a vector with unit: Var)

• Reactive power is the power that does not do useful work or
“phantom power”. Normally exist when the load contains inductor or
capacitor
• Oscillating power into & out of the load because of its reactive
elements (L &C)
• Positive value for inductive (lagging) & negative for
capacitive(leading)

• Complex Power, S (a vector with unit: VA) - overall power delivered

into/out of the system
• Apparent power – is the magnitude of the complex power
35 BEKG 2433
 Power to Pure Resistive Load (R)

p(t ) = v(t )i (t ) = (Vm sin ωt )( I m sin ωt ) General equation for the power
2π 2π
ω ω
ω ω 1 − cos 2ωt
∫ ∫0 ( 2 )dt
2
P = Vm I m sin ωt dt = Vm I m
2π 0 2π
2π
2
ω  t sin 2ωt  ω Vm I m Vm Vm Vrms 2
= Vm I m  − = = • = Vrms I rms = = I rms R
2π  2 4ω  0 2 2 2 R
36 BEKG 2433
 Power to Pure Inductive Load (L)

Energy stored - power

flows from source to load
Energy released - power
goes back to the source

p (t ) = v(t )i (t ) = (Vm sin ωt )( − I m cos ωt )

2π 2π

ω ω
ω ω
sin 2ωt
P = −Vm I m
2π ∫0 sin ωt • cos ωt dt = − Vm I m 2π ∫0 ( 2 )dt
2π
ω  cos 2ωt  ω Power merely absorbed and
= Vm I m   = 0 returned in load due to its
2π  4ω  0 reactive properties

37 BEKG 2433
  We can see that inductors dissipates zero power, yet the fact that
it drops voltage and draws current gives the deceptive impression
that it actually does dissipate power.
 This “phantom power” is called reactive power, and it is measured
in a unit called Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR), rather than watts. The
mathematical symbol for reactive power is (unfortunately) the
capital letter Q

2
V where V = IXL or I = V/XL
QL = VI = I 2 X L =
XL Unit for reactive power is VAR

(By convention, the reactive power for inductance is positive or leading)

38 BEKG 2433
 Power to pure capacitive load (C)

Energy stored - power

flows from source to load
Energy released - power
goes back to the source

p (t ) = v(t )i (t ) = (Vm sin ωt )( I m cos ωt )

2π 2π

ω ω
ω ω
sin 2ωt
P = Vm I m
2π ∫0 sin ωt • cos ωt dt = Vm I m 2π ∫0 ( 2 )dt
2π Again, power is merely
ω  cos 2ωt  ω
absorbed and returned in
= Vm I m − 4ω  = 0
2π 0
load due to its reactive
properties
39 BEKG 2433
  Again we can see that reactive load such as capacitor dissipate zero power
and the fact that it drops voltage and draws current gives the same
deceptive impression that it actually do dissipate power.

2
V
QC = VI = I 2 X C = Unit for reactive power is VAR
XC

(By convention, the reactive power for capacitance is negative or leading)

40 BEKG 2433
 Power in a circuit with resistance and
reactance loads
v(t ) = Vm sin ωt
i (t ) = I m sin(ωt − φ )

p (t ) = v(t )i (t )
= (Vm sin ωt )( I m sin(ωt − φ )
1
= Vm I m {cos φ − cos(2ωt − φ )}
2
1 1
= Vm I m cos φ − Vm I m cos(2ωt − φ )
2 2
0

1 V I
∴ P = Vm I m cos φ = m . m cos φ = Vrms I rms cos φ = VI cos φ P = VI cos φ
2 2 2
41 BEKG 2433
 Complex Power (S)
• We have seen that in pure resistive circuit – Active
power/real power/average power (P) appear
• We also have seen that in pure inductive or pure
capacitive circuit – Reactive power, (QL) or (QC) appear
• How do both active & reactive power interact when we
have R-L , R-C, or R-L-C in a circuit?
• The combination of reactive power and active power is
called complex power, and it is the product of a
circuit's voltage and the conjugate of the current being
supplied to the load

42 BEKG 2433
Unit for apparent power is Voltampere (VA)
 S
Voltage phasor: V = Vrms ∠θ v Q

I = I rms ∠θ i
θ
Current phasor: P
θ = θv − θi
Thus, the complex power is the product of the voltage & the conjugate
of the current:
S = VI * = [V∠θ v ][I∠ − θ i ] = Vrms I rms ∠θ v − θ i = Vrms I rms ∠θ
∴ S = Vrms I rms cos θ + jVrms I rms sin θ
∴ S = P + jQ
∴ P = Vrms I rms cos θ note : I * = I rms ∠ − θ i
∴ Q = Vrms I rms sin θ

S = P2 + Q2

43 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 Impedance & Power Triangle of P,Q,S
Purely Resistive (Unity) “Power Triangle”

Z=R V = IR S=P
X=0 Q=0

Resistive + Inductive (Lagging)

Z = R+jXL IZ S = P 2 + QL2
jXL jIXL jQL =V2/XL
θ θ θ
R IR P

Resistive + Capacitive (Leading)

