SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Physics 1
Quarter 1 Week 1 Module 4
Forces and Newton’s Laws

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General Physics 1 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Forces and Newton’s Laws
Second Edition, 2021

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Mrs. JANNIS MAY V. ANTOLIJAO – Master Teacher I, APAS National High School

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 What I Need to Know
We are all subject to Newton’s laws of motion, whether we know it or not. In
this module you will learn the laws of Newton and show how can it be applied to
everyday situations. Using them, we go beyond the description of motion, as in
kinematics, to a study of the causes of motion referred as dynamics.
We extend our discussion of Newton’s laws by introducing types of forces,
we begin by considering the forces between two surfaces, as we shall see, the force of
friction is different depending on whether the surfaces are in static contact or are
moving relative to one another.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• identify Newton’s laws of motion in daily life situations
• define inertial reference frame
• identify action-reaction pairs
• identify the types of forces
• draw free body diagrams
• differentiate the properties of static and kinetic friction

What I Know
Directions: Carefully read each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use a separate sheet of paper.
1. What do we call the study of the causes of motion?
A. acoustics B. dynamics C. kinematics D. optics
2. What can be inferred about the law of inertia inside an accelerating jeepney? The
law of inertia _____________________ an inertial frame of reference.
A. can be used because the jeepney is
B. cannot be used because the jeepney is
C. can be used because the jeepney is not
D. cannot be used because the jeepney is not
3. How much is the force required to maintain a body at constant velocity in free
space? It is equal to ________________.
A. zero C. the mass of the body
B. the force required to stop it D. weight of the object
4. Which of the following is referred to as the tendency of an object to resist change
in motion?
A. balance B. force C. inertia D. mass
5. What happens to the nail when a hammer strikes it according to the third law of
motion? The nail _________________.
A. moves at a constant speed C. creates a friction with the hammer
B. disappears into the hammer D. exerts an equal force back to the hammer
6. Which is TRUE about the acceleration of an object? Acceleration of an object__.
A. decreases as the mass of an object increases
B. decreases as the mass of an object decreases
C. increases as the force on the object is constant
D. none of the above
7. What is the mass of an object when a force of 34 N accelerates it at a rate of
4 m/s2?
A. 0.12 kg B. 8.5 kg C. 38.0 kg D. 136 kg
8. How much force is needed to accelerate a 70 kg rider and her 200 kg motor scooter
at 4 m/s2?
A. 270 N B. 280 N C. 800 N D. 1,080 N

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9. When you hit the bamboo pole, you get hurt as the bamboo pole hits you back.
Which law of motion is evident?
A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Interaction
B. Law of Acceleration D. Law of Universal Gravitation
10. Which is referred to as the force when two objects attract each other by virtue of
their masses?
A. electrical B. frictional C. gravitational D. magnetic
11. Which is referred to as the push or pull that alters the motion of a moving body?
A. acceleration B. force C. inertia D. motion
12. Which of the following Free Body Diagram shows an object falling to the ground?
(Consider air resistance)

A. B. C. D.
13. Which of the following unit of force is equal to a Newton?
A. kg B. m/s2 C. kg.m/ s2 D. kg. /m.s
14. Which force pulls an object towards the surface of the earth?
A. friction B. gravity C. normal D. tension
15. Which is referred to as the force exerted on an object that is always perpendicular
to the surface?
A. frictional B. gravitational C. normal D. tension
Lesson 1 Newton’s Laws of Motion

What’s In
Describing motion may differ from every observer’s perspective. A certain object
may be far from you but near to someone’s perspective. Dealing with relative motion
comes with defining the frame of reference which means the established point or a
set-up basis for describing motion.
Relative motion in one direction in one dimension means movement of object
vertically or horizontally. It has two possible directions; vertically moving objects have
directions either up or down (north or south) and horizontally moving objects have
directions either left or right (east of west).
Relative motion of two-dimension involves the movement of objects that do not
have the same line of action. This means that they are neither moving in the same
directions nor moving in opposite directions.

