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PEST INFESTATION: JOURNEY OF FARMERS IN THE INFESTATION OF

POMACEA CANALICULATA (GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL) IN
THE RICEFIELDS OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY

A Research Project
______________

BY:
ALEGRE, Samuel T.
AMANDE, Mariel A.
CAPUSO, Zyan Rose Khryztalin G.
DAMOLO, Dainty Mae A.
FLORES, Renier B.
MANCHA JR., Arnold O.
MANLA, Angela May J.
PERITO, Angel Therese P.

GRADE 11/STEM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERAL SANTOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Calumpang, Gen. Santos City

June 2023

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PEST INFESTATION: JOURNEY OF FARMERS IN THE INFESTATION OF

POMACEA CANALICULATA (GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL) IN
THE RICEFIELDS OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY

_____________________

A Research Project
Presented to the Research Teacher
Hazel Rose V. Corachea

_____________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For Academic Track Senior High School Curriculum

_______________

BY:
ALEGRE, Samuel T.
AMANDE, Mariel A.
CAPUSO, Zyan Rose Khryztalin G.
DAMOLO, Dainty Mae A.
FLORES, Renier B.
MANCHA JR., Arnold O.
MANLA, Angela May J.
PERITO, Angel Therese P.

GRADE 11/STEM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
GENERAL SANTOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Calumpang, Gen. Santos City

June 2023

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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the lived experiences of rice farmers

in General Santos City in dealing with Golden Apple Snail Infestation on their rice

farms. The researchers utilized a phenomenological research design to gather

data and the lived experiences and perspectives of their respondents. Purposive-

criterion sampling was used to select the 10 rice farmers in two barangays of

General Santos City who have enough experience in rice farming and in dealing

with snail pest infestations. An interview guide question was then answered by

the 10 selected rice farmers. The researchers used thematic analysis as a

method of analyzing the participants responses by drawing on common concepts

and themes. Research findings indicate that Golden Apple Snail Infestation has

been a major problem in their rice yields since then, as this can result in rice

damages that can affect the quality and their income if not taken seriously. Thus,

farmers are joining associations to get help with pesticides to prevent the

growing population of snails and avoid the possible huge effects of the

infestation. It also shows that farmers are already used to this problem, as they

know that snails' natural habitat is rice yield, and the only thing they can do is

pick them or use pesticides to avoid their growing population. However, despite

the fact that rice farmers do struggle with this kind of infestation, they still make

use of the snails as another financial resource by selling them as food. This

study recommended that farmers in General Santos City be more aware of

certain causes when dealing with snail pest infestations to avoid big damage to

their rice yield and to lessen the growing population of the Pomacea

Canaliculata, or Golden Apple Snail.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to utilize this section of this research paper to

express their sincere gratitude and greatest appreciation to the following

individuals who extended their time, effort, support, and assistance in the

fulfillment of this study:

First and foremost, the researchers would like to take this opportunity to

thank the Almighty Father for giving them wisdom and for being their strength

and inspiration in finishing this research study.

To the class adviser, Ms. Merpelyn Tilao-Salamanca, for her unending

support and guidance towards the researchers throughout the conduct of the

study.

To the Practical Research 1 subject teacher, Ms. Hazel Rose V.

Corachea, for the wholehearted support, patience, shared knowledge, wisdom,

and guidance that made this research study successful and possible.

And lastly, to the family and friends who have extended their moral and

financial support to the researchers to make the conduct of the study possible

and successful, the researchers want to thank those people as well for their

unwavering support, love, and guidance throughout the writing of this research

paper.

The Researchers

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIFT OF FIGURES vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the study 1
Grand Tour Question 2
Scope and Limitation 2
Benefits and Beneficiaries 3
Definition of Terms and Concepts 4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 5

A. Related Literature 5
B. Related Studies 10
C. Research Gaps 19
D. Theoretical Framework 22

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY 25

Research Design 25
Participants 25
Locale of the Study 25
Data Collection 26
Map of the Location of the Study 27
Interview Technique 28
Ethical Considerations 28
Sampling Technique 29
Instrumentation 29

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Data Analysis and Interpretation 29

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 31

CHAPTER V: REFLECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 39

REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES 44

Annex A - Permit to Conduct the Study 44

Annex B - Interview Guide Question 45
Annex C - Documentation 47
Annex D - Raw Data 48

CURRICULUM VITAE 58

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LIST OF TABLES

No. Title Page

1 Challenges Encountered of Rice 32

Farmers in Snail Pest Infestation

2 Causes of Snail Pest Infestation 33

3 Farming Situation with Snail Pest Infestation 35

4 Farmer’s Solution to the Snail Pest Infestation 37

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LIST OF FIGURES

No. Title Page

1 Map of Barangay Ligaya 27

2 Map of Barangay Baluan 27

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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The Pomacea Canaliculata also called the “Golden Apple Snail” or

“Golden Kuhol” (GAS) was a supplement source of food protein of low-income

Filipino farmers before it began damaging rice farms. It is now considered to be

one of the most destructive pests in rice farming particularly in the Philippines

where it was introduced between 1982 and 1984 as a serious problem among

rice farmers with Region 12 (Central Mindanao) being one of the areas with

highest infestations.

According to Horgan et al. (2014), significant changes in wetland

ecosystems have been observed in areas where the snails have become

established, which included two species in particular (Pomacea Canaliculata and

Pomacea Maculata) have become major pests of aquatic crops, including rice,

resulting in massive increases in molluscicide use. A study by Galan (2015)

revealed that facts of the invasive character of the species became evident after

it was seen to cause serious damage to the rice fields in Mindanao following its

probable escape or release into the wild.

According to Dr. Martinez (1992), golden apple infestations can cause

significant damage to rice crops. In addition, Orden and Faronilo (2003) stated

that the impact of snail infestations on rice yields has highlighted the economic

consequences of this pest on rice farmers in the Philippines.

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Snail pest infestation in the Philippines is no longer a novel problem given

that it affects every region of the country, including the Southern Mindanao

region, where the city of General Santos is located. Its prolific reproduction rate,

ability to feed on a wide range of aquatic plants, and burrowing behavior have

resulted in significant crop damage and yield loss for rice farmers across the

country. Farmers perceived a yield loss of 41–50% which has caused serious

economic losses, decreased productivity levels, and threatened food security in

the area.

In consideration of one of the primary causes of rice farming problems, the

researchers will conduct this study to determine the preventive measures used

by rice farmers in battling snail pest infestation. Also, the researchers will come

up with this study to investigate the experiences of rice farmers that are dealing

with the said pest invasion. It is in this context that researchers find this study

beneficial.

Grand Tour Question

The purpose of the study is to describe the lived experiences of snail pest

infestation in rice farms among General Santos City farmers. Specifically, it will

seek to answer this grand tour question:

How is the journey of rice farmers in the infestation of snail pest in General

Santos City?

Scope and Limitation

This study will focus on describing the journey of rice farmers in dealing

with snail pest infestation. This will only include the rice farmers in General

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Santos City. This study will be conducted in Barangay Mabuhay, General Santos

City on May to June 2023. The data will be collected through one-to-one

interview.

Benefits and Beneficiaries

The purpose of this study is to describe the lived experiences of snail pest

infestation in rice farms among General Santos City farmers. This study will be a

great contribution and help to the following individuals:

Rice Farmers. This study will serve as eye-opener to other rice farmers in

General Santos City by giving a better understanding of its impact and insights

on how to deal with snail pests on their crop yield.

Government Officials. This study will give them ideas in managing the

snail pest infestation in rice farms and contribute towards achieving food security

in the city.

Rice Consumers. This study will aid in addressing the challenges in rice

production due to snail pest infestations by raising awareness on its negative

effects and improve economic stability with the support of consumers in

improving crop yields.

Department of Agrarian Reform Officials. This study will help them in

knowing the challenges being experienced by farmers and consumers in

developing effective measures and policies to control snail pest infestations.

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Rice Vendors. This study will be able to help them understand the

difficulties that rice farmers must overcome in order to produce the rice they are

selling.

National Food Authority Officials. This study will make the authorities

more aware of the difficulties that rice cultivation is currently experiencing and will

enable them to solve the concerns by establishing safety precautions to prevent

the said matter.

Researchers. This study will help them in collecting new information and

enhance their study relevant to snail pest infestation in rice crops.

