Year 1 (AS) Biology Specification 7401 September 2017

Assessment questions
all about …

MOLECULES
1 - Carbohydrates &
Lipids

Name: ________________________
1. CARBOHYDRATES Date: ……………………….
2.
1. Name the monosaccharides of which the following disaccharides are composed.
a. Sucrose
monosaccharides ................................................ and ................................................
(1 mark)
b. Lactose
monosaccharides ................................................ and ................................................
(1 mark)
2. The table shows some statements about four different carbohydrates. Complete the table
with a tick if the statement is true or a cross if is not true. Do not leave any box blank.

Sucrose Maltose Glycogen Cellulose

Made only from glucose
molecules joined together

Branched molecule

Soluble in water
(3 marks)

3. Figure 1 shows two molecules of α-glucose.

Figure 1

a. (i) On Figure 1, draw a box round the atoms that are removed when a glycosidic bond is
formed.
(1 mark)
(ii) Name the chemical reaction involved in the formation of this bond.

(1 mark)
b. Describe how a molecule of β-glucose is different from a molecule of α-glucose.

(2 marks)
Total (9 marks)

2
3. BIOCHEMICAL TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATES Date: ………………………

1. The equation shows the breakdown of lactose by the enzyme lactase.

lactase
lactose + water galactose + monosaccharide X

a. (i) Name the type of reaction catalysed by the enzyme lactase.

(1 mark)

(ii) Name monosaccharide X.

(1 mark)

b. The formula for galactose is C6H12O6. What is the formula for lactose?

(2 marks)

c. A solution containing the enzyme lactase was added to a lactose solution. The solution was
incubated at 40 °C for one hour. Sample A was removed from the tube before incubation.
Sample B was removed after one hour.

(i) Describe a chemical test you could carry out on sample A to show that lactose is a reducing
sugar.

(2 marks)

This chemical test was carried out on samples A and B. All experimental variables were the
same in the testing of the two samples. Both tubes were left for ten minutes to allow the
precipitate to settle. The diagram shows the result.

3
(ii) Is galactose a reducing sugar? Explain how the results in the diagram support your answer.

(2 marks)

2. A solution contains a mixture of two different sugars. Describe how you could use a
Benedict’s reagent to show that this solution
a. contains non-reducing sugars.

(2 marks)
Total (10 marks)

3. DISACCHARIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDES Date: ………………………

1. Starch and cellulose are two important plant polysaccharides. Figure 1 shows part of a
starch molecule and part of a cellulose molecule.

Figure 1

a. Explain the difference in the structure of the starch molecule and the cellulose molecule
shown in Figure 1.

(2 marks)

4
b. Starch molecules and cellulose molecules have different functions in plant cells. Each
molecule is adapted for its function. Explain one way in which starch molecules are
adapted for their function in plant cells.

(2 marks)

c. Explain how cellulose molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells.

(3 marks)

2. The table shows some statements about three carbohydrates.

a. Complete the table with a tick in each box if the statement is true.

Statement Starch Cellulose Glycogen

Found in plant cells
Contains glycosidic bonds
Contains β-glucose
(3 marks)

b. Name the type of reaction that would break down these carbohydrates into their
monomers.

(1 mark)

c. Give one feature of starch and explain how this feature enables it to act as a storage
substance.
Feature:

Explanation:

(2 marks)

5
3. The diagram shows one end of a cellulose molecule.

a. (i) Name the monomers that form a cellulose molecule.

(1 mark)

(ii) Name bond Y.

(1 mark)

(iii) What chemical group is at position Z?

(1 mark)

b. (i) Complete the table to show two ways in which the structure of cellulose is different
from the structure of starch.

Starch Cellulose

(2 marks)

(ii) Explain one way in which the structure of cellulose is linked to its function.

(2 marks)

6
4. The diagram shows two molecules of β-glucose.

a. On the diagram, draw a box around the atoms that are removed when the two β-glucose
molecules are joined by condensation.
(2 marks)

b. (i) Hydrogen bonds are important in cellulose molecules. Explain why.

(2 marks)
(ii) A starch molecule has a spiral shape. Explain why this shape is important to its function
in cells.

(1 mark)
Total (25 marks)

7
4. LIPIDS Date: ………………………..

1. Some seeds contain lipids. Describe how you could use the emulsion test to show that a
seed contains lipids.

(3 marks)
Total (3 marks)

5 . TRIGLYCERIDES Date: ………………………..

1. The diagrams show four types of linkage, A to D, which occur in biological molecules.

a. Give the letter of the linkage that occurs in a triglyceride molecule. ……………….
(1 mark)

b. Give the name of the linkage that occurs in a triglyceride molecule.

(2 marks)

8
2. (a) Omega-3 fatty acids are unsaturated. What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

(2 marks)

b. Scientists investigated the relationship between the amount of omega-3 fatty acids eaten
per day and the risk of coronary heart disease. The graph shows their results.

Do the data show that eating omega-3 fatty acids prevents coronary heart disease? Explain
your answer.

(3 marks)

9
c. Olestra is an artificial lipid. It is made by attaching fatty acids, by condensation, to a sucrose
molecule. The diagram shows the structure of olestra. The letter R shows where a fatty
acid molecule has attached.

(i) Name bond X.

(1 mark)

(ii) A triglyceride does not contain sucrose or bond X.

Give one other way in which the structure of a triglyceride is different to olestra.

(1 mark)

(iii) Starting with separate molecules of glucose, fructose and fatty acids, how many
molecules of water would be produced when one molecule of olestra is formed?

(1 mark)
Total (11 marks)

10
 6. PHOSPHOLIPIDS Date: ………………………

1. A triglyceride is one type of lipid.

a. The diagram shows the structure of a triglyceride molecule.

i. A triglyceride molecule is formed by condensation. From how many molecules is this

triglyceride formed?

(1 mark)

ii. The structure of a phospholipid molecule is different from that of a triglyceride. Describe
how a phospholipid is different.

(2 marks)

iii. Use the diagram to explain what is meant by an unsaturated fatty acid.

(2 marks)

11
 2. (a) Describe how you would test a piece of food for the presence of lipid.

(2 marks)

c. The figure below shows a phospholipid.

i. The part of the phospholipid in the figure, labelled A, is formed from a particular molecule.
Name this molecule.

(1 mark)

ii. Name the type of bond between A and fatty acid X.

(1 mark)

iii. Which of the fatty acids, X or Y, in the figure is unsaturated? Explain your answer.

(1 mark)

12
 Scientists investigated the percentages of different types of lipid in plasma membranes from
different types of cell. Table 2 shows some of their results.

d. The scientists expressed their results as percentage of lipid in plasma membrane by mass.
Explain how they would find these values.

(2 marks)

e. Cholesterol increases the stability of plasma membranes. Cholesterol does this by making
membranes less flexible.

i. Suggest one advantage of the different percentage of cholesterol in red blood cells
compared with cells lining the ileum.

(1 mark)

ii. E. coli has no cholesterol in its cell-surface membrane. Despite this, the cell maintains a
constant shape. Explain why.

(3 marks)
Total (15 marks)

13