Republic of the Philippines

Cagayan State University

CARIG CAMPUS
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ChE DEPARTMENT

MODULE 2.1 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Title Unit IV. Heat Exchangers

A. Introduction
B. Types of heat exchangers
C. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Course Topic D. LMTD and NTU Equations
E. Parallel- and Counter-flow HE
F. Crossflow HE
G. Multi-pass HE

This module focuses on the thermal analysis of heat exchangers,

which are devices used to transfer heat between fluids. Two methods
for predicting the performance of conventional industrial heat
exchangers will be presented: the Log Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD) method and the Number of Transfer Units (NTU) method. In
recent years, heat exchangers play a crucial role in many industries,
including power generation, chemical processing, HVAC, and
refrigeration. With increasing concerns about energy efficiency and
sustainability, engineers are increasingly focusing on optimizing heat
exchanger designs to maximize energy consumption and maximize
energy recovery.

Heat exchangers typically transfer heat from one flowing fluid to

Module another, with the fluids being either liquids or gases. Some heat
Overview/ exchangers may even involve more than two fluids flowing through
Introduction them. These devices can take on various structures, with the most
common being the double pipe and shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
which both have tubular structures.

The preceding lecture presented calculations involving Log Mean

Temperature Difference (LMTD), however use of LMTD is only an
approximation in practice because U is generally neither uniform nor
constant. For complex heat exchangers such as shell-and-tube
arrangements with several shell passes and with cross-flow, LMTD
calculation is being modified using correction factor (Y or FG) which
are found in charts in the Perry’s Handbook as well as in MSH and
Foust textbooks. Thermal design problems on double pipe and
single/multi-pass shell and tube heat exchangers will be presented
here.

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 After finishing this module, you should be able to do following:
1. Define and discuss heat exchangers by illustrations and its uses.
2. Explain the operations of heat exchangers.
3. Derive design equations for heat exchangers using the principles
of heat transfer.
4. Discuss the importance of heat transfer coefficients in shell and
Learning tube exchangers thru process design and analysis.
Objectives 5. Calculate the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) and to
evaluate the performance of a heat exchanger by the LMTD
method
6. Determine heat exchanger effectiveness and to evaluate the
thermal performance by the NTU method
7. Solve further application problems in heat exchangers operations.

Learning This module provides students with a fundamental knowledge of different

Outcome types of heat exchangers
• Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics physical sciences,
engineering sciences to solve heat transfer problems involving the
Competence different types of heat exchangers (high)
• Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems
related to heat exchangers(high)

Lecture Notes
A. Introduction

Heat exchangers – it is a device in which heat is transferred between a hot and cold
substance, usually fluids. These devices may have a tubular
structure, of which the double-pipe and shell and tube are the most
common type.

B. Basic Types of Heat Exchangers

1. Recuperators - hot and cold fluids are separated by a wall and heat is
transferred by a combination of convection to and from the wall and conduction
through the wall. Examples are the double pipe and shell-and-tube heat
exchangers.
2. Regenerators – hot and cold fluids alternately occupy the same space in the
exchanger core. The exchanger core serves as a heat storage device that is
periodically heated by the warmer of the two fluids and transfer heat to the colder
fluid. Commonly used arrangement for exchanger core is the “packed bed”.
3. Direct contact HE – hot and cold fluids contact each other directly. Example of this
is a cooling tower in which a spray of water dropping from the top of tower comes
in contact with a cool stream of air moving upward.

C. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

One of the first task in a thermal analysis of a heat exchanger is to evaluate the overall
heat transfer coefficient between the two fluid streams. It was shown in Module 1.3 that
the overall heat transfer coefficient between a hot fluid and a cold fluid separated by a
solid wall is defined by Equations 3.3 and 3.4:

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 1 1 1 ∆𝑥𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜
= + + + + Based on outer area
𝑈𝑜 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑑𝑜 𝑘𝐷𝑙𝑚 ℎ𝑑𝑖 𝐷𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝐷𝑖
1 1 1 ∆𝑥𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖
= + + + + Based on inner area
𝑈𝑖 ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑑𝑖 𝑘𝐷𝑙𝑚 ℎ𝑑𝑜 𝐷𝑜 ℎ𝑜 𝐷𝑜
Take note that the above equations are overall heat transfer coefficients where thermal
resistance of the deposit (or fouling factor) is considered. In actual operations with most
liquids and some gases, a deposit gradually builds up (sometimes termed as scaling)
on the heat transfer surface. The deposit may be rust, boiler scale, silt or coke.

