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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Particleboard industries often used woods as main component and

formaldehyde as resin or binder. Due to massive destruction of trees done by

illegal logging, kaingin and typhoons, production of woods became a major

problem to the said industry. The use of formaldehyde as binder was also

prohibited by the Forest Product Research Development Institute (2004)

because of their findings which concluded that it has an irritating effect to

humans.

Particleboard making is essential for a third world country because of

its many uses, from the construction purposes up to furniture. Tropical

countries like Philippines is depending a large portion of its economy to the

exportation of the said product. But a wood that is a primary material to it is

found to be less nowadays. Since Filipinos are known to be good at recycling,

the use of different agro waste products is now suggested to be used as

alternatives to wood. The used also of different plastic material was

implemented by the Forest Product Research and Development Institute to

replace formaldehyde as binder for particle boards.

This study produced a particle board made with coconut husk bonded

by high density polyethylene in the form of plastic bottles.

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Background of the Study

Laguna is a province known for coconut plantations. And also coconut

is one of its top products. It takes 10 years of waiting to make your coconut

plant bear. It is regarded as the most economically important palm and also

the jewel of tropics. Even though it is called the tree of life due to the

usefulness of its parts, its husks still covers the largest portion of waste

products in the Philippines. Disposing and decomposing the coconut husks is

not that easy since it takes half or a year to make it possible.

Illegal logging and typhoons affected the wood production of the

country, disabling it to produce a massive amount of woods for construction

purposes in the previous years. This problem made a high impact on the

particleboard industries, leaving them a question on how to make products

without the wood as its primary component.

Coconut husk as a top agro waste product of the Philippines was

suggested by the researcher since the product itself contains high amount of

lignin needed for a particular material to become a particle board when hot

pressed.

The used of formaldehyde as a binder for particleboards has been

lessened by the Forest Product Research and Development Institute (FPRDI)

since the so called chemical binder was found to have an irritating effect on

the health of every human.

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High density polyethylene in the form of plastic bottles is a waste that

is abundant in the Philippines because Filipinos are well-known drinkers due

to the hot temperature possessed by a tropical country. It is also found out

that HDPE enhances the strength of a board when used as a binder.

(Atienza, Mediacore 2004 (PCARRD)) Researchers at the Department

of Science and Technology's Forest Products Research and Development

Institute discovered that waste plastics could be effective binder for plywood

and particleboard.

As a potential binder, the researchers explained that aside from being

cheap, waste plastics (and other plastics for that matter) are free from

formaldehyde, can press plywood several times, can hot press higher MC

veneers, and have strong bond quality with increased mechanical and

physical strength.

FPRDI explained that plastic can be melted at 120 to 150 degrees

Celsius during hot pressing. No toxic substances in the form of

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins can be traced during hot

pressing because these poisonous substances can be formed when plastics

are burned or incinerated at a temperature of more than 360 degree C.

Theoretical Framework

Dr. Eusebio, FPRDI project leader for the Pilot Scale Production of

Binder less Coco Coir Board said that the project aimed to established

environmentally-safe building and packaging materials from coco coir without

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the need to use expensive and hazardous synthetic binders like

formaldehyde. He added that coco coir contains large amount of lignin which

converts into a natural binder once it is hot pressed.

Peñamora et al. explained that the protocol was established to produce

high-density and high-strength coconut husk fiberboard without the use of

additives or synthetic adhesives/binders. Coconut husks were milled into

small particles and short fibers and hot pressed at high temperature

(180oC) and high pressure (55 t) by using 15 minutes curing time and 15

minutes air drying time.

The above studies gave the idea of utilizing coconut husks as a

particle board since it has proven that it contains large amount of lignin that is

needed for a material to be bonded together. The procedures were based

also on the above study about the pressing, curing and air drying time.

According to Atienza, Mediacore 2004 of Philippine Council for

Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development

(PCARRD) Researchers at the Department of Science and Technology's

Forest Products Research and Development Institute discovered that waste

plastics could be effective binder for plywood and particleboard.

FPRDI explained that plastic can be melted at 120 to 150 degrees

Celsius during hot pressing. No toxic substances in the form of

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins can be traced during hot

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pressing because these poisonous substances can be formed when plastics

are burned or incinerated at a temperature of more than 360 degree C.

The aforementioned study was feasible since it empowers the idea that

plastics can be used as effective binder in the production of particle board. It

also enlightened the idea that plastics do not produced harmful toxic

substances when melted at high temperatures.

Conceptual Framework

The different variables show how the researcher sighted methods and

procedure that could be inflicted onto the experiment and its effectiveness in

terms of different types of physical property and strength test.

Frame 1: Includes the methods and procedure in preparing High

density polyethylene bonded coconut husk particle board.

Frame 2: Shows the effectiveness of high density polyethylene bonded

coconut husk particle board in terms of: water absorption, thickness swelling,

and face screw holding test.

I.V D.V

High density polyethylene Effectiveness in terms of:

bonded coconut husk particle
board  Water absorption
 Thickness swelling
 Methods and  Face screw
procedure holding

Frame 1 Frame 2
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Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to utilize coconut husk as particle board. Specifically it

sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the methods and procedure used in constructing High

density polyethylene bonded coconut husk particle board?

2. What is the mean level of water absorption of the high density

polyethylene bonded coconut husk particle board compared to the

Philippine National Standards?

3. What is the mean level of thickness swelling of the high density

polyethylene bonded coconut husk particle board compared to the

Philippine National Standards?

4. What is the mean level of strength of the high density polyethylene

bonded coconut husk particle board compared to the Philippine

National Standards?

5. Is there any significant difference between the mean levels of

effectiveness of the high density polyethylene bonded coconut husk

particle board in terms of the aforementioned variable compared to the

Philippine national Standards?

