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Who was Aurangzeb?
Auranzeb was Mughal ruler. He imposed Jazia tax on non-Muslim, destroyed

their temples and tried to ban suttee. He introduced Islamic laws. He banned
drinking alcohol. He remained fighting with Marathas in south India for 25
years. He died in 1707
What was Jizya?
It was an Islamic Tax charged from non-Muslim for their protection by Muslim
rulers, Mughals also charged it in their Empire later abolished by Emperor
Akbar but Aurangzeb introduced it again in India, Mughals lost loyalty of non
Muslim population due to Jizya collection, later abandoned by Shah Alam 1.
What was Mansabdari system?
It was a generic term for military type of grading of all imperial officers of
Mughals. Mansabdar governed the empire and commanded its armies in emperor
name. Though they were usually aristocrats. They did not form a feudal
aristocracy. Mansabdari means rank holder.
Who was Bahadur Shah Zafar II?
He was last Mughal emperor. During revolt of 1857 rebels considered him as
leader. In September 1857 Delhi was regained by British and he was deposed to
Burma. All his sons were killed by British, he was sent to live in Burma.
MARATHAS
Who was Shivaji?
Shivaji Raje Bhosle with title of Shivaji Maharaj founded Maratha empire. He
successfully fought with Mughals and remained challenge for Aurangzeb. He was
crowned as King in 1674. He was skilled in guerrilla warfare. He re-established
Hindu rule in region ruled by Muslim for several hundred years.
OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/01 I SECTION 1/2/3 I ALL 4 MARKS

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Who were Marathas?

Marathas lived in Deccan, were known for their skills as guerrilla fighters.
Marathas organized themselves under the leadership of shivaji. Aurangzeb
failed to crush their power. In 1737 they defeated Mughal army. In 1760 they
occupied Delhi. In third battle of Panipat in 1761 Persian king Ahmed Shah
Abdali crushed their power.
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
What was Suttee?
Suttee was an old Hindu tradition often practiced by Rajputs, widows were
burnt alive with dead body of their husband, at funeral, Aurangzeb tried to ban
it later British banned it in Bengal in 1829.
Who was Rani of Jhansi?
Rani of Jhansi Lakshmibai was adopted daughter of ruler of Jhansi, she was not
accepted as ruler and Jhansi was captured by British under doctrine of Lapse,
she revolted, supported by Tantia Tope, she was killed by British in battle of
Gawalior. She was an important leader of the revolt of 1857.
Who was Tantia Tope? (also known as Tatya Tope)
Tantia Tope was Indian leader of revolt, finest general. Follower of Nana Shab.
He forced general Windham to retreat at Cawnpur. He came to rescue Rani of
Jhansi Laxmi Bhai, he was defeated by Napier a British commander. He was
betrayed by a friend and executed in 1859.
What was Cawnpore massacre?
Nana Shab was adopted son of the last Peshwa Baji Rao II. Nana Shab revolted
against British at Cawnpore, Nana Shab defeated general Wheeler;s forces and
agreed that British women and children could go unharmed by boat to Allahabad
but rebels fired on them causing death of 200 British women and children.

What was greased cartridge issue?

In Jan 1857 British introduced a new cartridge of En-field rifle greased with
pig and cow fats, soldiers had to chew it before use. Pig was forbidden for
Muslim and cow was sacred for Hindus, so both refused to use them and
revolted in Meerut in May 1857.
What were the events of revolt?
Indian soldiers of E.I.C army refused to use greased cartridge at Meerut and
started revolt against British. Meerut sacked and British officers killed.
Soldiers marched on Delhi and captured it, revolt spread and British lost control
of a number of towns (Mathura, Kanpur, Jhansi and Allahabad). In September
British took Delhi back, Bahadur Shah II surrendered and his sons murdered,
Lucknow taken back. Jhansi held out until Rhani was killed in 1858.
EAST INDIA COMPANY

What was East India company?
E.I.C was a trading established by British traders, In 1600AD Queen Elizabeth

granted charter of trade to trade in the east of Africa. In 1608 first ship
landed in Surat India. In 1612 Prince Khurram allowed E.I.C to trade with India.
E.I.C gradually captured whole India. Power grew in 18th century.
Who was Roberet Clive?
Roberet Clive was commander of E.I.C army which defeated Nawab Siraj-ud-
Daula in battle of Plassey in 1757 he became governor of Bengal. His opponents
carried on an investigation on corruption charges but he was not found guilty. He
committed suicide in 1774.
What was battle of Plassey?
In 1757 E.I.C army Under command of Lord Clive defeated Nawab of Bengal
Siraj-ud-Daula at Plassey due to disloyalty of Mir Jafar his army commander.
E.I.C installed Mir Jafar as puppet Nawab of Bengal. British utilized resources
of Bengal to establish a large army.

What was black hole incident of Calcutta?

In 1756 Siraj-ud-Daula army captured old fort William and locked British
prisoners in a small room later known as black hole. 123 out of 146 died of
suffocation, heat and crushing. Some historians believed deaths were only 43
and some believed it as false story.
Who was Mir Qasim?
Nawab of Bengal [1] in 1760 , succeeding Mir Jafar. With the support of EIC, he
confiscated lands and wealth of people in Bengal to give to the British;
Eventually he tried to stop British influence in Bengal; 1764 Mir Qasim fought
Clive at Buxar, but was defeated.
What was battle of Buxar?
In 1764 E.I.C army defeated combine army of Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim,
Nawab of Oudh and Mughal emperor Shah Alam II at Buxar. British influence
increased. British captured Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and extended it's influence
in Oudh.
Who was Hyder Ali?
Hyder Ali was ruler of Mysore state, organized a strong army with the help of
French and defeated British in two battles of Mysore,he was the innovator of
military use of the iron-cased Mysorean rockets. He was succeeded by his son
Tipu sultan in 1782.
Who was Tipu Sulatan?
Tipu was son of Hyder Ali the Nawab of Mysore. He tried to setup modern army
with the help of French. He fought bravely with E.I.C army. He was defeated in
fourth battle of Mysore in 1799 by Lord Wellesely. Tipu failed due to traitors
and non cooperation of Marathas and Nizam Hyderabad.
Who was Lord Wellesley?
Governor General of India in 1798. Wellesley persuaded local princes / rulers to

sign subsidiary alliances. Local rulers were also forbidden to make any other
alliances. In 1799 Wellesley invaded Mysore killing Tipu Sultan and gaining

control of his lands.Wellesley also defeated the Nawabs of Oudh and took

control of their territory.
What was regulating act of 1773?
British government passed this act to made E.I.C responsible to parliament,

