Ch02 Molecules of Life LQ

Biology: Chapter 2 Molecules of life
Combined Science: Chapter 2 Molecules of life Structured questions

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Structured questions

Combined Chapter 2 Molecules of life
Science:
|!|ELA010202001O|!|
The diagram below shows some snail shells.
(a) Suggest the major mineral component of snail shell. (1 mark)
(b) What is the advantage of having this major mineral component in the shell? (2 marks)
(c) Give two other functions of this major mineral component in animals. (2 marks)
(d) Name three other minerals needed by animals. (3 marks)
##
(a) calcium (1 mark)
(b) It makes the shell hard, (1 mark)
so that the hard shell can protect the snail. (1 mark)
(c) Any two of the following: (1 mark each) (2 marks)
- for muscle contraction
- for blood clotting
- as structural component of bones and teeth
(d) magnesium, (1 mark)
iron, (1 mark)
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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
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nitrogen (or other reasonable answers) (1 mark)
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(8 marks)##
|!|ELA010202002O|!|
Sucrose is formed from monosaccharide A and monosaccharide B. The structures of the disaccharide sucrose
and monosaccharide A are shown in the diagram below.
CH2O CH2O
?
O H CH2O O H O H
H H
H H
O H H H O H +
O O CH2O H O
H O O H H O
Sucrose Monosaccharide A Monosaccharide B
(a) Name monosaccharide A. (1 mark)
(b) Draw the structure of monosaccharide B. (1 mark)
(c) Sucrose can be broken down into monosaccharides. Name this process. (1 mark)
(d) A student uses Benedict's solution to test for sucrose, monosaccharide A and monosaccharide B
separately. What results would you expect? (3 marks)
##
(a) glucose (1 mark)
(b) (1 mark)
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O
HOCH2 H
H HO
HO CH2OH
OH H
(c) hydrolysis (1 mark)

(d) Sucrose: The solution remains blue. (1 mark)
Monosaccharide A: Blue solution turns to brick red. (1 mark)
Monosaccharide B: Blue solution turns to brick red. (1 mark)
_________
(6 marks)##
|!|ELA010202003O|!|
(a) Name the subunits making up a nucleotide. (3 marks)
(b) State the structure of a DNA molecule and describe how this structure is formed. (5 marks)
##
(a) a five-carbon sugar / ribose / deoxyribose (1 mark)
a phosphate group (1 mark)
a nitrogen-containing base (1 mark)
(b) DNA molecule has a shape of double helix structure. (1 mark)
The structure is formed by
- the phosphate group of one nucleotide molecule combines with the five-carbon sugar of another.
(1 mark)
- the sugar-phosphate chains form the backbones of the polynucleotide molecule. (1 mark)
- DNA consists of two polynucleotide strands. (1 mark)
- the complementary pairs of bases in the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds.(1 mark)
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(8 marks)##
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|!|ELA010202004O|!|
(a) Draw a diagram to show the structure of a RNA nucleotide using the following symbols. (1 mark)
Phosphate group: Ribose: Nitrogen-containing base:
(b) Nucleotides combine to form nucleic acid. What is the process called? (1 mark)
(c) (i) To which chemical substance does ribose belong? (1 mark)
(ii) How many carbon atoms does one molecule of ribose contain? (1 marks)
(d) Give two structural differences between RNA and DNA. (2 marks)
##
(a) (1 mark)
(b) condensation (1 mark)