Research Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the mean level of effectiveness of

high density polyethylene bonded coconut husk in terms of water absorption,

thickness swelling and face screw holding.

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Significance of the study

This section aimed to share the knowledge brought by the study done

on high density polyethylene bonded coconut husk particle board. The

following groups can benefit from the study.

Coco Farmers. The coco farmers will benefit to this research as they

will obtain extra income due to the utilization of coconuts.

College of Teacher Education. This study could help in observing the

performance of development program of the faculty.

Construction Industry. This industry will grow due to the construction

of particle board.

Researcher. Future researchers could use this research to widen their

knowledge and curiosity to explore more on the composition of particle

boards.

Students. This may be beneficial to the students as this will help them

in taking a more profound study in similar area concerned and can be used as

a reference.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study focused only to the utilization of coconut husk as main

material in making particle board. The effectiveness of coconut husk bonded

with high density polyethylene as to water absorption, thickness swelling, face

screw holding was determined by conducting physical property and strength

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test. The study is limited only on the use of coconut husk which came from

plantations around the province of Laguna.

Definition of Terms

This section consists of the meaning of terms used in the study.

Coconut husk. The rough exterior shells of the coconut. It is the major

component in the production of particleboard.

Effectiveness. The degree to which something is successful in

producing a desired result.

Face Screw Holding. The ability to hold screws in both face and

edges.

High Density Polyethylene. It is a kind of thermoplastic which is

famous for its tensile strength. It serves as the binder in the construction of

particleboard.

Particle board. Is a composite material that is describe as any woody

material that is adhesive-bonded together

Thickness Swelling. The value of thickness gain when submerged

into water for a specific length of time.

Water Absorption. The amount of weight gain (%) after immersion in

water for a specific length of time under controlled environment.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature and studies which are found to

have relationship on the study.

Related Literature

Elsevier and Saunders (2007) defined effectiveness as the ability of an

invention to produce a specific result or to exert a specific measurable

influence, and a desired beneficial effect in actual usage. While Bailey (2009)

asserted that effectiveness is a result which can be described as impressive

or striking. And according to Vlasceanu (2004) and Williams (2005),

effectiveness as the ability to perform well or to achieve result without wasted

effort, time or money using the smallest quantity of resources available.

The amount of weight gain (%) experienced in a polymer after

immersion in water for a specific length of time under controlled environment

Engineering-Dictionary.org (2008)

The percent increase in weight of a material after exposure to water

under specified conditions. Water absorption can influence mechanical and

electrical properties. Factors such as the type of material, additives,

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temperature, and length of exposure can affect the amount of water absorbed

Iso-62 Test (2014)

The highest percentage of water absorption for particleboards can be

related to the high content of silica (R) and to the lower content of lignin (B)

present in the materials Melo et al. and Calegari et al (2014)

The use of chemical additives also played some inhibitory role

on the water absorption. Boards produced with chemical additives had

significantly lower percentage of water absorption compared to boards

produced without chemical additives Sotandde et al. (2012)

It was evident that the presence of more irregular void spaces in flake

board enhanced water absorption which influenced the percentage of

thickness swelling (Oluwadare et al. (2012)

The presence of many voids in the particleboards allowed internal

swelling Lee (2012).

Higher cement content in the boards lowers thickness swelling likewise

the use of flake-sawdust mixture Ogedoh et al. (2012)

Thickness swelling (TS) is the most important property that must be

assessed when considering the effects of moisture. It can be affected by most

process variables, including wood species, element geometry, and board

density, resin level, blending efficiency, and pressing conditions Forest

product industry (2009)

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Maximum amount of load that a screw from the board can hold FPRDI

(2005)

A 5x23cm sample is nailed with a 2 cm screw. Loads will be measured

using a weighing scale and will be subjected to the screw Hatano (2008).

Defined as the weight that a screw can hold in a 5x18cm sample Yuri

(2005)

Particleboard is a composite product initially made mainly from wood

particles (as opposed to sheets or fibers). The main use of particleboard is in

structural applications e.g. in the construction industry, for bracing walls and

flooring Est, (2006)

Particleboard is a panel product manufactured under pressure from

particles of wood or other ligno-cellulosic materials and an adhesive Nemli

and Aydin, (2007)

It has found typical applications as furniture, cabinets, flooring, table,

counter and desktops, office dividers, wall and ceiling, stair treads, home

constructions, sliding doors, kitchen worktops, interior signs, bulletin boards,

and other industrial products Wang et al., (2008)

The increased demands for raw materials in wood composite

industries have led researchers to investigate non-wood ligno-cellulosic

biomass utilization in composite manufacturing including particleboard

Guntekin and Karakus, (2008)

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Annual plant fiber and agricultural waste materials have become

alternative raw materials for particleboard manufacturing.

There are already more than 30 plants that utilize renewable biomass

in production of particleboards around the world Bektas et al., (2005)

Therefore, it seems that the number of plants using renewable

biomass in production will be more in the future.

Alternative raw materials such as agricultural residues will play an

important role in the particleboard industry in the future. Nemli et al. (2009)

Coconut husks are the rough exterior shells of the coconut. While the

husks are not used for food, like the meat and liquid found within the exterior

shell, the husk can be used in several ways, including creating enriched

potting soil and as chips that can be used to provide ground cover for flower

beds WiseGeek (2014)

Coconut husks and shells are made out of mostly the same kinds of

materials that woods and other nut casings are made out of. These are living

materials, and consist of water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, enzymes, and

nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, among other things VanPhysics (2006).

Cocopeat is a by-product of coconut husk and is used as a growing

medium for plants using hydroponics, a method of growing crops without

using soil only water Salaverria (2012)

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The coconut husks are the outer layer of a coconut shell. They are the

largest waste products in the Philippines. They are made with 10% of bristle

fiber, 20% of mattress fiber, and 70% of coir, shorts or waste EcopPBWorks

(2009)

The husk when immature is pale but as it hardens it will be yellowed.