Governor general of Bengal with four Councillors and governors of Madras and
Bombay were appointed to take care of E.I.C affairs, Supreme court of Calcutta
was setup with Chief Justice and three judges.
What was charter of 1833?
The Charter of E.I.C was renewed in 1833. The Governor General 's council was
given power to make laws for whole India, NWFP was made fourth presidency.
Charter allowed Indian to play an important part in running their country.
Indians could be part of civil service administering India.
What was treaty of Lahore?
In 1846 treaty of Lahore was signed after defeat of Sikh ruler of Punjab by
British in First Anglo-Sikh War. Sikhs paid a huge fine to British. Gulab singh
who helped British was given Kashmir as reward. Dalip Singh was kept on throne.
Kashmir and doab area between Bias and Sutlej was surrendered to British, Sikh
army was reduced.
What was doctrine of Lapse?
Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie in 1852 by which British

annexed any local state whose ruler died without any son, no ruler was allowed
to adopt son. Sitara, Jhansi, Nagpur and Oudh states were captured by British
under this doctrine.
What was annexation of Sindh?
In 1843 E.I.C army under Charles Napier captured Sindh after two battles with
Amirs of Sindh. British were worried due to expansion policy of Sikh ruler of
Punjab Ranjit Singh. British wanted to regain lost pride of British after defeat
in Afghanistan.

What was Queen's proclamation of 1858?

It was read on Nov 1858 at Allahabad. Pardon was given to all expect those who
were involved in murder of British. Doctrine of Lapse and annexation policy was
abolished, religious freedom was ensured. Promiss was made to regard ancient
property rights. E.I.C was abolished.
What was Vernacular press act 1878?
It was passed by British. This act reduced freedom of expression in News

papers. Publication of anti British material was against law. News paper owner
and editor could be fined and jailed in case of breaking Vernacular Press act.
THREE REFORMERS
Who was Shah Wali Ullah? (1703-62)
Shah Wali Ullah was great religious reformer of 18th century. He pointed out
reasons of Mughal decline, translated Quran in Persian language, he wrote 51
books to spread Islamic principles.He wanted to purify Islam from Hindu
customs. He invited Ahmed Shah Abdali Afghan king to crush Marathas in the
third Battle of Panipat in 1761.
Who was Ahmed Shah Abdali (Durrani)? (1722-1773)
Ahmed Shah Abdali was founder of modern state of Afghanistan. He captured

Punjab from Mughal Empire. He defeated Marathas in the battle of Panipat in
1761 and crushed their power on invitation of Shah Wali Ullah. He is buried in
Khandar.
Who was Syed Ahmed Shaheed Baralvi? (1786-1831)
Syed Ahmed was founder of Jehad movement. He took military experience by

joining army of Amir khan. He wanted to free Punjab from Sikh rule. He also
wanted to setup an Islamic state. He defeated strong Sikh army at Okara and
then at Hazrothe in 1826. He was martyred by Sikhs at Ballakot in 1831.

Who was Haji Shariat Ullah?

Faraizi movement was founded by Haji Shariat Ullah in Bengal, he advised
followers to act upon basics of Islam like prayer, fasting, zakat and Hajj. He
struggled for farm workers against economic oppression of Land lords and
wanted to purify Islam from Hindu customs.
What is meant by Dar-ul-harab?
A battle ground between Islamic and non-Islamic forces is termed as Dar-ul-

Harab, Muslim are advised to fight or migrate from such area, Friday and Eid
prayer are not compulsory in such places.
Who was Dodhu Mian? (Dadhu Mian)
His real name was Mohsin-ud-Din, he was son Haji Shariat Ullah. He divided East
Bengal in circles and appointed Khalifas for social welfare. He organized farm
workers against high taxes charged by Hindu and British land lords, after his
death in 1860 Faraizi movement declined.
Who was Titu Mir?
Mir Nisar Ali, who came to be known as Titu Mir, was a follower of Syed Ahmed.
He organised Muslim farmers against oppressive Hindu land lords in Bengal. He
advised farmers to refuse to pay beard tax. Titu Mir setup his own rule and
gathered a small army. Titu Mir was killed by British in 1831. Titu Mir group was
known as Hajjis.
Who was Ranjit Singh?
Ranjit Singh was a strong Sikh ruler of Punjab, Kashmir and parts of NWFP. He
was able to modernized his army with the help of French. Muslim of Punjab were
not allowed to perform Azan and cow slaughtering during his rule. He died in
1839.

SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

Who was Sir Syed?
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was great reformer of 19th century born in 1817 at Delhi
started Aligarh movement to uplift educational standards of Muslim in India. He
also tried to improve Muslim relation with British after the revolt of 1857. He
struggled to protect Muslim rights and founded two nation theory. He set-up
M.A.O in 1875.
What was Aligarh movement?
Movement was founded by Sir Syed to educate Indian Muslim to uplift their
status, advised Indian Muslim to learn English, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan setup
Scientific society in 1863 to translate books of English in Urdu to provide first
hand knowledge to Muslim. Moreover he also setup MAO in 1875.
What was Urdu-Hindi controversy?
In 1867 Hindus tried to replace Urdu by Hindi as second official language of

Northern provinces of India. Sir Syed defended urdu through out his life, Sir
Syed was so disappointed that he presented Two nations theory. Hindi was
declared as status of second official language in 1900 after death of Sir Syed.
What was Muhammadan defense alliance?
In 1893 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan renamed United Patriotic Alliance as

Muhammadan Defense Alliance to protect Indian Muslim from Hindu abuses,
music was played in front of mosques during prayer, Muslim were restricted
from performance of Azan and cow slaughtering.
What was Two nation theory?
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded two nation theory, according to it Hindu and
Muslim living in India were two separate nations due to distinct religions, culture
and language. Later theory became base of Pakistan movement.

