Date

Choprek714 Saath
BToNOLECULES

OKganicOmpourd w
BiomoleCueS ase Ihe
hoy buuulc up he
budc up
Jokm h e basis t te
Kesponsipe Theik gAauih
he qAaulh
ung
uung Sustem anc
and maunTenance.

Ihe scquence Tha 8eLOues biomoleCules ob

liung O8ganiSm uS
Bio moleciuesOgan ceus CoLLS Tissues
Ogans vunG oganSm
CCosbohyds.oTesS
Dpt CO GuVe pOLyhdAOualdehydes(udesec
oh ketoneS (kaToSeS o ompoundS
hudioysis qive hese uniS OLe which QS n
Enown
COsbohydkaJes They age COLLed SacchaRides.
LOun Sacthakum
T Simples membeis.Suqa9) due To To Swee Tase
Sueerr La
es CoubohydhoTes
HonOSacch0ides
These
Cannotbehud
TuNheh
Card TuAhe
aunc QY Se To sim
To Simples
o heuDSOS Subdi vided unto
pleS m
upon he TeTNOSQS,
depending pen
SPenloses

These One aiso m

ued nò
no CORbon
of ca8DOD
atom)

HOmOpOLysacchakcS
SacchaRideS
 Date
Saath)

Alco IeILOSS Euthose Thieose

Alcopentoses XyLose Ribose
AldoherOSes yliOserolaTose
keloheOSeS uuose
ALL halukay Occuking monoSacchauds bolong b
D-SeueS
Kuu ani Synihesis us usOd Io LonveT an adose
unTo neat highes aldose.

Ogosacchauids
hydDLSiS They gene,aly gve Juo hine
monosacthaids and e The dassi Lied os
disachaLides
E0mpe Suckose Holose aJose Tusacchauides
ard SO on H29 us a d sacchaide
hecauSO uT Give uo monosa cchau des

HzDtHO H,O +CH,O

SuAOS GucOse ESugose
Fhe bodomed beween up monoSacchaAidos
uS (aued O 9LytosidiC bond and hokmaly r us
bond
SuCAOSe us mOST abundant un plans and enoun as
cone sugas OS TObLe Sugo o unvea suga as
CquimOlo, miluhe of LuOSe and uTose
ús obXounec by hyduoysis f suOSe.
 Date-/ Saath
CH,OH

H H CH,OHond
20359dhl
OH
H HOHC

OH Ho OH

Gucose
PeNOse qape Sugas CORn Sug blO0d Sugds

Hanujau we
B
hdDySis of STOACch wwth hot dkuTed
minehOL Quds and by hudioLySiS
O SudosSe.
H
G2H,9tHo
SuCkos
H,,O +HO
TuOse Rutosse
h+ nHO B,23bo
hsH2
EUba q ose us sIORed
un uveg as
9yOG

STKuUwe J_GuLOse
CHOCHOH)4-CH,OH
 STAuUue eLuud ton of quose
( D GuLose h HI
CHO

-o
HO H HE
H -OH H-CH-CH,-H-CH
Shous The pesence
6 Coubonds inked
CH,OH ineay
(b)D-9uuosewth HCN

CHO
2
-OH O
Ho- H HCN
H - C(N

-O tCHOR) 4
CH,OH CH,OH
Shous The p@Sence o
-CHO 9AOup lopen Chaun
SIuTue)
9D-GLuLgse wih HON
CHO

+ JM,OH- CHEN-OH H 0
-OH CHO)4
t- -OH
CH,OH
Page No.
CH,OH
 Date Saath
how
Show he phosente o CHO98oup

(2D-9ucose wlh Fehings seagent

CHO
H -OH COONa
He- H
+2 CulOH|+NaOH- (CHOH), tuO3Ho
OH
CH OH
CH,OH
Shows h0 quog
usaieduung LQas
(Open chaun sKuTue)
LeD-quose
CHO wulhlQuen's eogent
Ho H
COO
NHy
t2 AqlNH,),0H CHOHJ,t2Ag+3NHL+H
-OH
CH,OH CHOH
Shousshar Gucosou
a Beduung SuG

P-qucose ih
(CH{O)o and UnU,
Gucose
sCHHlo),o/knlisCHO-CHOCOCHJ
COCH)-CH.OCOCH
+$CH.COOH
Shouus he
pA@s@no ot
oupS.
bD-9ucose ulth bsomlne waTe)