Thick fibrous layer called “mesocarp” is located inside the outermost layer of

the fruit EcopPBWorks (2010)

High density polyethylene lends itself particularly well to blow molding,

e.g. for bottles, cutting boards, dipping baskets, dippers, trays and containers.

Dynalab (2014)

These sheets can be heat formed, shaped and welded to fabricate

ducts, hoods, and much more. They have excellent corrosion resistance to a

wide range of items USplastic (2014)

HDPE pipe resins offer the superior toughness and stress crack

resistance essential for pipe extrusion, while high molecular weight HDPE film

resins provide toughness and down gauging capabilities Dow (2014)

HDPE is also used to produce safety equipment, including hard hats;

home insulation; bottles for milk, juice, household/industrial chemicals and

motor oil; large (rotomolded) tanks for storage of agricultural and lawn care

chemicals; and pressure pipe and sheet applications lyondellbasell (2014)

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(HDPE) resins combines toughness and stiffness with resistance to

environmental stress cracking at elevated temperatures and warping.

exxonmobilchemical (2014)

Related Studies

Webfinance (2014) define effectiveness as the degree to which

objectives are achieved and the extent to which targeted problems are

solved.

Madrigal et. al (2008), effectiveness is when you do something that

works fine, something that reach your ideas and objectives.

Holcombe (2007), concluded that the higher the effort put, the higher

the level of effectiveness you can gain.

Lye et. al (2010), effectiveness is the product of guidelines and steps

that were followed.

Kazhaei (2007), Water absorption process during wood soaking in

water was studied on three varieties of wood. Two models were considered to

describe the kinetics: the Peleg model and a new one based on the

viscoelastic properties of materials. The soaking data were fitted to the Fick’s

model to determine water diffusivity. The pattern of water uptake suggested a

two-step process, in which more than half of the final absorbed water
 15

occurred in the first two days of liquid water contact with wood. This was

followed by a period of very slow water uptake.

Yang et al. (2006), describe the water absorption behavior and

mechanical properties of lingo-cellulosic filler–polyolefin bio-composites. He

discussed that the thickness swelling and water absorption of the bio-

composites slightly increased as the filler loading increased, but to a

negligible extent as compared with the wood-based composites (particleboard

and fiberboard) and the solid woods (red pine and birch). The mechanical

properties of the composites decreased as the filler loading increased, but the

composites had an acceptable strength level. It was concluded that these bio-

composites are suitable to be used for the interior of bathrooms, wood decks,

food packaging, etc.

Cheng et al. (2004), discussed the adhesive properties of modified

soybean flour in wheat straw particleboard wherein he elaborated that sodium

hydroxide was used to unfold protein molecules. The combined effect of the

chemicals was also studied. Particleboard bonded by urea and high

concentrations of nBTPT treated soy flour improved mechanical properties,

that bonded by boric acid treated soy flour had better water resistance. The

adhesive made from soy flour treated with 1.5 M urea, 0.4% nBTPT, 7% citric

acid, 4% NaH2PO2, 3% boric acid, and 1.85% NaOH, produced particleboard

with the maximum mechanical strength and water resistance.

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(hse.gov.uk 2014). A water absorption test should be carried out on a

suitable sample (ie a minimum of 3 cm x 3 cm or 9 cm2) which is free of any

adhering material (partially painted samples can be used but may need longer

to absorb water)

SO 24336 (2005), specifies a test method for the determination of

thickness swelling of laminate floor-covering elements after partial immersion

in water. The testing is destructive and is mainly intended to evaluate the

behavior of the laminate floor-covering element in contact with water.

Possible pre-attached soft backing material, sub-layers or any other material

integrated at the underside of the floor-covering element are not included in

the test and should therefore be removed before testing

Kord (2012), investigates the effect of Nano clay on the cell

morphology and thickness swelling behavior in the extrusion foaming of wood

flour/polyethylene composites with a chemical blowing agent. To meet this

objective, the Nano clay, high-density polyethylene, and coupling agent were

compounded and then the granules were mixed with wood flour and blowing

agent in a twin-screw extruder. Consequently, foaming process was

completed in the injection stage. The amount of wood flour was fixed at

50 wt% for all samples. For Nano clay and chemical blowing agent, different

levels of 0, 2, 4 per hundred resins (phr) and 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 phr were

considered, respectively. The results indicate that the addition of clay

generally reduces the cell size, increases the cell density, and facilitates foam
 17

expansion. Furthermore, the thickness swelling of the composite decreased

with increase in Nano clay. The composites containing 1.5 phr of foaming

agent exhibited higher thickness swelling value and swelling rate parameter

(K SR) than those containing Nano clay. The swelling model provided a good

predictor of the hygroscopic thickness swelling process of wood

flour/polyethylene/Nano clay hybrid foamed composites.

Kojima et al. (2009), evaluates the durability of wood-based panels

using thickness swelling results from accelerated aging treatments. He found

out that durability of wood-based panels was evaluated by comparing

thickness swelling (TS) results from five laboratory-accelerated aging tests

with the TS results from panels that had experienced 2 years of outdoor

exposure in Shizuoka City, Central Honshu, Japan. In each accelerated aging

test, the total TS of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin bonded panels were

higher than that of isocyanate resin diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)

bonded panels.

Jordan et. Al. (2006), found out that the lower amount of lignin or

binder affects the strength of boards and woods in terms of holding loads.