What was scientific society?

Scientific society was founded by Sir Syed in 1863 at Ghazipur to translate
books of social and physcial sciences from English to Urdu. He wanted to
provide first hand knowledge to Muslims.
What was Tahdhib-ul-Aklaq?
This Jounal was issued by Sir Syed in Urdu, contained articles from influential
Muslim who agreed with Sir Syed that there was a need for a new approach to
education, the journal played important role in bringing an intellectual revolution
among Muslim.
What was Tabyin-ul-Kalam?
In this book Sir Syed pointed similarities between Islam and Christianity to
reduce misunderstandings between Indian Muslim and British, to improve
relation between both. Due to lack of resources work was not completed.
What was Aligarh institute Gazette?
This Journal was issued in 1866 under Scientific society. Urdu and English
essays on social and political problems of people were published. It was
published twice a week, continued for 22 years. It also propogated educational
activities of Aligarh.
What was Loyal Muhammadan of India?
Sir Syed wrote this book in 1860 and he defended the Muslim from the British
accusation that they were disloyal. He states services of various Muslim
towards British. At the same time he called on British to end the hostility
towards Muslim after the revolt.
What was the Pamphlet "Causes of Revolt"?
It was a pamphlet of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in which he pointed the main reasons
of the revolt of 1857 as poor management of Indian army, change of Muslim to
Christianity by force and lack of share of Indians in Government. He wrote it to
clear misunderstanding of British with Muslim.

What was Athar-al-sanadeed?

Sir Syed wrote this book. It was on old buildings of Delhi city set up during
Muslim rule. He published diagrams of these buildings and used modern methods
of research to study their historical importance.
What was meant by Nadarath?
British were called as Nadarath by Muslims of India. British were resented by

the term. Sir Syed tried to clear up the misunderstanding among the British.
Sir Syed pointed out that the word came from an Arabic word Nasir meant
helper.
What was Congress?
Congress was founded in 1885 by Alan Octavian Humes with permission of

viceroy Lord Dufferin. The British saw it as body by which they could hears
views of educated elite in Indian society. Congress claimed to represent all
communities of India regarded religion but soon changed in to Hindu party.
LANGUAGES
What was Pashto academy?
Pashto academy was setup in 1954 in Peshawar University for promotion of

Pashto literature. Academy was initially by Maulana Abdul Qadir and prepared
widely accepted Pashto dictionary.
What was Baloch academy?
Baloch academy promote Balochi language. It publishes collection of poetry of

Baloch poets and conduct educational activities. 150 books are published in
Balochi. Books of other language are translated in Balochi. Academy publish a
popular series of pamphlets to promote Balochi. A weekly magazine known as
"Nan Kessan" was published. A monthly known as "Olassis" was also published.

OTHER 4 MARKS

Who were zamindars?
Landlords/tax collectors.Wealthy and influential, some had private armies.

After death of Aurangzeb they were increasingly unwilling to accept rule of any
new emperor or to make payments to government in Delhi. Beard tax imposed
which annoyed Muslims. Muslims were oppressed by zamindars from the 1800’s
onwards, especially in East Bengal.
Who were Thugees?
They were armed robbers, involved in ritual murder, who terrified people.
Present in central and upper India. Claimed they were serving a goddess, Kali.
East India Company (EIC) used force to destroy them in 1830 and stamped out
the practice.
Who was Warren Hastings?
1782, first Governor General / Viceroy of India. British / English statesman.

Introduced a number of reforms in administration, revenue, finance, commerce
and the judiciary. Developed policies relating to Oudh and Rohilla. Involved in
several wars including the Anglo-Maratha and the Anglo-Mysore.

PARTITION OF BENGAL
What was Swadeshi movement?
Swadeshi movement was started by Bengali Hindus to oppose partition of

Bengal, British goods were boycotted like cloth and cigarettes to put economic
pressure on British. Desi khadar was manufactured at home.
SIMLA DEPUTATION
What was Simla deputation?
A delegation of prominent Muslim leaders from India led by Sir Agha Khan met
with vireroy Lord Minto in 1906 at Simla demanded separate electorate for
Muslim in all legislative bodies and One third seats in central legislation.
Separate electorate was agreed later. Muslims got true recognition for the
first time after 1857 by getting better relations with the British. The success
of Simla Deputation encouraged the Muslims to establish a political organization
of their own, the Muslim League. Now they could encounter the growing
influence of Congress.
MUSLIM LEAGUE
What were objectives of Muslim league?
Muslim league wanted to protect Muslim rights, promote feelings of loyalty in

Muslim towards British, to create friendly relations with other communities of
India and represent Muslim community of India.
What was Arya Samaj?
It was founded in 1877 by Dayanand Saraswati to reconvert Hindus who had

converted to Islam and Christianity. Arya Samaj was also involved in riots
against Muslim. It had strong holds in northern and western India.

MORLEY MINTO REFORMS

What was Morley-Minto reforms?
Morley-Minto reforms were introduced by British in 1909, members of Imperial

council and central executive council were increased, direct election was
adopted for provincial legislatives, separate electorate was granted to Indian
Muslims.
LUCKNOW PACT
What was Lucknow pact?
Lucknow pact was signed between Congress and Muslim league in 1916 at
Lucknow. Congress accepted separate electorate for Muslim, one third seats
were reserved for Muslim in central legislative council, both demanded majority
of elected seats in councils and provincial autonomy.
ROWLATT ACT
What was Rowlatt act?
Rowlatt act was introduced to check growing revolutionary activities in India.

Arrest without warrant, detention without bail, there was no right of appeal,
Provincial Government could ban gathering and can order people where to live.
Despite Indian opposition the Act was passed in 1919.
AMRITSAR MASSACRE
What was Amritsar massacre?
In April 1919 there was ban on public meetings in Amritsar due to riots and
murder of 5 Europeans. On deport of two nationalist leaders, 20,000 people
were gathered at Jullianwala bagh to protest. General Dyer fired on unarmed
peaceful people without warning, 400 people were killed and 1200 were injured.

