Lec (Moist Air)

MPE 211
Thermodynamics II
Gas-Vapor Mixtures
& Air Conditioning
Properties of Humid (Moist) Air
Objectives
• Differentiate between dry air and atmospheric air.
• Define and calculate the specific and relative humidity of
atmospheric air.
• Calculate the dew-point temperature of atmospheric air.
• Relate the adiabatic saturation temperature and wet-bulb
temperatures of atmospheric air.
• Recognize the psychrometric chart as a tool to determine the
properties of atmospheric air.
• Apply the principles of the conservation of mass and energy to
simple air-conditioning processes.
Vapor?
 A gaseous state that is close to the saturation

region of the substance,
 High possibility of condensation during a
process
 At temperatures below the critical temperature,
the gas phase of a substance is frequently
referred to as a vapor.
Dry and Atmospheric Air
 Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of
some other gases.
 Air in the atmosphere normally contains some water vapor
(moisture) and is referred to as atmospheric air.
 By contrast, air that contains no water vapor is called dry air.
 It is often convenient to treat air as a mixture of water vapor
and dry air since the composition of dry air remains relatively
constant, but the amount of water vapor changes as a result of
condensation and evaporation from oceans, lakes, rivers,
showers, and even the human body.
 Although the amount of water vapor in the air is small, it plays
a major role in human comfort. Therefore, it is an important
consideration in air-conditioning applications
Specific Humidity (ω)
(Humidity Ratio)
Specific Humidity is the mass of water vapor present in a
unit mass of dry air
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣
𝜔𝜔 = Kg water vapor/Kg dry air
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎
𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 𝑉𝑉 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑢𝑢 𝑀𝑀𝑣𝑣
𝑅𝑅𝑣𝑣 𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 = × = 0.622
𝜔𝜔 = 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉 = = 0.622 , 𝑅𝑅𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑢𝑢
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑣𝑣 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 𝑇𝑇
𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 Pv Partial pressure of vapor

𝜔𝜔 = 0.622 Pa Partial pressure of dry air
𝑃𝑃−𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 P Total Pressure (atmosphere pressure)
P = Pa + P v
Partial pressure of vapor is a measure of specific humidity
Saturated Air
ω=0 Pv=0
 Dry Air
 Add water vapor ω & Pv increases
 When air is not able to accommodate
more vapor, it is said to be Saturated
 If any moisture is added, it will condense
 This happens when Pv = Psat @ Tmix =Pg
𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔
𝜔𝜔 = 0.622 𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.622
𝑃𝑃−𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 𝑃𝑃−𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔
Relative Humidity (ϕ)
 Relative Humidity is the ratio of mass of vapor the air
holds (mv) to the maximum amount of moisture the air
can hold at the same temperature (mg).
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 𝑉𝑉/𝑅𝑅𝑣𝑣 𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 Pg = Psat @ Tmix
𝜙𝜙 = = =
𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔 𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔 𝑉𝑉/𝑅𝑅𝑣𝑣 𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔
𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 𝜙𝜙𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔 𝜔𝜔 𝑃𝑃
𝜔𝜔 = 0.622 = 0.622 𝜙𝜙 =
𝑃𝑃−𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 𝑃𝑃−𝜙𝜙𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔 0.622 + 𝜔𝜔 𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔
• The relative humidity ranges from 0 for dry air to 1 for

saturated air
• The relative humidity of air changes with temperature even
when its specific humidity remains constant
How much vapor is needed to make air saturated?
 (@ T,P) find ω & mv

 Air is saturated ϕ =1
 Air is saturated Pv=Pg=Psat @ T
𝜙𝜙𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔
 Use 𝜔𝜔 = 0.622
𝑃𝑃 − 𝜙𝜙𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔 to find ω
 Use PvV=mvRvT to find mv