However Karson and Dent (2004) states that the amount of moisture in a

material affects its performance especially strength and mechanical property,

which indicates that holding strength of screws in both face and edge may

vary even if the woods are with the same species (Dexter et. Al. 2009)
 18

Lacson et al. (2011), in his study found out that a particleboard is an

alternative to solid wood boards, made out of recycled wood waste or agro-fibers,

held together by either resin or a binder. In other hand Khedari et al. (2004) studied

the development of new particleboards from tropical fruit peels with low thermal

conductivity as a component of construction panels for energy conservation of

building which is the main purpose of this study. Durian (Durio zibethinus) peels and

coconut (Cocos nucifera) coir fibers were used as the raw material to manufacture

particleboards. Two main parameters were investigated namely binder types, (UF

12%, PF 6% and IC 3%) and board density. In general, the effect of adhesive type

on the properties of boards was not obvious whereas that of the density was more

significant on most properties of boards

Almeida et al. (2004), evaluated the use of the material of the outer

coconut shell of babaçu (Orbignya sp.), a palm tree from Brazil, for the

manufacture of particleboards bonded with Portland cement. Four treatments

were analyzed at two target densities (1.2 g/cm 3 and 1.4 g/cm3) and two

levels (0% and 4%) of addition of calcium chloride. The lignocellulosic

material from babaçu presented a low cement inhibition index according to

the hydration test. Testing of manufactured panels showed that good physical

and mechanical properties were achieved at the treatment levels tested.

Peñamora et. al (2007), studied the coconut husk abounds in tropical

countries as residue from coconut production. The husk contains about 30%

by weight coir fibers and 70% coir dust. The dust or cocopeat contains a
 19

large amount of lignin, which can be used as a "meltable binder" in the

production of coconut husk fiberboards.

Dam et al. (2004), describes coconuts are abundantly growing in

coastal areas of tropical countries. The coconut husk is available in large

quantities as residue from coconut production in many areas, which is

yielding the coarse coir fiber. The husk comprises ca. 30 wt. % coir fibers and

70 wt. % pith. Both fiber and pith are extremely high in lignin and phenol

content. The lignin is typically for monocotyledonous plants rich in syringyl

with appreciable amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units. The coir fiber is

composed for at least one third of Klason lignin while lower molecular weight

phenolics can be found as extractives in considerable amounts, especially in

younger nuts. The thermal behavior of the original (chemically unmodified)

lignin in the plant tissues at temperatures above 140 °C, where it melts and

shows thermosetting properties, has been investigated. This property of the

coconut husk lignin was explored for application as intrinsic resin in board

production, utilizing whole fresh husks. Based on this concept, a simple and

efficient technology has been developed to produce high strength–high

density panels, without addition of chemical binders.

Panyakaew et al. (2011), describes the production of low density

thermal insulation boards made from coconut husk and bagasse without the

use of chemical binding additives. Dwelling in Thailand use thermal insulation

to reduce air conditioning loads; the aim of this study was to develop a
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thermal insulation with lower environmental footprint than conventional

materials. The hot pressing method was used and this article reports on the

effect of board density and pressing conditions on the properties of the

insulation boards. Mechanical properties of the coconut husk and bagasse

insulation boards were measured for comparison with the standard employed

in Thailand: JIS A 5905: 2003 Insulation Fiberboards. It was found that the

bagasse insulation board with a density of 350 kg/m3, using a 13 min pressing

time at a temperature of 200 °C, met all of the requirements except for

swelling thickness. Thermal conductivity of the coconut husk and bagasse

insulation boards was measured according to ISO 8301 and this suggested

that both insulation boards have thermal conductivity values ranging from

0.046 to 0.068 W/mK which were close to those of conventional insulation

materials such as cellulose fibres and mineral wool.

Prepared from ethylene by a catalytic process. The absence of

branching results in a more closely packed structure with a higher density and

somewhat higher chemical resistance than LDPE. Ides (2014)

Lu et al. (2005), describes the coupling efficiency of seven coupling

agents in wood–polymer composites (WPC. The improvement on the

interfacial bonding strength, flexural modulus, and other mechanical

properties of the resultant wood fiber/high-density polyethylene (HDPE)

composites was mainly related to the coupling agent type, function groups,

molecular weight, concentration, and chain structure.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, subject of the study,

population and sampling techniques, data gathering procedure, materials,

utensils and equipment, construction procedure, try out and revision,

construction time frame, cost of production, research instrument and

statistical treatment.

Research Design

The study utilized experimental type of research to determine the

effectiveness of High density polyethylene bonded coconut husk particle

board in terms of water absorption, internal bond strength, thickness swelling

and modulus of rupture compared to the Philippine National Standards.

According to Key (2004) experimental research is an attempt by the

researcher to maintain control over all the factors that may affect the result of

an experiment. In doing this, the researcher attempts to determine or predict

what may occur.

Subject of the Study

The coconut husk is utilized in this study. The coconut husk contains

large amount of lignin that enables it to bind without the use of chemical

binder.
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Figure 1: Coconut husk

Population and Sampling

The coconut husk were utilized to provide particle board samples

which were tested with strength and physical property test to determine the

mean level of particle board in terms of ; water absorption, thickness swelling,

face screw holding test.

Data Gathering and Procedure

The research conducted different test, data were gathered to

determine the level of effectiveness and if there is significant difference.

Water Absorption Test

Objectives:

 To measure the weight gained by the particle board after being

submerged into water for 24 hours.
 To compare the results to Philippine national standards.