D. LMTD and Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Equations

Generally, the temperatures of fluids inside a heat exchanger vary for point to point as
the heat flows from a hotter fluid to the colder one. Figures below illustrate the changes
in temperature in a simple shell-and-tube heat exchanger.
(a)
TH
C T C, out
ΔT

T C, in
0 Area Atotal

T H, in (b)

C T H, out
ΔT
TC

0 Area Atotal
Figure (a) illustrates the temperature distribution in a single-pass condenser wherein a
vapor is condensing at a constant temperature while the other fluid is heated. On the
other hand, Fig. (b) is for a single-pass evaporator where liquid is evaporated at
constant temperature where heat is flowing from the hotter fluid causing a temperature
decrease as it passes through the heat exchanger.
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
TA1
(LMTD) was presented in Eq’n 3.6 of Module
1.3. For shell-and-tube heat exchangers, a
modified LMTD is applied using a correction
TB1 factor Y (or F in handbook). Values shown on the
abscissa are for the dimensionless temperature-
difference ratio; values in the ordinate is equal to
the temperature change of the shell fluid divided
TB2 by the temperature difference in the tubes:

TA2

𝑇𝐵2 − 𝑇𝐵1 𝑇𝐴1 − 𝑇𝐴2 (Eq’n 4.1)

𝑆=𝑋= 𝑅=𝑍=
𝑇𝐴1 − 𝑇𝐵1 𝑇𝐵2 − 𝑇𝐵1

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 Heat transfer rate becomes:
𝑞𝑜 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝑌∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 (Eq’n 4.2)

Evaluation of Y or FG: Fig 15-14/p. 344/Foust

Fig. 10-14/ p.10-27 HB

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness(ε) – defined as the ratio of the actual rate of heat transfer
in a given exchanger to the maximum possible rate of
heat exchange. It represents the thermodynamic
performance of the heat exchanger.
Effectiveness is dependent on which heat capacity rate is smaller:
𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 )
𝜀= = (Eq’n 4.3)
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 )

where:
Cmin is the smaller of the mCp between the hot and cold fluid
Th = temperature of the hotter fluid
Tc = temperature of the colder fluid.
Thus, the rate of heat transfer can be determined from:
𝑞 = 𝜀 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) (Eq’n 4.4)

Now, let us derive an expression for the effectiveness of a heat exchanger with parallel
flow arrangement:
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑈𝑑𝐴∆𝑇 − −𝐸𝑞′ 𝑛 1
𝑑𝑞 = −𝑚ℎ 𝑐𝑝ℎ 𝑑𝑇ℎ = −𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑝𝑐 𝑑𝑇𝑐 = 𝑈𝑑𝐴(𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 ) − −𝐸𝑞′ 𝑛2
−𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇ℎ , 𝑖𝑛) = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑐 , 𝑖𝑛) − −𝐸𝑞′ 𝑛 3
where:
m = mass flow rate in kg/s
cp = specific heat at constant pressure in J/kg-K
Ch = heat capacity rate of hotter fluid in W/m-K
Cc = heat capacity rate of colder fluid in W/m-K
T = average bulk temperature of the fluid in K
subscripts h and c refer to the hot and cold, respectively
From Eq’n 2:
𝐶𝑐
𝑇ℎ = 𝑇ℎ , 𝑖𝑛 − (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑐 , 𝑖𝑛) − −𝐸𝑞′ 𝑛 4
𝐶ℎ
From which we obtain:

𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑐
𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 = − (1 + ) 𝑇𝑐 + ( ) 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 + 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − −𝐸𝑞′ 𝑛 5
𝐶ℎ 𝐶ℎ

Substituting Eq’n 5 for 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 in Eq’n 2 yields,

𝑑𝑇𝑐 𝑈𝑑𝐴
𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑐
= − −𝐸𝑞′𝑛 6
−[1 + ( ) 𝑇 + ( ) 𝑇 + 𝑇 ] 𝐶𝑐
𝐶ℎ 𝑐 𝐶ℎ 𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ℎ,𝑖𝑛
Integrating Eq’n 6 for the whole area of the exchanger and simplifying:
𝐶
1 + ( 𝑐 ) (𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) + 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 1 1
𝐶ℎ
ln [ ] = − ( + ) 𝑈𝐴 − −𝐸𝑞′ 𝑛 7
𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ

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 Substituting Eq’n 7 in Eq’n 4.4 yields,

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 1
ln [1 − 𝜀( + )] = − ( + ) 𝑈𝐴
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
1 1
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 −( + )𝑈𝐴
1−𝜀( + ) = 𝑒 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
𝐶
−[(1+ ℎ )]𝑈𝐴/𝐶ℎ
1−𝑒 𝐶𝑐
𝜀= 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
( + )
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
when Ch< Cc:
𝐶
−[(1+ ℎ )𝑈𝐴/𝐶ℎ
1−𝑒 𝐶𝑐
(Eq’n 4.5)
𝜀= 𝐶ℎ
(1 + 𝐶 )
𝑐
when Cc< Ch:
𝐶
−[(1+ 𝑐 )𝑈𝐴/𝐶𝑐
1−𝑒 𝐶ℎ
(Eq’n 4.6)
𝜀= 𝐶𝑐
(1 + 𝐶 )
ℎ
Effectiveness for both cases:
𝐶
−[(1+ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 )]𝑈𝐴/𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
1−𝑒 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜀= 𝐶
(Eq’n 4.7)
(1 + 𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) )
𝑚𝑎𝑥
where:
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
= ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑈𝐴
= 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐞𝐫 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬 (𝐍𝐓𝐔)
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
= ratio of overall conductance to the smaller heat capacity rate
Sample Problem:

In single-shell, two-tube-pass heat exchanger, the following data are given:

Oil (cp= 2100kJ/kg-K in turbulent flow inside the tubes entered at 340K at the
rate of 1.0 kg/s and left at 310K. Water flowing on the shell side entered at 290K
and left at 300K. A change in service conditions requires the cooling of a similar
oil from an initial temperature of 370K but at ¾ of the flow rate used originally.
Estimate the outlet temperature of the oil for the same water flow rate and
temperature as before. (Keith et al.,2012)

Solution: Using Eq’n 4.3:

𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 340 − 310
𝐶𝑐 = 𝐶ℎ = 1.0 (2100 ) = 6300𝑊/𝑚 − 𝐾
𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 300 − 290
Eq’n 4.1:
𝑇𝐵2 − 𝑇𝐵1 310 − 340 𝑇𝐴1 − 𝑇𝐴2 290 − 300
𝑋= = = 0.6 𝑍= = = 0.33
𝑇𝐴1 − 𝑇𝐵1 290 − 340 𝑇𝐵2 − 𝑇𝐵1 310 − 340
From Fig. 15-14(a): Y = 0.94
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴𝑌∆𝑇𝑙𝑚

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 2100𝐽
𝑞 1𝑘𝑔/𝑠 ( ) (340 − 310)𝑘
𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑈𝐴 = = (340−300)−(310−290)
= 2325𝑊/𝐾
𝑌∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 0.94𝑥 340−300
𝑙𝑛310−290
Since thermal resistance on the oil side is controlling, a decrease in velocity to 75% of
the original will increase the thermal resistance by (0.75)0.8(verify using Eq’n 3.15).
Therefore,
New condition: 𝑈𝐴 ≈ 2325(0.75)0.8 = 1847.02