Who was General Dyer?

A British commander; Following demonstrations in Amritsar, in early 1919 he

moved troops there to restore order following riots; On April 13th he ordered
the troops to confront a peaceful gathering of thousands of people in the
Jallianwala Bagh. The troops opened fire killing many people; Dyer was later
removed from command because of his cruel actions but not punished.
MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS

What was Montague-Chelmsford reforms?
These reforms were introduced by British in 1919. Legislative council was

renamed as legislative assembly with majority of elected members, separate
electorate was included, 2% people of population was granted the right of vote,
diarchy system was adopted in provinces, a council of princes was setup to
represent princely states.
What was diarchy system?
Diarchy system was introduced in Montague-Chelmsford reforms provinces,

reserved subjects like police and justice were under control of governor's
council, Transfered subjects were less important like health and education were
in the control of Indian ministers.
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
What was Khilafat movement?
Khilafat movement was started by Indian Muslim in 1919 after defeat of

Ottoman empire (Turkey) in first world war by Allied forces. Indian Muslim
demanded protection of boundaries of Ottoman empire and respect of Holy
places of Muslim located in it. Caliphate of Ottoman empire should not be
changed.
What was Mopla uprising?
In Aug 1921 at Malabar a uprising by Mopla Muslim against Hindu land lords and
British resulted in deaths of thousands. Property of Hindus was destroyed
including temples. In the end British troops controlled the situation. 4000

Moplas were killed. Hindu-Muslim riots spread to northern India so Hindu-

Muslim unity declined (reduced) in Khilafat movement.
What was Hijrat movement?
During Khilafat movement Maulana Abdul Bari and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
declared India as Darul harb. 80,000 Indian Muslim migrated to Afghanistan
where they were not welcomed on return they found themselves homeless and
jobless reduced popularity of Khilafat movement.
Who Kamal Attaturk?
Mustafa Kamal Pasha was a military officer to Turk army removed Caliph
Muhammad VI in 1922 and abolished institute of caliphate, declared Turkey as
democracy. Musltafa Kamal Pasha later took title of Kamal Attaturk.
What was Treaty of Versailles?
The Treaty of Versailles decided to split Germany into two by creating a new
country Poland. Germans were asked to pay a huge some of Victorious Allies. The
same measures were taken against Austria also.
What was Treaty of Sevres?
The Treaty of Sevres (1920) was against Muslims and according to this Turkey
was to be divided amongst the victorious allies. It further said that Ottoman
Empire was to be split up in a way the Arabia was made independent, some parts
of Turkey would be given under league of Nations and the remaining Turkish
land would be given to Greece. While Turkey’s only possession in Europe would
be the areas around Istanbul. The British Prime Minister Lloyd George wanted
to split Turkey also in the same way they did with Germany & Austria. The
Muslims of South Asia were angry at this decision & started to stop the British
doing any harm to Khilafat in Turkey.
What was First Khilafat Conference?
The FIRST KHILAFAT CONFERENCE was held on 23rd November 1919 at Delhi
and Maulvi Fazal-ul-Haq emphasized in his presidential address that support of
non-muslims should be enlisted in this issue. After this meeting, the main

purpose was to convince the British not to take any action against Turkey. At
the end of this conference a resolution was passed which decided to send a
delegation to England to show the strength of this movement.
 A “KHILAFAT COMMITTEE” was organized in the first step of the

movement & Maulana Shaukat Ali was nominated as Secretary, Congress also
assured its full support in this moment and Abul Kalam Azad represented it.
 Congress also agreed to boycott British goods and adopting a policy of non-
cooperation against the British.
 Gandhi also approved a passive resistance called SATYAGRAYA.
What was Second Khilafat Conference?
The SECOND KHILAFAT CONFERENCE was held in the AMRITSAR on 28th

December 1919, where both the parties (Khilafat Movement and Non-
cooperation movement) planned for the future. It was agreed to merge all the
political groups & Gandhi was made the leader of these groups.
What was Khilafat Delegation?
KHILAFAT DELEGATION left for England led by Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar
to meet the Prime Minister Lloyd George. It was totally useless because the
Prime Minister refused to accept any proposal of the Khilafat Delegation and it
failed without its desired results. Gandhi took a tour of India & both the Hindus
& the Muslims started NON-COPERATION MOVEMENT against the British
govt.
What was Third Khilafat Conference?
The THIRD KHILAFAT CONFERENCE was held in Karachi from 9-11 July, in
which services with police and army were termed Haram. The Indians were
convinced to give up Govt. services, give back titles, boycott courts and British
goods, and resign from local bodies not to attend schools and colleges. After
this resolution many Indian leaders were arrested including Ali brothers. Jinnah
had already predicted that it might be violent & the same thing happened in
Nilambar & Tirur where police stations were set on fire. After this conference
the prominent political leaders were arrested.

What was the All India Khilafat Conference?

Held in Delhi in November 1919, led by Ali brothers who hoped to try and
persuade the British to keep their promises about maintaining the Turkish
Empire. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Gandhi represented Congress. Gandhi
hoped to unite Hindus and Muslims in his non-violent campaign against the
British. Azad warned the Conference that David Lloyd George intended to
punish Turkey for fighting against Britain in the war. The Conference passed a
resolution agreeing to send a delegation to Britain, making sure they were aware
of the strength of Muslim support for the Khalifa.
What was Chaura Chauri Incident?
In February 1922 CHAURA CHAURI INCIDENT a village near UP a dispute

originated between the police and the demonstrating people. The excited people
killed 21 policemen when they fired on the political procession. Gandhi was
shocked to hear this and withdrew his support from the non-cooperation
movement, which was destruction to the Khilafat movement.
Who was Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar?
He was educated from Aligarh and Oxfard University, published english

newspaper Comrade and Hamdard which played an important role in Khilafat
movement and round table conference, he struggled for independence from
Britian died in 1931 during second round table conference.
DELHI PROPOSALS
What was Delhi proposal?
In 1927 prominent Muslim leaders including Jinnah at Delhi proposed that

Muslim would quit (give up) separate electorate if Muslim would be granted one
third seats in central legislature, separation of Sindh from Bombay, reforms in
N.W.F.P and Balochistan. Seats in Punjab and Bengal according to population.