Materials:

Basin full of water

Loads, 3 pieces 5x5cm particle board of different ratios

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Test Procedure:

1. Weigh the particle board before putting it to the basin full of water

2. Immerse the particle board to the water for 24 hours; put the load so
that the particle board will stay submerged.

3. Weigh the particle board after being submerged into water for 24
hours.

4. Record the data.

𝑤𝑏−𝑤𝑎
5. Use the formula 𝑥 100 %
𝑤𝑏

Where:

Wb= weight before submerging (original weight)

Wa= weight after submerging

Data Gathered for Water Absorption

Ratios Trials WB WA Results

50:50 1 50g 60g 20
2 50g 61.4g 22.8
3 50g 59.6g 19.2
60:40 1 50g 63.2g 26.4
2 50g 66.3g 32.6
3 50g 65g 30
70:30 1 50g 74g 48
2 50g 69g 38
3 50g 72.1g 44.2
 24

Thickness Swelling
Objectives:

 To measure the thickness gained by the product after being immersed

into water for 24 hours.
 To compare the results with the Philippine national standards.

Materials:

Ruler, basin full of water

3 pieces 5x5cm particle board of different ratios

Test Procedure:

1. Measure the thickness of the particle board by using ruler before

submerging it to water.
2. Measure the thickness gained by the product after being immerse into
water for 24 hours.
3. Record the data.
𝑡𝑏−𝑡𝑎
4. Use the formula 𝑥 100 %
𝑡𝑏

Where:
Tb= thickness before submerging (original thickness).
Ta= thickness gained after 24 hours of immersion.
 25

Data Gathered for Thickness Swelling

Ratios Trials TB TA Results

50:50 1 15mm 20mm 33.33
2 15mm 19.2mm 28
3 15mm 21.3mm 42
60:40 1 15mm 23.4mm 56
2 15mm 21.7mm 44.67
3 15mm 24.1mm 60.67
70:30 1 15mm 26mm 73.33
2 15mm 27.2mm 81.33
3 15mm 25.6mm 70.67

Face Screw Holding

Objectives:

 To measure the weight capacity of the particle board by putting the

loads on the screw.
 To compare the results to Philippine national standards.

Materials:

3 pieces 5x23 cm of particle board of different ratios

Loads (different weights)

Test Procedure:

1. Measure the load capacity of the particle board by putting screw on the
surface of the particle board incorporated with a variety of loads.
2. Record the data.
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Data Gathered for Face Screw Holding

Ratios Trials Results

50:50 1 42kg
2 40kg
3 48kg
60:40 1 24kg
2 26kg
3 22kg
70:30 1 34.5kg
2 37kg
3 31kg

Materials

Table 1. List of the materials and their function

Materials Function
Coconut husk Main ingredient for the particle board
High density polyethylene Serves as the resin or binder

The table shows the list of materials and their function in making High

Density Polyethylene Bonded Coconut Husk Particle Board.

 27

Tools and Equipment

Table 2. Tools and equipment with their function

Tools and Equipment Function
Table saw To cut the particleboard into desired
size
Basin Container for the water absorption
test
Ruler To measure the thickness of the
particle board
Weighing scale To measure the weight of the
particle board

The table shows the list of tools and equipment together with their

function in making High Density Polyethylene Bonded Coconut Husk Particle

Board.

Construction Procedure

Figure 6: Procure all the materials needed

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Figure 7: Sun dry the coconut husk to reduce moisture content

Figure 9: Mix all the raw materials and form them in the forming box

Figure 10: Hot press it using Kitagawa Hot press

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Procedure Time Frame

Presented here is the production time frame of the research. It will

show how long it takes to conduct this study.

Table 3. Production time frame of High density polyethylene bonded coconut

husk particle board

Working Activity No. of Hours No. of days

Planning and designing 2 3
Acquisition of materials 3
Preparation of 10
materials
Making the product 5
Testing and revision 4
Finishing 3
TOTAL 2 28

The table shows the working activity of the study. It starts with planning

and designing which consumes 3 days and 2 hours of working. It was

followed by acquisition of materials which lasted for 3 days. Then it was

followed by the preparation of materials which took the longest period of 10

days. Next is the making of product which lasted for 5 days. Followed by

testing and revisions that consumes 4 days. Last was the finishing which took

about 3 long days.

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Cost Analysis

Table 4. Cost rendered in making particle board from coconut husk and
HDPE
Sources Cost
Supplies and materials 200 PHP
Labor 500 PHP
Total costs 700 PHP

The table shows the production cost of the product made. The supplies

and materials including coconut husk and high density polyethylene cost 200

pesos. The labor which includes cutting and hot pressing cost 500 pesos. The

total production cost for High Density Polyethylene Bonded Coconut Husk

Particle Board cost 700 pesos.

Trials and Revisions

In making particle board made from coconut husk, trials and revisions

are important to the acquired positive results. In the first trial 100 percent

coconut was used. In the next trial coconut husk was combined with 5% high

density polyethylene. In the last trial the coconut husk was combined with

high density polyethylene with 50:50, 60:40 and 70:40 ratios.

Research Instrument

The researcher conducted an experiment to test the different qualities

of particle board as to physical property and strength which will conform to a

 31

standard of good quality particle board. The tests that were utilized were

water absorption, thickness swelling and face screw holding tests.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The results of water absorption, thickness swelling and face screw

holding tests were tabulated and compared to the Philippine national

standards in order to know the effectiveness of the high density polyethylene

bonded coconut husk particle board. The data were tabulated, analyzed and

statistically treated by the weighted mean. The descriptive statistic, using

weighted mean were utilized to describe the data on the effectiveness of high

density polyethylene bonded coconut husk particle board in terms of water

absorption, thickness swelling and face screw holding test. The research

used chi square in order to know if there is no significant difference in the

mean level of effectiveness of high density polyethylene bonded coconut husk

in terms of water absorption, thickness swelling and face screw holding.

 32

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter consists of presentation, analysis and interpretation of

data to determine the level of effectiveness of High Density Polyethylene

Bonded Coconut Husk Particle Board in terms of water absorption, thickness

swelling and face screw holding tests.

