classMAte

Date
Page.

BIOMOLEC ULES

CaubohydHoies
Caxbohuduates ae de\imed os bpliealy a chive polyhydk.
aldeha deA OH poluphydbxy keBomes
eo compoLunda
which qwe duc
omp0undA om
hu duolysü a

Clous suicatuem o Canbohydaie

Casbohy.duaie eambe divide elassiied t two ciasse

Duga
heeoMe cwustallune ubbBance hich ae weet and
alule ~a u t e ucdose

2NombugoA
hese ae asteless mpiuble im waeand amorphoo
2 CeLlulose ilarch elc.

tulheH i elassuied into hyee claases

Moo sacchaides
Olaasacchacides
3) Pols.acchanide

(CHOMomosacchoi desThese ae the Simnplest eaubohsdyales

unrch eam.anb be hydtolped mto Simpler eonapound
ucse EHueloie StGalactose, ete Kiboce pie

O1aosacthaidesIhese ae the eanbohsdrakex uhich

uoto em momabacchanide
mole.u om
hudtousu a Diasacchanlde- ueun Le Lactase Maitos
Taaczhwnide Ca Ha Kat{?nmos.e
usacthaside 2 theae a1e can bohudale hioharepaueiice
Can be hydtoluaed qi»eaLange no dmonoso
-haide umh stanch, JCeituibe.e, qucoas
 clASSMALe
pate
Page

Glucose

Mepayaluem o glueose
Fom [uenose khem SucH0Se 3 boled wih
diue HgSO4 m alcohole a t , quroie rutio
ae Gbta ed Cua amouunl

Gucoce Huctoe

LcLMeD uucoso
CH CHD

H - 2 c OH HO

HO- H-C
H- H

H C DH HO-C-H

eH20H
CHDH u e o se
D-Gueose_

e OH im the the uiqht Side

on 0-Guos
Gucoe 1et

5luciuHe0 ueuse

Ctio oH

Ho C H

H-

CHgOH

D-Hueluse
 Date.
Page

Cheamcalopevliea ucLe
Acdylasioon
CHO CHO
Zm Clo
(CHOH) T5 (cHg0), CHOC0 CH3)4
CHgOH
CH 0CO CH3

weose r'emtaacetale

Keduetiom
Na-H
CHO
HbH
TH cHOH)4
(CHOH) CHo0H Soubitnl)
CHgOH HI

Red P ,j0o°e
CHg CHg CH3
n:Hexa.me

3eaio n nth huduoasmcyande

CN

HCN
(CROH)
1 (CHOH)
CHgDH eH OH

Gweose cano hdtume

H-C <N -0H

Nd-0HP
+Ho0

CHOH
ChloOH
luedse oxime
 classmAtee
Date
Paga

Osidatib eatl m

a) H-C0
Co0H
CHOH) BY9Hg0
CH OH tot)a
CHUH

Glucomic add

CODH

CHOH)
CHDH COOH

Saechanie acd

CHD COO NH4-

CCHTOH) Ag+NH
lallems 3 HD
CHoDH CH20 H
eagent
Aomamacafua a i
a Fehlima Solution
CHD OONa

eHOH) Na0 H (CHOH) A t3g o

CHoOH CHgOH
+Cu0
Red ppt

Cuciic iuctuge -Glucose

H- 0DH H C-0H
Gucosdie

H0CH
H C fmkage
OH C-H 0

H C-0H H C-6H C

H-C- HC0-H
CHOH CH0H
D -Gueoe
- - Gu eose D-Gueose
(otHatht sHueuMe)
 2 hos Ort im
ala ciose C DaTe

Page
ueDse

as anomei

0-Gutosoy - D utnie

IuHamose lueluye
CHDH

0H
3
3

OH 0t

-D-ucose D Guwse

CH20H 'CH0H

A-
OH
QH H OH/cH0 H

d-0- udos

Dsacchauides3
Thae ae He eaubohydrate which an hydmolusis
qPve tuo Same oH mo nosauchauides
Genera rmula
2 Cn Hgg01 t b0 C,Hi20,+ ,Hig0
Sucxose Gucos e Fuetose
H+
C,, Hrg tHad CMn0, tHp0
Malto se Gmeose Guc e
CiaHga tHo H
CHi206 C H4206
Lactose Gutose Galartos e
 MALE

