New Era University – Virtual Learning Environment

College of Engineering & Technology

PHYSICS 221
Specific and Latent
Heat

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SPECIFIC AND LATENT HEAT

Course Objectives:
At the end of the meeting, the student should be
able to:

1. Distinguish between heat, internal energy & work;

2. Recognize which material is thermally insensitive to
the addition of energy;
3. Determine by calculation the specific heat of two
different metals by calorimetry;
4. Identify various phase changes of a substance and
the amount of energy absorbed/released as a result
of phase change.

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 HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη, therme,

● Brief History
meaning "heat" and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning
● Laws of Thermodynamics
"power") is a branch of physics that studies the effects ● Thermodynamics System
of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume ● Internal Energy, Heat & Work
on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by ● Units of Heat
analyzing the collective motion of their particles using ● Specific Heat
statistics. It deals with the energy and work of a ● Latent Heat
system. ● Assessment

Heat means "energy in transit" and dynamics relates

to "movement"; thus, in essence thermodynamics :

studies the movement of energy and how energy

instils movement.
Typical thermodynamic system - heat moves from hot
(boiler) to cold (condenser), (both not shown) and work
is extracted, in this case by a series of pistons.

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 HISTORY OF THERMODYNAMICS

A brief history of thermodynamics begins with Otto von

Guericke who in 1650 built and designed the world's first
vacuum pump and created the world's first ever vacuum
(known as the Magdeburg hemispheres).
He was driven to make a vacuum in order to disprove
Aristotle's long-held supposition that 'nature abhors a
vacuum'. Shortly thereafter, Irish physicist and chemist
Robert Boyle had learned of Guericke's designs and in
1656, in coordination with English scientist Robert Hooke,
built an air pump.
Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed the pressure-
temperature-volume correlation. In time, Boyle's Law was
formulated, which states that pressure and volume are
inversely proportional. Then, in 1679, based on these
concepts, an associate of Boyle's named Denis Papin built
a bone digester, which was a closed vessel with a tightly
fitting lid that confined steam until a high pressure was
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 HISTORY OF THERMODYNAMICS

Sadi Carnot, the "father of

thermodynamics", published in 1824
Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, a
discourse on heat, power, and engine
efficiency.
The paper outlined the basic energetic
relations between the Carnot engine, the
Carnot cycle, and Motive power. This
marks the start of thermodynamics as a
modern science.

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 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

Zeroth Law: Thermodynamic Equilibrium &

Temperature
The zeroth law of thermodynamics involves some
simple definitions of thermodynamic equilibrium.

“If two thermodynamic systems are each in

thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.”

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 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

First Law: Work Heat & Energy

“The increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of
energy added by heating the system, minus the amount lost as a result of
the work done by the system on its surroundings.”
-A System’s internal energy can be changed by an energy transfer to or
from the system either by heat or by work.
-A statement of conservation of energy.
The first law of thermodynamics relates the various forms of kinetic and potential
energy in a system to the work which a system can perform and to the transfer of
heat. This law is sometimes taken as the definition of internal energy, and
introduces an additional state variable, enthalpy. The first law of thermodynamics
allows for many possible states of a system to exist. But experience indicates that
only certain states occur. This leads to the second law of thermodynamics and the
definition of another state variable called entropy.

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 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
First Law: Work Heat & Energy

The first law of thermodynamics basically states that a thermodynamic system can
store or hold energy and that this internal energy is conserved. Heat is a process by
which energy is added to a system from a high-temperature source, or lost to a low-
temperature sink. In addition, energy may be lost by the system when it does
mechanical work on its surroundings, or conversely, it may gain energy as a result of
work done on it by its surroundings. The first law states that this energy is conserved:
The change in the internal energy is equal to the amount added by heating minus the
amount lost by doing work on the environment. The first law can be stated
mathematically as:

where dU is a small increase in the internal energy of the system, δQ is a small amount
of heat added to the system, and δW is a small amount of work done by the system. As
an analogy, if heat were money, then we could say that any change in our savings (dU)
is equal to the money we put in (δQ) minus the money we spend (δw).

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 THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM

Important concept in thermodynamics is the

“system”. Everything in the universe except the
system is known as surroundings. A system is the
region of the universe under study.

A system is separated from the remainder of the

universe by a boundary which may be imaginary or
not, but which by convention delimits a finite volume.
The possible exchanges of work, heat, or matter
between the system and the surroundings take place
across this boundary. Boundaries are of four types:
fixed, moveable, real, and imaginary.

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LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

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 INTERNAL ENERGY

Energy associated with the system’s

microscopic components. This includes
kinetic energy of random translational,
rotational and vibrational motion of
molecules, potential energy within
molecules, and potential energy
between molecules

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 WORK

The work done on the system is the

measure of the amount of energy
transferred to the system from its
surroundings

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 HEAT

Transfer of energy across the boundary of a system

due to temperature different between the System and
its Surroundings. In physics, heat, symbolized by Q,
is energy transferred from one body or system to
another due to a difference in temperature

In thermodynamics, the quantity TdS is used as a

representative measure of heat, which is the absolute
temperature of an object multiplied by the differential
quantity of a system's entropy measured at the
boundary of the object. Heat can flow spontaneously
from an object with a high temperature to an object
with a lower temperature.