Methods of Preparation

High density bonded coconut husk particle board underwent varied

steps from the acquisition of materials to air drying. The process of

preparation was a modified method which would make the particle board

durable and physically resisted to pressure and stress. The method would

also affect the performance of particle board. The materials must be shredded

to make the particle board durable.

Acquisition of Preparing of Shredding of

materials materials materials

Air drying and Forming and Proportioning

cooling hot pressing and mixing

Figure. 11 Process of making particle board made from coconut husk and

high density polyethylene.

 33

Table 5. Mean Level of Water Absorption of High Density Polyethylene

Bonded Coconut Husk Particle Board compared to Philippine National
Standard (PNS)

PROPORTION OF No. of Trial Water Absorption

MIXTURES result
(COCONUT
HUSK:HDPE)

50:50 1 20
2 22.80
3 19.20
60:40 1 26.40
2 32.60
3 30
70:30 1 48
2 38
3 44.20

Proportion Mean Rank PNS Remarks

50:50 20.67 1 <20 FAILED
60:40 29.67 2 <20 FAILED
70:30 43.40 3 <20 FAILED
Overall 31.25 <20 FAILED

Table 5 shows the different ratios of particle board (coconut husk:

high density polyethylene) such as 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30 together with their

results in terms of water absorption test. In this test 3 trials were set for each

ratio. The mean of the 3 ratios in terms of trials were computed and then

compared to the Philippine National Standards.

The computed weighted mean of 20.67 for 50:50 ratios indicates

that it failed to reach the minimum requirement of < 20 of the Philippine

National Standards. The computed weighted mean of 29.67 for 60:40 ratios

indicates that it failed to achieve the minimum requirement of < 20 of the

 34

Philippine National Standards. The computed weighted mean of 43.40 for

70:30 ratios indicates that it failed to acquire the minimum requirement of <

20 of the Philippine National Standards. The overall weighted mean of the 3

ratios which is 31.25 also indicates that it failed to reach the minimum

requirement of < 20 of the Philippine National Standards.

The table reveals that the higher the amount of chemical additives the

higher the chance of achieving the minimum requirement of the Philippine

National Standards.

The use of chemical additives also played some inhibitory role

on the water absorption. Boards produced with chemical additives had

significantly lower percentage of water absorption compared to boards

produced without chemical additives Sotannde et al. (2012)

The used of the high density polyethylene plays an important role since

that the greater the amount of it that was used the more positive the results

will be. It was concluded based on the result of the 50:50 ratio which almost

passed the requirements of the Philippine national Standards.

 35

Table 6. Mean Level of Thickness Swelling of the High Density

Polyethylene Bonded Coconut Husk Particle Board compared to
Philippine National Standard (PNS)

PROPORTION OF No. of Trials Thickness Swelling

MIXTURES result
(COCONUT
HUSK:HDPE)

50:50 1 33.33
2 28
3 42
60:40 1 56
2 44.67
3 60.67
70:30 1 73.33
2 81.33
3 70.67

Proportion Mean Rank PNS Remarks

50:50 34.44 1 <40 PASSED
60:40 53.78 2 <40 FAILED
70:30 75.11 3 <40 FAILED
Overall 54.22 <40 FAILED

Table 6 shows the different ratios of particle board (coconut husk:

high density polyethylene) such as 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30 together with their

results in terms of thickness swelling test. In this test 3 trials were set for each

ratio. The mean of the 3 ratios in terms of trials were computed and then

compared to the Philippine National Standards.

The computed weighted mean of 34.44 for 50:50 ratios indicates that

it passed the minimum requirement of < 40 of the Philippine National

Standards. The computed weighted mean of 53.78 for 60:40 ratios

 36

indicates that it failed to reach the minimum requirement of < 40 of the

Philippine National Standards. The computed weighted mean of 75.11 for

70:30 ratios indicates that it failed to reach the minimum requirement of < 40

of the Philippine National Standards. The overall weighted mean of the 3

ratios which is 54.22 also indicates that it failed to reach the minimum

requirement of < 40 of the Philippine National Standards.

Table 6 revealed that binder content and the main material affects the

level of thickness swelling of particle boards.

Thickness swelling (TS) is the most important property that must be

assessed when considering the effects of moisture. It can be affected by most

process variables, including wood species, element geometry, and board

density, resin level, blending efficiency, and pressing conditions. (Forest

product industry 2009)

The results of thickness swelling can be related on the amount of resin

and the materials used. Based on the table, 50:50 ratio passed the

requirements. This result showed that the higher the amount of binder the

more chances of meeting the requirements.

 37

Table 7. Mean Level of Face Screw Holding of the High Density

Polyethylene Bonded Coconut Husk Particle Board compared to
Philippine National Standard (PNS)

PROPORTION OF No. of Trial Face Screw Holding

MIXTURES result
(COCONUT
HUSK:HDPE)

50:50 1 42
2 40
3 48
60:40 1 24
2 26
3 22
70:30 1 34.5
2 37
3 31

Proportion Mean Rank PNS Remarks

50:50 43.33 1 >40 PASSED
60:40 24.00 3 >40 FAILED
70:30 34.17 2 >40 FAILED
Overall 33.83 >40 FAILED

Table 7 shows the different ratios of particle board (coconut husk: high

density polyethylene) such as 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30 together with their

results in terms of face screw holding test. In this test 3 trials were set for

each ratio. The mean of the 3 ratios in terms of trials were computed and then

compared to the Philippine National Standards.

The computed weighted mean of 43.33 for 50:50 ratios indicates that

it passed the minimum requirement of > 40 of the Philippine National

Standards. The computed weighted mean of 24.00 for 60:40 ratios

 38

indicates that it failed to reach the minimum requirement of > 40 of the

Philippine National Standards. The computed weighted mean of 34.17 for

70:30 ratios indicates that it failed to reach the minimum requirement of < 40

of the Philippine National Standards. The overall weighted mean of the 3

ratios which is 33.83 also indicates that it failed to reach the minimum

requirement of > 40 of the Philippine National Standards.