CHO-CHOHJ-CH,OHO C00H-CHOH)LCH,DH

Gucose wlh_pheny hydhatine To oAm osalone

CHO HENNHGH= HGNNHGH

E=e-
CHOH GH5NHNH
CHOH4 0 -NH3
(CHOHVa
CH,OH CHOHg3 H
CH,OH CH,O
CHHJH
HCENN HGH
CENNHGHS
(CHOHJa
HH
o FAutosazone

CruLOSQUDne
Glucose and huTOSO Gives The Some OSGZOne
becouSO The 8eaULon Tokes pkOce C Cl Cnd C2.
onu

Page No,
 QTheg 8eauuons of 9ucoso CPAesehe
STAuuwel or a

-OCH3 LCO-CH
GutOsedCH3oH
tu H -C -OH
O H-C-0
Ho-C-H
HO-CFH
H COH
H
H C
H
HOH
CHOH
Shous he pkesence
and
anomeS ofing STuuu
GuosO does noT qive
seoT ulh Sodi Shufs
um bisulphi e OT
Shifts JOST Qnd
and doS O
PenTocOTu GuOse does hor
nor
and NH a
amine.This Shouws The eour
seaT wwith
wlh hyc
hudlo
and hence
he phesenco ahsence 7CHO QAoup
ot ing STRuTuue
sing
uc STLuue SRuTue
of
J-uLOSe qose
 Date
Saath)

eR
H-C-bDH H-CH HO-CH

H C-OPH H-C-0O H-C-O

HO-C-H O
HO-C-H HO-C-H O

H-C-OOH H-C-OH H-C-OH

H-C H-C-0-H H-C

CHOH Ha CHOH CHOH

Hawoh hepkesenToon o uose

CHOH
O
\H
H
HO
OH eH HO
OH H

rhan
OH H OH

O-D-t)-rLuLOpsarcR p-t-4lu Opyhanose

uc SThuyue of PhuTose
 Date
Saath
HO-C-CH01 CH,OH HOHC-C-o
Ho-C-H CEO
HO-CH
-C-OH O HO-C-H H C-o
H-C-OH H-C
CHOH H-C-o-H
CHOH
CHOH
HawONh s@pA@SerTOn on o udose
O
HOH O. CHOH

HuAan HOfoH
HOHC
-D--)-FsuTousanose
OH
H
HefcH,OH
OH H
p-D---PAuTQTukano Se
 Date/ SUDL

Lycosidic uinkage
TE oude inkage Jokmed by he oSS of war
The
mOlecuue when Tuo monosacchatidcs aue Toined
Togeihes Though 0ygen aTom s caued qLyOSidi
unkage.
Hmino auds
Hmino Cuds (onTains amino (-NH,) and casbo
(-COOH)Sunu on al 9koups.

R-CH-COOH
NH2
whese R=Any Side ChQun
HOST hQ uAalL oCCuking amino auds hauung
L-Lontiquson on.
CoOY
CoeH
HN-

pes amino auds=

PESsental amino auds

he aminO which Cannot be Syndhesised
Quds
di
un hebody and muST be ohTained Thiough
Oo noun as ESsenia amino Quds.
Eromple 7 Vaune, leuune
Page No.
 ami no auds n
on-essenial
e bod
sed un he bod,
The ami no Quds nThesi
hon- essenu al
amino auds
nown as
ne.
CZampLe Glyune, Alanu

uaes uon JoAm o aminco_auds

Amno auds behave i k SaUTS %aTkes hon

Than
Sumple amines o casboayic auds This
hehaviou us due O_phesence qf bolh Qudic
and basic qkOup un he Same molecuue T
OqueoS sottuu on JheCosbouqaOup Can
apholon and Cumno GKOupP an CCcep Lose
qive s e To adipolasuon
Qive a_pAOTo,
uonThis us neuKal buu enoun asTuta
LOnl ainS both
posiTve and hegouveChakcesS.
n Zuiuek uonicokpamino
Ompholeic behavioú aS auds Shou
boh Ihey eau
Quuid and base wuh
h
IsoeTLoníc
The
pOlnT
PH OT whiCh he
heuTka uon and dipokay uon
úon euSS SaS
eust
ole Uhod
ele Uhode Col does hOT
point hode ok mQsaie XO ecThes
anode us COuLed Cn
cauled usoe
oeteron
CPhonens
LOLenS ne he
me AS
POLme AS O1
o7 o-ami nco
o-aminO a ds
Qu
 They ue ome dTed To each oXhes by peplude
and moie
bord O pepttde_inkage A poLypepTude wwlh
hond mOlOCuU
Than hundha amino Qud Osidues, havung
han luDUv u us caued ap3OLi en.
mOSS hghes_