Future Researchers. This study will enlighten their thinking and give

them additional information as reference in conducting relevant study about the

snail pest infestation in the rice crops.

Definition of Terms and Concepts

To better understand the study, the following terms are defined

operationally and conceptually:

Journey of Rice Farmers. This term refers to the experiences

encountered by the rice farmers in General Santos City in dealing with snail pest

infestation.

Rice Farmers. This term refers to individuals or groups of people in

General Santos City involved in rice cultivation, harvesting, and production that

are experiencing snail pest infestation.

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Snail Pest. This term refers to the Golden Apple Snail that potentially

causes damage to crops of General Santos City Rice Farms.

Snail Pest Infestation. This term refers to a rapid increase in the snail

population in General Santos City Rice Farms.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter discusses the related literature, related studies, research

gap, and the theoretical framework in which the problem is anchored.

A. Related Literature

The following is the body of knowledge in which the variables are anchored

with.

Journey of Farmers in Dealing with Snail Pest Infestation

Pomacea Canaliculata, a non-native freshwater snail, has been introduced

into wetland environments, and since then has been endangering its rich

biodiversity which serves as a natural system for purifying water. Vietnam, China,

Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines all experienced the snail

spread. However, because locals did not like the taste of the snail, its

introduction was unsuccessful. The snail populations were consequently

neglected and recklessly dumped into the local environments. Due to the

significant harm it did to agriculture areas, within is ten year of initial emergence,

the population was labelled a national quarantine pest (Ismail, et al., 2021).

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According to Adalla and Rejesus (2021), snail production was promoted

by the government in the Philippines as a national livelihood program to increase

the protein intake of low-income Filipino farmers and as an additional source of

income but because of the associated health risks, demand fell and the snails

were carelessly disposed of quickly encroaching on nice fields. Even without

accounting for non-crop damage to human health and natural ecosystems, the

economic losses in the Philippines during the first roughly ten years of the

invasion were estimated to be up to US $ 1.2 billion, with farmers spending US $

10 million on pesticides in just three years.

Moreover, the snails have expanded their range in recent years notably

with the increased flooding brought on by climate change challenges. More

farmers using wet-direct seeding caused more snail damage, which led to a rise

in the use of molluscicides. The harmful effects of non-target animals such as

human health and the environment, in addition to the direct damage to rice and

depending on factors of snail bio-ecology are still unclear (Casal & Heuze, 2017).

In addition, despite being trained in alternative management methods,

farmers have overwhelmingly chosen to use insecticides and molluscicides to

control the snails. However, farmers are experiencing an increase in damage to

rice from insects and diseases that may be related to heavy pesticide use. Snail

kites are seen by farmers as helpful predators, but they haven't taken any

proactive steps to increase kite populations or effectiveness (Oryza, 2015).

Also, Wang et al. (2020) cited that if molluscicides are used extensively to

manage GAS, this could lead to soil and water pollution, as well as a decline in

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biodiversity. GAS residue is a desirable and practical solution in the management

of the invasive GAS because it works well as a fertilizer and soil amendment to

help the remediation of arid and acidic soils.

Additionally, Horgan (2017) stated that farming practices change, so will

the past problems that accompany them. It is thus advantageous to approach

pest managements issues as a more holistic approach to generalized 'crop

health syndromes' rather than as a series of individual problems. This approach

not only highlights production systems and associated pest management

practices as potential pest problem sources but it also better reflects the

numerous interrelationships between different species components of rice

ecosystems, some of which can be economically challenging. Crop health

syndromes recognize ecological succession trades affecting rice fields. Several

herbivores, such as insects, snails, and rodents, are associated with paddy field

weeds. The concept of crop health syndromes also recognizes that, depending

on the management system, certain ‘pests’ may become beneficial allies due to

their predatory or herbivorous roles, for example, apple snails (Pomacea

Ampullaridae) may increase rice production cost by damaging young seedlings in

flooded rice systems, but can have a significant impact on weed biomass

reduction throughout later crop stages.

Furthermore, Jian et al. (2021) pointed out that ecosystems are frequently

significantly altered by a single invader, but research on the possible effects of

many invaders is still understudied. Two common invaders are the red swamp

crayfish (Procambarus Clarkii) and the golden apple snail (Pomacea

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Canaliculata). Red swamp crayfish and golden apple snails live in a variety of

water bodies, including wetlands, lakes, and canals in Central and South China

and Japan. This coexistence may be due to the golden apple snail's huge size,

which protects it from crayfish predation. Strong negative total effects were

mainly caused by the coexistence of the two species.

Equally important, population management for invading species by

naturally occurring native predators is frequently insufficient. Intentionally brought

from South America to Southeast Asia as a cheap and protein-rich food source,

golden apple snails (GAS, Pomacea Canaliculata and P. Maculata) have now

developed into a serious problem in irrigated rice over the past 30 years. Snails

destroy rice seedling planting and farmers incur substantial costs due to snail

control and yield loss. Only three of the 24 invaded nations —Vietnam, the

Philippines and Thailand— had estimated GAS yearly expenses of 806-2138

million USD. (Horgan & Stuart, 2014)

In addition, Horgan (2017) suggested that to decrease the negative effect

of apple snails on rice production, either reduce the vulnerability of seedlings to

snail damage or controlling the snail population densities can be effective.

Developing resilience can offer better long-term protection against apple snails

on rice farms, but it may require innovative methods such as seedling

broadcasting and machine transplanting to reduce labor costs effectively. For

countries in tropical regions that are at risk of apple snail invasion, it is

recommended to implement suitable quarantine measures to prevent the spread

of these snails in the future.

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Lastly, according to Cowie (2013), P. Canaliculata is a freshwater snail

found in Argentina and Uruguay. P. Canaliculata distribution has been steadily

increasing since its introduction to Asia in 1979 or 1980, primarily as a human

food resource but possibly also by the aquarium trade. Once introduced, it

spreads quickly through bodies of water such as canals and rivers, as well as

during floods. It feeds on aquatic plants and has been known to destroy rice (in

South-east Asia), taro (in Hawaii), and other aquatic or semi-aquatic crops. It has

the potential to outcompete native apple snails, prey on native fauna, and disrupt

natural ecosystem function. It is also a major parasitic vector, including the

Nematode Angiostrongylus Cantonensis, which causes human eosinophilic

meningitis.

According to Horgan (2018), flooded rice systems represent a high-quality

habitat for these apple snails because of similarities in the environmental

conditions (water temperature, salinity, pH, water flow velocity) necessary for

both rice production and for snail survival and development. Furthermore,

amphibious respiration, a capacity to aestivate during dry periods, as well as cold

acclimation and tolerance (particularly in P. canaliculata), increases the resilience

of apple snails to rice farming practices, including agrochemical applications,

intermittent drainage and crop rotations – under a wide range of climatic

conditions.

Furthermore, Cambodia General Department of Agriculture (2014)

mentioned that the Golden Apple Snail poses a significant threat to young rice

seedlings by feeding on and killing them. This results in large areas of rice fields

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being devoid of plants, especially within the first 30 days after seeding. A single

large snail can consume anywhere between 7 to 24 rice seedlings per day,

leading to a potential complete loss of the rice crop.

Thus, these concepts are useful for the current study as they present

about the journey of farmers in dealing with golden apple snail infestations which

is part of the variable in the present study.

B. Related Studies

This part of the paper provides related studies on the journey of General

Santos City rice farmers in dealing with snail pest infestations (Golden Apple

Snails). It will contain studies that are similar to this, that will give information,

and that can be relevant to the present study.

Foreign

In a phenomenological study by Wagiman et al. (2019) entitled

Sustainable Control of the Golden Snail (Pomacea Canaliculata Lamarck) on

Irrigated Rice Fields in Malaka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province,

Indonesia, the impact of the golden snail was examined as they interviewed 254

respondents to determine the severity of the snail as a rice pest. The majority of

respondents (94.88%) stated that the snails are a big problem because they are

harmful and may cause a reduction in rice yields by an average of 49%, with a

range of 8% to 97%. The study found that the snail may attack (48.43% of

respondents) or not attack (11.81%) the rice seedbed, and if left uncontrolled,

76.31% of seedlings would be damaged, with some respondents reporting hefty

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damage (more than 40%) to rice plants or even 100% damage. The snails feed

on rice for up to 3 to 4 weeks, especially 2 weeks after transplanting.