What’s New
Read the statements below. Determine which laws of motion it describes. Write
your answer on a separate sheet.
1. A school bus comes to a sudden stop, and all the backpacks on the floor start to
slide forward. _______________________________________________________
2. If you push an empty grocery cart with the same force as you push one that is filled
with groceries. ___________________________________________
3. The hammer exerts a force on the nail and the nail exerts a force back on the
hammer. _____________________________________________________

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 What’s Is It
Dynamics – the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of bodies under the
action of forces.
Inertial reference frame – a set of time-space coordinate system that is stationary
or with constant velocity. It is a frame of reference that is not accelerating.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
1. Newton’s First Law - Law of Inertia
An object at rest remains at rest, an object in motion continues in motion
with constant velocity (that is constant speed in a straight line) unless the object
experiences a net external force.
Inertia – resistance of an object to change its state of motion. Mass - the quantity of
matter.
Example 1.1 Which is more difficult to move from rest – a truck or bicycle?

Figure1. 1 Figure 1.2

Figure1. 1 Figure 1.2
It is the truck because it has greater mass than the bicycle. Note that the greater the
mass of an object, the greater is its tendency to maintain its state of motion. Mass is
the measure of the inertia of an object.
Example 1.2. Why do passengers in a vehicle move backward when the vehicle
suddenly moves forward (from being stationary)? Why do passengers move forward
when it suddenly brakes or stops?

Figure 1.3. Starting from rest, the vehicle Figure 1.4. A vehicle initially moving to the left
accelerates forward. The passenger remains at suddenly stops. The passenger keeps on
rest relative to Earth. moving relative to Earth.
When a stationary blue bus suddenly starts to move, it accelerates forward. By the
law of inertia, the passengers tend to retain their state of being at rest. But because
they are standing on the bus, the friction on the floor pulls them forward, making
them look like they are moving backward. Likewise, when the orange moving bus
suddenly stops, its acceleration is directed backward. The passengers tend to retain
their state of being in motion, so they tend to move forward.
The passengers tend to move in the direction opposite to the bus’ acceleration.
Likewise, when a bus is rounding a curve, the passengers tend to move “out of the
circle,” opposite to the direction of the centripetal acceleration.
For the observer inside the bus, this phenomenon may look odd. There is no net force
acting on the passengers, yet they move forward or backward. When the bus is
accelerating (speeds up or slows down), it is not a suitable frame of reference for
Newton’s first law. A frame of reference in which Newton’s first law is valid is called
an inertial frame of reference. The surface of the Earth is approximately an inertial
frame of reference. Any frame of reference that moves at constant velocity with respect
to another frame of reference is also an inertial frame.

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Thus, when the bus is accelerating, it is not an inertial frame of reference. If you are
a passenger inside the bus, you cannot use the law of inertia. However, when it is
moving with constant velocity relative to Earth, it is an inertial frame of reference.
2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion - Law of Acceleration
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net external force
acting on the object and inversely proportional to the object’s mass.
where; a = ∑F
a = acceleration (m/s2) m
F = Force (N)
m = mass (kg)
An object’s acceleration is equal to the net force acting on it divided by its mass. If
only a single force acts on an object, its acceleration is found to be in the same
direction as the force. If more than one force acts on an object, experiments show
that acceleration is in the direction of the vector sum of the forces. Thus, forces are
indeed vectors which was discussed in module 1. The total force on the object is the
sum of these individual forces, Ftotal = ∑F. It tells us how an object will move when
acted on by force or by a collection of forces. This law is our link between force and
motion.
In Figure 2.1 When several forces act
on an object, the vector sum of ∑F = ma these forces ∑F
determines the acceleration according to Newton’s second
law. The acceleration is directly proportional to ∑F.

Figure 2.1
In SI system od units, force is measured in units called newtons (N). Mass is in
kilograms, while acceleration has units of meters pers second squared.
Force = mass x acceleration
Newtons = kg x m / s2
The value of the newton as a unit of force is therefore
1 N = 1 kg. m/s2
Example 2.1. Using Newton’s Second Law
A single force of magnitude 6.0 N acts on a stone of mass 1.1 kg. Find the
acceleration of the stone.
Solution
The force on the stone and its acceleration are related through Newton’s second law,
a = ∑F
m
where ∑F s the total force on the stone, of magnitude of 6.0 N as given. We begin by
drawing a picture, showing all the forces acting on the stone. Since there is only a
single force in the example, it is also the total force. Using Newton’s second law, the
magnitude of the acceleration and force are related by
a = ∑F = 6.0 N = 6.0 kg x m/s2 = 5.5 m/s 2

m 1.1 kg 1.1 kg

In Figure 2.2 The direction of the

stone’s acceleration is parallel to that of the total force,
so, the direction of Force gives the direction of acceleration.
Figure 2.2 Force of a stone
3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion - Law of Interaction
If two objects interact, the magnitude of force exerted on object 1 by object 2
is equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object 2 by object 1,
and these two forces are opposite in direction. For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.