Date
Page

ucsse
& a Coko uulus,
& veu
eydtallne a uble m Juweet
uoeet suwh stance
dexleHotatouy walex&&ta
aqueousdolubm
oqmesus oluhem
t 66 hang Apeclte MotaMom
xotatom eauad
equal t
66 5 a
50m hyduol uHh
eqmoleculay ueauld,
nue ,9--ganse ad, ag?ves
afves
DoSueHOCO D-(--pnuetese
HT
Cia HaaO +HD e,Hi20 tCHi2D
Hot f 6b:5°c
Sp:
D-(t)-plueoge D--fuctose
t 52 50) (-124')
So, Aueuo se extaqotatoybut ajen a hydialy
A aves D-)- qlueos e 8 D-Auctose) Euttose
hasaqYeokr Apede 4otatio m han qlueose
ThereloHexsutaat Sotn
pom huddys &leaveyata
toMy0 im matuuewth Sp Hotatom -39.9
Pnce there change n the Aiam Hotatien
dextxo bboe hydxo ye4 o leawo
"aer hwdrslysta the Headan b Cdled
onuetion eachn themlxtume (glueese
suidose) colled Rnueut Suga
ucHose amposed ol-b-qucose &-D-fructose
hese umi aye held ogeher by oR-aucos?a¥c
Pmkaqe bdwetn o h e glueose unt8 C2
ohe wcto'se umt

CHOH
CHo O
H

OH
* oHCH0H
2 -H20
3
OH
H PTO
d-D
 Date

Poge

/
OH Gyeoad e

Linkag

cH10 0
OH
cHa0H

Maltas e
-Queose unu ohich
4 eomposed twd-D
ohe u &
are Condended toqetheu thio ugh Cof
l the othex unit
6CH20H cH20H
H
H
H
OH
2 OH
Na 2
H Gyeasidkc OH
-D-ueose

Lactos e
Cogmposed B-D-9ueose B-D-Galactose
wnt.hae uninaxe held toqelhe by qees?ate
Linkage bethseen C aalautose e 4 4 uwese
Lkage cH2oH cH2ot
o OH
H20
+
OH DH H
3
HO ou
-D-Galautose B D ucos&
 ASSMAte

Date
poge
HoH CH2DH
-O

o H

H H
OH

Latose

Reduemq & Non-Reduimq Sugons

The sacchaldes whfch qeduce Pehlengk 8outin9
Tollem ueaqent 4e Called eduuñ
do nbalis
do mtals iechaYoupswhlch can be easily osidistd
by Fehlung,Sa8ollens Reoeni
- doxy aldehudeoH dhydbrox y ketone

OH

Ihe 5acchanldes whfch do mot Heducetehlfngs

50 M Tollen HeaqenE a called mon-Heduihq
Augo ~a t a acei ucHO Se

Folysacchanides a

OSkan ch
a po lume -D-gu cose& consst S two

Compoments
Anm lose (2o/)
Amylope ctfa (80 ))
t& waey Soluble kradiom.4 &a
Amylose a

Amean polume X-D-qucos e U9t contahs abat

D-Guose unii whith aye aked to
0 100o -
a dqcostd?cunkage
ome amo he-thYough he next
Pnvolvng3 C,4 one queoge 8 C
 Page.

C2o H CH2OH CH20H

HS
Ho
OH
H

Amo pedià 9t & water h& oLuble Practom

y meuJf Consáts
9ahighly branched ch an po
shoxt chahs o T25-30D-Guu
CaLarge
u n thi ase na chn fnvolves
-Unka betweem opd ameit - D - q a
unt & the oheu. DA teAminal qu the
cose

In eath cha urthe Linked to C

other qucose umlt I n the mext chaina hrotugh
C- d-Lhkaqe.
CH0 H
CHadH

OH
K
oH
CH20H

K OH

Celluloseo
r bluduHally &a Atraiaht chaih polysaccha
wdes Compose4 d ony-D-guDse unt htch
ase aimed by aueostd nkage betweer
e one ucose
mext qucose i
 H
O

1er:
n
H arks
oH

H
oH

Aomfno Acd
organrc
hesee compounds whose malele contan boh the
Casboxyb add rop and amino 9Houp aMe
colled amno aci.
Jh 091e e pH enkd by qeneYa oYmula
RC cO0 H
NH2
*heeane 20 ammo auids whlch onm_ pHoteîn..
he amimo adds whth ane_kynthesbed tn ow
bodt
ody ae: known aA mom-easent amino auids
g8Gyane, Alanihe chc
*hoseamino
hdse adds which cannot be Aynhesded
im ow body and must be Aupplfed tou dfets
known a essenttal amno autda. g Val'ne lysfne.