SIMON COMMISSION
What was Simmon commission?
In 1927 seven member commission under John Simmon arrived India to check
performance of Montague-Chelmsford reforms and give proposals for next
reforms. No Indian member was included so commission was boycotted by
Indians. Commission proposed to abolish (remove) dyarchy system, separation of
Sindh from Bombay and Federal system of Government.
What was the Simon Report?
Sir John Simon had chaired a commission in 1927 to consider further political
reforms in India. There was no Indian representation on the commission and
this was opposed especially as its membership had been carefully selected to
oppose self-government. Congress and ML boycotted it. SC reported in 1930,
main points were federal system with more powers to provinces, diarchy ended
with provincial government in hands of ministers responsible to elected
legislatures, Governors to choose all ministers from parties that had majority
support, Provincial Prime Ministers would be free from control by the governor
or central government, NWFP to be given a legislative council but no
government, no change in central executive and Council of Greater India to be
set up representing India and the individual provinces to discuss matters of all-
India concern. Unacceptable to both Congress and ML.
NEHRU REPORT
What was Nehru report?
In 1928 Nehru report was issued in as proposal for next reforms. Nehru report
suggested Hindi as offical language, abandoned(abolish) Separate electorate no
need for one third seats for Muslim in central legislature. It was anti- muslim
report so rejected by Muslims. Jinnah issued 14 points against it.

JINNAH 14 POINTS

What were Jinnah 14 points?
In 1929 Jinnah presented his 14 points when Muslim interest were in danger due
to Nehru report. Jinnah declared it as parting of ways from Hindus. Later any
discussion with British and Congress would be on the base of 14 points. Jinnah
demanded one third Muslim seats in central assembly and all Cabinets, reforms
in N.W.F.P and Balochistan. Separation of Sindh from Bombay.
THREE ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES

What was Gandhi-Irwin pact?
In march 1931 it was signed between Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin. Congress
workers were released (set free) from jail, Gandhi called off non-cooperation
movement and agreed to join second round table conference. He took back his
demand of full independence.
What was Communal awards?
On 16th Aug 1932, British prime minister Ramsay Macdonald announced

communal award. Separate electorate and weightage principle was kept for
Muslim, Sikhs and low caste Hindus. Muslim majority in Punjab and Bengal was
reduced due to it.
ELECTIONS 1937
What were the outcomes of the provincial elections of 1937?
The elections caused great disappointment for Muslims as Congress won

absolute majorities in 5 provinces and largest single party in 4 others. Muslims
won only 109 seats that were reserved for Muslims. However was first major
election that Muslim League fought and on a united basis, learnt a number of
lessons – realised it had to improve organisation and planning, knew its support
lay in more areas where Muslims were in a minority and where they were a
majority they didn’t feel threatened by Hindus. Realised they had an image

problem – wealthy aristocrats relating to desperately poor and illiterate

Muslims.
CONGRESS RULE
What was Wardha educational scheme?
During Congress rule, Gandhi introduced Wardha educational scheme in which

(a) Hindi was medium of education. (b) Muslim children were forced to show
respect to Gandhi picture. (c) Spinning of cotton wheel was part of school
activity.(d) Hindu personalities were shown as heroes in school books.(e) It was
an effort to change Muslims in to Hindus.
What was Vidya Mander Scheme?
During Congress rule Vidya Mander Scheme was introduced by Dr zakir hussain
on instruction of Gandhi in Bihar and central province according to which
Mander education was made compulsory at elementary level at Hindu Temples in
Hindi. The purpose was to destroy Muslim culture and spread Hindu culture.
What was Band-e-Matram?
Band-e-Matram was an anti Muslim nationalist song in which Hindu were advised
to expel Muslim out of India. It was adopted by congress as official song during
Congress rule(1937-39). It was sung in every morning assembly in educational
organization.
What was day of Deliverance?
Day of deliverance was celebrated by Muslim league on 22nd Dec 1939 following
congress resign from all provincial ministries. Congress rule adopted anti Muslim
policies like Wardha educational scheme, Bande Matram as national song, a ban
on Azan and cow slaughtering. They performed thanks giving prayer.

LAHORE RESOLUTION

What was Lahore/Pakistan resolution?
Lahore resolution was passed on 23rd march 1940 at Minto park Lahore in
annual session of Muslim league demanding separate home land for Indian
Muslim composed of north-western and north-eastern Muslim majority
provinces of India. Later known as Pakistan resolution.
Who was A.K.Fazl-ul-Haq?
A.K.Fazl-ul-Haq was known as Sher-i-Bengal. he remained Chief Minister of

Bengal after 1937 election. He presented Lahore resolution in 1940 demanding
separate home land for Indian Muslim composed of north-western and north-
eastern Muslim majority provinces of India. He also remained Chief Minister of
Bengal in 1954.
CRIPPS MISSION
What was Cripps mission?
In 1942 British minister Sir Stafford Cripps offered dominion status (self
rule), new election and constitution after world war II ends, provinces would be
allowed to quit (give up) Indian union. British wanted Indian Cooperation in world
War II. Congress and Muslim league rejected the proposals.
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

What was Quit India Movement?
It was clear from Cripps mission that British position in World war II was weak
so Gandhi started Quit India movement on 8 August 1942, demanded immediate
(at once) independence from Britain, advised congress workers to "Do or die".
British crushed the movement by force. Jinnah declared it as "Black mail"

GANDHI JINNAH TALKS

What were Gandhi-Jinnah talks?
In 1944 Gandhi met with Jinnah to discuss Pakistan issue, Gandhi rejected two
nation theory and Muslim league as representative of Indian Muslim. He
demanded joint defense and foreign affairs. Gandhi wanted to resolve Pakistan
issue after freedom from British but Quaid-e-Azam rejected his proposals.
SIMLA CONFERENCE
What was Simla conference?
In Simla conference 1945 viceroy lord Wavell proposed equal number of Hindu
and Muslim seats in executive council to form interim (temporary) government
to organize British departure (going away) from India. Congress demanded to
nominate one muslim member. Jinnah took firm stand on it so conference failed.
CABINET MISSION PLAN

