Utkarsh Physics Ac Project 2.0

Alternating Current
- Phasors and Alternating Currents
- Resistance and Reactance
- Magnetic-Field Energy
- The L-R-C Series Circuit
- Power in Alternating-Current Circuits
- Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits
- Transformers
1. Phasors and Alternating Currents
Ex. source of ac: coil of wire rotating with constant ω
in a magnetic field  sinusoidal alternating emf.
v  V cost i  I cost
v, i = instantaneous potential difference / current.
V, I = maximum potential difference / current 
voltage/current amplitude. ω = 2πf
Phasor Diagrams
- Represent sinusoidally varying voltages /

currents through the projection of a vector,
with length equal to the amplitude, onto a
horizontal axis.
- Phasor: vector that rotates counterclockwise

with constant ω.
- Diode (rectifier): device that conducts better in full wave rectifier circuit
one direction than in the other. If ideal, R = 0 in one
direction and R = ∞ in other.
Rectified average current (Irav): during any whole number of

cycles, the total charge that flows is same as if current were
constant (Irav).
2
irav I

average value
of Іcos ωtІ or
Іsin ωtІ
Root-Mean Square (rms) values:
I V
irms (i2 ) Vrms
av
2 2
i 2  I 2 cos2 t
cos2 t  0.5  (1 cos 2t)
i 2  0.5 I  0.5I 2 cos2t 

2
2. Resistance and
Reactance
Resistor in an ac circuit
vR  iR  (IR) cost  VR cost (instantaneous
potential)
VR  IR (amplitude –max- of voltage across R)
- Current in phase with voltage  phasors rotate together

Inductor in an ac Circuit
- Current varies with time  self-induced emf 

di/dt > 0  ε < 0
di
  L
dt
Va > Vb  Vab = Va-Vb = VL = L di/dt > 0
v L di  L d (I cost)
L
dt dt
vL  IL sin t  IL cost  90 

∘
vL has 90º “head start” with respect to i.

Inductor in an ac circuit
i  I cost
vL  I cos(t  90∘ )
LV
L
v cos(   )
V t
φ = phase angle = phase of voltage relative to current
Pure resistor: φ=0

Pure inductor: φ = 90º
VL
I High ω  low I
Inductive reactance: X L  L Low ω  high I
L
Voltage amplitude: VL  IX L  IL Inductors used to block high ω
Capacitor in an ac circuit
As the capacitor charges and discharges  at each t, there is “i”
in each plate, and equal displacement current between the plates,
as though charge was conducted through C.
dq  I cost
i  dt   dq I C = q / vC
 costdt
I
q sin t

v  q  Isin t  I
c cos(t  90∘ )
C C C
Pure capacitor: φ = 90º

I
V
C
C vc lags current by 90º.
Capacitive reactance: 1
XC

C
VC  IX C (amplitude of voltage across C)
I High ω  high I
Capacitor in an ac circuit
Low ω  low I
VCC
Capacitors used to block low ω (or low f)

 high-pass filter
Comparing ac circuit elements:
- R is independent of ω.
- XL and XC depend on ω.
- If ω = 0 (dc circuit)  Xc = 1/ωC  ∞
 ic = 0
XL = ωL = 0
- If ω  ∞, XL  ∞  iL = 0
XC = 0  VC = 0  current changes direction so rapidly that no

charge can build up on each plate.
Example: amplifier  C in tweeter branch blocks low-f components of sound but
passes high-f; L in woofer branch does the opposite.
3. The L-R-C Series Circuit
- Instantaneous v across L, C, R = vad = v source
- Total voltage phasor = vector sum of phasors of
individual voltages.
- C, R, L in series  same current, i = I cosωt 

only one phasor (I) for three circuit elements, amplitude I.
- The projections of I and V phasors onto

horizontal axis at t give rise to instantaneous i
and v.
VC  IR
(amplitudes = maximum
VL  IX values)
L
VC  IX C
-The instantaneous potential difference between terminals a,d =
= algebraic sum of vR, vC, vL (instantaneous voltages) =
= sum of projections of phasors VR, VC, VL
= projection of their vector sum (V) that represents the source voltage v and
instantaneous voltage vad across series of elements.
V  VR2  (V
L V
 (IR)2  (IXL IX )2
c )2 c
 I R2  ( XL  Xc )2
Impedance: Z R2  ( X L  Xc )2
V  IZ
Z  R 2 [L  (1/ C)]2
Impedance of R-L-C series circuit

Phase angle of the source
tan   VL VC  I  X L  X C   X L  X C
voltage with respect to
VR IR R current
L  1/ C
tan   R
i  I cost
v cost  
V

V I
 Z
2 2
Example 31.5
4. Power in Alternating-Current Circuits
1
P  VI
2
V I V 2
Pav   I 2
rms  Irms R  rms
2 2 V R
rms
P  1 VI
2
Power in a General Circuit
P  cos(  )] cost]  [V (cost  sin t sin )] cost]

vi [V t [I [I
cos
 cos cos2 t VI sin  cost sin t
VI
Pa 1
 cos  Vrms cos
v
VI Irms
2
5. Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits
1 1
X X  L  
0
L C 0
0C LC
6. Transformers
1  d d B
N1 2 N 2
B
dt
dt 
 2 N2
1  N1
V2 N 2
V 1  N1
V2 R
I1  (N 2 / N1 )

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Alternating Current

- Phasors and Alternating Currents

- Resistance and Reactance

- The L-R-C Series Circuit

- Power in Alternating-Current Circuits

- Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits

- Represent sinusoidally varying voltages /

- Phasor: vector that rotates counterclockwise

Rectified average current (Irav): during any whole number of

cos2 t  0.5  (1 cos 2t)

i 2  0.5 I  0.5I 2 cos2t 

VR  IR (amplitude –max- of voltage across R)

- Current in phase with voltage  phasors rotate together

- Current varies with time  self-induced emf 

vL  IL sin t  IL cost  90 

vL has 90º “head start” with respect to i.

φ = phase angle = phase of voltage relative to current

Pure resistor: φ=0

Pure capacitor: φ = 90º

Capacitors used to block low ω (or low f)

XC = 0  VC = 0  current changes direction so rapidly that no

- C, R, L in series  same current, i = I cosωt 

- The projections of I and V phasors onto

Z  R 2 [L  (1/ C)]2

Impedance of R-L-C series circuit

P  cos(  )] cost]  [V (cost  sin t sin )] cost]

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