Drying Process

R E F R I G E R A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y
DRYING PROCESS
DR. NGUYEN NGOC HOANG

Dept. of Food & Biological Process & Equipment
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
[email protected]
Tel: 0904667684
What is Drying process
Removal of a liquid from a solid/semi-solid/liquid to produce solid

product usually by thermal energy input causing phase change
• Liquid diffusion, if the wet solid is at a temperature

• Conduction below the boiling point of the liquid
• Convection • Vapor diffusion, if the liquid vaporizes within material
• Radiation • Knudsen diffusion, if drying takes place at very low
• Microwave temperatures and pressures, e.g., in freeze drying
• Combined mode • Combinations of the above mechanisms
Convective Drying
Drying medium directly contacts material to be dried and carries evaporated

moisture.
INTRODUCTION
PSYCHROMETRICS
Psychrometricsis the study of the thermodynamic properties of moist air.
Moist air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor
The composition of dry air is comparatively stable
The approximate composition of dry air by volume percent

INTRODUCTION
Mass of moist air
Dalton’s law for moist air

INTRODUCTION
Dry air Water vapor Moist air

INTRODUCTION
Humidity Ratio
The humidity ratio of moist air is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the
mass of dry air contained in the mixture of the moist air, in lb /lb (kg/kg).
Q&A
How does temperature affect on the humidity ratio of moist air?
INTRODUCTION
Saturated air.
Saturated air is the moist air where the partial pressure of water-vapour equals
the saturation pressure of steam corresponding to the temperature of air
The dew point temperature at which water vapor starts to condense out of the air, the temperature at which air
becomes completely saturated. Above this point, the moisture will stay in the air.
The dew point temperature Tdew, is the temperature of saturated air of the moist
air sample having the same humidity ratio at the same atmospheric pressure
When we add more moisture to the air in an enclosed space at certain

temperature, the air tends to keep on absorbing the moisture. However, after
reaching certain stage, the air is no more able to absorb the moisture and all the
extra moisture is converted into dew or fog. The air that contains maximum
amount of moisture that it can hold at particular temperature is called as
saturated air.
Q&A
Why does the moist air will become saturated moist air when decreasing it’s
temperature?
INTRODUCTION
Relative Humidity
The relative humidity, φ, of moist air, or RH, is defined as the ratio of the mole
fraction of water vapor, xw, in a moist air sample to the mole fraction of the
water vapor in a saturated moist air sample, xws, at the same temperature and
pressure.
Q&A
How does temperature effect on the relative humidity of moist air?
INTRODUCTION
Enthalpy of the moist air
The following assumptions are made for the enthalpy calculations of moist air:
where hw is specific enthalpy of water vapor, Btu /lb (kJ /kg)

ha is specific enthalpy of dry air, Btu /lb (kJ /kg)
w is humidity ratio, lb/lb (kg/kg)
INTRODUCTION
Enthalpy of the moist air
where hw is specific enthalpy of water vapor, Btu /lb (kJ /kg)

ha is specific enthalpy of dry air, Btu /lb (kJ /kg)
0.240 Btu /lb°F or (1.005 kJ /kgK)
In a temperature range of 0 to 100°F (17.8 to 37.8°C)

INTRODUCTION
PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS
Class problem
Mixing of two streams of humid gas
m1 + m2 = m
m1H1 + m2H2 = mH
m1 h1 + m2h2 = mh
Where
Mass of dry gases are m1, m2, m
Enthalpies of the gases are H1, H2, H
Humidities of the gases are h1, h2, h
𝒉 − 𝒉𝟏 𝒎𝟐
=
𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉 𝒎𝟏
Equilibrium moisture content
Equilibrium moisture content of a solid as a

function of relative humidity at 293 K
Bound moisture: This is water retained so that

it exerts a vapour pressure less than that
of free water at the same temperature. Such
water may be retained in small capillaries,
adsorbed on surfaces, or as a solution in cell
walls.
Free moisture. This is water which is in excess
of the equilibrium moisture content. This
moisture can be removed by drying underthe
given relative humidity.
W: weight of wet solid

Ws: weight of wet solid
X*: equilibrium moisture content
Rate of drying
Mass and Heat balance
Where
G: Mass of dry gases
H’: Enthalpies of the gases
H: Humidities of the gases
Ls: Mass of material
X: Moisture content in dry
basis
Convective Drying
B A
Class problem
3. Dried sweet potato productivity is G2 = 40kg/hr. Calculate the amount of moisture needed
to evaporate in the dryer? With assumption, moisture content in dry basis of raw material
and product are X1 = 0.78, X2 = 0.10
4. Determine the required drying agent flowrate that evaporate 100 kg/h water? Knowing the
humidity ratio of the inlet air is w0 = 9g/kg and that of the exhaust agent is w2= 31g/kg
Tray dryer
Tunnel dryer
tunnel dryer
Rotary dryer
Pneumatic dryer
Fluidised bed dryer
Spray dryer
Cabinet solar dryer

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R E F R I G E R A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y

DR. NGUYEN NGOC HOANG

Removal of a liquid from a solid/semi-solid/liquid to produce solid

• Liquid diffusion, if the wet solid is at a temperature

Drying medium directly contacts material to be dried and carries evaporated

Moist air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor

The composition of dry air is comparatively stable

The approximate composition of dry air by volume percent

Mass of moist air

Dalton’s law for moist air

Dry air Water vapor Moist air

When we add more moisture to the air in an enclosed space at certain

Enthalpy of the moist air

where hw is specific enthalpy of water vapor, Btu /lb (kJ /kg)

Enthalpy of the moist air

where hw is specific enthalpy of water vapor, Btu /lb (kJ /kg)

0.240 Btu /lb°F or (1.005 kJ /kgK)

In a temperature range of 0 to 100°F (17.8 to 37.8°C)

Equilibrium moisture content of a solid as a

Bound moisture: This is water retained so that

W: weight of wet solid

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