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When two objects interact with one another, the forces they mutually exert on each
are called an action-reaction pair.
The force that object 1 exert on object 2 is sometimes called action force, while
the force that object 2 exerts on object 1 is called the reaction force.
The action force is equal in magnitude and opposite direction to the reaction
force and must act on different objects. In physics, the reaction force occurs at the
same time as the action force.
Example 3.1. Action-Reaction
A person pushes a refrigerator across the floor of a room. The person exerts a
force F1 on the refrigerator. From Newton’s third law, we know that F 1 is part of an
action-reaction pair of forces. What is the reaction force of F1?
Solution
The force on the refrigerator (F1) is caused by an action of the person on the
refrigerator. According to Newton’s third law, the reaction force must be equal in
magnitude to F1 but in opposite direction. The reaction force must also act on a
different object (it cannot act on the refrigerator) So, F2 = -F1.
man and

Figure 3.2 Shows a Force diagram

Figure 3.1 Shows an action-reaction pair of

Forces of the man and the refrigerator

Figure 3.3 Shows a free body diagram

What’s More
“Newton’s Law of Motion in Daily Life Situations”.
Read each statement below and identify which law of motion it applies. Write
INERTIA, ACCELERATION, and INTERACTION respectively on your answer sheet.
________________1. A rider on a running horse is thrown forward when the horse stops
suddenly.
________________2. When a blanket is given a sudden jerk, the dust particles fall off.
________________3. A shark closing on its prey.
________________4. The boxer’s fist can only exert as much force on the tissue paper
as the tissue paper can exert on the fist.
________________5. When the bat hits the ball, the ball hits the bat.
________________6. A motorcycle revving up to the finish line.
________________7. An elevator begins its lift to the 9th floor.
________________8. When the bus suddenly starts, the passengers sitting or standing
in the bus tend to fall backward.
________________9. It is easier to push an empty shopping cart than a full one.
_______________10. When a person jumps out of a moving jeepney he falls forward.

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 What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete the statements below by supplying the correct word/s. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Law of Acceleration
The ________________ of an object is ____________________ to the net external
force acting on the object and _____________________to the object’s mass.
Law of Inertia
An object at rest remains at ________, an object in ________ continues in motion
with ______________ (that is constant speed in a straight line) unless the object
experiences a net external force.
Law of Interaction
If _______ objects interact, the magnitude of force exerted on object 1 by object
2 is ________ to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object 2 by
object 1, and these two forces are ____________ in direction.

Demonstration 1: Inertia
Purpose: To develop kinesthetic sense of inertia.
Procedure: Hold a book upright between your hand, palm facing inward.
Move the book side to side (oscillating a distance of 30 cm) at a regular time interval
for 20 seconds. Note the effort involved in changing the motion of the book. Repeat
the demonstration with the sheet of paper, noting the much smaller effort required.
Which has lesser inertia? The paper or book?
Demonstration 2: Acceleration
Purpose: Show that force applied to an object to provide a given acceleration
is proportional to the object’s mass.
Procedure: Get your school bag. Place it on top of the table or on the floor.
With a great amount of force push your bag away. Repeat the demonstration when
your bag is empty. Note the acceleration of the bag when it was empty and not.
Which accelerated more? The empty bag or not?
Demonstration 3: Interaction
Purpose: Show the action-reaction forces equal in magnitude with opposite
direction results from the interaction of two objects.
Procedure: Locate the inner fold of your arm (either left or right arm). With
your free hand, use the three fingers to hit the inner fold of that other arm. Apply
gradually an amount of force with your three fingers and hit
it until redness appears. Then stop. (Do not overdo this activity) What does the
redness indicate?
Lesson 2 The Force of Friction
What’s In
Inertial reference frame is a set of time-space coordinate system that is
stationary or with constant velocity. It is a frame of reference that is not accelerating.
Free-Body Diagram is a construct of simplified diagram showing all forces
acting on each object involved in the problem.
Isaac Newton’s Laws of Motion. First, the law of inertia which states that, an
object at rest remains at rest, an object in motion continues in motion with constant
velocity (that is constant speed in a straight line) unless the object experiences a net
external force. Second, the law of acceleration which states that, the acceleration of
an object is directly proportional to the net external force acting on the object and

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inversely proportional to the object’s mass. Lastly, the law of interaction which states
that, if two objects interact, the magnitude of force exerted on object 1 by object 2 is
equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object 2 by object 1,
and these tow forces are opposite in direction.