𝑈𝐴 1847.02
𝑁𝑇𝑈 = = = 1.17
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (0.75𝑥1𝑥2100)
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 1575
= = = 0.25
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 6300
From Fig.15-22/p.357Foust: 𝜀 = 0.61

Thus, 𝑇𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑖𝑛 − 𝜀∆𝑇 = 370 − [(0.61)(370 − 290)] = 321.2𝐾

E. Parallel- and Counter-flow HE

Case 1. Parallel Flow

Sample Problem:
It is desired to recover heat from 10,000 lb/hr of hot water at 350oF by preheating
10,000lb/hr of distilled water from 70oF. The distilled water is to be ultimately heated to
400oF. For a co-current heat exchanger, what is the temperature of the outlet distilled
water if the temperature approach at the outlet of the preheater is about 5 oF? (MRII
Refresher Course: Flow of Heat and Evaporation)

o
t1 = 70 F t2

hot water T2
T 1 = 350oF

Required: t2
Solution: 10,000lb/hr of hot water
10,000 lb/hr of distilled water to be preheated
T approach = T2 – t2 = 5oF
(MCpΔT)hot water = (mCpΔT)distilled
10000(1)(350- T2) = 10000(1)( t2 – 70)
350 – (5 + t2) = t2 – 70
t2 = 207.5oF

Case 2. Counter-current Flow

Sample Problem:
100,000 lbs/hr of water are to be cooled from 200oF to 100oF by a coolant entering the
exchanger at 60oF and leaving at 95oF. Assuming U = 400 BTU/hr-ft2oF, determine the
heat transfer surface area required for a double pipe heat exchanger with counter-
current flow.

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 t2 = 95oF t1 = 60oF

hot water T 2= 100oF

T 1 = 200oF
W= 100,000lbs/hr

Required: Area
Solution:
𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 𝑊𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
(200 − 95) − (100 − 60)
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = (200− 95)
= 67.4
𝑙𝑛 (100−60)
400(𝐴)(67.4) = 100,000(1)(200 − 100)
𝐴 = 371 ft 2
Assuming the double pipe heat exchanger is operating in parallel flow, what is the
area required?
t1 = 60oF t2 = 95oF

hot water T 2= 100oF

T 1 = 200oF
W= 100,000lbs/hr
𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 𝑊𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
(200 − 60) − (100 − 95)
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = (200− 60)
= 40.5
𝑙𝑛 (100−95)

400(𝐴)(40.5) = 100,000(1)(200 − 100)

𝐴 = 617 ft 2
F. Cross-flow Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger:
cold fluid

hot fluid

𝒒𝒐 = 𝑼𝒐 𝑨𝒐 𝒀∆𝑻𝒍𝒎
Y = correction factor for the type of flow Figure 15.14/344-45 Foust;
Fig.10-14/p.1027HB

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 Again, the choice of Uo or Ui calculation is based on the location of the film with
HIGHER RESISTANCE!
Sample problem:
1. Given: Same problem given in page 32 of Module 1.3, however instead of a double-
pipe heat it will be replaced by a shell and tube type.
o
H2O, 40 C

2
ho = 2270W/m K
oil, 200oC
2
hi= 570W/m K

o
165 C

t2
Required: t2
Solution:
𝒒𝒐 = 𝑼𝒐 𝑨𝒐 𝒀∆𝑻𝒍𝒎
1 1 ∆𝑥𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖
= + +
𝑈𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐷𝑙𝑚 ℎ𝑜 𝐷𝑜
1 1 0.049(0.0254)0.902 0.902
= + 1−0.902 +
𝑈𝑖 570 250( 1 )
2270 (1)
𝑙𝑛0.902

𝑈𝑖 = 463.72
Ai = π(0.902) (0.0254)(5) = 0.360m2
(165 − 40) − (200 − 𝑡2 ) 1ℎ𝑟
463.72 (0.360) (165−40)
𝑌 = 1000(4184)(𝑡2 − 40)
𝑙𝑛 (200− ) 3600𝑠
𝑡2

