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    Unit 4

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    aargovind
    The document discusses psychrometry, which is the study of air-water vapor mixtures. It defines key terms used in psychrometry including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, absolute humidity, relative humidity, humid heat, humid volume, dew point temperature, and adiabatic saturation temperature. It also provides formulas for calculating various psychrometric properties and outlines the approach for solving psychrometry problems using given dry bulb and dew point temperatures.

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    Unit 4

    Uploaded by

    aargovind
    25 views26 pages
    The document discusses psychrometry, which is the study of air-water vapor mixtures. It defines key terms used in psychrometry including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, absolute humidity, relative humidity, humid heat, humid volume, dew point temperature, and adiabatic saturation temperature. It also provides formulas for calculating various psychrometric properties and outlines the approach for solving psychrometry problems using given dry bulb and dew point temperatures.

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    The document discusses psychrometry, which is the study of air-water vapor mixtures. It defines key terms used in psychrometry including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, absolute humidity, relative humidity, humid heat, humid volume, dew point temperature, and adiabatic saturation temperature. It also provides formulas for calculating various psychrometric properties and outlines the approach for solving psychrometry problems using given dry bulb and dew point temperatures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views26 pages

    Unit 4

    Uploaded by

    aargovind
    The document discusses psychrometry, which is the study of air-water vapor mixtures. It defines key terms used in psychrometry including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, absolute humidity, relative humidity, humid heat, humid volume, dew point temperature, and adiabatic saturation temperature. It also provides formulas for calculating various psychrometric properties and outlines the approach for solving psychrometry problems using given dry bulb and dew point temperatures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    HUMIDITY AND

    SATURATION
    COURSE OUTCOMES

    Perform stoichiometry and humidity


    calculations
    Psychrometry

    Psychrometry is the study of the properties of mixtures of air and water vapour.
    Psychrometry
    Psychrometry
    Psychrometry is the study of the properties of mixtures of air
    and water vapour.

    The concentration of water vapour and pollutants decrease


    with altitude, and above an altitude of about 10 km,
    atmospheric air consists of only dry air.

    The pollutants have to be filtered out before processing the air.

    Hence, we process essentially a mixture of various


    gases that constitute air and water vapour. This mixture
    is known as moist air.
    Humidification Operation
    Humidification Operation
    Humidification Operation consists of
    increasing the amount of vapor present in a
    gaseous current; The vapor can increase by
    passing the gas through a liquid that
    evaporates in the gas.

    Includes Dehumidification…
    Terminology
    1. Dry-Bulb Temperature (DB)
    Terminology
    2. Wet-Bulb Temperature (WB)
    Terminology
    2. Wet-Bulb Temperature (WB)

    Air Velocity : 2.5 – 10.0 m/s


    Whirling Psychrometer is used…
    WB ≤ DB
    Terminology
    3. Absolute Humidity (H):
    Mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of dry
    air.

    𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟


    (or)
    𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
    Terminology
    3. Absolute Humidity (H):
    Mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of
    dry air.

    𝑝 = total pressure of system = 𝑝𝑤 + 𝑝𝑎

    𝑝𝑤 - partial pressure of water vapor in the


    mixture, kPa.
    𝑝𝑎 - partial pressure of air in the mixture,
    kPa.
    Terminology
    3. Absolute Humidity (H):
    Mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of
    dry air.
    Absolute Molar Humidity (Hm)
    𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
    𝐻𝑚 =
    𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
    𝑛𝑤
    𝐻𝑚 =
    𝑛𝑎
    𝑝𝑤
    𝐻𝑚 =
    𝑝−𝑝𝑤
    Terminology
    3. Absolute Humidity (H):
    𝐻𝑚 𝑀𝑤
    𝐻=
    𝑀𝑎
    𝑀𝑤 - Molar mass of water = 18 kg/kmol
    𝑀𝑎 - Molar mass of air = 28.96 kg/kmol
    𝐻= 0.622 𝐻𝑚
    𝑝𝑤
    𝐻= 0.622
    𝑝−𝑝𝑤
    The absolute humidity at 100 % saturation is
    called Saturation Humidity 𝐻𝑠
    𝑝𝑠
    𝐻𝑆 = 0.622
    𝑝−𝑝𝑠
    Terminology
    4. Percentage Humidity (or)
    Percentage Absolute Humidity (or)
    Percentage Saturation :
    Ratio of actual absolute humidity to
    Saturation Humidity
    𝑯
    % 𝑯𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
    𝑯𝒔