(c) (i) carbohydrates (1 mark)
(ii) five carbon atoms (1 mark)
(d) RNA exists in a single-stranded form while DNA is a double helix. (1 mark)
RNA has the base uracil while DNA has the base thymine. (1 mark)
_________
(6 marks)##
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|!|ELB010202005O|!|
* Phosphorus is a kind of chemical element essential for lives. It is found in the form of phosphate in body cells.
(a) Name two organic substances that are composed of phosphate. (2 marks)
(b) Name one inorganic substance that is composed of phosphate. (1 mark)
(c) State the functions of the above three substances in our bodies. (3 marks)
##
(a) Any two of the following: (1 mark each) (2 marks)
Phospholipids / nucleotide / ATP
(b) calcium phosphate (or other reasonable answer) (1 mark)
(c) Calcium carbonate is a constituent of bones and teeth in mammals. (1 mark)
Any two of the following: (1 mark each) (2 marks)
- Phospholipids are the main component of cell membranes.
- Nucleotides form nucleic acids which are information molecules / control cells / govern the
inheritance of characteristics in organisms.
- ATP is an energy carrier/helps energy transfer in cells.
_________
(6 marks)##
|!|ELB010202006O|!|
* Read the passage below and answer the following questions.
Trans fat
Trans fat is found in many foods, like French fries, microwaved popcorn and some margarine. In fact,
any food that contains vegetable oils that are "partially-hydrogenated" or "hydrogenated" most likely contains
trans fat.
Trans fat is a kind of unsaturated fat and it comes from adding hydrogen to vegetable oil. Trans fat is
more solid than oil, making it less likely to spoil. Using trans fat in food manufacturing helps foods stay fresh
longer, have a longer shelf life and taste less greasy.
Unlike other dietary fats, trans fat is unessential to our bodies. The consumption of trans fat increases
our risk of getting coronary heart disease by raising the level of "bad" cholesterol and lowering the level of
"good" cholesterol in blood. Trans fat tends to be more harmful to health than naturally occurring oils. Health
authorities thus recommend that consumption of trans fat should be reduced to trace amounts.
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(a) Describe the structure of a trans fat molecule. (3 marks)
(b) Why do some food manufacturers add trans fat in their food products? (2 marks)
(c) State and explain the effects of trans fat to our health after consumption. (2 marks)
(d) State two functions of dietary fats to our body? (2 marks)
(e) From the above paragraph, apart from fats, we can find another type of lipid in the human body.
(i) What is this kind of lipid? (1 mark)
(ii) State its function in our bodies. (1 mark)
##
(a) A trans fat molecule consists of a glycerol molecule and (1 mark)
three fatty acid molecules that are linked to the glycerol. (1 mark)
Some of the fatty acids are unsaturated/ hydrogenated. (1 mark)
(b) The food containing trans fat can stay fresh longer/have a longer shelf life (1 mark)
and taste less greasy. (1 mark)
(c) The consumption of trans fats increases the risk of getting coronary heart disease because (1 mark)
it raises the levels of "bad" cholesterol and lowers the levels of "good" cholesterol in blood.
(1 mark)
(d) Any two of the following: (1 mark each) (2 marks)
- Fats act as energy stores in organisms.
- Fats serve as a heat insulator in mammals.
- Fats serve as shock absorber and protect internal organs.
(e) (i) cholesterol (1 mark)
(ii) Cholesterol is used to make steroid hormones, such as male and female sex hormones. (1 mark)
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(11 marks)##
|!|ELB010202007O|!|
* The diagrams below show the structures of amino acids G and C.
SH
H CH2
H O H O
N C C N C C
OH H OH
H
H H
amino acid G amino acid C
(a) An amino acid is composed of three groups.

(i) Name the three groups. (3 marks)
(ii) Label each group on the diagram of amino acid G. (3 marks)
(b) (i) Name the process that joins amino acids G and C together. (1 mark)
(ii) Draw the structure of the dipeptide formed. (1 mark)
(c) The diagram below shows a polypeptide chain, with two parts linked by a disulphide bond.
CH2
S
disulphide bond
S
CH2
(i) To obtain the above polypeptide chain, which amino acid(s), G or C, should the chain contain?
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(1 mark)
(ii) What is the function of disulphide bond on the structure of polypeptide chain? (1 mark)
##
(a) (i) amino group (1 mark)
carboxyl group (1 mark)
R group (1 mark)
(ii) 1 mark for each group (3 marks)
R group
H
H O
amino group N C C carboxyl group
H OH
H
(b) (i) condensation (1 mark)