What’s New
Read and follow the instructions in the activity below.

Use a toy the car and a book to model a car

colliding with a wall. Observe the motion of the car
before and after the crash. Identify as many
changes as you can, such as speed, direction, etc.
A. Make a list of all the changes and try to identify
the forces that caused them.
B. Copy the illustration and draw the free body
diagram showing the forces present. Figure 4. A car colliding with the wall

What Is It
Force - a push or a pull exerted on some objects. It can change the objects’
velocity. It can cause stationary objects to move. It can cause moving objects to stop.
It can also change moving objects to change direction which involve change in velocity
an acceleration.
The unit of force is newton, named after Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), whose
work contributed much to the modern understanding of force and motion. The
newton (N) is defined as the amount of force that, when acting on a 1 kg mass,
produced an acceleration of 1 m/s2. Therefore, 1 N = 1 kg x 1 m/s2.
Classification of Forces
1. Contact Forces- occurs when the bodies interacting is touching each other.
A. Normal force (Fn) – exerted on an object by a surface which it is in contact with.
The word “normal” means that its direction is always perpendicular to the surface
B. Tension force (FT) or (T)– a stretching force exerted along the length of a material
Ex. Force on a string
C. Frictional Force (Ff)– acts parallel to the surface opposite to the direction of motion
of the body.
2. Noncontact Forces (at a distance/field force) -long-range forces that can act even
if the bodies are separated by an empty space.
A. Gravitational force – attractive force between two objects with mass.
Force F = m a ; N = kg x m/s2 Weight W = m g: N = kg x m/s2
B. Nuclear force – force present inside the nucleus of an atom
C. Electrical force – attraction or repulsion between electrical charges
D. Magnetic force – attraction or repulsion between magnetic fields

Force is a vector quantity because the effect of a force depends on its magnitude
and direction. Diagrams that show force vectors as arrows are called force diagrams.
All forces are drawn as if they act on that point, no matter where the force applied.
Net external force – on an object the total force resulting from a combination of
external forces sometimes called the resultant force.
Free-Body Diagrams – used to analyze only the forces affecting the motion of a
single object. They are constructed and analyzed just like other vector diagrams

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which helps in identifying the components and resultant forces. It isolates an object
and forces acting on it.

Steps for drawing a Free-Body Diagram (FBD)

1. Determine the known and unknown forces. Draw or sketch the situation.
2. Consider only one object (at a time) and draw a free-body diagram for that object.
Include any unknown forces that you have to solve for. Do not show any forces that
the chosen object exerts on other objects. Draw the arrow for each force vector
reasonably accurately for direction and magnitude. Label each force including forces
you must solve for, as to its source (gravity, person, friction, and so on.)
3.If several objects are involved, draw a free – body diagram for each object separately,
showing all forces acting on that object (and only forces acting on that object). For
each and every force, you must be clear about on what object that force acts, and by
what object that force is exerted. Only forces acting on a given object can be included
in that object.
4. It is important to resolve vectors into components. Choose x and y axes in a way
that simplifies the calculation.
5. Solve the equation or equations for the unknowns.

Forces Acting on a Body in Equilibrium and its Free-Body Diagram

A body is in state of equilibrium when it is at rest or moving with a constant velocity.
By the Newton’s law of inertia, the net force acts on it must be zero. That is, for a
body to be in a state of equilibrium, the vector sum of all the forces that act on it
must be zero.
∑F=0
Thus, for a body to be in a state of equilibrium, the summation of forces in each
component must also be zero. This is sometimes called the first condition for
equilibrium.
∑ F x = 0 and ∑ F y = 0

Example Problem 1.
A box with a weight of 1 Newton rests on a table. Find the normal force that the
table exerts on the apple.