Evaluation of Y: page 344/Foust

165 − 200
𝑅=𝑋= = 0.219
40 − 200
40 − 𝑡2
𝑆=𝑍=
165 − 200
Solve by T & E:
Assume 𝑡2 = 60𝑜 𝐶
Z = 0.57
Y = 0.99 (from graph of Fig. 15.14(a)- One shell pass)
Solve for 𝑡2
Continue until 𝑡2 (assumed) = 𝑡2 (calculated)!
2. In a 1-1 shell and tube heat exchanger, a fluid flowing through the tubes in turbulent
flow, is being heated by means of steam condensing on the shell side. It is proposed
to increase the tube side coefficient by one of the following methods:
a. Replace existing tube by the same number of tubes with half the original
diameter but twice the length.
b. Increase the number of tube passes to 2.
Assuming that the fluid flow rate remains high enough to ensure N Re of over 10,000 in
both cases, which method would you select?
Solution:

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 𝜋
a. Original flow area 𝐷2
4
𝜋 𝐷 2 𝜋
New flow area ( ) = 0.25 𝐷 2
4 2 4
Basis: A = 1m2: v = 1m/s
𝜋
1= 𝐷2
4
D = 1.1284
new D = 1.1284/2 = 0.5642
new velocity = 1/0.25 = 4
ℎ𝐷
= 0.023(𝑁𝑅𝑒 )0.8 (𝑁𝑃𝑟 )0.4 𝐷𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑢𝑠 − 𝐵𝑜𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑘

Recall Eq’n 3.15:

𝑏𝑉 0.8
ℎ=
𝐷 0.2
original h = b(1.0)0.8(1.1284)-0.2 = 0.976b
new h = b(4)0.8(0.5642)-0.2 = 3.399b
3.399 − 0.976
% 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ = 𝑥100 = 248.3%
0.976
b. increase in the number of tube passes into 2
𝜋 2
Original flow area= 𝑛 𝐷
4
𝜋 2
New flow area = 0.5𝑛 𝐷
4
New velocity = 1/0.5 = 2
New h = b(2)0.8(1.1284)-0.2 = 1.6995b
1.6995 − 0.976
% 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ = 𝑥100 = 74.1%
0.976

G. Multi-pass Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger:

Sample Problem:

A multi-pass heat exchanger has 2 passes on the shell side and 4 passes on the tube
side. It is cooling a petroleum oil inside the tube from 275 to 125 oF. Water is the coolant
in the shell, with inlet and outlet temperature of 55oF and 88oF respectively. The
exchanger has 120- 1”OD, 16BWG tubes, each 6 ft long. Neglect metal wall resistance.
Data are:
hoil = 48 hwater = 170 hscale on water side = 5000 BTU/hr ft2oF
Find:
a. heat transfer area
b. overall htc
c. correction factor, Y
d. Δtlm
e. Heat transfer rate in BTU/hr

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 Solution:
water
o
t1 = 55 F

o
T2 = 125 F

T1 = 275oF
oil

t2 = 88oF

hdo = 500
ho = hwater = 170

hi = 48

hi<<<ho
a. nt = 120
1” OD BWG ≈ 0.87” ID-------Table 11-2/p. 11-10 HB
0.87
𝐴𝑖 = 𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐿𝑛𝑡 = 𝜋 ( ) (6)(120) = 164𝑓𝑡 2
12
b.
1 1 𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖
= + + since metal wall resistance is neglected!
𝑈𝑖 ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑑𝑜 𝐷𝑜 ℎ𝑜 𝐷𝑜

1 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑈𝑖 = 1 0.87 0.87 = 36
+ + ℎ𝑟𝑓𝑡 2𝑜 𝐹
48 170(1) 500(1)
c. From HB; Figure 10-14/p.10-27
275 − 125
𝑅= = 4.55
88 − 55
88 − 55
𝑆= = 0.15
275 − 55