Also, according to Alibu et al. (2014) in a phenomenological study entitled

Farmer's Knowledge and Perceptions on Rice Insect Pests and Their

Management, only 24% of farmers in Uganda would possibly recognize the

symptoms of AEROM (African), while 64% were familiar with gall midge and 64%

with stem borer damage. For reducing nice insect pests, almost 40% of the

farmers surveyed indicated confidence in the efficacy of insecticides. The

farmers selected stem borers and the AFRGM as the most harmful insect pests,

rating them as the first and second most important biotic constraints in vice

production, respectively.

In addition, according to Hollaus et al. (2022) in their ethnographical study

entitled Indigenous Social Problems such as Difficult Access to Farm Inputs and

Agricultural Farmers' Perceptions of Problems in the Rice Field Agroecosystems

in the Upper Baram Malaysia, a total of environmental problems such as animal

disturbances, technology system problems, and poor soil quality were found, with

some found to be rooted in complex cases and affecting agricultural productivity.

Farmers also cited worms, caterpillars, grasshoppers, locusts, and beetles as

contributing factors to the poor growth of rice plants. The golden apple snail

(Pomacea sp.), which was imported from an unidentified source and is spreading

over wet vice fields, is a more recent phenomenon that has an impact on the

growth of nice plants.

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Based on a phenomenological study by Toffa et al. (2021) entitled Rice

Pits in the Republic of Bunin: Farmers' Perceptions, Knowledge, and

Management Practices, they found that farmers' consumption was the most

significant vice. The sun gated farmers also identified the variegated

grasshopper, nice brown leaf spots, and pink stem borers as the primary pests in

the northern and southern regions, and variegatus and vice yellow mottle vims in

central Benin. Farmers primarily used synthetic chemical pesticides among the

many pest management techniques noted. Farmers' decisions to apply

pesticides have been greatly influenced by their farming experience, family site,

location, and the quality of pests they have observed.

Moreover, Ghosal & Sahu (2013) revealed in their phenomenological

study entitled Knowledge and Perceptions in South 24 Parganas District of West

Bangal that 27% of families cultivated Lalat (a medium-duration variety), which is

relatively resistant to stem borer and blast. The major vice actually detected was

the stem borer, and according to 57.14% of the respondents, the infestation level

was high. past ranged from 4–10%. Although the infestation level was generally

low for this to moderate, reports of blast, brown spot, sheath rot, bacterial leap

blight, smut, and Khoira in the rice fields were made.

To add on, according to Horgan et al. (2014) in their experimental study

entitled Responses by Farmers to the Apple Snail invasion of Ecuador's Rice

Fields and Attitudes toward Predatory Sail Kites, it was found that the

introduction of apple snails into Asia and other parts of the world has had

disastrous effects on the industry and wetland ecosystems. Prior to apple snail

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invasions, rice production often required no molluscicides; however, apple snails,

which are or were entirely pesticide-free, caused enormous difficulties in

maintaining pesticide-free rice fields despite a number of well-publicized cultural

management practices.

Furthermore, as indicated in the study of Makale et al. (2023) in their

experimental study entitled Current and Potential Distribution of the Invasive

Apple Snail, Pomacea Canaliculata, in Eastern Africa: Evidence from Delimiting

Surveys and Modeling Studies, they discovered that GAS is spreading rapidly

within MWEA Rice Scheme Sections. The National Government, through its

relevant agencies, should bring together stakeholders in the value chain to raise

awareness and implement control measures as soon as possible. The survey

found no GAS adults or eggs in the rice schemes of Ahero, Bura, Hola, or west

Kano.

Additionally, in the experimental study by Le et al. (2022) entitled Farmers

Knowledge and Perceptions on Rice Insect Pests and their Management in

Uganda, it was determined that there are four top rice insects the farmers have

identified: Stein borer, African rice gall midge (AGM) rice bugs, leaf folder, and

armyworms. It was found that only 40% of the farmers were able to identify the

pests and their symptoms accurately. " Additionally, 72.3% of the farmers did not

implement any control measures, and only 22.8% specifically targeted the top

five pests. The success of pest control strategies is dependent on the

involvement of farmers, who have an intimate understanding of crop and pest

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dynamics within the agro-ecological landscape. Therefore, their knowledge is

valuable and could be taken into account when implementing control measures.

Similarly, as stated by Aung Ko Win (2017) in their experimental study

entitled Distribution, Population Fluctuation, Pest Status, and Fertilizer-Induced

Mortality of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea Canaliculata Lamarck) (Gastropoda:

Ampullaridae) in selected rice growing areas of Myanmar, they showed the

causes and the main factors affecting the rice crops of the farmers; therefore, the

farmers recognize the golden apple snail as the main pest that causes

destruction in their rice yields (77%), followed by rice yellow stem borer (32),

rodent (1.7%), BAH (1-79%), and caseworm (0–8%). It was also revealed that

insufficient water and flooding, which are related to irrigation problems, were

some of the primary causes of the yield decrease. 77% of the farmers that were

interviewed claim that the golden apple snail is the biggest restriction to

cultivation.

Lastly, based on Ibrahim et al. (2018) in their experimental study entitled

Antifeedant Activity of Essential Oil from Cymbopogon Citratus and Piper Bille for

Controlling Golden Apple Snail, Pomacea Canaliculata examined the efficiency

of betel and lemongrass essential oils in treating GAS and discovered that there

was a strong association between mortality rate, exposure time, and essential oil

concentration in both clements. However, when compared to the essential oil of

lemongrass treatment, the essential oil of betel resulted in a greater mean

mortality rate, with the maximum mortality rate recorded after the hours of

exposure. After 7 days of application, the essential oil of lemongrass, on the

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other hand, demonstrated the highest antibacterial action at the concentration

utilized. The study reveals that within 4 days of exposure, the essential oil betel

has more efficacy against GAS than the essential oil lemongrass.

Local

According to Cabasan et al. (2019), in their phenomenological study

entitled Economic and Ecological Perspectives of Farmers on Rice Insect Pest

Management, the use of pesticides was deemed to be successful in controlling

insects by 73% but ineffective. In addition, 76% of farmers recognized the

negative effects of pesticide use on the environment. Despite this, local farmers

agreed (83%) to use these expensive pest control methods to increase rice

production and income. Farmers were unwilling to stop using pesticides (39%) or

were uncertain (23%) about reducing their application because the benefits of

using pesticides to increase productivity outweighed the potential harm. To

reduce farmers' reliance on pesticides and enhance agricultural output and food

security for smallholder farmers in the Philippines, there is a need for effective,

safe, and affordable pest control measures.

Equally important, in a phenomenological study by Mutuc et al. (2019)

entitled Sustainable Rice Farming Systems: Farmer Attributes and Land

Ecosystem Perspectives, there are numerous pests and insects that can infect

rice plants in the field, such as rodents, dangerous insects, viruses, illnesses,

and weeds. To control these pests, farmers utilize a variety of methods, such as

managing water resources, properly preparing the soil, manually weeding, and

using herbicides. Additionally, farmers observe the interactions between pests,

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their natural enemies, other creatures, and the environment to determine the

appropriate pest management measures needed. Common pests found in rice

paddies include insects, birds, weeds, rodents, snails, and pathogens that cause

illnesses. Odoemenem and Inakwu (2011) found that the use of production

inputs, including variations in pesticide use and the types of rice grown,

accounted for variations in rice yield.

Furthermore, as stated by Arguelles et al. (2021) in their experimental

study entitled First Taxonomic Records of Epizoic Freshwater Algae on Golden

Apple Snails (Pomacea Canaliculata Lamarck) from Rice Paddies in Laguna, in

rice paddies where hard substrate is limited, mollusk shells can serve as the

primary settling space for algal epibionts. This study presents the first taxonomic

survey of epizoic algae found on the golden apple snail (Pomacea Canaliculata

Lamarck) in agricultural areas of the Philippines. The survey identified 17

microalgal taxa belonging to 12 orders, 16 families, and 17 genera, all of which

are considered new distributional records of microalgae in the Philippines.

Cyanobacteria were found to be the main group of epizoic microalgae present on

the shell surfaces of the mollusk, followed by Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae,

Zygnematophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, and Euglenophyceae. The survey also

reported the occurrence of a photosynthetic euglenoid, Phacus hamatus

Pochmann, described for the first time in the Philippines. The study provides

diagnostic descriptions and taxonomic keys to differentiate the epizoic algal taxa

associated with the golden apple snail and presents important taxonomic records

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on the composition and species diversity of epizoic algae from freshwater snails

found in terrestrial habitats in the Philippines.