What was Cabinet Mission plan?
The United Kingdom Cabinet Mission of 1946 to India aimed to discuss and plan
for the transfer of power from the British Government to Indian leadership,
providing India with independence. Plan rejected by Congress and Muslim
League.
DIRECT ACTION DAY

What was the Direct Action Day?
Cabinet mission plan was rejected by Congress and AIML planned general strike
to assert its demand for a separate muslim home land. Jinnah asked the people
to show their strength to the British by observing “Direct Action Day” on 16 th
of August 1946. In this the Muslim League showed their power to the govt. &
also announced their withdrawal from both the plans. In many places thousands
demonstrated peacefully to show muslim solidarity. However, in Calcutta

demonstrations turned into violence. There was a lot of violence due to this in

Calcutta & in “Great Calcutta Killing” 4000 people died.
RADCLIFFE AWARD
What was Radcliffe Award?
On 16th August 1947 it was announced, which was totally against Pakistan
because it deliberately gave away many Muslim majority areas from the Punjab
and Bengal to India. Sir Cyril Radcliffe a lawyer of London was made the head of
these commissions with 4 assistants 2 from League & 2 from Congress. Jinnah
agreed the award but declared that muslims had been treated unjustly but they
all must abide by it and faced it with courage and hope.
3rd JUNE PLAN

What was the 3 June Plan?
Mountbatten sent in 1947 to work out a plan for the British to leave India. Two
states to be set up India and Pakistan. Government of India Act 1935 to be
constitution of both countries. Each state to have Dominion status, an Executive
responsible to Constituent Assembly. Muslim majority provinces to vote on
whether to stay with India or join Pakistan. Punjab and Bengal divided. Muslims
accepted the plan, meant 7 weeks to partition as announced by Mountbatten.
ALLAMA IQBAL
Who was Allama Iqbal?
Iqbal is considered as national poet of Pakistan. In his famous Allahabad

address of 1930 he demanded separate Muslim home land for Indian Muslim
comprised of north-western and north-eastern Muslim majority provinces in his
famous Allahabad address. He was source of strength for Muslim league in
Punjab.

CHAUDHRY RAHMAT ALI

Who was Chaudry Rehmat Ali?
Ch.Rehmat Ali in his famous pamphlet "Now or Never" he demanded separate

Muslim state in 1933 included North-Western and North-Eastern Muslim
majority provinces. He named it as Pakistan. 'P' for Punjab, 'A' for Afghania
(N.W.F.P), 'K' for Kashmir, 'I' for Iran, 'S' for Sindh, 'T' for Turkaristan, 'A'
for Afghanistan, 'N' for Balochistan.
How did the name ‘Pakistan’ originate?
Chaudhry Rehmat Ali devised the name. Stated in pamphlet ‘Now or Never’ in
1933. By end of the year most Muslims within India knew the name and its
importance. Punjab, Afghania (NWFP), Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. Muslim
League thought his ideas were impractical and ignored by Jinnah.
OTHER 4 MARKS
What was Hindu Maha Sabha?
It was fundamental Hindu party established in 1923 by Pandit Mohan Malaviya.

Party became popular under leadership of V.D.Savakar. Party was against
establishment of Pakistan and was involved in Muslim massacre (killing), Party
was blamed of murder of Gandhi in 1948.
What was Salt march?
The Salt March, which took place from March to April 1930 in India, Gandhi
started salt march from his ashram near Ahmedabad to sea side village Dandi.
24 days march was reported world wide. Gandhi challanged unfair salt taxes. It
changed into country wide movement for independence from Britain.
What was Satyagraha?
Hindu word meaning truth force / holding onto truth; A form of non-violent
resistance; Gandhi’s idea in 1919 and saw it as having a strong spiritual force. It
involved sit-down strikes and hunger strikes, petitions, protest marches and
boycotts. Sometimes resulted in aggression directed at the Muslim community.

EARLY PROBLEMS

What was the Canal Water Dispute?
In 1948, India threatened Pakistan to stop water from these head work causing
a dire threat of famine and loss of crops in west Punjab. Bilateral negotiations
started but failed due to non-cooperative behavior of India. This problem was
resolved through the mediation of World Bank. In 1960 an agreement was
signed known as “Indus Water Treaty”. Under this treaty Pakistan was given
rights of Indus, Jehlum and Chenab and India was given Ravi, Satluj & Beas.
WAPDA (water and power development authority) was entrusted to supervise
the project.
Describe the refugee problem [4]
Summer 1947 saw rioting and many deaths because of violence between Muslim
and non Muslim communities across India. After the Boundary Award, things got
worse with millions of people in the ‘wrong’ country. The largest migration then
took place with Muslims moving into Pakistan and non-Muslims moving into India.
10 m people were involved in this migration accompanied by violence and mass
slaughter in some places. 1 m may have been killed and 20 m people made
homeless. Karachi received 2 m refugees alone.
MINISTRIES 1951-1958
Describe the constitutional crisis of 1954–55.
Bogra the PM had little political experience, and GG Ghulam Mohammad

expected him to support his authority – do as he was told. Bogra wanted to curb
power of GG. GM out of country so Bogra introduced an amendment to 1935 GOI
Act, trying to take away some power. Caused a political crisis, GM declared
state of emergency and dissolved Assembly. Legal challenges were made against
GG who eventually won through.
What was the ‘One Unit’ Scheme?
Iskander Mirza (Acting Governor-General) introduced it in 1955 to unify all of