FG= Y = 0.985 (from graph of Fig. 10.14(b)- 2 shell pass, 4 tube pass)
d.
(275−88)−(125− 55)
∆𝑡𝑙𝑚 = (275−88) = 119𝑜 𝐹
𝑙𝑛(125−
55)
e.
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑞𝑖 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑌∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 36 (164𝑓𝑡 2 )(0.985)(119𝑜 𝐹) = 692037.36
ℎ𝑟𝑓𝑡 2𝑜 𝐹 ℎ𝑟

In this module, we have studied the thermal design of heat

exchangers in which two fluids at different temperatures flow in
Summary spaces separated by a wall and exchange heat by convection to and
from and conduction through wall. The most common configuration
are the double pipe and shell-and-tube heat exchangers, for which
two methods of thermal analysis have presented: the LMTD (log mean

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 temperature difference) and NTU (number of transfer units) or
effectiveness method. LMTD method is most convenient when all the
terminal temperatures are specified and the heat exchanger area is
to be determined. On the other hand, NTU method is preferred when
the thermal performance or the area is specified. However, there are
assumptions on which the two methods are based:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient U is uniform over the entire
heat exchanger surface.
2. The physical properties of the fluids do not vary with temperature.
3. Available correlations are satisfactory for predicting the individual
heat transfer coefficients required to determine U.

Optional ➢ Read Chapter 15 of our textbook Unit Operations of Chemical

Activities/ Engineering by McCabe et al. (4th ed)
Resources: ➢ Read Chapter 15 of our textbook Principles of Unit Operations by
Foust et al. (2nd ed.)
1. McCabe, W., Smith, J., & Harriot, P. (2004) Unit Operations of
Chemical Engineering, 4th Ed., McGrawhill Education, USA
2. Foust, A.S., Wenzel, L.A., Clump, C. W., Maus, L., Amdersen, L. B.,
(1980) Principles of Unit Operations, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and
Sons, NY
3. Green, D. & Southard, M.z. (2019) Perry’s Chemical Engineers’
Handbook, 9th Ed., McGrawhill Education, USA

Note: Any other edition will suffice.

References
Recommended reading
1. Treybal, Robert Ewald (1980) Mass Transfer Operations, 3rd
Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, USA
2. E-books in Unit Operations and Transport Phenomena.
3. Kreith,F.,Manglik, R., & Bohn, M.(2012) Heat Transfer
Principles and Application, 7th Ed.,Cengage Learning Asia
Pte Ltd.

Learning Assessment

Activity 1. PROBLEM SOLVING.

Solve the given problems. Complete solution is needed.

1. At the Shell oil refinery, the lubricating oil, at a velocity of 6 feet per second, is passed
through a steam heated tube 15 feet in length and 1-inch 18 BWG. Steam is condensed
on the outer surface of the tube at 220oF. Oil enters the tube at 90oF and leaves at
105oF. Assume that the tube is clean. The physical properties for oil are assumed
constant:
ρ = 53.5 lb/ft3 Cp = 0.48Btu/lboF k = 0.08Btu/hr-ft-oF
The viscosity varies with temperature as follows:
T, oF 80 90 100 110 130 140 220
µ, Cp 22 20 18 16 14 12 4.4

Calculate h, the inside oil film coefficient of heat transfer.

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 2. At a refinery, a heavy hydrocarbon oil which has a Cp = 2.30kJ/kgK is being cooled in
a locally made heat exchanger from 371.9K to 349.7K and flows inside the tube at the
rate of 3630kg/hr. A flow of 1450kg/hr of H2O enters at 288.6K for cooling and flows
outside a tube. Calculate the H2O outlet temperature and the heat transfer area if the
overall heat transfer coefficient is 340W/m2K and the streams are countercurrent.
3. A 2-shell 4 tube pass HE will be used to cool a hot fluid from 400oC to 200oC using a
cooling water available at 80oC and heated at 180oC. Calculate the total heat transferred
if the tubes are 50mm med wt. steel, 5 m long per pass. Assume hi = 200W/m 2K and
ho = 4500W/m2K

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