Moreover, based on an experimental study by Pampolino et al. (2014)

entitled Seedling Broadcasting as a Potential Method to Reduce Apple Snail

Damage to Rice, the study examined the vulnerability of different rice crop

establishment methods to damage by exotic apple snails (Pomacea spp.),

traditional methods such as seedlings from dapog nurseries and wet-direct

seeding were found to be highly vulnerable and unproductive, while rice

transplanted from dry bed nurseries at 21 days after sowing had high mortality

and low yields. Seedling broadcasting at 21 DAS significantly reduced rice's

vulnerability to snail damage and resulted in the highest grain yields per plot in

the experiments. The study suggests that seedling broadcasting has the potential

to be a sustainable method for managing apple snails on irrigated rice.

(Pampolino, M. F., & Moody, K. (2014).

Also, as mentioned by Sabornido et al. (2015) in their experimental study

entitled Shell Band Pattern of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea Canaliculata,

Lamarck) in Selected Aquatic Habitats, the study aimed to assess the

environmental factors affecting band patterns in the shell of Pomacea

Canaliculata in selected sites in the Central Mindanao University campus and

vicinities in Bukidnon Province, Philippines. Shell samples with sizes of 2 cm and

above were used, and the conchological characteristics measured included the

number of whorls, number of bands, width of each band, width of the shell

aperture, and shell length. Pearson correlation analysis showed that only

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variation in water depth had a significant influence on the variation in the number

of bands and the average band width, while the live weight of each individual

snail and other water parameters, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen

(DO), and salinity, had no significant effect.

In addition, according to Visca & Palla (2018) in their experimental study

entitled Golden Apple Snail: Pomacea Canaliculata Meal as a Protein Source for

Rabbitfish and Siganus Guttatus Culture, Golden Apple Snail (GAS), which was

a destructive invasive species particularly in the ricefields, can be utilized into a

45% crude protein GAS meal as a protein source for Siganus Guttatus, which

can replace fish meal at a lower cost and lasts more than two months.

According to Stuart et al. (2014), in their experimental study entitled

Effects of Fertilizer Applications on Survival and Recruitment of the Apple Snail,

Pomacea Canaliculata (Lamarck), nitrogen fertilizers have fatal effects on apple

snails. In the laboratory research, the adult snails died at a rate of 10–60% when

confined in the presence of fertilizer, and in the field, fertilized plots had higher

reductions in snail counts (18%) than control plots. In comparison to ammonium

sulfate and organic fertilizer, complete fertilizer and urea appeared to be more

toxic to snails. However, the lethal response of adults to fertilizer was faster after

the application of ammonium sulfate and complete fertilizer than with urea and

organic fertilizer. The findings also show that the flooding conditions during the

fertilizer application play a major role in the lethal impact of nitrogen fertilizer on

P. Canaliculata.

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Furthermore, according to Edis et al. (2018), their experimental research

entitled In Vitro Evaluation of the Molluscicidal Activity of Euphorbia Tirucalli

Latex Extract Against the Mollusk Rice Pest Pomacea Canaliculata

(Caenogastropoda: Ampullaridae) according to the findings of the study, the

aqueous extract of Euphorbia tirucalli latex can be considered a potential

molluscicide for the control of infestations of Pomacea Canaliculata snails under

laboratory conditions with lethal dosages of 6.33 ppm (LD50) and 9.36 ppm

(LD90).

Considering the correlational research of Nicolas and Cabarogias (2020),

entitled Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Pest Management in Rice

Farming Communities of Southeastern Luzon, Philippines, it was claimed that

despite the widespread use of chemical pesticides in rice farming, Camarines

Sur's traditional farmers continue to choose the application of indigenous

knowledge systems in pest management. Farmers spray water mixed with chili to

suppress some bug pests and mollusks, specifically the Golden Apple Snail

(GAS) [Pomacea Canaliculata (de Lamarck)]. One liter of extract is used to spray

one hectare of land. The extract acts as an insect repellant and is administered

every two weeks. Following a shower, reapplication is performed. Rice farmers

pray before applying fertilizer because they believe it will help their crops.

Prevent pests from attacking their crop.

Lastly, according to Bagunu et. al. (2020), in their experimental study

entitled Balakat (Ziziphus Talanai) Leaf Powder as an Alternative Molluscicide

Against Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea Canaliculata Lamarck) in Direct Seeded

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Rice Areas of Pampanga, Philippines, they have shown the efficacy of balakat

powder as a molluscicide, which proved that applying 7 kg/ha of balakat powder

resulted in snail mortality comparable to metaldehyde. Accumulating the amount

of balakat powder to 10.5 kg/ha specified significant improvements in controlling

the snail. Comparing metaldehyde with 3.5 kg/ha of balakat powder has led to

lower mortality. The number of live snails was highest in the control plots. The

efficiency period of balakat powder turned out to be 10 days, with maximal

effects noted within the first two days. Balakat powder is an alternative to

commercial molluscicides because it presents comparable results.

C. Research Gaps

A previous study conducted by Bagunu, et. al (2019) discussed only that

the balakat powder is a potential substitute for the same amount of commercial

molluscicide due to their recorded similar GAS mortality. However, in the current

study, the viewpoint of farmers will be incorporated, and the researchers will

emphasize the practical knowledge and real-life encounters of farmers in

managing GAS.

Furthermore, Nicholas and Cabarogias (2020) stated that despite the

widespread use of chemical pesticides in rice farming, traditional farmers in

Camarines Sur continue to use indigenous knowledge techniques for pest

management. Farmers spray water mixed with chili to repel several bug pests

and mollusks, notably the Golden Apple Snail (GAS). Whereas, in this

phenomenological study, the researchers will focus on farmers' experiences in

dealing with snail pest infestations in the rice fields of General Santos City.

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In addition, a study conducted by Le et. al (2019) emphasized only that

the management and safety use of pesticides is the most vital policy solution to

protect rice farmers from potential health risks and ensure the sustainability of

agriculture. Whereas in the current study, this will focus on the experiences of

rice farmers as they face the issue of dealing with snail pest infestations.

Furthermore, a study conducted by Arguelles et al. (2021) examined the

presence of epizoic freshwater algae on Golden Apple Snails in rice fields,

providing insights into their taxonomic records and ecological dynamics.

However, in the current study, it will focus on the experiences and challenges

faced by rice farmers in General Santos City regarding snail pest infestations. By

exploring the practical implications and on-the-ground realities, this study will add

a valuable perspective to understand the impact of snail pests on rice crops and

the strategies employed by farmers.

Equally important, the study by Pampolino et al. (2014) provided valuable

insights into managing the threat posed by these pests in rice farming. It

examines the effectiveness of different techniques and identifies seedling

broadcasting as a method that significantly reduces vulnerability to snail damage

and yields high grain yields. Whereas, in the current study, it will focus on the

experiences and challenges faced by rice farmers specifically in General Santos

City regarding snail pest infestations. It will delve into the practical implications

and on-the-ground realities, aiming to understand the impact of snail pests on

rice crops and the strategies employed by farmers to mitigate the negative

effects.

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Also, in a study by Toffa et. al (2021) the primary focus was the farmers'

perceptions, knowledge and management of rice pests among farmer of Benin

but it failed to explore this type of study in General Santos City rice fields. The

upcoming research will involve rice farmers from General Santos City.

Lastly, a study by Horgan et. al (2014) discussed only the responses by

farmers to the apple snail invasion of Ecuador’s rice fields and aims only to

present a series of recommendations for sustainable apple snail management in

Ecuador. However, in the current study, it will also emphasize the journey of rice

farmers in General Santos City in dealing with snail pest infestations.

Therefore, considering the research gaps mentioned above, the study on

the journey of rice farmers in General Santos City in dealing with golden apple

snails (GAS) will be conducted.

D. Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Insect

Pest Management(IPM) Theory, Social Learning Theory, and Psychological

Theory of Risk Perception. TPB has been widely used in decision making in

health and exercise science and natural resources management and agricultural

sciences. According to the theory, the intention towards the actions determines

an individual's behavior. The intention is based on three psychological factors:

attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior beliefs. Thus, the individual's

attitude towards the behavior can be positive or negative. In the study entitled

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Farmer behavior towards pesticide use for reduction production risk: A Theory of

Planned Behavior they use a modified TPB to investigate farmers’ intentions to

follow pesticide regulations. Integrated pest management (IPM) has been the

dominant paradigm for crop protection since the 1960s. In theory, farmers

practicing IPM will make decisions about pest management interventions that are

economically justified, knowledge-based and that minimize risks to the

environment and human health (Parsa et al., 2014).

Another theory that sheds light on farmers' behavior is the Social Learning

Theory. This theory emphasizes the role of social interactions and information

sharing among farmers. According to Matuschke et al. (2016), farmers learn from

one another through informal networks, such as farmer groups or community

gatherings, and adapt pest management practices based on the experiences and

success stories of their peers. Social Learning Theory suggests that farmers'

behavior regarding pest infestation is influenced by social norms, collective

knowledge, and the diffusion of innovations within their social networks.

Additionally, the Psychological Theory of Risk Perception offers insights

into farmers' decision-making processes regarding pest management. This

theory suggests that farmers' perceptions of the risks associated with pest

infestation play a significant role in shaping their behaviors. According to

Koundouri et al. (2017), farmers' risk perceptions are influenced by various

factors, including their personal experiences, knowledge about pests, perceived

severity of damage, and trust in available pest management methods. Farmers

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with higher risk perceptions are more likely to take proactive measures to prevent

and control pest infestation.

Lastly, this study is based on the theory of Chabrerei et al. (2019)

titled Biological Invasion Theories: Merging Perspectives from Population,

Community, and Ecosystem Scales, the researchers extensively explore the

phenomenon of biological invasions, which are commonly referred to as non-

native or alien species, across various ecological scales. The study incorporates

insights from population ecology to investigate the intricate dynamics and

interactions of individual invading species within their environment. Additionally,

the analysis expands to encompass community ecology, aiming to reveal the

significant impacts these biological invasions have on the complex structure and

dynamic nature of ecosystems. Furthermore, the investigation integrates

principles from ecosystem ecology to comprehensively examine the broader

ecological processes and functions that are affected by these intrusions. A

particular emphasis is placed on understanding the cascading consequences

these invasions impose on essential ecosystem services.

The above-mentioned theories are the bases for the researchers to

conduct the present study on describing the journey of rice farmers in dealing

with golden apple snails (GAS) in General Santos City.

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Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology which includes research

design used in conducting the study. It also includes the participants’ locale of

the study, data collection, ethical considerations, sampling, instrumentation, and

data collection and interpretation.

Research Design

This study will use the phenomenological approach. According to Delve

(2022), phenomenological research studies lived experiences to gain deeper

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insights into how people understand those experiences. It seeks to explore and

uncover the structure lived by the participants. Specifically, this study will

determine lived experience of the General Santos City rice farmers in dealing

with snail pest infestations in their farms.

Participants

The participants of this study will include 10 farmers in General Santos

City with at least 3 years of experience in farming that will come from two

barangays: Barangay Ligaya and Barangay Baluan. According to Hennink and

Kaiser (2022), the number of participants will depend on the main focus of the

study; a minimum of 10 interview respondents will be enough. They will be

interviewed regarding their lived experiences dealing with the snail pest

infestations on their rice farm.

Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted at Barangay Ligaya and Barangay Baluan,

General Santos City. Barangay Baluan cultivated the biggest rice area at 402.66

hectares. It ranked first in production volume of 1,745.29 MT averaging at 4.33

per hectare. Barangay Ligaya ranked second in production area at 241.39

hectares, but ranked third in production volume. Thus, these areas are suitable

for the local of the study. See next page for the maps of the location of the study.

Data Collection

The steps utilized in the conduct of this study were the following:

1. The researchers will establish their objectives and develop an interview

questionnaire accordingly;

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2. The researchers will create an interview guide protocol to provide structure to

the interview process;

3. The researchers will formally request permission from the principal of General

Santos City National High School to conduct the study;

4. Upon the approval of the study, the researchers will proceed with interviewing

the respondents;

5. The researchers will ensure a comfortable and confidential environment for

the interviews, promoting open and honest responses;

6. The researchers will carefully and securely document the interview

responses, ensuring accurate recording or transcription of the information

shared;

7. After interviewing, the researchers will perform a comprehensive data

analysis involving categorizing and organizing the interview data;

8. The researchers will recognize the emerging themes and patterns that arise

from the collected data;

9. Conclusions and recommendations will be drawn based on the findings.

Map of the Location

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Figure 1. Map of Barangay Ligaya, General Santos City

Figure 2. Map of Barangay Baluan, General Santos City

Interview Technique

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This study will use one-on-one interview in person. The chosen

participants will be asked using an unstructured interview technique. George

(2022) stated that unstructured interviews can be very helpful for social science

or humanities research focusing on personal experiences. The participants will

be interviewed based on their availability. With the participant’s authorization, the

overall interview that will be taken from the participants will be recorded or

transcribed.

Additionally, all the statements agreed-upon statements outlined in the

consent form by both the researchers and participants will be strictly followed

during the interview process.

Ethical Considerations

The researchers will assure that the statement of consent will be secure

from the research participants before the interview. As mentioned by Siegle

(2023) that all research participants must give their permission to be part of a

study. Confidentiality will be maintained, assuring the participants that their

identities and personal information will remain protected through the use of

pseudonyms or codes. Respect for the participants will be upheld,

acknowledging their expertise and involving them as active partners in the

research process. Voluntary participation will also be emphasized, emphasizing

the participants' right to withdraw at any time without consequences. Reporting

and dissemination will be conducted responsibly, ensuring the anonymity of

participants and accurately representing their experiences. These considerations

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will ensure the protection, dignity, and well-being of the participating rice farmers

in General Santos City.

Sampling Technique

This study will utilize criterion-purposive sampling. According to

Nikolopoulou (2022), this sampling technique will be used by selecting specific

participants from the population who possess certain characteristics or

experiences. With this method, the researchers can choose particular individuals

who are suitable for the study. The researchers will obtain ten (10) samples from

the population; however, the participants should be divided into two (2) groups.

The researchers will select five (5) participants from Barangay Ligaya and

another five (5) participants from Barangay Baluan. Moreover, the participants

should have at least three (3) years of experience in rice farming. Additionally,

the researchers will choose individuals who can provide valuable insights and

effectively address their research questions.

Instrumentation

The researchers will employ an interview guide to obtain data from

participants regarding the journey of farmers in the infestation of Pomacea

Canaliculata (Golden Apple Snail) in the rice fields of General Santos City. Bird

(2016) mentioned that creating an interview guide can help to focus and organize

your line of thinking and therefore questioning. The interview guide will contain

grand tour questions as well as probing questions about their experiences and

challenges with Pomacea Canaliculata infestations in rice fields.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

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In this study, the researchers will utilize thematic analysis, a qualitative

data analysis method commonly employed to examine stories, interviews, and

life histories. According to Crosley (2021), this process is driven by the

researcher’s aims and questions, and is not necessary to identify every possible

theme in the data, but rather to focus on the key aspects that relate to

the research questions. The researchers will carefully analyze the data to find the

common themes within the participants' personal stories and gain insight into

their individual experiences.

The participants' responses will be carefully examined, focusing only on

the significant answers. From these statements, the researchers will develop a

concept that will guide the identification of themes and meanings. These themes

will be thoroughly discussed in relation to the study's findings. The researchers

will ensure that their themes will match the research question.

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Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the result of the data gathered from the participants

completed by the student researchers. The results are presented in the following

with corresponding interpretation and deliberation. It also answers the particular

problem specified in the statement of the problem.

Journey of Farmers in the Infestation of Pomacea Canaliculata (Golden

Apple Snail) in the Rice Fields of General Santos City

Table 1 shows the challenges encountered of the farmers in dealing with

snail pest infestation in their rice fields. The results shows that the farmers were

challenged in dealing with snail pest infestations for the following reasons: when

it eats the rice crops, when preventing snail pest infestation, when snails cut the

rice, and when spraying the snails with chemicals. Generally, the farmers’

challenges were the snails’ infestation and feeding on their rice crops. The results

signifies that these challenges encountered in dealing with snail pest infestation

is common among farmers which is the invasion and feeding on their rice fields.

