DPS RUBYPARK KOLKATA

STUDY MATERIAL
SUBJECT - PHYSICS
CLASS 9
CHAPTER- FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

 Force: Force is an external push or pull on an object that tends to produce or definitely produces
acceleration in the body on which it acts.
 Mathematically, where, F = force, m = mass of object & a = acceleration of body.
 S.I. unit of force is newton (N)
 1 newton (1N): A force which produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2 acting on a body of mass 1 kg is
called 1N force. (1N = 1kg ms-2)
 Effects of force:
 It can change the state of rest or state of motion of a body.
 It can change the direction of motion of a body.
 It can change the shape and size of a body.
 Balanced force: If the resultant force of all the forces acting on a body sums up to zero, then the forces
acting on the body are known as balanced force.
 When balanced forces act on a body at rest, it remains at rest.
 When balanced forces act on a uniformly moving body, it continues to move in the same direction
with same speed.
 Balanced forces do not change the state of rest or state of motion of an object.
 Balanced force can change the shape or size of a body.

 Unbalanced forces: When the resultant force acting on a body is not equal to zero, the forces acting on
the body are known as unbalanced forces.
 When unbalanced forces act on a body at rest, it begins to move in the direction of the unbalanced
force.
 When unbalanced forces act on a moving body, its velocity changes.
 Inertia: The natural tendency of an object to resist the change in its state of rest or state of uniform
motion is called inertia.
 The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia.
 A body with greater mass has greater inertia and vice versa.
 There are three types of inertia (a) inertia of rest (b) inertia of motion and (c) inertia of direction.

 Linear Momentum: The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity.
 It has the same direction as that of the velocity.
 It is a vector quantity.
 Its S.I. unit is kg.m/s.
 Mathematically, P = mv where P = momentum, m = mass of body & v = velocity of body.

 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

 First law of motion: An object remains in a state of rest or in state of uniform motion until and
unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force on it. It is also known as “Galileo’s law of
inertia”.
 It gives the idea of inertia.
 It gives the qualitative definition of force.
 Second law of motion: The second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum with
respect to time of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force and it takes place in the
direction of force.
 It gives the quantitative measurement of force
 Third law of motion: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two
different bodies.
 The action and reaction always act on two different objects.
  Though action and reaction forces are always of equal magnitude, these forces may not produce
accelerations of same magnitudes as they act on different objects which may have different masses.

 *Conservation of momentum: If the external force on a system is zero, the momentum of the system
remains constant i.e., in an isolated system, the total momentum remains conserved.

 According to conservation of linear momentum –

(* not included in the syllabus by CBSE for academic session

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. State reason for the following:
a. While catching a fast moving cricket ball a fielder in the ground, gradually pulls his hands backwards
with the moving ball.
b. If a man jumps out from a boat, the boat moves backwards.
c. When a fireman directs a powerful stream of water on a fire from a hose-pipe tends to go backwards.
d. It is easier to stop a tennis ball than a cricket ball moving with the same speed.
e. A bullet fired against a glass window pane makes a hole in it without cracking it.
f. An athlete runs a certain distance before taking a long jump.
g. It dangerous to jump out of a moving bus?
2. If the mass of a body and the force acting on it are both doubled, what happens to its acceleration?
3. A physical quantity ‘X’ is identified as rate of change of velocity. Name ‘X’, write its SI unit. If for an
object in motion value of ‘X’ is zero, is the object in uniform motion or not? Give reason for your
answer.
4. State Newton’s First Law of motion. Why this law is called law of inertia? On the basis of this law
explain the following:
a. It is necessary to wear seat belts while driving a vehicle.
b. When a carpet is beaten with a stick dust comes out of it.

5. On what factors do the magnitudes of the following physical quantities depend?

a) Momentum b) Force c) Inertia
6. Show that Newton’s First law of motion can be obtained from Newton’s Second law of motion.
7. A bus is moving with a speed of . On applying brakes it comes to rest in 5s. Find the acceleration
and the distance travelled by the bus before coming to rest.
8. A boy of mass 50kg running at 5ms-1 jumps on to a 20kg trolley travelling in the samedirection at
1.5ms-1. Find their common velocity.
9. A mass of 200kg is accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 10ms-1 to 16ms-1 in 12s.Calculate the initial
and final momentum of the object and the force that brings about this change.
10. From a rifle of mass 5kg, a bullet of mass 50gram is fired with an initial velocity of 50m/s. Calculate the
initial recoil velocity of the rifle.

11. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below it:
A. Newton’s first law of motion states that a body at rest will remain at rest position only and a body which
is in motion continues to be in motion unless otherwise they are acted upon by an external unbalanced
force. In other words, all objects resist a change in their state of motion. In a qualitative way, the
tendency of undisturbed objects to stay at rest or to keep moving with the same velocity is called inertia.
This is why, the first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia. Answer the following questions.
(i) The first law of motion is also known as
(a) law of inertia (b) law of thermodynamics (c) both a and b (d) none of these
(ii) If no external force acts on object which is at rest. it will
(a) remain at rest (b) start to move (c) both a and b can possible (d) none of these
(iii) If no external force acts on moving object. it will
(a) stop moving (b) continue to move with same speed in same direction
(c) changes its direction of motion (d) none of these
B. Two strings X and Y are tied to the two opposite faces of the block as shown in figure. If we apply a
force by pulling the string X, the block begins to move to the right. Similarly, if we pull the string Y, the
block moves to the left. But, if the block is pulled from both the sides with equal forces, the block will
not move. Such forces are called balanced forces and do not change the state of rest or state of motion of
an object. Now, let us consider a situation in which two opposite forces of different magnitudes pull the
block. In this case, the block would begin to move in the direction of the greater force. Thus, the two
forces are not balanced and the unbalanced force acts in the direction the block moves. This suggests
that unbalanced force acting on an object brings it in motion. Force is push or pull.

(i) Force is nothing but

(a) push (b) pull (c) both push or pulls (d) none of the above
(ii) When balanced forces acting on moving object then
(a) Object continue to move with same speed (b) Object will change its direction of motion
(c) Object will come to rest (d) None of the above
(iii) When unbalanced force acts on moving object opposite to direction of motion then
(a) Object continue to move with same speed (b) Object will come to rest
(c) Both can be possible (d) None of the above
(iv) From above passage B, if one person pull from Y rope with 10N force and another person pull from X
rope with 5N force. In which direction box will move? Is this a case of unbalanced force or balance
force? What will be the acceleration of the box if mass of box is 100gram?

C. The second law of motion is quantitative expression of force and it states that the rate of change of
momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of force.
Mathematically, F = ma, the unit of force is kg-m/s2 or newton which has the symbol N. The second law
of motion gives us a method to measure the force acting on an object as a product of its mass and
acceleration. Answer the following questions.
(i) SI unit of force is
(a) newton (b) kg-m/s2 (c) Both a and b (d) None of these
(ii) The quantitative expression of force is given by
(a) First law of motion (b) Second law of motion (c) Third law of motion (d) None of these
(iii) Force is directly proportional to
(a) Acceleration of object (b) Time for which force acts on object (c) Both a and b (d) None of these

