2.2 Intramolecular Force and Potential Energy Student 2

2.
TOPIC: 2.2 INTRAMOLECULAR FORCE AND

POTENTIAL ENERGY
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
SAP-3 Atoms or ions bond due to interactions between them, forming molecules.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
SAP-3.B Represent the relationship between potential energy and distance between atoms, based on factors that
influence the interaction strength.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:
SAP-3.B.1 A graph of potential energy versus the distance between atoms is a useful representation for describing the
interactions between atoms. Such graphs illustrate both the equilibrium bond length (the separation between
atoms at which the potential energy is lowest) and the bond energy (the energy required to separate the
atoms)
SAP-3.B.2 In a covalent bond, the bond length is influenced by both the size of the atom’s core and the bond order (i.e.,
single, double, triple). Bonds with a higher order are shorter and have larger bond energies.
SAP-3.B.3 Coulomb’s law can be used to understand the strength of interactions between cations and anions.
a. Because the interaction strength is proportional to the charge on each ion, larger charges lead to stronger
interactions.
b. Because the interaction strength increases as the distance between the centers of the ions (nuclei)
decreases, smaller ions lead to stronger interactions.
EQUATION(S):
N/A
NOTES:
Covalent bonds are the bonds between two nonmetals when they share valence electrons.
Covalent bonds can be polar or nonpolar, meaning that the electrons are shared unequally or equally.
Covalent bonds can be single, double, triple bonds or an average of those if there are resonance structures.
Covalent bonds occur at the lowest energy state. This happens when the attraction between the nuclei is greatest
for the shared electrons, but the repulsions between electrons and between the nuclei is the least. If the atoms are
too close together the nuclei will repel each other and if they are too far apart the attraction will not be enough to
hold them together. This is shown in the graphs below.
https://ch301.cm.utexas.edu/svg/H-potE.svg
https://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/602/616516/Media_Assets/Chapter07/Text_Images/FG07_02.JPG
1
2.2
Bond energy is the energy required when breaking a bond, or the energy released when a bond is formed. The
magnitude is the same, but the sign is different.
Larger atomic radii increase the bond length. Longer bond length decreases the bond energy
Increasing the bond order increases the bond energy, as there are more electrons involved and therefore greater
coulombic attraction and the bond length has decreased.
https://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/3081/3155492/blb0809.html
IONIC COMPOUNDS – LATTICE ENERGY

The energy to separate ions in ionic compounds is their lattice energy. It is defined as the change in energy that
takes place when gaseous ions are combined to form an ionic solid. Combining ions will release energy.
Lattice energy can be represented using a modification of Coulomb’s law, where the energy is proportional to the
charges and inversely proportional to the distances between the nuclei.
Larger charges = more attraction = more energy required to separate the ions.
Smaller radii = more attraction = more energy required to separate the ions.
Lattice Energy = k (Q1Q2)
r
I DO:
The bond energy for a C=C bond is 614 kJ/mol with a bond length
of 1.34 Å. It is shown on the graph below. Sketch a C-C bond and
a C=C bond on the graph. Include a key.
The triple bond would have lower energy and would be to the left of
the C=C line. The single bond would be to the right of the C=C and
would have less of an energy dip.
http://umdberg.pbworks.com/w/page/48134357/Chemical%20
bonding
2
2.2
WE DO:
One way to identify an unknown substance is the measure
the bond energy. HX, HY and HZ were analyzed and the
following graph was created. It was known that HI, HCl
and HBr were tested. Use the graph to match the
unknowns with the knowns.
https://www.mtle.nesinc.com/TestView.aspx?f=HTML_FR
AG/MN059_SG_ITEMS.html
YOU DO:
1) Choose the substance from each pair that would have the greatest (most exothermic) lattice energy?
A) NaCl vs. LiCl
B) MgO vs NaCl
C) MgO vs BaO
D) FeCl2 vs FeCl3
2) Place the following in order from strongest bond energy to weakest. C-Cl, C-Br, C-F
3) A potential energy diagram for H2, HBr and Br2 was created but not labeled. Label the lines on the
diagram with their corresponding compound.
Potential Energy →
4) Nitrogen and oxygen form diatomic elements. Nitrogen has a triple bond, while oxygen has a double
bond. Identify each on the graph below:

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2.

TOPIC: 2.2 INTRAMOLECULAR FORCE AND

IONIC COMPOUNDS – LATTICE ENERGY

A) NaCl vs. LiCl

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