Also, Wang et al. (2020) stated that if molluscicides are used extensively

to manage GAS, this could lead to soil and water pollution, as well as a decline in

biodiversity.

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To add on, according to Horgan et al. (2014), apple snails which are or

were entirely pesticide-free, caused enormous difficulties in maintaining

pesticide-free rice fields despite a number of well-publicized cultural

management practices.

Table 1
Challenges Encountered of Rice Farmers in Snail Pest Infestation

Responses Significant Answers Concepts Theme

There are a lot, because it’ a paddy, and when it gets soaked by When there are too
water even just a little, there are too many snails and when you many snails
plant it thinly, the golden snails will definitely eat it.
When you plant it thinly,
the golden snails will
definitely eat it

So, the difficulties, since they ate the rice crops, we just pick When they eat the rice
them so that they won’t eat it. crops

The effect of that is… they eat the small rice, that’s the way the When they eat the small
attack it. Picking them out manually is the effective solution rice
regarding that problem because it’s not just spraying them out, When they eat
you have to actually take them one by one. the rice crops

Oh, my Lord... they really eat the seeds. Once they are opened When the seeds were
and consumed, the rice plants will hardly grow anymore. eaten

the snails really eat the rice every time, and that makes farmers When the snails eat the
feel like a failure. It is good that we have help from the rice every time, making
government, because back then there was nothing at all, that's the farmers feel like a When the
why you buy another seeds and it will grow again and again. failure
snails infest
and feed on
there's another thing... You won't believe what's happening in When these snails the rice
your area. If there are a lot of snails and white spots in the devour everything within crops
fields, it becomes a big problem. The number one culprit is the 6 to 7 days
snails, followed by the birds. They eat the young plants within 6
to 7 days. The birds, in particular, will chop down the small trees
and even the young shoots. It's incredible how they surpass the
snails in terms of destruction. These ants and snails are the
main pests here. Within 6 to 7 days, they will devour everything.

Preventing snail eggs and infestations is challenging. To When preventing snail

effectively control the golden snail eggs, which we are dealing eggs infestations
with in our area, we catch them and feed them to the ducks When
because we have a duck farm. The golden snail eggs need to preventing snail
be sprayed with insecticide to kill them because they can harm infestations
the rice crops. The ducks eat the snails, especially when they
are newly hatched and their eggs are separated. The plants When the plants where
where the snails are found were cut down, and then they are the snails are found
sprayed with insecticide. were cut down

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Once the rice begins to grow, there is a possibility that it will be When the snails cut the
cut, the snails cut the rice. rice When snails cut
the rice

Of course, they will destroy our rice plants, and we will fail. We When they destroy the When spraying
used to use spray to get rid of the snails, but it doesn't always rice plants the snails
work because there are so many of them.
When spraying doesn’t
always work

Just spray... use biocide for snail When spraying the

snails

Table 2
Causes of Snail Pest Infestation

Responses Significant Answers Concepts Theme

The reason is probably because the seeds were neglected Neglecting the seeds From rare use of
and also, we rarely use chemicals for these pests. chemical
Using of chemicals
rarely From neglected
growing population
It really damages the field of crops, and the reason why Growing in population of snails
there's an increase in snails might be because we just let
them grow in population. That's what also contributes to the
failure of the rice that we're planting.
From rising large
Due to their prolific egg-laying nature, they produce Producing hundreds and number of snail
hundreds and hundreds of offspring. In our area, we hundreds of offspring in
conscientiously capture each one and place them on the an area
road.

Snails have seminal fluid in which they can lay eggs and Reproducing through
reproduce. For example, in drainage, we'll put some water, seminal fluid
and then there will be snails laying eggs in there. Because
there are eggs in the water as it flows, this will spread over
the rice fields.

If you think about it, these snails show up during season of Showing up during
planting rice, but if it’s not the season, I think it just goes planting seasons Producing
with the water flow whenever you water the farm. large number
Going with the water From snails’ attack of snails due
flow depending on the to neglect
season and water and seasons
No, it will just depend on the season when they [snails] will Depending on the flow
attack. Sometimes there are none, but sometimes there season when they
are. (snails) will attack.

Sometimes, when they're hungry during the season, Being hungry specifically
especially during the first part of it, the fields are already during season of harvest
open and ready for harvest, but there's no one around to
tend to them. The pests, on the other hand, are searching
for rice to eat because it has been a while since they last
had a meal. That's when they launch their attack again.
From spraying it
The solution is to spray them directly to ensure that they Spraying them directly to directly
die. It's uncertain where they come from, but they multiply ensure that they die
quickly. That's why it's important to take action against

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them.

There's no problem if you can solve it by using spray. If not, Solving it by using spray
you can manually remove them by crushing them.

No, the strategy is because you have capital, that is how it Lacking of capital makes From having no
is, because if you don't have capital, you can't grow, it hard to grow rice capital
because you're going to buy the seed, which are very
expensive, or fertilizer, or spray. for insects. Rising prices of seed,
fertilizer, or spray From expensive
chemicals

Table 2 shows the causes of snail pest infestations on rice farms in

General Santos City's Barangay Ligaya and Baluan. The results showed that the

causes of the golden snail infestation were: the rare use of chemical, neglected

growing population of snails, season, and other reasons. Generally, these were

because of the rising large number of snails due to neglect and seasons. This

results signifies that the snails are much harder to get rid of and farmers lack

knowledge in doing preferable action in doing so.

In addition, Oryza (2015) mentioned that despite being trained in

alternative management methods, farmers have overwhelmingly chosen to use

insecticides and molluscicides to control the snails. However, farmers are

experiencing an increase in damage to rice from insects and diseases that may

be related to heavy pesticide use.

In connection to this, Horgan (2018) stated that flooded rice systems

represent a high-quality habitat for these apple snails because of similarities in

the environmental conditions (water temperature, salinity, pH, water flow velocity)

necessary for both rice production and for snail survival and development.

Furthermore, amphibious respiration, a capacity to aestivate during dry periods,

as well as cold acclimation and tolerance (particularly in P. canaliculata),

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increases the resilience of apple snails to rice farming practices, including

agrochemical applications, intermittent drainage and crop rotations – under a

wide range of climatic conditions.

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Table 3
Farming Situation with Snail Pest Infestation

Responses Significant Answers Concepts Theme

It can affect the days where you water it, but if it’s just flashing- The snails affect the days The state/condition
flashing, it really cannot do anything. when you water the rice of water
field

It's really difficult because if you don't take out the snails that The snails leave the Nothing can be
damage the crops, they will consume all the rice, and you won't farmers with nothing to harvested
have anything to harvest at all. harvest

When you can't spray it, the rice will be damaged once it is The snails damage the
attacked by golden snail. rice

When you pull the crops that are infested by snails, those The snails actually
Rice plants will be
snails under the crops are eaten by others, particularly by the damage the rice plants
damaged
Ilocanos. These snails are indeed a problem in the rice fields
as they actually damage the rice plants. Yes, they can be
troublesome because they destroy the crops, especially when
their eggs hatch, making them even more prevalent.
Damage
When there's a small amount of water, that's when they attack The snails attack the rice to rice
the rice plants. It's really a problem for farmers. plants plants and
Snails eat their
prevents
They'll cut our rice plants. It's great if your rice plant is already The snails will cut the rice (farmers) rice plants
harvest
large, especially if it's average size, but if it's small, they can plants consumed
cut through it. This will not grow because it is already dead. by pests
They also consume the leaf bud. When there is a snail, it is
acceptable if the rice plants are already large, but if they are
small, it will be a failure.

Obviously, they will die because they are cutting the rice. The snails makes the rice
die because they are
cutting it

It's important to have water in the fields, as well as in the snail The snails will climb up to
basin. You need to kill off the snails in your basin because they the rice plants, eat them
eat the young shoots, similar to how ants consume. They will and it will be cut
hide in the soil, seeking shelter there. So, open the water
source, and they will come out. Once they are out, you can see The snails are hard to
them in the field. Look closely in the basin; they won't die even eliminate Farmer
without water. They will hide in the soil, like being submerged inconvenience
in the sea. They will stay there and pop out. The snails will
climb up to the rice plants, eat them and it will be cut. They
won't die unless they are poisoned.