Enthalpy of Moist Air
 Atmospheric air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor, and

thus the enthalpy of air is expressed in terms of the enthalpies
of the dry air and the water vapor.
 In most practical applications, the amount of dry air in the air–

water-vapor mixture remains constant, but the amount of water
vapor changes.
 Therefore, the enthalpy of atmospheric air is expressed per unit

mass of dry air instead of per unit mass of the air–water vapor
mixture.
𝑯𝑯 = 𝑯𝑯𝒂𝒂 + 𝑯𝑯𝒗𝒗 = 𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂 𝒉𝒉𝒂𝒂 + 𝒎𝒎𝒗𝒗 𝒉𝒉𝒗𝒗
𝑯𝑯 𝒎𝒎𝒗𝒗
𝒉𝒉 = = 𝒉𝒉𝒂𝒂 + 𝒉𝒉𝒗𝒗
𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂 𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂
Divide by ma
𝒉𝒉 = 𝒉𝒉𝒂𝒂 + 𝝎𝝎 𝒉𝒉𝒗𝒗 kJ/ kg dry air
𝒉𝒉 = 𝒉𝒉𝒂𝒂 + 𝝎𝝎 𝒉𝒉𝒈𝒈 kJ/ kg dry air

Example: A 5-m × 5-m × 3-m room shown in the following Figure
contains air at 25 °C and 100 kPa at a relative humidity of 75 percent.
Determine (a) the partial pressure of dry air, (b) the specific humidity,
(c) the enthalpy per unit mass of the dry air, and (d ) the masses of the
dry air and water vapor in the room.
𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣
P = Pa + Pv 𝜙𝜙 =
𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔
Pg = Psat @ 25 °C
= 3.169 kPa
Pv = 0.75 * 3.169 = 2.38 kPa Pa = 100 – 2.38 = 97.62 kPa
𝑷𝑷𝒗𝒗 𝝓𝝓𝑷𝑷𝒈𝒈
𝝎𝝎 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐 Kg water vapor/Kg dry air
𝑷𝑷−𝑷𝑷𝒗𝒗 𝑷𝑷−𝝓𝝓𝑷𝑷𝒈𝒈
h = ha + ω hg
h = CP Ta + ω hg hg dry saturated vapor at 25 °C
h = 1.005 × 25 + 0.0152 × 2547.2 = 63.8 kJ/kg dry air
Va = Vv = Vroom = 5 × 5 × 3= 75 m3
Apply Equation of State for air (Ideal gas)
Dew Point Temperature (Tdp)
 Dew Point Temperature is the temperature at which the
vapor in a mixture begins to condense when cooled at
constant pressure
 Tdp is the saturation temperature of water corresponding to
the vapor pressure
Tdp = Tsat @ Pv , Pv= nfv×P

Example:
 A room contains air at 20 ℃ and 75% relative humidity.

At what window temperature will the moisture in the air start
condensing on the inner surfaces of the window?
Tdp = Tsat @ Pv
@ 20 ℃ Pg = Psat = 2.339 kPa
Pv = ϕ Pg = 0.75 * 2.339 = 1.754 kPa
@ Pv=1.754 kPa Ts = Tdp = 15.4 ℃
How to Measure ω & ϕ
 Air at known T, P & unknown ω&ϕ
 Evaluate Tdp experimentally condense air and measure T
 From T find Pg
 From Tdp find Pv
 Find ϕ
 Find ω
 Simple Not Practical
Preferred Method (Adiabatic Saturation)
 Steady flow of air @ T1 known & ω1 unknown
 As air flows over water, some water will vaporize and mix
with air. Heat of vaporization is taken from the air itself
 ω increases and T decreases
 If channel is long enough, air leaves saturated [ϕ=100%] @

T2 (Adiabatic Saturation Temperature)
 Make up water at T2 is supplied at a rate equal to the rate of

evaporation
Adiabatic Saturation
The adiabatic saturation
process determining the
absolute or relative humidity
of air, but it requires a long
channel or a spray mechanism to
achieve saturation conditions at
the exit Note that: Tdp < T2 < T1
Wet Bulb Temperature
 The temperature we know is called DRY BULB
temperature(Tdb)
 If the thermometer bulb is covered with wet cotton wick
 Air flows over the thermometer, Its moisture content
increases
 Its Temperature Drops to a value between Tdb and Tdp
 This temperature is the WET BULB Temp
 When time is long and space is big, the air becomes
saturated and the temp is ADIABATIC Saturation
temperature
 Adiabatic Saturation Temperature
≠ Wet Bulb Temperature
 For air-vapor mixture @ Patm