D. The third law of motion states that when one object exerts a force on another object, the second object
instantaneously exerts a force back on the first. These two forces are always equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction. These forces act on different objects and never on the same object. It is important
to note that even though the action and reaction forces are always equal in magnitude; these forces may
not produce accelerations of equal magnitudes, this is because each force acts on a different object that
may have a different mass. The two opposing forces are also known as action and reaction forces.
Answer the following questions.
(i) Action reaction forces are always
(a) Equal and in same direction (b) Equal and in opposite direction
(c) Unequal and in same direction (d) None of the above
(ii) Which of the following is correct about action reaction forces?
(a) They act on different objects (b) They are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
(c) Both forces acted on different object simultaneously (d) All of these
(iii) Even though the action and reaction forces are always equal in magnitude; these forces may not produce
accelerations of equal magnitudes. Give your justification on this statement
12. DIRECTION : In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given followed by a
corresponding statement of Reason just below it. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as -
(A) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false but reason is true
(a) Assertion (A) : To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Reason(R): The action and reaction always act on two different objects
(b) Assertion (A) : Greater is the mass of a body, greater is its inertia.
Reason (R) : Mass of a body is a measure of inertia.
(c) Assertion (A) : When we keep an object on a table, the object exerts a force downward and the table
needs to exert an equal force upward or the table will collapse.
Reason (R) : The third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
(d) Assertion (A) : A gun recoils after firing from a bullet.
Reason (R) : Action and reaction are equal and opposite and act on different bodies.
(e) Assertion (A) : The wings of a bird push air downwards and the air must be pushing the bird upwards.
Reason (R) : For every action there is an equal reaction in the same direction.
(f) Assertion (A) : When astronauts throw something in space, that object would move in opposite
direction but with the same speed.
Reason (R) : The object would continue moving in the same direction with same speed.
(g) Assertion (A) : When a bullet is fired from a gun at rest, net finite momentum of bullet plus gun is zero.
Reason (R) : Internal forces can cause a change in linear momentum of the system.
(h) Assertion(A): When we stop pedaling a bicycle it slows down.
Reason(R): Force of friction always acts in the direction of motion.
(i) Assertion(A): If a spring is stretched from one side, the size and shape of the spring changes.
Reason(R): Unbalanced force acting on the spring changes the size and shape of the spring in the
direction of application.
(j) Assertion(A): Sudden application of brakes in a moving car may cause injury.
Reason(R): Inertia is the tendency of an object to keep moving or being at rest undisturbed.

HOTS QUESTIONS
1. An object of mass 1 kg is dropped from a building and strikes the floor with a speed of 5m/s and rebounds
with the same speed. Find the magnitude of the change in its momentum.
2. A car driver rushing at , finds a child ahead. He immediately applies brakes and saves the
child. Calculate the retarding force and time required to stop the car. The total weight of the car and
passengers inside the car is .
3. A motor car running at the rate of 7 m/s can be stopped by its brakes in 10 metre. Prove that the total
resistance to the car’s motion, when brakes are applied is one- quarter the weight of the car.
4. A hunter has a machine gun that can fire bullets with a velocity of .A tiger springs
athim with a velocity of . How many bullets must the hunter fire into the tiger in order to stop
him in his track?
5. Two objects of masses and are moving along the same line and direction with velocities of
and respectively. They collide and after the collision, the first object moves at a velocity of
. determine the velocity of the second object.
6. A stone of 1kg is thrown with a velocity of 20m/s across the frozen surface of a lake and comes to rest after
travelling a distance of50m. What is the force of friction between the stone and the ice?
7. A hockey ball of mass travelling at is struck by a hockey stick so as to return it along its
original path with a velocity at . Calculate the magnitude of change of momentum occurred in the
motion of the hockey ball by the force applied by the hockey stick.
8. Akhtar, Kiran and Rahul were riding in a motorcar that was moving with a high velocity on an expressway
when an insect hit the windshield and got stuck on the windscreen. Akhtar and Kiran started pondering
over the situation. Kiran suggested that the insect suffered a greater change in momentum as compared to
the change in momentum of the motorcar (because the change in the velocity of the insect was much more
than that of the motorcar). Akhtar said that since the motorcar was moving with a larger velocity, it
exerted a larger force on the insect. And as a result the insect died. Rahul while putting an entirely new
explanation said that both the motorcar and the insect experienced the same force and a change in their
momentum. Comment on these suggestions.
9. A force-time graph for the motion of a body is shown in figure. Find the change in linear momentum
between 0 and 10s.

10. A force time graph for the motion of a body is shown in figure. Find the change in linear momentum
between 0 and 8s.

11. A cricket ball of mass 200 gm and bowled at 20 m/s is hit and returned straight in opposite direction
with a velocity of 10 m/s. Find the change in momentum and the impulsive force if the time of contact of
ball and bat is 0.05 s?
12. The velocity of a body of mass 10kg increases from 4 m/s to 8 m/s when a force acts on itfor 2s.
a) What is the momentum before the force acts?
b) What is the momentum after the force acts?
c) What is the gain in momentum per second?
d) What is the value of the force?