Given: Unknown: Answer:

Weight (W) = 1 Newton Normal force (Fn) =? Fn = 1 N
Drawing/sketch FBD
y

The box is in a state of equilibrium

(net force = zero), use the first condition
For equilibrium in the y-axis. x
So, the normal force has magnitude of
1 N and directed upward.
Where: Fn = normal force
Fg = gravitational force
Solution:
∑Fy=0
Fn + W = 0
Fn – W = 0
Fn = W
Fn = 1 N
In this solution, take note of how the series of equations was transformed from
vectors to magnitudes only.

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 Example Problem 2.
A man pulls a 100N box using a rope oriented at an angle of 30° with the
horizontal force on the rough floor that exert 8-N frictional force on the box. Find (a)
the tension force in the rope and (b) the normal force that the floor exerts on the box.

Given: Unknown: Answer:

Weight of the box = 100 N a. Tension of the rope (T) =? a. FT = 9.24 N
Angle = 30° b. normal force (Fn) =? b. Fn = 9.38 N
Frictional force (Ff) = 8 N

Drawing/sketch FBD

a. Recall the previous lesson of

y
module 1 in getting the
components of the vector).
Notice that the tension has two
x
components with magnitudes
Tx = T cos 30° and Ty = T sin
30°. Use the condition for
Where: FT = Tension force
Fn = normal force equilibrium in the x-axis.
W = weight (mass x gravity)
)
Ff = frictional force

Solution a. ∑Fx=0
Tx + Ff = 0 FT = Ff = 8 N = 9.24 N
T cos 30° - Ff = 0 cos 30° 0.8660
T cos 30° - Ff + Ff = Ff
T cos 30° = Ff
cos 30° cos 30°

b. To find the normal force, use the condition for equilibrium in the y-axis.
∑Fy=0
Fn + Ty + W = 0 The normal force is less than the
Fn + T sin 30° - W = 0 weight of the box. This is due to the
Fn + T sin 30 - W + W = W magnitude of the weight of the box
Fn + T sin 30 - T sin 30 = W - T sin 30 being equal to the sum of the y
Fn = W - T sin 30 component of the tension and
Fn = 100 N - (9.24 N) (0.5) normal force.
Fn = 95.38 N

The Force of Friction

Static Friction – the resistive force that opposes the relative motion of two
contacting surfaces that are at rest with respect to one another. Examples are a box

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resting on the ground, your books on the table, your backside against the chair, desk
not moving, standing still, pencil on the table, car parked on a steep hill.
Kinetic Friction – the resistive force that opposes the relative motion of two
contacting surfaces that are moving past one another with a finite relative speed.
Examples are rubbing both hands together to create heat, a washing machine pushed
along a floor, an iron being pushed across the dress, the frame and the edge of door
sliding against one another, the bottom of a trashcan sliding against the concrete.
against the concrete

Conceptual Checkpoint: FRICTION FOR ROLLING TIRES

A car drives with its tires rolling freely. Is friction between the tires and the road
(a) static or (b) kinetic?
Reasoning and Discussion
A reasonable sound answer is that because the car is moving, the friction
between its tires and the road must be kinetic friction -but this is not the case.
Actually, the friction is static because the bottom of the tire is in static contact
with the road. To understand this, watch your feet as you walk. Even though you are
moving, each foot is in static contact with the ground once you step down on it.
Your foot does not move again until you lift it up and move it forward for the next
step. A tire can be thought of as a succession of feet arranged in circle, each of which
is momentarily in static contact with the ground.
Answer: (b) The friction between the tires and the road is static friction.

The only way to achieve kinetic friction with a wheel or tire is if the same point of tire
was locked in contact with the ground as a car kept moving. Then the tire would be
skidding and leaving black marks of rubber. This is the tire SLIDING (kinetic friction)
across the ground instead of ROLLING (static friction).
Static = point moves as ground moves with it (means tire rolls). Point in contact has
no velocity. Kinetic = point locks and skids against ground having velocity
Source: Walker, James S. “Physics 4th Edition”. Pearson Education, Inc.2010.page 155-156

Friction opposes the applied force

The force of static friction is always equal to and opposite in direction to the
component of applied force that is parallel to the surface (Fs = -Fapplied). As the applied
force increases, the force of static friction also increases and vice versa. When the
applied force is as great as it can be without causing the object to move, the force of
static friction reaches its maximum value, Fs, max.
Kinetic Friction is less than static friction
When an applied force exceeds Fs,max, the object begins to move with an
acceleration to the same direction as the force, there is still a frictional force acting
on the object as it moves, but that force is less than Fs,max. this retarding frictional
force is known as kinetic friction (Fk). The net force is equal to the difference between
the applied force and the force of kinetic friction.
Mathematically, Fnet = (Fapp – Fk)