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 MECHANICAL ENERGY

The mechanical energy of the system

(kinetic & potential energy), is the
consequence of motion and
configuration of the system

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 UNITS OF HEAT

-Heat, work & energy are measured in Joules

-We also have calorie – a unit related to thermal process

Calorie - Amount of energy necessary to raise temperature of

H20 1°C
1cal = 4.186 Joules
BTU – amount of energy to raise 1lb of H20, 1°F

1 Joule = 9.48x10-4 Btu

Btu = 252 cal = 1.054 x 10 3 Joules

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 SPECIFIC HEAT

A measure on how thermally insensitive a substance is

to the addition of energy is called specific heat or c.
The greater the c, the more energy must be added to
a given mass of the material to cause a temperature
change. Q=mc∆T
c = c/m where c = Heat capacity m = mass

When T increases Q is +, Tf > Ti => Heat is taken IN

When T decreases Q is -, Tf < Ti => Heat is taken OUT
When 2 systems exchanged energy,
Qgained = - Qlost

mc (Tf -Ti) = mc (Ti-Tf)*

•For system that losses energy, express ∆T as Ti-Tf
to avoid (-) sign
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 SPECIFIC HEAT OF SUBSTANCES

Substance Specific Heat

J/kg·°C cal/g·°C
Water 4186 1.000
Alcohol 2400 0.580
Ice 2090 0.500
Steam 2010 0.480
Wood 1700 0.410
Aluminum 900 0.215
Marble 860 0.210
Glass 837 0.200
Iron 448 0.107
Copper 387 0.0924
Silver 234 0.056
Mercury 140 0.033
Gold 129 0.0308

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 SPECIFIC HEAT

Example:

1.) How much heat must be added to 3kg of H20 to raise its
temperature from 20°C to 80 °C?
Mw = 3kg
Q=mc∆T
T1 = 20°C *Temperature
Increases Solution:
T2 = 80 °C
C = 4.186 J/kg °C Q = (3kg) (4.186 J/kg °C) (60 °C)

Q = 753.48 Joules

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 SPECIFIC HEAT

Example:

2.) From a 50lbs block of ice initially at 25°F, 200 BTU of heat is
removed. What is the final temperature?
(ice = 0.5 BTU/1lb°F) Q=mc∆T ∆T= Q/mc
*Temp. decreases = Tf < Ti

Given: Solution:

Mw = 50lbs
∆T= 200 BTU / (50lbs) (0.5 BTU/1lb°F)
Ti = 25°F
∆T = 8 °F
Q = 200 BTU
∆T = Ti – Tf
Tf = ?
Tf = Ti - ∆T = 25 °F - 8 °F

Tf = 17 °F
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SPECIFIC HEAT QHOT(losses) ~ QCold(gains)
Example:
3.) A glass beaker has a mass of 150g and a heat capacity of 0.2 cal/g°c. After
400g of H20 is poured into the beaker, the system is allowed to reach room
temp. (20 °C). Next 300g of Ethyl alcohol at 70 °c is poured into the beaker
water-alcohol system. What will be the final temperature of the mixture?
cw = 1 cal/g °C
Given:
Me = 300g
QLOST = QGAINED
Mb = 150g
Mw = 400g (mc∆T)AL = (mc∆T)w + (mc∆T)b
Cb = 0.2 cal/g°c
Tw = Tb = 20°c
(300g) (0.58cal/g °C) (70 °C-Tmix)=(400g) (1cal/g °C)
Te = 70 °c
Tf = ? (Tmix - 20°C)+ (150g) (0.2cal/kg °C) (Tmix - 20°C)

Tmix = 34.4°C

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 LATENT HEAT
Heat absorbed or released as the result of a phase change is
called latent heat. There is no temperature change during a phase
change, thus there is no change in the kinetic energy of the
particles in the material. The energy released comes from the
potential energy stored in the bonds between the particles.
•exothermic (warming processes)
ocondensation( warmer in the shower, steam radiators)
ofreezing (orange growers use ice to stop oranges from freezing)
odeposition (snowy days are warmer than clear days in the
winter )
•endothermic (cooling processes)
oevaporation / boiling (sweat, alcohol is "cool" )
omelting (melting ice in drinks)
osublimation (cooling with dry ice) Q= mL+
-

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3 BASIC TYPES OF LATENT HEAT

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Water 0°C 100°C 334 2501

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LATENT HEAT QHOT(losses) ~ QCold(gains), L V , L F
Example:
4.) How much energy is required to change 40.0 g of ice cube from ice at -10.0 to steam
at 110.0°C?

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 Solution:
To determine the total energy absorbed by 40.0 g of ice at -
10.0°C to steam at 110.0 °C, we have to calculate the energy in
each stage from A to E.
Stage A (there is a change in temp form ):
QA =mc ΔT= 40.0g (0.5 cal/g°C) [0-(-10) °C] = 200 cal
Stage B(undergoes phase change from solid to liquid):
QB =mLf =40.0g (80 cal/g) = 3,200 cal
Stage C (there is a change in temp from 0°C to 100°C):
QC =mc ΔT=40.0g (1 cal/g°C)(100-0°C) = 4,000 cal
Stage D(undergoes phase change from liquid to steam):
QD =mLv =40.0g (540 cal/g) = 21,600 cal
Stage E (there is a change in temp from 100°C to 110°C):
QE =mc ΔT=40.0g (0.48 cal/g°C)(110-100°C) = 192 cal
Finally, QT = QA + QB + QC + QD + QE
= 200 cal + 3,200 cal + 4,000 cal + 21,600 cal + 192 cal
QT = 29, 192 cal = 1.22 x 105 J (total energy required to change
40.0 g of ice cube from ice at -10.0 to steam at 110.0°C)
REFERENCES
 Physics, By Cutnell J., 7th ed, 2007, pp 371- 380
 Physics for Scientist and Engrs. By Serway & Jewett, 6th ed. pp.
605-614
 Physics for Scientist& Engrs. By Paul Tipler. pp. 566-574
 Schaum’s Outlines Applied Physics 4th ed. By Arthur Beiser pp.
213-232

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