R IR P = V2/R
θ θ θ
jQC =V2/XC
jXC jIXC
Z = R-jXL IZ S = P 2 + QC2
44 BEKG 2433
 Summary of P-Q-S
P – Active power, real power or average power. (Watt)
P = VI cos θ

Q – Reactive power. QL or QC. (Unit: VAR)

Q = VI sin θ = P tan θ

S – Apparent power. (Unit: VA)

S = V I = P2 + Q2
S = VI *

V & I is the rms value

θ is the phase angle between V and I
45 BEKG 2433
 Example 8:
A coil having a resistance of 6Ω & an inductance of 0.03H is
connected across a 50V, 60Hz supply. Calculate:
a) The current
b) The phase angle between the current & the applied voltage
c) The apparent power
d) The active power

Solutions:

46 BEKG 2433
 Example 9:

A coil of inductance 159.2mH and resistance 40 Ω is connected in

parallel with a 30 µF capacitor across a 240V, 50Hz supply.
Calculate:
(a) the current in the coil and its phase angle
(b) the current in the capacitor and its phase angle,
(c) the supply current and its phase angle,
(d) the circuit impedance,
(e) the power consumed,
(f) the apparent power, and
(g) the reactive power.
(h) draw the phasor diagram

Solutions:
47 BEKG 2433
 Power Factor
Based on power triangle, power factor (p.f) is
defined as a ratio between real power (P) and
apparent power (S) :
real power
p. f = = cos θ
apparent power
S = VI * P P
Q = VI sin θ = P tan θ ∴ p. f = =
S P2 + Q2
θ Q
P = VI cos θ θ = tan  
−1

P
This triangle is summarize & give relations of the real, reactive,
apparent and power factor concept.
48 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 31/03/2023
 Power Factor
 In an electric power system, a load with low power factor draws more
current compared to a load with a high power factor, for the same amount
of useful power transferred. The higher currents increase the energy lost
(I2R) in the distribution system, and require larger wires and other
equipment

 A measurement of how efficient a facility uses electrical energy.

49 BEKG 2433
 Power Factor
 Power factor can only have value from 0 to 1

 Low power factor : value close to 0 (e.g 0.2, 0.3). Indicates poor utilization
of electric

 High power factor : value close to 1 (0.9, 0.8, 1, ). Indicates electrical

capacity is being utilized effectively

 Unity power factor : value = 1. Indicates electrical capacity is being utilized

at the MOST effective

 Power factor can be categorized into: Unity, Lagging or Leading .

 If I lags V, the p.f is lagging (Inductive).
 If I leads V, the p.f is leading (Capacitive)

50 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 31/03/2023

51 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 31/03/2023
 Power Factor V = Vrms ∠θ v
I = I rms ∠θ i
For δ1 : θv > θi (lagging p.f)

For δ2 : θv < θi (leading p.f)

( )=θ1
( )=θ2

52 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 31/03/2023

 Example 10:
 A coil consist of resistance and inductance is connected to a
supply of 230V at 50Hz and takes a current of 5.0A. A coil
dissipates 750W. Calculate:
a) The resistance and the inductance of the coil
b) The power factor of the coil

Solutions:

53 BEKG 2433
 Power Factor Correction
 Loads with low power factor (such as induction motors) can be improve
or corrected with by adding the Capacitive or Inductive loads.
 Basically the load being supplied consists of resistance and inductance.
 This will lead to the appearance of an active (P) and reactive (Q) power (S
= P +jQ)
 Our aim is to have a value of apparent power (S) closes to the active
power (P) so that the excessive current drawn from the supply can be
reduced.
 This can be done by placing reactance of opposite type in parallel to the
load so that the positive Q can be cancelled by the negative Q and vice
versa.
 The reason to do this correction is to improve system loading, to reduce
“copper loss” and eliminate power factor penalty

54 BEKG 2433
 Power Factor Correction

How????
,
Sold Qold
+ QC
Snew
Qnew

θ old θ new
P P

55 BEKG 2433
 Example 11:
A load, L1 absorbs an average power of 8kW at a lagging power
factor of 0.6 from 230V, 50Hz supply. Calculate:

a) the value of capacitance at L2 to bring up the power factor

to 0.85
b) the old and new supply current

V(t) L1 L2

56 BEKG 2433
 Measurement of Power
Voltmeter /
• What do we need to measure voltage?
Multimeter
Ammeter /
• What do we need to measure Current?
Multimeter
• What do we need to measure power? Wattmeter

• Like voltmeter & Ammeter, the wattmeter can be analog or digital

Analog:
Digital: Pointer
Numerical on a
Readout scale

57 BEKG 2433
 • The following figure shows a simplified representation of a
wattmeter:
In series

In parallel

• Connection of a wattmeter:

• Basically there are 4 points, 2 for current measurement (in series),

another 2 for voltage measurement (in parallel)
58 BEKG 2433
 Example 12:
For the circuit of the following figure, what does the wattmeter indicate if:

a. Vload = 100 ∠0° V and Iload = 15∠60° A

b. Vload = 100 ∠10° V and Iload = 15∠30° A

Answer:
a. 750 W
WHY???
b. 1409.54 W
59 BEKG 2433
 End of Chapter 3

60 BEKG 2433