FHopentiea o amino audg

) Amino auid ane uually co loulesS, CHUAallune

Ao LRda21heae asue doluble ti wake & have hfgh m:p
salts due to he presene d
3They behae e n the Same
both
both asidie &amnogroup exts a4
molele Aheueore, he amno aud
 Date.
Page

dipol ax on called Zwitte ion. t has pos?R

s wed tolAin the Same mole aulp
u
negadwe ends

R- C-C00H
R--C0o
NH2&
Zwtex fon

soelecic point &Ihe pt at whith dipolax lon (Zwiter fon)

ex'st as neutHal nthat & pastfve &negaluve cha
equal 8 t doex mot migHate to eithe eledmode
called oelecdju ptnt.The amino adds have
least&olubill at Aoedectut pont whith helps în
depahatiom amino au'd
pH 652.5:5-63& ioelectxic pafntor
amno aPds

Hoktens

Pxokrs Q e complex niuHogeneo u oYganïc Mole cule

wh'ch_aHe EAsenta4o1.qro h m.antainence
body CKamically-dieana the
the poo
asne
polumers
-amino auds whtch aHeunked by peptfde aD
bomd. -NH
P
PeptidesaMe compounds efmed by the condenaadon
Aame oH dijeyent K-anino aids
The condeniahèn betweenOmno ads
wth he ellminahibn Awak in hd cake he
Canboxylie qiop
910up meammoaud &amho qroup
onoter ämino aldqe Condena ed
DIhe elmonation watermoleule. The Yeultha
E-NH nkaae
peptide and
bcalled pept'dehlLage o
 Date

R
N C-oH t N - - .
C-0 t
H
2ache
Sign.
emar

NHCH CH C -0H

fepRde 1mkage
Jssuoopno
lens 8
Om the ba o molecudan &huchuue 3
F6Mepxoleng
GlobulanpHotans
1) HbaouspMotens a

he pHokng whith have lon hxead uke Atuiunes

ane colleod bxaupHolkin s aihih end to fe side
bu sfde
side
tooHmbehe moleule ame hel4
ogethe b H-boindsn Aome caseshey aHe
Pnsolhble Gaale due oAtona inermolèulas
arLes
ttsuactiaan heuaMe thie structhAral
akerbl animd Hssuest i Kenahn
MyosPm
Globula oens
The pHakins whose moleules ae olded otming9
Compact una
unu oneay Aphetfta hape, Ths
olduig HEsult or kHadh na bettuween
he
yafo
anfos Afdechaind qYops Consuuent omno aids
PnvolueA H-bomdnq-tq * hklin , Albumtn +
Haemoglobin
 Date.
Page

bucuxeo botes (FHom NCERT)

mpd-helk hutine ( diaqYam)
Pamany
amany Ga) secordasuy Tediany 4Quadernar
Naffve Stode and enahuratiim peokin opMokin

Nake State o The most energtically &tale statea

pMolea colled matve State

Denadumadihn_ A proce chanqe

hadpuateins the phcal
bfological pTopesdiea
uhout aleting
he dhemfca compo& lienD pHotefh caled déhobura
om
3t&calMedb cestaun phyatal ou dhemícalreaf e
nt auth as change m pH tempeyadune presence
salts or cexfau chemital agents Eq3When an ea
boiled Pn wak h e qlobula pHofens pre ent in't
change to a Hukbey uke imsoluuble mass
Cundlungomilk Pvesence d
Coagulthen milk nlema n oYm
eYm dheese

Vifamims
hese aeoqan ampounds whfch canhot be pro duts
by the bo dy must be Aupplfed In Small
amoun Jet t peilermpeac bidogical
unctiins Aa the noYma healh qdowth moumaunta
-ente D 6
body
Clajcatho Vulamuns

waer Soluble viamu is VUanun Ao luble

uate &sVtam -6 complex VPtamn e
) Fat Aoludle tamns Vkomks Aouble tn at
A D E and K
Ea3Vitann
 Date
Page

Commenvitamimsthev
thenAounceA and ImpoMfaneo
Vtamm A The chemfcal none etimolL
Funeton 0Helps
mpHop1 goA8 noTaral Akele
development he bdy o
(i) Play aun
mpottdnt Hole n maintauntna pYopen
våfon
(w) aaentia or healthy eth stuuwye
Sounces8Buttex", LivexCanot MIK Ffsh ofl
toomabts, pumpkIm, pasaup etz
Deidunc VAcaeA& Nqhd- blindness
Vrinamin B,; Chemical name thyamfma
Funcfonit)Halps th Caxbohudnate metabouam
i) Help undt nRq heart,menva msde
Saunces Yeas MPlK, qreek veqetables, Cerealu
DejctanyCase %Bexi-Bené