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Force of Friction is proportional to the normal force
The magnitude of the force of friction is proportional to the magnitude of the
normal force exerted on an object by a surface. Greater normal force results to greater
friction.
Friction depends on the surfaces in contact
The direct relationship between normal force and the force of friction is a good
approximation of the friction between dry, flat surfaces that are at rest or sliding past
one another. Under different conditions, the frictional force may depend on different
factors. The force of friction also depends on the composition of the surfaces in
contact. The quantity that expresses the dependence of frictional forces on the
particular surfaces in contact is called the coefficient of friction, represented by the
symbol µ, lower case Greek letter mu.
The coefficient of friction is a ratio of forces
coefficient of static is the ratio of the maximum value of the force of static
friction to the normal force. µ s = Fs
Fn
coefficient of kinetic is the ratio between force of kinetic friction to the normal
force. µk = F k
Fn
If the value of µ and the normal force on the object are known, then the
magnitude of the force of friction can be calculated directly.
Ff = µFn
Where: Fn = normal force the unit is Newton
Ff = frictional force the unit is Newton
µs = coefficient of static friction
µk = coefficient of kinetic friction

Example Problem 3. A 24 kg crate initially rest on a horizontal floor requires a 75-N

horizontal force to set it in motion. Find the coefficient of static friction between the
crate and the floor.
Given: Fs = 75 N = kg.m/s2 m = 24 kg Unknown: µs = ?

Solution: µs = F s = µs = F s = 75 kg. m/s2 = 0.32

Fn mg 24 kg (9.8 m/s2)

What’s More
Part 1. Draw or sketch what is being asked for in the situations below, then utilize the
free-body diagram technique indicate the arrows properly by determining the direction
of the forces and make sure to label the specific forces using symbols such as Fg for

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gravitational force, Fn for normal force, Ff for frictional force, Fapp for applied force,
FT for Tension force. Write your answer on a separate sheet.
Situation Drawing FBD

1.The book is at rest on the table

2.A cat jumping down from the
rooftop to the ground.
3.A SHS student slings a backpack
upon his shoulder. The backpack
is suspended motionless by one
strap only on the shoulder.

4.A force is applied to a book towards

the right across a desk
with acceleration. Consider frictional
forces. Neglect air resistance.

5.A car is moving to the right and is

slowing down to a stop. Neglect
air resistance.
Part 2. The Concept of Friction. Analyze each comparison below. Determine which
has greater friction. Indicate greater than (>) or lesser than (<) symbols depending on
the magnitude of frictional force. Write your answer on a separate sheet.
1.a chair at rest on a corner. a table at rest on a corner
2.a paper a sandpaper
3.an unwaxed floor of science a shiny floor of science
laboratory laboratory
4.rubber on dry concrete rubber on wet concrete

5.a chair pushed on the shiny a table pushed on a shiny

floor floor
6.a chair pushed on a shiny floor a chair pushed on a rough
floor
7. a wet pavement a dry pavement

8. a slippery and muddy road a concrete pavement

9.a drinking glass on glass drinking glass slides on glass

tabletop tabletop
10.small piece of wood on wood large piece of wood on wood
panel panel

What I Have Learned

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Fill in the blank. Write the correct word/s as key concepts of what you have learned
in this topic based on its definition. Write your answers directly on a separate
sheet.
1. ________________ is a vector quantity because the effect of a force depends on its
magnitude and direction.
2. _________________is used to analyze only the forces affecting the motion of a single
object. They are constructed and analyzed just like other vector diagrams which helps
in identifying the components and resultant forces. It isolates an object and forces
acting on it.
3. _________________ is the resistive force that opposes the relative motion of two
contacting surfaces that are at rest with respect to one another.
4. _________________ is the resistive force that opposes the relative motion of two
contacting surfaces that are moving past one another.
5. The quantity that expresses the dependence of frictional forces on the particular
surfaces in contact is called the _____________________ , represented by the symbol
µ, lowercase Greek letter mu.