Table 7 reveals that holding strength of the particle board may vary

even if the material used was on the same species.

(Dexter et. Al. 2009) Indicates that holding strength of screws in both

face and edge may vary even if the woods are on the same species.

Even though the materials used were on the same species the

proportion and the type of high density polyethylene may affect the

performance of the particle board.

Table 8. Significant Difference in the Mean Level of Effectiveness of

High Density Polyethylene Bonded Coconut Husk Particle Board

Degree of Computed Critical Level of

Proportion Interpretation
Freedom x2- value x2-value Significance
50:50 4 2.165 9.488 0.05 Not Significant
60:40 4 5.127 9.488 0.05 Not Significant
70:30 4 1.626 9.488 0.05 Not Significant
Overall 4 0.768 9.488 0.05 Not Significant

Since the computed values of 2.165, 5.127, 1.626 and 0.768 is less

than the critical values of 9.488 with the degree of freedom of 4 at 5% level
 39

of significance, reject the alternative hypothesis (Hi) and accept the null

hypothesis (Ho).

Therefore there is no significant difference in the mean level of

effectiveness of high density polyethylene bonded coconut husk in terms of

water absorption, thickness swelling and face screw holding.

 40

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the study, conclusions

pertaining to the findings and recommendations relevant to the study.

Summary

The study focused on the production of particle board and testing its

durability, strength and physical properties. The product was made

experimentally and tested in order to utilize coconut husk as a particle board.

Specifically it sought to answer the following questions: 1.) What are the

methods and procedure used in constructing high density polyethylene

bonded coconut husk particle board? 2.) What is the mean level of water

absorption of the high density polyethylene bonded coconut husk particle

board compared to the Philippine National Standards? 3.) What is the mean

level of thickness swelling of the high density polyethylene bonded coconut

husk particle board compared to the Philippine National Standards? 4.) What

is the mean level of face screw holding of the high density polyethylene

bonded coconut husk particle board compared to the Philippine National

Standards? 5.) Is there any significant difference between the mean levels of

effectiveness of the high density polyethylene bonded coconut husk particle

board in terms of the aforementioned variable compared to the Philippine

national Standards? Its significant differences were tested for acceptance or

 41

rejection at 5 percent level of significance. The research method used in this

study was experimental. The coconut husk was utilized in this study because

it contains lignin and fiber which constitute particle board. The product was

used as sample to determine the mean level of high density polyethylene

bonded coconut husk particle board by conducting different strength and

physical property test as to determine the effectiveness of it in terms of water

absorption, thickness swelling and face screw holding test. The data gathered

were tabulated, analyzed and statistically treated by weighted mean and chi

square.

The materials needed to produce high density polyethylene bonded

coconut husk particle board are the coconut husk and high density

polyethylene. The particle board was produced by using the following steps:

acquisition of materials, preparation of materials, shredding the materials,

proportioning and mixing, forming and hot pressing and air dry.

The computed value of 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30 particle boards are less

than the critical value which rejected the alternative hypothesis (Hi) at 5

percent level of significance.

Conclusions

Based on the foregoing findings of the study, the conclusions were

drawn.
 42

The composition of materials affects the total performance of the

particle board. Moisture content was a great hindrance in achieving positive

results.

Recommendations

Based on the above findings and conclusions, the following

recommendations were hereby given.

Use another test using a universal testing machine such as; modulus

of rupture, internal bond strength, and termite and fire resistance tests to

assure precision and higher level of accuracy of results. Longer the duration

for hot pressing make it to 25 minutes to lessen the chance of failing the

absorption and swelling test. Oven dry the materials to reduce moisture

content. Asks for the suggestions of wood experts.

 43

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Madrigal, Carolyne (2008) How to Obtain Higher Level of Effectiveness?

REX Printing CO. Inc.

Lye, Julie Ed.D. et. Al. (2010) Effective Leader and Effective Follower. REX
bookstore.

Unpublished Materials

Melo et. Al. Calegari et. .Al (2014) Identifying the Effect of Lignin (silica) to
Water Absorption. Science Department, Sydney, Australia.

Sotannde et. Al. (2012) Role of Chemical Additives in the Performance of

Boards in Terms of Water Absorption. University of Macau.

Kazhaei, Ghare (2007) Water Absorption Behavior and Mechanical Properties

of Ligno- Cellulosic Filler-Polyolefin Bio Composites. Minzu University
of China.

Yang, Mai et. Al. (2006) Water Absorption Characteristics of Tree Wood
Characteristics. Singapore University.

Cheng, Yumi et. Al. (2004) Adhesive Properties of Modified Soybean Flour in
Wheat Straw Particle Board. Renmin University of China.

Kord, Jean (2012) Effect of Nano Clay on Thickness Swelling Behavior in the
Extrusion Foaming of Wood Flour Polyethylene Composites. University
of Illinois.

Kojima, Hirai et. Al. (2009) Evaluating the durability of wood- Based Panels
Using Thickness Swelling Results From Accelerated AgingTreatments.
Nagoya Japan University.

Jordan, Sheree (2006) Evaluation of Redcedar Faces Screw Strength.

University of Canada.

Karson, David and Michelle Dent (2004) Effect of Moisture in the

Performance of Selected Particle Board. University of Michigan.
 44

Dexter, David (2009) Identifying the Face Screw Holding of Different types of
Woods. University of Florida.

Nemli and Aydin (2007) Effect of Ligno-Cellulosic Material In Particle Board.

University of California.