West Pakistan. He claimed it would bring about greater efficiency and enable

more rapid development. West Pakistan politicians and administrators feared

their influence may be challenged if they did not do this, especially as there
were 10 million more people in East Pakistan. By unifying West Pakistan and
making West Pakistan and East Pakistan official with equal representation in the
Assembly, the One Unit Scheme prevented East Pakistan from gaining a
majority in the Assembly. This was very unpopular in East Pakistan.
AYUB KHAN
How did Ayub Khan achieve power?
1958, martial law imposed by Iskander Mirza, Laws Order passed and
constitution was repealed. Ayub Khan already a powerful figure as Commander in
Chief of army, took role of Chief Martial Law Administrator and then removed
Iskander Mirza from office. Power now totally with Ayub Khan and took role of
President. Event known as ‘Glorious Revolution’.
What was Basic Democracy?
It was issued in 1959 which introduced a 4-tier structure of representative

bodies, which were Village Council, Sub-District Council, District Council &
Divisional Council. In this system ordinary people elected Union Council
Members, who in turn elected District and Divisional Council Members. These
Basic Democrats formed and Electoral College for the election of the President
and members of Provisional and Central Legislatures. The union council was the
lowest tier and was directly elected by the people. Each member of the union
council represented 1000 people. At the end of 1959, Ayub asked basic
democrats for a vote of confidence. Almost 95%of them declared their
confidence in Ayub khan and on 17th feb 1960 he was confirmed as President of
Pakistan for next 5 years.
Describe Pakistan’s involvement in the U2 crisis.
In 1960, U2 affair was held. An American spy plane was shot down over the
Soviet union, town Sverdolsk, the Pilot Gary Powers, parachuted to the ground
where he was captured by Soviet forces. It was a spy plane but the Americans
did not admit it. They said it was a research plane studying weather conditions.
The pilot had admitted spying. Pakistan felt embrassed as they gave their
territory of Peshawar to be used as American Plane Base. The fame of Pakistan

deteriorated due to the event. The relations become tensed between Pakistan

and Soviet Union.
CREATION OF BANGLADESH
Who was Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman?
Believed in self government of East Pakistan, helped to found Awami League in

1949 and led it in 1960s, drafted Six Point Plan in 1966 which demanded
separation in effect. 1970 elections meant that Awami League was largest party
in Pakistan but not allowed to take power and Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman become
PM. Military crackdown against Awami League supporters, Civil War, Sheikh
Mujib-ur-Rahman first PM of Bangladesh. Murdered in 1975 in a military
takeover.
What was Operation Searchlight?
A planned military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to put down the
Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan in March 1971. Ordered by the
central government in West Pakistan, this was seen as the sequel to "Operation
Blitz" which had been launched in November 1970. The original plan envisioned
taking control of the major cities on March 26, and then eliminating all
opposition, political or military within one month. Bengali resistance was not
expected by the Pakistani army and led to many atrocities taking place that
caused some 10 million refugees to flee to India. These atrocities enraged the
Bengalis, who declared independence from Pakistan, and led to the creation of
Bangladesh
ZULFIAQAR ALI BHUTTO

Describe the Simla Agreement.
1972 (2 July), Bhutto signed Simla Agreement with Indira Gandhi of India. She
agreed to return prisoners of war in a return for a promise from Pakistan that
the Kashmir problem would be discussed with India and not with others e.g. UN.
Increased his popularity in Pakistan, international reputation enhanced, not
given up on Kashmir

Describe Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s health reforms of 1972.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto introduced a health scheme in 1972 in which Rural Health
Centres and Basic Health Units in urban areas were to provide widespread
healthcare. It expected to set up 1 Rural Health Centre for every 60000 people
and 1 Basic Health Unit for every 20000 people. Training colleges for doctors
and nurses were expected to admit students on merit and on qualification (after
first year) they could be placed anywhere by the government. The sale of
branded medicines was banned in an attempt to reduce the cost of these and
could be purchased without prescription. However, the reforms were expensive
and there was a shortage of doctors and nurses. International drug companies
closed down their operations in Pakistan due to a lack of profits from unbranded
medicines.
Describe Bhutto’s downfall from power.
1977, rumours of armed government thugs disrupting PNA election rallies in

1977. PPP won election but protests over vote rigging from PNA who demanded
fresh election. Bhutto refused and rioting followed. His FSF couldn’t stop it and
Bhutto had to negotiate with PNP offering concessions and some elections in
disputed constituencies. Declared a state of emergency and Pakistan placed
under Martial law at same time, PNP leadership arrested and 000s of
supporters. Army saw weaknesses in Bhutto and carried out a coup called
‘Operation Fairplay’. Bhutto arrested and Pakistan under army control with Zia
in charge.
ZIA UL HAQ
What was the ‘Afghan Miracle’?
USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led to an immediate impact on Pakistan’s

relationship with other countries. Zia was seen as leader of a Muslim nation on
the frontline against communist forces. Economic and military support came
from the West and Pakistan became an important base against the Soviets.
Pakistan became a leading country in world politics and this led to huge sums of
money coming into the country to pay for the care of refugees and the armed

forces. Zia was able to use some of the funds to make economic progress and

reform the economy.
What were the Hudood Ordinances?
Part of his Islamisation programme, 1977 onwards, including Offences against

Property, Zina, Qafq and Prohibition Ordinances. Islamic punishments for
gambling, drinking, theft and adultery, e.g. amputation of right hand for theft
and 80 stripes of the cane for drinking alcohol. 1980 Zakat Ordinance imposed a
2.5% wealth tax to be given to the poor, Ushr Ordinance 5% tax on agricultural
income which supported Zakat.
Describe the Zakat Ordinance.
In 1980, Zia-ul-Haq imposed a 2.5% wealth tax on savings over a certain amount.
Money raised was given to Zakat committees in villages and towns for the poor.
Some Muslim groups protested against this since their view of Islamic law was
that giving should be voluntary. In 1984, these groups held demonstrations in
Islamabad forcing Zia-ulHaq to accept their objections and exempt them from
paying the tax.
What was the Eighth Amendment?
1985. Introduced by Zia, after lifting of martial law. It confirmed all previous
acts of the martial law period with no right of appeal. President could appoint
Prime Minister, Governors of Provinces and other officials. President could
dismiss Prime Minister and National Assembly. Firmly established Presidential
rule.
NAWAZ SHARIF AND BENAZIR BHUTTO

What was the Pucca Qila massacre?
May 1990, in Hyderabad, 40 supporters of MQM killed by police. Women and

children included. Such violence led to the President (Ghulam Ishaq Khan)
dismissing Benazir government in August 1990.