The effect of that is really big. Because it’s such an The snails are such an
inconvenience to farmers. inconvenience to farmers

As long as you use chemicals to approve your work, fertilizer as long as you use Leads to chemical
for the fruit of rice, you use gruel for the fertilizer budget, there chemicals to approve use
is gruel for leaves and fruit. your work

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Table 3 shows the farming situations with snail pest infestation. The

following are the farming situations that they have encountered such as the

condition of water, nothing can be harvested, the rice plants were damaged,

eating their rice plants, farmer inconvenience and chemical use. Generally, snail

pest infestations in rice fields cause harm to rice plants, preventing farmers from

harvesting their crops when the pests consume them. The result signifies that

farmers experience the damage caused by snail infestations keeping them from

harvesting their crops.

According to the Cambodia General Department of Agriculture (2014), the

Golden Apple Snail poses a significant threat to young rice seedlings by feeding

on and killing them. This results in large areas of rice fields being devoid of

plants, especially within the first 30 days after seeding. A single large snail can

consume anywhere between 7 to 24 rice seedlings per day, leading to a potential

complete loss of the rice crop.

As mentioned by Cowie (2014), farmers in the Philippines have regarded

the Golden Apple Snail as the most severe pest affecting rice cultivation. The

infestation area rapidly expanded from 300 hectares in 1986 to 426,000 hectares

in 1988, reaching over 800,000 hectares by 1995. In its natural habitat, the snail

was considered harmless and without utility, as it did not pose a significant threat

to crops, human health, or serve any purpose for human consumption. However,

its introduction to new regions has caused substantial economic damage, health

issues for humans in certain areas, and the potential for serious environmental

and biodiversity impacts.

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Table 4
Farmer’s Solution to the Snail Pest Infestation

Responses Significant Answers Concepts Theme

The easiest solution is you can use chemicals to kill these By using chemicals to kill By using
golden apple snails. these golden apple snails chemicals

Just spray By spraying

You should spray to kill the snails. By spraying to kill the snails
By spraying
You need to kill them properly. I forgot to mention that By spraying the snails the snails
there is a powder, an 80-peso powder used in spraying.
Mix it with water and spray it in the snail basin. It won't
affect the rice plants; it's specifically for snails.

Their method involves withholding water from the rice By subsequently spraying
field initially, allowing the snails to emerge, and them to eliminate the snail
subsequently spraying them to eliminate the snail population Eliminating it
population. After a period of 2 or 3 days, they would then through
irrigate the field, causing the snails to float up and perish. chemicals and
That's how they carry out the process. So, what do they taking it one
call this practice? They refer to it as the "rice field By letting ducks directly By feeding it to by one
pandemic." Some people also consume these snails, but consume the snails the ducks
if they have been sprayed, it can pose a risk as they are
unaware of it. Most of the time, they introduce ducks to
consume the snails, or the snails are directly consumed
by the ducks.

Because there's an association here, they mentioned that By spraying chemicals and
there's a solution for the snails using a spray. During our by picking them manually
meetings, they discuss how to resolve the snail problem
through spraying. You have to buy a spray to spray for the
snails. But way back, there was no other solution, so we
just pick them manually. But now, there's a solution and
that is by spraying.

The primary solution there is chemicals, you really need By picking them out, it will be
to spray them so it could die. But I don’t also think it the best solution
works well, because the snails don’t run out. Picking them
out will be the best solution there, because chemicals
doesn’t really kill them all, they still lay eggs.

We will occasionally ask children to pick up snails and By asking children to pick up
place them in a sack to dry. We'll dry it out so the snail the snails
dies, because if you just put it somewhere, it'll just crawl
back to the rice fields. By picking it
manually
and that....yes, you take the small ones, of course the big By taking the small ones and
ones don't eat much anymore, the little ones also eat too throwing them outside By selling it
much and then you throw them outside...and someone
will buy a twenty-five pesos taro, we will sell it. The big By selling it
ones don't eat much, the small ones are the ones who eat
the rice fast, the big ones are eaten by people and they
milk them.

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Table 4 shows how farmers deal with these challenges in Snail Pest

Infestation in their rice fields. The results show that the solutions considered by

the farmers in dealing with challenges of snail pest infestation are: spraying the

snails, picking them manually, feeding it to the ducks, and selling it. Generally,

eliminating it through chemicals and taking it one by one was the solution used

by the farmers. The result signifies that farmers deal with challenges in rice fields

caused by snail pest infestations, these infestations can lead to crop damage and

reduced yields, which can have negative impacts on farmers.

Based on a phenomenological study by Toffa et al. (2021), it found that

Farmers primarily used synthetic chemical pesticides among the many pest

management techniques noted. Farmers' decisions to apply pesticides have

been greatly influenced by their farming experience, family site, location, and the

quality of pests they have observed.

Moreover, Casal and Heuze (2017) stated that the snails have expanded

their range in recent years notably with the increased flooding brought on by

climate change challenges. More farmers using wet-direct seeding caused more

snail damage, which led to a rise in the use of molluscicides. The harmful effects

of non-target animals such as human health and the environment, in addition to

the direct damage to rice and depending on factors of snail bio-ecology are still

unclear.

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Chapter V

REFLECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and

recommendations of the study.

Reflections

To reflect and evaluate the findings of this study, the following reflections

were formulated:

1. The farmers were challenged when they were dealing with snail pest

infestations, but it is said to be a common phenomenon they encountered in

farming, which is the invasion and feeding on their rice fields.

2. Due to neglect and the rice farming season that causes the golden snail

population to rise, rice farmers must always be prepared for the potential

outcome of the possible infestation of snails by following the right measures,

such as preparing insecticides, to avoid the continuous population growth of

snails in rice fields.

3. The farmers experience the damage caused by snail infestations and

keep them from harvesting their crops.

4. The farmers in dealing with snail pest infestation in their rice fields use a

combination of methods including chemical, physical, and cultural practices.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were

formulated:

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1. The rice farmers should install snail traps made of bamboo or plastic

containers filled with bait (e.g., fermented fish meal or fruits) to attract and

capture the snails.

2. The rice farmers must be more aware of certain causes of snail pest

infestation to avoid the growing golden snail population due to neglect and the

rice farming season.

3. The rice farmers should be provided with educational resources to

assist them in identifying and monitoring the infestation of golden apple snails. To

prevent significant harm, emphasize the need for early identification and

appropriate action. Establish monitoring mechanisms to track snail numbers and

assess the efficiency of management techniques.

4. To control golden apple snails, farmers should manually remove them

from rice paddies and use chemical pesticides selectively if needed. Proper

training and resources should be provided for efficient removal.

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Effects of fertiliser applications on survival and recruitment of the apple snail,
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Schneiker, J. (n.d.). (2016). is there hope for sustainable management of Golden Apple
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& Sabot, F. (2021). Rice pests in the Republic of Benin : farmers’ perceptions,
knowledge and management practices. Pest Management Science, 77(11),
5058–5071. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6546

Wang, J., Xuening, L., Zhang, J., Ouyang, Y., Qin, Z., & Zhao, B. (2020). Using golden
apple snail to mitigate its invasion and improve soil quality: a biocontrol
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07998-9

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Appendix A
PERMIT TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

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Appendix B
INTERVIEW GUIDE

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Appendix C
DOCUMENTATION

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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: SAMUEL T. ALEGRE
Sex: Male
Age: 17
Address: Zone 10-B, Fatima, General Santos City
Date of Birth: June 16, 2006
Place of Birth: Cannery Site Octavio, Polomolok South Cotabato
Contact Number: 09989107699
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Mother’s Name: Joy Ann T. Alegre
Mother’s Occupation: Housewife
Father’s Name: Melvin P. Alegre
Father’s Occupation: Electric Engineer

Educational Background:
Pre-school: Kiddie Zone
Fatima, General Santos City
Elementary: H.N Cahilsot Central Elementary School
Calumpang, General Santos City
Junior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos
City
Senior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos
City

Achievement/Organizations:
2021-2022 With Honors
2022 – At Present With Honors

Learning Insights:
To achieve success in research, meticulous preparation and coordination
are essential. Initiate the process by precisely outlining your research inquiry or
goal and crafting a hypothesis. Subsequently, construct a comprehensive
research blueprint encompassing data gathering methods, analysis strategies,
and a well-defined timeline. Lastly, uphold methodical documentation of your
discoveries, adapt your approach when required, and adeptly communicate your
results to enrich the collective understanding within your field.

