THERMOCHEMISTRY Part2 Heat and Work Flow

Republic of the Philippines
MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Tanza, Boac, Marinduque
Lecture Course Material

NASC 1 - Chemistry for Engineers
1st Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
THERMOCHEMISTRY
Part II –Heat and Work Flow
From the Fundamentals, we learned about the different Thermodynamic Systems as well as some
fundamental concepts regarding Thermochemistry. This part will tackle the applications of those concepts and relate
it to the flow of energy. To start, the following defines the general tendencies of thermodynamic systems.
Systems tend toward a state of:

1. Minimum Potential Energy
Examples include:
Ball rolling down a hill
Water droplet flowing down a slope
Objects falling due to gravity
Notice that the decrease in potential energy is brought about by a decrease in height
PE = mgh
ΔPE = mgΔh = mg(hf – hi)
2. Maximum Disorder
Examples include
Perfume disperses in a room when its container is left open
Shattered glass does not reform
Ink disperses when dropped into water
In essence, there is always change in energy among thermodynamic systems. This is characterized by the
flow of heat and work. Energy changes can be caused by two things:
1. Heat (q) gain and loss; and
2. Work (w) being done by or on the system
This can be mathematically expressed as

ΔE (internal energy) = q (heat) + w (work)
This table summarizes the effect of energy changes in thermodynamic systems
q (heat) + w (work) = ΔE of system

+ (gained) + (done on) + (increased)
+ (gained) - (done by) q and w dependent
- (lost) + (done on) q and w dependent
- (lost) - (done by) - (decreased)
Take note of the sign conventions used in this table. When energy is transferred to the system, we use (+).
And when energy is released from the system, we use (-).
Examples:
1. A pot of water
To boil water, we need to add more heat; and by adding heat, we increase the internal
energy of the system. Therefore, we use (+) to represent the heat input from to stove to the
water in the pot.
In contrast, when we let the water cool down, heat is constantly being released to the
surroundings. We use (-) to represent this release of heat from the given system
2. Car piston
When a car engine burns gasoline, it releases carbon dioxide (CO 2), water vapor
(H2O), and heat. The released heat from combustion causes said gases to expand and therefore
moving the piston. In this example, (1) heat is released by the system following combustion
and (2) work is also done by the system as it moves the piston.
Since heat is released and work is done by the system, we use (-) for both.
For this part, we’ll focus more on heat flow (q), which is mathematically represented as:
q = mCΔT
where:
m = mass of the species/object
C = specific heat of the species
ΔT = change in temperature of the system
We can classify heat flow into two:

1. Endothermic Process
Here, heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings
q > 0 , +q
Example: ice melts in room temperature by absorbing heat
2. Exothermic Process
Here, heat is released by the system to the surroundings
q < 0 , -q
Example: hot water cools down in room temperature while it releases heat
Guide Questions and Sample Problems
1. Does it always apply that a decrease in potential energy is accompanied by an increase in kinetic energy?
How do these two types of energy differ from one another?
2. How does a piston generate work? Give an instance where work is applied to a piston.
3. An engine burns gasoline to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), and heat. The expanding
gases push the piston outwards and generate 350 J of work while 325 J of heat is removed by the car’s
cooling system. Calculate the change in energy of the given system.
4. Approximately 100 g of water cools down from 90°C to 25°C. Determine the amount of heat released by
the system.
Cp of water = 4.18 J/g°C
5. The same engine from #3 uses 1 kg of water at standard temperature in its cooling system. Determine the
final temperature of the water after cooling the engine which released 1250 J of heat.

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Republic of the Philippines

MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE

Lecture Course Material

Systems tend toward a state of:

This can be mathematically expressed as

This table summarizes the effect of energy changes in thermodynamic systems

q (heat) + w (work) = ΔE of system

We can classify heat flow into two:

Guide Questions and Sample Problems

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