What problems did Nawaz Sharif face as Prime Minister during

the 1990s?
Divided nation, supporters of BB wanted him to fail, difficult to promote

economic progress and religious ideas at same time, lost USA aid, accused of
involvement in death of Asif Nawaz, army Commander-in-Chief, dismissed, lost
aid and support form other nations in 2nd term of office following nuclear
testing, failures in fighting in Kashmir – blamed Musharraf, whom he tried to
sack. Overthrown.
What problems did Benazir Bhutto face as Prime Minister of

Pakistan?
1988-90, 1993-96. Faced opposition from politicians who wanted her to fail,
Husband Zardari accused of corruption, divisions within her party (PPP), IJI
criticised government of being close to USA. Confrontations with provincial
govts, violent protests, Coalition party MQM joined with IJI, Pucca Qila
massacre.
Describe General Pervez Musharraf’s coup.
1999, Nawaz tried to blame Kashmir retreat on Pervez Musharraf but not
accepted. Nawaz Sharif tried to sack him when he was visiting Sri Lanka and not
allowing him to return to Pakistan. His army staff overthrew Nawaz Sharif and
Pervez Musharraf returned and put Pakistan under military rule. A bloodless
coup, life allowed to get on as normal.
What was the Co-operative societies scandal?
Co-operative Societies accepted money from members and could make loans for
purposes that were to the benefit of the society and its members.
Mismanagement of these led to a major collapse in which millions of Pakistanis
lost money by 1992. In Nawaz Sharif’s state of Punjab, 700000 poor people lost
all their savings when the societies went bankrupt. The societies had loaned
billions of rupees to Nawaz Sharif’s family business. He repaid the loans but his
reputation was damaged and was one of the reasons why he lost office the
following year 1993.

What was the Kargil Conflict?

1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line of Control and captured the
Indian occupied towns of Kargil and Drass. Pakistan government denied any
involvement (but later admitted). India launched counter attack and 2 of its
aircraft crossed into Pakistani airspace. One was shot down. Pakistani forces
pushed back and was eventually persuaded by USA to withdraw behind Line of
Control. A major blow to Pakistan-India relations.
Describe the problems caused by family feuds that faced the

Benazir Bhutto governments.
Quarrelled with her mother Begum Nusrat Bhutto over control of the PPP, with
Begum favouring Benazir’s brother Mir Murtaza as leader. Begum removed from
a leading role in the PPP. Murtaza went into exile and founded the Al-Zulfikar
Organisation. He used this to criticise Benazir. He also opposed her husband’s
involvement in the PPP because of the allegations of corruption against him.
Zardari accused of paybacks on property and government deals and being
involved in political murders. Murtaza arrested on his return to Pakistan on
charges of terrorism in 1993. In 1996 he was killed in a police ambush and a
judicial review of the incident found government involvement in it.
OTHER 4 MARKS
What was SEATO?
1955 South East Asia Treaty Organisation. Also included USA and Britain.
Sometimes called Manila Pact in Pakistan. Joined in 1955. Withdrew in 1972.
Aimed to resist Communist expansion. Pakistan surprised other Muslim countries
by being so closely allied with USA.
What was CENTO?
Originally the Baghdad Pact formed in 1955 with Turkey and Iraq. Later that
year Pakistan, Iran and Britain joined to establish an anti-Communist alliance
against the Soviet Union. All except Britain were Muslim countries. Pact
renamed CENTO (Central Treaty Organisation) after Iraq left in 1959. Never
developed a permanent structure or system for raising troops for mutual

defence and was dissolved in 1979. USA supported the organisation but did not
become a member.
Describe the 1956 Constitution?
Adopted by 2nd Constituent Assembly, a compromise between Muslim League

and United Front, Islamic Republic of Pakistan pronounced, Mirza became
President who could choose the Prime Minister. President had to be a Muslim
and had emergency powers and could dissolve National Assembly. There was a
cabinet (advisory only) and a National and Provincial Assembly. Constitution
scrapped in 1958 and martial law declared.
Describe the terms of the 1973 Constitution.
Introduced by Bhutto. Pakistan to become a federal republic with parliamentary

system of government. PM to be head of government. Pakistan an Islamic
Republic with Islam the state religion. PM and President to be Muslims.
Fundamental human rights to be recognised with Supreme and High Courts to
enforce these. PM agrees to President’s orders but advises President. Upper
House (Senate) to be elected and must not be dissolved. Emergency powers for
government. Armed forces not to take part in political activities.
Who was Fatima Jinnah?
The sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a dentist who gave up her career to support
him especially after the death of his wife. In 1965, aged 71 she stood in the
presidential election (against Ayub Khan); She was very popular and so is known
as Khatoon-i-Pakistan (First Lady of Pakistan), and Madar-i-Millat (Mother of
the Nation).
What is the Karakoram Highway?
1966 joint China-Pakistan project to construct an 800 mile highway, opened in

1978. Known as the Friendship Highway in China .Financed with Chinese money
and built by its engineers. Very difficult and dangerous road to build and
claimed many lives. Follows the Silk Road route from China.

What has been the importance of the Siachen Glacier to both

India and Pakistan?
1977 Indian colonel Kumar first climbed the glacier. Returned in 1981. Pakistan
discovered that Indians had been there and decided to defend its interests
before India claimed the glacier, especially as the border in that part of
Kashmir had never been drawn properly. When Pakistan soldiers moved up to the
glacier they discovered 300 Indian troops there. This meant that both sets of
troops had to stay there as the glacier was an important symbol to both sides.
Pakistan tried several times to remove the Indian troops from there without
success. In 1987 Musharraf led one of these assaults. In 1989 Bhutto visited
the glacier to reinforce Pakistan’s view of it. No official figures exist of the
death toll on the glacier with estimates between 3000 and 5000, but many of
these have probably been due to avalanches and falls. No settlement has been
reached, even though several meetings have been held to discuss the situation
since 1989.

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