(ii) (1 mark)
SH
H O H CH2
H O
N C C N C C
H OH
H H
(c) (i) The chain should contain at least two amino acids C. (1 mark)
(ii) It helps the chain to become a complex, three-dimensional structure. (1 mark)
_________
(10 marks)##
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|!|ELA010202008O|!|
The diagram below shows the food that contains a large amount of a storage substance, X.
(a) Name the storage substance X. (1 mark)
(b) X is formed from molecule Y. Name molecule Y. (1 mark)
(c) Name the three elements that form molecule Y. (3 marks)
(d) Name another chemical compound (other than carbohydrate) that contains the same elements as Y.
(1 mark)
##
(a) starch (1 mark)
(b) glucose (1 mark)
(c) carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (3 marks)
(d) lipid (1 mark)
_________
(6 marks)##
|!|ELA010202009O|!|
Mary brought a lunch box to school. In the lunch box, there were bread, an orange, an egg, peanuts and a
carton of milk.
(a) (i) State the type of carbohydrate found in bread. (1 mark)
(ii) List all the atoms which make up a carbohydrate compound. (3 marks)
(b) (i) Name the organic compound found in eggs which is necessary for forming new cells. (1 mark)
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(ii) This organic compound is too large to be absorbed. It has to be broken down into small units
before absorption. Name the smallest unit. (1 mark)
(c) Name two inorganic substances found in milk. (2 marks)
(d) Explain why peanuts have a high energy value. (1 mark)
##
(a) (i) Starch is found in bread. (1 mark)
(ii) It has carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (3 marks)
(b) (i) protein (1 mark)
(ii) amino acid (1 mark)
(c) water and minerals (calcium) (2 marks)
(d) Peanuts contain a high content of oil. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|ELA010202010O|!|
Read the passage below and answer the following questions.
Chemical Compounds
Chemical compounds are conventionally divided into two groups: organic and inorganic. Both are
found in living things. It was thought that organic compounds could only be formed in living things, until
the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler synthesised urea in 1828. In fact organic matter was once thought to
be unique to living systems. Since Wöhler’s experiment, hundreds of organic compounds have been
synthesised and it is now clear that they are absolutely not unique to living things.
(a) (i) Give four principal organic compounds found in living things. (4 marks)
(ii) Besides carbon, what elements are also found in all organic compounds? (2 marks)
(iii) Select, from your answers in (i), two of the organic compounds which can be stored in the body
of living things. (2 marks)
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(b) Name the inorganic compound that makes up about 65 % by mass of human body. (1 mark)
##
(a) (i) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (4 marks)
(ii) Hydrogen and oxygen (2 marks)
(iii) Carbohydrates and lipids (2 marks)
(b) water (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|ELB010202011O|!|
* The photographs below show three food samples.
A. C.
butter potatoes
B.
fish
(a) Each food sample is a rich source of an organic compound. Complete the table below. (6 marks)
Food Organic compound

Function of that organic compound in human
sample that is rich in
A
(b) (i) State the common elements found in the above organic compounds. (2 marks)
(ii) State one element that is unique to the organic compound in B. (1 mark)
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(a) Food Organic compound
Function of that organic compound in human
sample that is rich in
A lipid As an energy store / as a heat insulator / protects internal
organs / makes steroid hormones /as an essential component
of cell membranes
B protein As a structural component of cell membrane / for growth and
repair / make enzymes, antibodies and some hormones
C starch / carbohydrate Glucose, from the digestion of starch / carbohydrates acts as
the main source of energy.
(1 mark each) (6 marks)
(b) (i) carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (2 or 0 marks)
(ii) nitrogen (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|ELB010202012O|!|
* Miss Chan gave John the chemical formulae of four compounds.
C6H12O6 CH3(CH2)16COOH NH2CH2COOH H2CO3
A B C D
(a) Using the letters given, state the compound which is
(i) an amino acid. Suggest a reason to support your answer. (2 marks)
(ii) inorganic. (1 mark)
(b) Calculate the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in:

(i) compound A (1 mark)
(ii) compound B (1 mark)
(c) According to the calculated ratios, identify:

(i) compound A (1 mark)
(ii) compound B (1 mark)
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(d) Give two uses of compound A in a plant. (2 marks)
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(a) (i) C, because it contains nitrogen. (2 marks)
(ii) D (1 mark)
(b) (i) H:O = 2:1 (1 mark)
(ii) H:O = 18:1 (1 mark)
(c) (i) carbohydrate or glucose (1 mark)
(ii) lipid (1 mark)
(d) Any two of the following: (1 mark each) (2 marks)
Used in respiration to release energy.
Converted to starch for energy storage.
Converted to cellulose for building cell wall in plant cells.
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|ELA010202013O|!|
Cellulose is the main component of the plant cell wall. It is made up of molecule A as the building block.
(a) Name molecule A. (1 mark)
(b) State a major use of molecule A in the human body. (1 mark)
(c) Excess molecule A can be stored in animals and plants. Name its storage forms in animals and plants
respectively. (2 marks)
(d) Suggest one food source of molecule A. (1 mark)
##
(a) glucose (1 mark)
(b) to release energy (1 mark)
(c) in animals: glycogen (1 mark)
in plants: starch (1 mark)
(d) candy / chocolate (or any reasonable answers) (1 mark)
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(5 marks)##
|!|ELA010202014O|!|
The photographs below show two kinds of lipids.
A B
(a) Classify A and B in the above photographs as fat or oil. Explain your answers. (2 marks)
(b) What is the difference in the hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio between lipids and carbohydrates? (2 marks)
(c) State two functions of fats. (2 marks)
##
(a) A is fat as it is in solid state at room temperature. (1 mark)
B is oil as it is in liquid state at room temperature. (1 mark)
(b) The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate molecule are in the ratio of 2:1, (1 mark)
while a lipid molecule has a ratio greater than 2:1. (1 mark)
(c) Any two of the following: (1 mark each) (2 marks)
- to act as an energy store
- to prevent heat loss
- to act as a cushion to protect internal organs
- as a component of the cell membrane
- any other reasonable answers
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(6 marks)##
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|!|ELB010202015O|!|
* In the laboratory, there are two bottles of pure organic substances. A note was found on each bottle, only
stating the chemical formula as shown below.
A B
Chemical formula C12H22O11 C16H32O2
(a) Calculate the hydrogen to oxygen ratios for A and B. (2 marks)
(b) Suggest which bottle, A or B, is carbohydrate. Explain your answer. (2 marks)
(c) Based on the answer in (b), suggest the two possible forms of carbohydrate that can be found in plants.
(2 marks)
(d) B can be found in either solid or liquid state at room temperature. Suggest the names of B in the two
states respectively. (2 marks)
(e) State two similarities between organic substances A and B. (2 marks)
##
(a) A: H = 22, O = 11; (22/11) = 2 OR H:O = 2:1 (1 mark)
B: H = 32, O = 2; (32/2) = 16 OR H:O = 16:1 (1 mark)
(b) A (1 mark)
A has a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1. (1 mark)
(c) maltose (1 mark)
sucrose (1 mark)
(d) Solid: fats (1 mark)
Liquid: oils (1 mark)
(e) Any two of the following: (1 mark each) (2 marks)
- Both can be oxidised to release energy.
- Both contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
- Both can be used for energy storage.
- other reasonable answers
_________
(10 marks)##
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Ch02 Molecules of Life LQ

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Biology: Chapter 2 Molecules of life

Combined Science: Chapter 2 Molecules of life Structured questions

Biology: Chapter 2 Molecules of life

(a) Suggest the major mineral component of snail shell. (1 mark)

(d) Name three other minerals needed by animals. (3 marks)

(a) Name monosaccharide A. (1 mark)

(b) Draw the structure of monosaccharide B. (1 mark)

(c) hydrolysis (1 mark)

Phosphate group: Ribose: Nitrogen-containing base:

(c) (i) To which chemical substance does ribose belong? (1 mark)

(b) condensation (1 mark)

(b) Name one inorganic substance that is composed of phosphate. (1 mark)

(d) State two functions of dietary fats to our body? (2 marks)

(ii) State its function in our bodies. (1 mark)

amino acid G amino acid C

(a) An amino acid is composed of three groups.

(ii) Label each group on the diagram of amino acid G. (3 marks)

(ii) Draw the structure of the dipeptide formed. (1 mark)

(b) (i) condensation (1 mark)

(a) Name the storage substance X. (1 mark)

(b) X is formed from molecule Y. Name molecule Y. (1 mark)

(c) Name the three elements that form molecule Y. (3 marks)

(c) Name two inorganic substances found in milk. (2 marks)

(d) Explain why peanuts have a high energy value. (1 mark)

Food Organic compound

(ii) inorganic. (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in:

(ii) compound B (1 mark)

(c) According to the calculated ratios, identify:

(ii) compound B (1 mark)

(b) State a major use of molecule A in the human body. (1 mark)

(d) Suggest one food source of molecule A. (1 mark)

(c) State two functions of fats. (2 marks)

(b) Suggest which bottle, A or B, is carbohydrate. Explain your answer. (2 marks)

(e) State two similarities between organic substances A and B. (2 marks)

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