PepudoLinkage
Pepude unkage us an amiclo unkago fokm2C b
CondonSdu on beaau on b/w-CoOH oup o ne
m u n o auc
Omuno
a and-NH, gkoup Of anohes amio
oud

moy STsuuue qf pnOT enS 0

Said Jo behe
he Sequence oamino auds uS
pAm@ STAuU uhe o a_plot en
2Londay STudue of_photenS-
pouypestde
It sejeRS o The Shape un whch_Long
sThuTue.
chauin can eusto lo dfekent pes of

(aJ-Heb
wOS Given b unus Pauung un 9S1.
It i s T when R-qAOup uslasge
Kight handod SCAew uuh he NH gkOup of each
Omiro Qud hesidue H-bondoed 6-CO adracent
LUkn Q he Heuz
AlSo Enoun as 3:613 Heu Stnce each TuRn ot he
heuz has QppOimaieLy 6 amino Quds and a
13-membesed ng us Jomed by H-bonding

Page No.
 Saath
Date
Xhe pepude bOnds
boncds
o he pepuce
and N-H qAoup
I8ans TD each lhe%
22
(b-pleaTe Sheer SmOl
when R 9oup us Small
au_peptu de Chains
Chaus GMe
GAe
TeUSIS
In This onTokmOu on,
o u T To heasbyY ma mum eATen
9Tcche2d hed
and Then lajd side b side which Ae held
Ogelhes b y hydAcgen bong

leNuay STAuUUue qpAOueNs .

IsepÃesenTS The oveAauTOLding he polype
Chain i.e, Juhes Totduhg o e 2 STAuTue.

pas o bondiog which sabiuses he 3SAu

aDisuphide buidge S-S)
tb)H-Bondunq -CO---H-N)
LC) Sour bAdce ( CO0- - + N H
(d HycAophobi unlësOu OnS
(e)Van dek waauSoACQ
Tuo Shapes O_pAOuOns
ibAous PLoens
a)when The poL pepude
hald ogeheh b Chars 8un PaX aue
paßauel aac
Then bse -i kehckogen and diguuphide bon
(b)These pkouens ae Uuuue usTOAm@d
genehouly un
IcEOmpleS7 kehoun pAesert un Soluube
Soluube un
un w
myOSin pAe senTT un tn houk,
haik, us
uool siUk)a
musueS) sE
c.
 Date
Saathi

GLabuua psoT @ns

1QThis STAuuuse Aesuurs when Ihe chains o
DoAypeptide Qis asounc Toqive a Spheical
Shape
b h eSe ake uSuaLLY sOLuble un wOTeA.
C)Eample nSuun and ALbuminS

uoeknay SIAuT Ae of_phDuens

CSone q he compounes ae omposed o Juo
mOhe pOLypeptide chains BeTe3Aed To aS Sub-uniS
he SpOT a aAAangement ot hese SuburiS wilh
SeSpeu To eauh ohe us Enown as&uaieknay
SAbuUu8e PSotTenS

Nuuecauds oA PokynULeudeS
QJLong Chouin poym@AS nudeous.
blNueOudes a joined by phaSphodiesTe Linkage
berween Sand 3 C OomS of apenTose 5uga

Tpes oNuuiec auids

DNA
(Q T has a double STAanded - Heuz STAuTUue un
whichTuo shands ae Loiled Sp&ally un OppoSite
dukeUiONS
DSuG phesenT un B-D-2-peoyubose
(CBoseS
0PLne bases:Acdeni ne (H) and uanine (Gl
Pyl m dine basesThymine (T ad uy bosine (C)

Page No.
 Date
Saath
CLT OCCs mainy un he nuleUS f ceu
(e T us ReSpon Si bieo ansmi SSi on Jos
Jo heer
heAed
chahau

RNA:
(a)I has aSingLe STLanded -Heur sTAUuTue
(b)Suga)_phesenT USs B-D-ibose,
CBases,
Puuune basesAdenine LA) CndGuanine.G
Pydimine bases : Usauil (U) ad Toine CC)
Id oCCuAs maunu un The yAOpiaS m o
(e)T help un pAOu en sunlhesiS
PoubLe heu SAhuTue of DNA-
(OT us LOmposecOf TwO ighT banded heuCa
poLy nuLeoude ChanscoiucdSpisau un oppo SLLe
dise ons hound Ihe SCurne cenTja aus
(b)Tuo SI,a0ds e Gru-pasaLe i.e hes
aos
phoSphodiesis nkoge 8uns un OPpO
opposT
Sie dike
dixe

IC)BaseS fan 0ue slacked unside Theheuz un plane

peApendicuu 0 he heu ca aus.

(d)TwO
( d SIhands a held TogeIheR b, H-bonds