CURRICULUM VITAE

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Personal Information
Name: MARIEL A. AMANDE
Sex: Female
Age: 17
Address: Phase 5 Blk 1 Lot 30, Doña Soledad Subdivision,
Barangay Labangal, General Santos City
Date of Birth: March 09, 2006
Place of Birth: General Santos City
Contact Number: 09187227352
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Mother’s Name: Venus A. Amande
Mother’s Housewife
Occupation:
Father’s Name: Jose A. Amande
Father’s Employee
Occupation:

Educational Background:
Pre-school: Dadiangas West Central Elementary School
Pres.Ramon Magsaysay Ave, General Santos City
Elementary: Dadiangas West Central Elementary School
Pres.Ramon Magsaysay Ave, General Santos City
Junior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos
City
Senior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos
City

Achievement/Organizations:
2011-2018 Achiever
2018-2022 With Honors
2023 – At Present With Honors

Learning Insights:
Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of
data, analysis, and interpretation of the data. It fosters curiosity, allowing us to
learn about participants’ real-life experiences and prepares us for future
challenges. This process helps us understand how difficulties are solved and
develop effective plans and methods.

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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: ZYAN ROSE KHRYZTALIN G. CAPUSO

Sex: Female
Age: 17
Address: Prk 23 Fernandez, brgy fatima uhaw, General Santos City
Date of Birth: April 21,2006
Place of Birth: Lambayong, tacurong
Contact Number: 09707014739
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Mother’s Name: Lucia G. Capuso
Mother’s Occupation: Teacher
Father’s Name: Roe Capuso
Father’s Occupation: Factory worker

Educational Background:
Pre-school: Villamonte Lebak Sultan Kudarat Day Care Center
Villamonte Lebak Sultan Kudarat
Elementary: Villamonte Elementary School
Villamonte Lebak Sultan Kudarat
Junior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos City
Senior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos City

Achievement/Organizations:
2011-2018 Achiever
2018-2022 With honors
2022 – At Present Achiever

Learning Insights:
Before beginning any research project, ethical considerations must be made to
ensure that it is conducted in an ethical manner and with consideration for the rights
and welfare of human subjects, animals, and the environment. Participants in research
must give informed consent, data must be kept private and confidential, risks must be
minimized, and participants must not be harmed. By working together and
communicating with other researchers, it is possible to guarantee that the research is
carried out in an ethical manner and in accordance with the highest standards of
integrity.

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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: DAINTY MAE A. DAMOLO
Sex: Female
Age: 17
Address: Purok Upper, Acharon Village, Calumpang, General
Santos City
Date of Birth: March 16, 2006
Place of Birth: General Santos City
Contact Number: 09973123829
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Mother’s Name: Cherry May A. Damolo
Mother’s Occupation: Housewife
Father’s Name: Dante B. Damolo
Father’s Occupation: Seafarer

Educational Background:
Pre-school: Romana C. Acharon Central Elementary School
Purok Cahilsot Village, General Santos City
Elementary: Romana C. Acharon Central Elementary School
Purok Cahilsot Village, General Santos City
Junior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos City
Senior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos City

Achievement/Organizations:
2011-2018 With Honors
2018-2022 With Honors
2022 – At Present With Honors, High Honors

Learning Insights:
Practical research provides valuable insights and knowledge that can be
directly applied to real-world situations. It involves conducting studies, experiments, or
investigations with the goal of solving practical problems or addressing specific
issues. provides It invaluable learning insights by fostering a deeper understanding of
various subjects. Through research, individuals can expand their knowledge,
challenge assumptions, and uncover new perspectives.

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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: RENIER B. FLORES
Sex: Male
Age: 16
Address: Lily of the Valley, Calumpang, General Santos City
Date of Birth: September 13, 2006
Place of Birth: Diagan Hospital, Quezon Ave.
Contact Number: 09955575484
E-mail Address: 09955575484
Mother’s Name: Fregie B. Flores
Mother’s Occupation: Housewife
Father’s Name: Jailyr R. Flores
Father’s Occupation: Ship Mechanic

Educational Background:
Pre-school: Savadera Saway Elementary School
Labangal, General Santos City
Elementary: Romana Acharon Central Elementary School
Calumpang, General Santos City
Junior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos
City
Senior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos
City

Achievement/Organizations:
2011-2018 With Honors
2018-2022 With Honors
2022 – At Present With Honors, With High Honors

Learning Insights:
Successful research necessitates careful planning, organization, and
effective communication. It begins with clearly defining the research question and
developing a hypothesis. A detailed research plan, including data collection
methods, analysis techniques, and a timeline, is then created. I learned effectively
communicating research results contributes to the broader knowledge base. By
following these steps, researchers can make meaningful contributions to their field
and advance existing knowledge.

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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: ARNOLD O. MANCHA JR.
Sex: Male
Age: 17 Years Old
Address: Purok 18, Employees Village, Fatima, Gen. Santos
City
Date of Birth: November 05, 2005
Place of Birth: New Mirapao, Dinas, Zamboanga Del Sur
Contact Number: 09665695615
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Mother’s Name: Ruth Oliva Mancha
Mother’s Business Owner
Occupation:
Father’s Name: Arnold Gubot Mancha Sr.
Father’s Business Owner
Occupation:

Educational Background:
Pre-school: Tambler Daycare Center
Tambler, General Santos City
Elementary: Fatima Central. Elementary School
Fatima, General Santos City
Junior High School: Gen. Santos City National High School
Calumpang, General Santos City
Senior High School: Gen. Santos City National. High School
Calumpang, General Santos City

Achievement/Organizations:
2011-2018 With Honors, Achiever
2018-2022 With High Honors
2022 – At Present With High Honors

Learning Insights:
Conducting research requires careful planning and organization to
ensure its success. Begin by clearly defining your research question or
objective and formulating a hypothesis. Then, develop a detailed research
plan, including data collection methods, analysis techniques, and a timeline.
Finally, maintain systematic records of your findings, adapt your approach as
necessary, and communicate your results effectively to contribute to the
broader knowledge base in your field.

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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: ANGELA MAY J. MANLA
Sex: Female
Age: 17 years old
Address: Purok Ondok Gawan, San Jose, General Santos City
Date of Birth: May 26, 2006
Place of Birth: General Santos City
Contact Number: 09635101653
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Mother’s Name: Chique J. Yares
Mother’s Occupation: Housewife
Father’s Name: Rogelio M. Manla Sr.
Father’s Occupation: N/A

Educational Background:
Pre-school: Zone 7 Daycare Center
Zone 7, Block 1, General Santos City
Elementary: Upper Tambler Central Elementary School
Purok 6 Teacher’s Village, General Santos City
Junior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos
City
Senior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos
City

Achievement/Organizations:
2011-2018 With Honors
2018-2022 With Honors
2022 – At Present With Honors

Learning Insights:
Throughout this research journey, I have learned that research plays a
crucial role in our lives as it allows us to expand our knowledge through
exploration and the discovery of new information. We researchers diligently
investigate various subjects, unearthing facts and developing solutions to
address specific problems. This process not only broadens our understanding
but also contributes to advancements in various fields.

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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: ANGEL THERESE P. PERITO
Sex: Female
Age: 17
Address: Blk 8 Lot 2, Maruz Subdivision, Barangay San Isidro,
General Santos City
Date of Birth: April 04, 2006
Place of Birth: Pulilan, Bulacan
Contact Number: 09776780589
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Mother’s Name: Maria Teresa P. Perito
Mother’s Occupation: Housewife
Father’s Name: Lito S. Perito
Father’s Occupation: Operations Manager

Educational Background:
Pre-school: Dadiangas West Central Elementary School
Pres.Ramon Magsaysay Ave, General Santos City
Elementary: Dadiangas West Central Elementary School
Pres.Ramon Magsaysay Ave, General Santos City
Junior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos
City
Senior High School: General Santos City National High School
J.P. Rizal Street, Purok Maliwanag, General Santos
City

Achievement/Organizations:
2011-2018 With Honors
2018-2022 With Honors, With High Honors
2022 – At Present With High Honors

Learning Insights:
To ensure the effectiveness of our study, we really had to carefully plan
and organize it. I learned to create hypothesis before outlining the study topic or
aim in detail. Everyone's lives are enriched by research since it allows us to
become more enlightened and discover new things. It also assists us as
researchers by teaching us about our city's problem and assisting us in
understanding it.