What I Can Do
Overcoming Friction: Read and understand the problems. Draw a free-body
diagram. Solve for the unknown. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1.A student moves a box of books by attaching a rope to the box ang pulling with a
force of 90.0 N at an angle of 30.0°. The box of books has a mass of 20.0 kg and the
coefficient of friction of kinetic friction between the bottom of the box and the
sidewalk is 0.50. Diagram:
a. Define Fapp
a
Given: m = 20.0 kg µk = 0.50 Fapp = 90.0 N
Ɵ = 30.0 °
Fk
Unknown: a =?

Fg
a. Plan. Choose the equation(s) or situation.
First, find the normal force Fn by applying the first condition of equilibrium in the
vertical direction. ∑Fy=0
Calculate the force of kinetic friction in the box.
µk = Fk
Fn
b. Apply Newton’s second law along the horizontal direction to find acceleration of
the box. ∑F x = m ax
c. Choose a convenient coordinate system and find the x and y components of all
forces. (Please see the diagram above. Recall the Module 1 in getting the components
of vectors)
d. Find the y component of Fapp.
Fapp y =?
e. Find the x component of Fapp.
Fapp x =?
f. Use the mass to find the force of gravity (g = 9.8 m/s2) acting on the box.
Fg = m x g

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g. To find the normal force, find the sum of all forces in the y direction, set them
equal to zero, and solve for Fn
∑Fy = Fn + Fapp y - Fg = 0
h. Use the normal force to find the force of kinetic friction µk = Fk
Fn
i. Determine the horizontal acceleration using Newton’s second law.
∑ F x = Fapp x - Fk = m ax

2. A 91 kg refrigerator is placed on a ramp. The refrigerator begins to slide when

the ramp is raised to an angle of 34°. What is the coefficient of static friction?

Assessment
Instructions: Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What force is exerted when one surface rubs against another?
A. acceleration B. friction C. gravity D. inertia
2. Which of the following actions increases friction?
A. oiling a squeaky door C. adding grease to gears on a bike
B. applying wax on the floor D. putting a carpet on the tiled floor
3. What does Newton’s second law of motion say about the object’s acceleration? It
says that the object’s acceleration __ as its mass__ and force acting on it increases
A. decreases, decreases C. increases, decreases
B. decreases; increases D. increases; increases
4. What is the concept of Newton’s third law of motion? It states that whenever one
object exerts a force on a second object, the ___
A. first object is unaffected by that force
B. second object exerts a less powerful force on the first object
C. second object exerts an equal and opposite force on a third object
D. second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object
5. Which of the following is an example of Newton’s third law?
A. hitting a baseball C. both A and B
B. sitting on a chair D. none of these
6. What happens when we swim?
A. The reaction force is what moves the swimmer forward
B. The reaction force could be the water pushing on the hands and feet
C. The action force could be the swimmer’s hands and the feet pushing on the water
D. All of the above
7. Which Newton’s law explains about inertia?
A. First Law of Motion C. Third Law of Motion
B. Second Law of Motion D. Law of Conservation of Energy
8. Which law is applied if a car driver suddenly makes a sharp left turn and the
passenger slides to the right?
A. friction B. free fall C. gravity D. inertia
9. Which is generally TRUE about the coefficient of kinetic friction in most materials
affecting each other?
A. It is lesser than static friction. C. It is equal to static friction.
B. It is greater than static friction. D. It is not affected by normal force.
10. What direction does frictional force acts with reference to motion?
A. northern B. opposite C. parallel D. same

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11. Which is referred to as the constant value that gives the amount of friction when
multiplied by normal force?
A. calibration B. coefficient of friction C. direction D. smoothness
12. Which type of friction prevents a stationary block from sliding down the ramp?
A. dry B. fluid C. rolling D. static
13. A 5 kg box on a horizontal table is pushed by a horizontal force of 15 N. If the
static coefficient of friction is 0.4, will the box move? Why?
A. Yes, because the kinetic friction is equal to the applied force.
B. No, because the kinetic friction is lesser than the applied force.
C. Yes, because the kinetic friction is lesser than the applied force.
D. No, because the kinetic friction is greater than the applied force.
14. What forces are exerted to a girl who sits on a chair?
A. frictional and tension C. tension and magnetic
B. normal and gravitational D. weight and nuclear
15.Which force is difficult to overcome when sliding a heavy cabinet?
A. buoyant B. friction C. thrust D. weight

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Office Address: Imus Street, Cebu City
Telephone Nos.: (032) 255-1516 / (032) 253-9095
Email Address: [email protected]

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