They are almost equal
Example
The dry and wet bulb temperatures of atmospheric air
at 1 atm and 25 and 15 ℃
Determine ω, ϕ, h
Solution
Assuming near adiabatic saturation
T1 = 25 ℃
T2 = 15 ℃
From steam tables at T1 = 25 ℃
Pg = 3.169 kPa
hg = 2547.2 kJ/kg
From steam tables at T2 = 15 ℃
Pg = 1.7051 kPa
hfg = 2465.9 kJ/kg
hf = 62.99 kJ/kg
h = CPTa + w hg=1.005×25 + 0.00653×2547.2 = 41.8 kJ/kg dry air
THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART (101.325 kPa)
Example:
air at 1 atm, 35°C, and 40 percent relative humidity.
Using the psychrometric chart, determine (a) the
specific humidity, (b) the enthalpy, (c) the wet-bulb
temperature, (d ) the dew-point temperature, and (e)
the specific volume of the air.
w= 0.0142 kg H2O/kg dry air

h = 71.5 kJ/kg dry air
Twb = 24°C
Tdp = 19.4°C
v = 0.893 m3/kg dry air
Air Conditioning Processes
Various air-conditioning processes.

Simple Heating and Cooling (ω=constant)
Heating with Humidification
Example
An air-conditioning system is to take in outdoor air at 10°C
and 30 percent relative humidity at a steady rate of 45 m3/min
and to condition it to 25°C and 60 percent relative humidity.
The outdoor air is first heated to 22°C in the heating section
and then humidified by the injection of hot steam in the
humidifying section.
Assuming the entire process takes place at a pressure of 1
atm, determine
(a) the rate of heat supply in the heating section and
(b) the mass flow rate of the steam required in the
humidifying section
Cooling with Dehumidification
T2< Tdp1
Example:
Air enters a window air conditioner at 1 atm, 30°C, and 80 percent
relative humidity at a rate of 10 m3/min, and it leaves as saturated air at
14°C. Part of the moisture in the air that condenses during the process is
also removed at 14°C. Determine the rates of heat and moisture removal
from the air.
Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams
Example:
Saturated air leaving the cooling section of an air-conditioning system at 14°C at
a rate of 50 m3/min is mixed adiabatically with the outside air at 32°C and 60
percent relative humidity at a rate of 20 m3/min. Assuming that the mixing
process occurs at a pressure of 1 atm, determine the specific humidity, the
relative humidity, the dry-bulb temperature, and the volume flow rate of the
mixture.
from the psychrometric chart
Best Wishes

Lec (Moist Air)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lec (Moist Air)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lec (Moist Air)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MPE 211

 A gaseous state that is close to the saturation

𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 Pv Partial pressure of vapor

• The relative humidity ranges from 0 for dry air to 1 for

 (@ T,P) find ω & mv

 Use PvV=mvRvT to find mv

 Atmospheric air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor, and

 In most practical applications, the amount of dry air in the air–

 Therefore, the enthalpy of atmospheric air is expressed per unit

𝒉𝒉 = 𝒉𝒉𝒂𝒂 + 𝝎𝝎 𝒉𝒉𝒈𝒈 kJ/ kg dry air

h = 1.005 × 25 + 0.0152 × 2547.2 = 63.8 kJ/kg dry air

Tdp = Tsat @ Pv , Pv= nfv×P

 A room contains air at 20 ℃ and 75% relative humidity.

 Steady flow of air @ T1 known & ω1 unknown

 ω increases and T decreases

 If channel is long enough, air leaves saturated [ϕ=100%] @

 Make up water at T2 is supplied at a rate equal to the rate of

 For air-vapor mixture @ Patm

w= 0.0142 kg H2O/kg dry air

Various air-conditioning processes.

You might also like