Vitamin B, chemlcal name Ribo (lavim

hunon ) Helps canboh1ade & proteln metaelam
iHelps in oxtdotion &dtlikation'DAgn
Nesayto to Kap Hhe skn hehy
SoulLLe MIK, east lve,kidneyqeen
vegetabea
Doionu casa Chadkm o skfn, lips.corners
610he mouh

Viramin B emcal name yanocobalt amînt

tuntfon 8Essential er the l mefabo LAm
neAvoUs
iin Ssaenta erpImatèn d healhs blood
ScuA Lven eggmK ih meat
Dakuenu asa Foinlcfousana.emia (RBC delidenu
in haamoglobPn)
 Date
Page

tonin c Chemcal name Ascobrc aoo., htaly,

hlu.
Funduon NeceMany oY kepune qu jnu
Help n metrahduam . aninio aids
b8APes amunst deases
4ves Hesitance to
SuIceaAmla, all Yaita elt
Deturendy case Snvy
6vitaminD Chemital name Calcipheno
Funtion 8 O Keeps hones leelh healths
ouno Coxdlver of1, e9, 1h, e htu
miK butfet exposune suntaht
Veiden Causes 8 Riuke

9Vtama E hema name TskopheHo

hundfan Flays om împHole in he pYotechiòn é
vtamfn A Keno a AscoHbtc atid
esan 0 nor mal Heptodutton prolectBn
the1ve
SaLA Veaetableou, Milk tomatoadak qreen
lea veqetalea eaqs whaleqrath Lerealk

Dekiden caLA A Loss seKual pawtr Heprodu

-fon

8)VPtamin K h emical mame Phs lloqumone

FuncHons Helps ndoting bload
Crean ehld, Usayabeans, cabbaqe
tomato
DyiaentsCausCs a nyeased bload clotting imu
 classmate
Date

Nude Acfs
Nuddc
Nuddc Ai daaxe lenq thain
ha plaly an impoHtamt poumeu
polm U nueohide
Aeredtan hayatouAfa Ho'le in tnahamafon nuleohides
bPo Anthess prakeins
Thene aMe
d ypaonleic aid
DNA DEor Nibd-nulete AA).
2)RNA CR bo udele adA)
A nudeohide Comas a 3 hemical aomponerts
A itM0gen Contain?'nq hedewyelic boe
A qve caxbom uga Pentose
3A Suga)
phasphate 2roup
Ntoqem en Lomtalninq hekenayclic base
here aL 2 yea toqen omfaminq basesourd in
nucdeic add 1heae ate å
Puimu AyhmdRnes
0

Parinnes
lho ate bases dexived kom puints
Ca Adenime [A (b) Guanihe (&)_

Pan?nidines

denkved Yom pyrmidnes

Thene oHe. bas le Unadl U)
bJ:Thym?nel19
todme (C}
8 B Aymi?ne
umine ane
ane
quanine,,utoune
9n DiA 0denine
anda wwaci a
w4ac aee
utoune
quanine
hRNA, adenine,
ound
 Date

Sgah
hexe aMe up m mudic adid
The ugan presehr h gan prescnt
RKd B - D-Rbase & tn
DNAV
-D-Deoxudbo se.
sCthoH CHDM
DH o
H
A
OH OH
-D-Rt bo se
CinerNA) -D-2-deoyuibose (inDNA)

3Phosahore gup

Nudeodes ê he omlecula im Lohich one the

nitoqen
base Pyimidine
DH punime & bordded h
ugan moleule called muleosfd es

0P-0 H Basec

OH O -P-o
RNA)
32H
(DN
 lassMAte
Data

Fhos pg1 Pose)

Phosp Bgi-Phassmau Che

Sune 6 DNA&RNA (NCERT) No.

Dorence beween DNA & RNA (NcERT)

Bfolag fcal Hundtbm 6 Nudelc Asa (NCERT)

kme Qequece n whith Polypeptide chains ae avyart

Amy chanqes alker btologtal process

Secomdan hape in whih ng polupeptfde chais

-heluk-replan coiuig pdlpegide chalDs
whfh s[abized by H-bo.m
B-plaaed al ptide chas ae hetched to ma
exkemaom _akranged Pde by siade & hokd togethe 4
H-bondimq