    𝒑𝒘 (𝒑 − 𝒑𝒔 )
    % 𝑯𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
    𝒑𝒔 (𝒑 − 𝒑𝒘 )
    5. Relative Humidity (or)
    Percentage Relative Humidity (or)
    Relative Saturation (RH):
    Ratio of partial pressure of water vapor in
    air to vapor pressure of water at the dry
    bulb temperature (DB).
    𝒑𝒘
    𝑹𝑯 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
    𝒑𝒔
    % Humidity < Relative Humidity (RH)
    6. Humid Heat (𝐶𝐻 ):
    Heat capacity of 1 kg dry air and the
    moisture contained in it.
    𝑪𝑯 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟔 + 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝑯 KJ/(kg dry air. K)

    Note: Insignificant error (< 0.5 %) in temp range of


    -40 °C to 80 °C
    7. Humid Volume (𝑽𝐻 ):
    Volume of a mixture of air and
    accompanying water vapor per kg of dry
    air. (Psychrometric volume)
    𝑹𝑻
    𝑽𝑯 =
    𝒑𝒘 𝑴 𝒘
    𝑹𝑻
    𝑽𝑯 𝒔 =
    𝒑𝒔 𝑴𝒘
    R = 8.314 472 m3.kPa/(kmol.K)
    7. Humid Volume (𝑽𝐻 ):

    Where,
    H - absolute Humidity
    𝑀𝑤 − Molar mass of water = 18 kg/kmol
    𝑀𝑎 − Molar mass of air = 28.96 kg/kmol
    DB − Dry Bulb temperature
    p − Total Pressure
    8. Dew Point (DP):
    Temperature at which the air-water vapor
    mixture becomes saturated when the
    mixture is cooled at constant total pressure
    in the absence of liquid water.

    Air-water vapor mixture is cooled and the


    temperature corresponding to first dew is
    measured. So it is called Dew Point
    DP ≤ DB
    Cooling below dew point results in
    condensing of water vapor as water and
    hence results in decrease in Humidity of
    Air-water vapor mixture.
    At 100 % Saturation,

    DB = DP = WB
    9. Adiabatic Saturation Temperature (AST):

    When a definite quantity of water is allowed


    to evaporate in a stream of air adiabatically,
    the dry bulb temperature of air drops and the
    humidity of air increases. The final
    temperature of mixed stream is called AST.
    9. Enthalpy of Humid air:
    Sum of enthalpies of each constituent atits
    partial pressure and DB.
    𝒊𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟔 𝑻𝑫𝑩 − 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 + 𝑯. 𝒊𝒘
    ….kJ/kg dry air

    At Saturation,
    𝒊𝒂𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟔 𝑻𝑫𝑩 − 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 + 𝑯𝒔 . 𝒊𝒘𝒔
    ….kJ/kg dry air
    Solving Psychrometry Problems:
    Dry bulb temperature (DB) will be given
    Dew point temperature (DP) will be given
    Therefore you will have the following
    information:
    𝒑𝒘 = partial pressure of water in air = vapor pressure
    of water at dew point.
    𝒑𝒔 = vapor pressure of water at dry bulb, the air is
    fully saturated = vapor pressure at saturation.

    So Identify, 𝒑𝒘 (at Dew Point) &


    𝒑𝒔 ( at Dry Bulb)
    Start solving using formula’s discussed…

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