SAMPLE QUESTIONS BASED ON TERM-I (2021-22)

1. Which of the following is represented by the unit kgm/s ?
(a) Impulse (b) momentum (c) Force (d) Inertia.

2. The recoil of a gun is due to –

(a) Conservation of energy (b) Newton’s 2nd law (c) Newton’s 3rd law (d) inertia of motion.
3. In a circular motion, when is the distance equal to times the displacement?
a) Every time.
b) Only when the body covers half of the revolution.
c) After every quarter of the revolution.
d) Never happens.
4. There can be a change in direction of motion if a body is acted upon by –
a) Unbalanced forces. b) Balanced forces c) Collinear forces. d) Any number of forces.
5. A bullet of mass 10 g is fired from a gun of mass 1 kg. What will be the velocity of the bullet in m/s, if the recoil
velocity is 1 m/s?
(a) 100 (b) 10 (c) 1 (d) 20
6. A measuring weight of mass 100 g, moves at 100 m/s and strikes a metal surface for 0.1 s. The force onthe metal s
exerted by measuring weight is –
A measuring weight of mass 100 g, moves at 100 m/s and strikes a metal surface for 0.1 s. The force onthe met
surface exerted by measuring weight is –
(a) 100 N (b) 1,000 N (c) 10,000N (d) 105 N

7. Consider the following statements:

I. A body can have constant velocity and still have varying speed.
II. A body falls freely from a height with constant speed but with variable acceleration.
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I & II (d) Neither I nor II.

8. A ball of mass m falls on a horizontal road perpendicularly with velocity v and retraces its path without losing its
The magnitude of change of momentum of the ball just after retracing its path is –
(a) Zero (b) mv (c) 2mv (d) 4mv
9. A body of mass 5kg which is at rest; explodes into two pieces. The heavier piece has momentum of 10 kg m/s.
Which of the following statements is true?
a) The momentum of the other fragment is equal to 10 kg m/s
b) The lighter fragment has greater momentum.
c) Both fragments have equal momentum if both fragments have equal mass.
d) All of the above are true.
e) The graph shown is incorrect.

10. The graph shows the variation of velocity of a rocket with time. The maximum height attained by the
rocket is –

(a) 1.1 km (b) 5 km (c) 55 km (d) 1000 km

11. Which of the following options is correct for the object having a straight line motion represented by the
following graph?

(a) The object moves with constantly increasing velocity from O to A and then it moves with constant velocity.
(b) Velocity of the object increases uniformly.
(c) Average velocity is zero.
(d) The graph shown is incorrect.
12. The ratio of the distance travelled in its first, second and third seconds of a freely falling body is

(a) 1:2:3 (b) 1:3:5 (c) 2:3:5 (d) 3:5:8

13. The resultant displacement of the body shown in the graph is –

(a) Zero (b) 10 m (c) 20 m (d) 40 m

14. Assertion (A): When the displacement of a body is directly proportional to the square of the time thenthe body
moving with uniform acceleration.
Reason (R): The slope of velocity – time graph with time axis gives acceleration.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of assertion.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Both A and R are false.

15. Assertion (A): Change in momentum is impulse.

Reason (R): Impulse is the area under force vs time graph.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of assertion.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Both A and R are false.

16. Assertion (A): A boy facing forward in a moving bus, throws a ball straight up. At the sameinstant
the bus begins to accelerate. The ball goes up and falls in the front of the boy.
Reason (R): As the ball rises, velocity remains constant.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of assertion.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Both A and R are false.

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below it:
A car of length 6 m accelerates from rest along a straight level road as shown in the figure. Some
informationis given about the car.

The car takes to cross the point P, later the car has just crossed the point Q. The car takes
to cross the point Q.
Based on above information, answer the questions:
17. From P to Q, the car is –
(a) Speeding up.
(b) Slowing down.
(c) Moving with constant velocity.
(d) None of the above is true.

18. Average acceleration of the car in s−2 between points P and Q –

(a) 1.2 (b) 1.8 (c) 1.5 (d) 0.3
19. Assuming that the car moves with constant acceleration, the distance between the points P and Qis –
(a) 120 m (b) 90 m (c) 16 m (d) 180 m

20. The speed of the car in m/s as it passes point Q is –

(a) 3 (b) 15 (c) 0.6 (d) 6