Guntekin and Karakus (2008) Investigation of Ligno-Cellulosic Materials for

Industrial Use. University of Macau.

Salaverria, Nick (2012) Cocopeat and Coconut Husk Usage. University of

Michigan.

Websites Visited

Elsevier, Lee (2007) Effective and Effectiveness. Retrieved from

http://www.What/is/effective/release1411016.html

Saunders,John (2007) How an Invention be Effective? Retrieved from

http://www.invention.org/how/effective.com

Bailey, Dean (2009) Effective Results of Experiment in Science. Retrieved

from http://www.science.org/results/experiments/release1203941.htm

Vlasceanu, Mert (2004) Efficient or Effective? Retrieved from

http://www.what.efficient/or/effective.org.htm

Williams, Kennedy (2005) Differences between Efficiency and Effectiveness.

Retrieved from http://www.effect.reduce-desired/efficency-diffre.html

Webfinance (2014) Effectivity of Objectives. Retrieved from http://www.web

finance/obj.achieved/release4012985.html

Engineering-Dictionary.org (2008) Water Absorption of Wood Retrieved from

http://www.Science/2008engineering.absorption.org

ISO-62 TEST (2014) Water Percentage Gained. Retrieved from

http://www.Standardized.ISOTEST/for?/Boards.Html

HSE.gov.uk (2014) Water Absorption and thickness swelling laboratory.

Retrieved from http://TEST-Lan/percent/absorb.water.hse.gov.uk

Oluwadare et. Al (2012) Effect of Void in the Thickness swelling of boards.

Retrieved from http://www.THS/flakes/boards-void/thick.1594032.html
 45

Lee, Jason (2012) Internal Swelling of particle boards made from oak
Retrieved from http://Kf.inters/bonds/boards-holes.org

Forest Product Industry (2009) Assessment of Different types of Boards

Retrieved from http://www.FPRDI.gov.uk

Hatano, Jun (2008) Face Screw and Edge Screw Holding of Flake Boards.
Retrieved from http://www.PB/FSH-assess/Flake-Boards.org.htm

Van Physics (2006) Coconut husk content and Composition. Retrieved from
http://Vanphysics.org

EcopPBWorks (2009) Coconut fiber and coconut shell as construction

materials. Retrieved from http://EcopPBWorks.org

Dynalab (2014) Usage and Effect of High Density Polyethylene. Retrieved

from http://www.dynalab/for/HDPE-binder.org
 46

APPENDICES
 47

WATER ABSORPTION TEST

SCORE 50-50 60-40 70-30

TRIAL 1 20 26.4 48
TRIAL 2 22.8 32.6 38
TRIAL 3 19.2 30 44.2
MEAN 20.67 29.67 43.40
RANK 1 2 3

THICKNESS SWELLING

SCORE 50-50 60-40 70-30

TRIAL 1 33.33 56 73.33
TRIAL 2 28 44.67 81.33
TRIAL 3 42 60.67 70.67
MEAN 34.44 53.78 75.11
RANK 1 2 3

FACE SCREW HOLDING TEST

SCORE 50-50 60-40 70-30
TRIAL 1 42 24 34.5
TRIAL 2 40 26 37
TRIAL 3 48 22 31
MEAN 43.33 24.00 34.17
RANK 1 3 2
 48

WATER ABSORPTION TEST

SCORE 50-50 60-40 70-30 TOTAL

TRIAL 1 20 26.4 48 94.4
TRIAL 2 22.8 32.6 38 93.4
TRIAL 3 19.2 30 44.2 93.4
TOTAL 62 89 130.2 281.2

20.81 29.9 43.7

20.59 29.6 43.2
20.59 29.6 43.2

-0.81 -3.48 4.29

2.21 3.04 -5.25
-1.39 0.44 0.95

0.6620 12.0942 18.4155

4.8701 9.2345 27.5170
1.9409 0.1926 0.9108

0.031808 0.404790 0.421323

0.236490 0.312387 0.636294
0.094251 0.006514 0.021060

DF 4 CHI 2.164917 CRICTICAL

 49

THICKNESS SWELLING

SCORE 50-50 60-40 70-30 TOTAL

TRIAL 1 33.33 56 73.33 162.66
TRIAL 2 28 44.67 81.33 154
TRIAL 3 42 60.67 70.67 173.34
TOTAL 103.33 161.34 225.33 490

34.30 53.6 74.8

32.48 50.7 70.8
36.55 57.1 79.7

-0.97 2.44 -1.47

-4.48 -6.04 10.51
5.45 3.60 -9.04

0.9435 5.9619 2.1620

20.0269 36.4436 110.5021
29.6642 12.9251 81.7512

0.027506 0.111317 0.028903

0.616684 0.718712 1.560368
0.811528 0.226459 1.025587

DF 4 CHI 5.127064
 50

FACE SCREW HOLDING TEST

SCORE 50-50 60-40 70-30 TOTAL

TRIAL 1 42 24 34.5 100.5
TRIAL 2 40 26 37 103
TRIAL 3 48 22 31 101
TOTAL 130 72 102.5 304.5

42.91 23.8 33.8

43.97 24.4 34.7
43.12 23.9 34.0

-0.91 0.24 0.67

-3.97 1.65 2.33
4.88 -1.88 -3.00

0.8216 0.0559 0.4488

15.7905 2.7071 5.4215
23.8157 3.5411 8.9902

0.019148 0.002353 0.013267

0.359090 0.111152 0.156367
0.552313 0.148275 0.264429

DF 4 CHI 1.626394
 51

SCORE 50-50 60-40 70-30 TOTAL

TRIAL 1 31.78 35.47 51.94 119.1867
TRIAL 2 30.27 34.42 52.11 116.8
TRIAL 3 36.40 37.56 48.62 122.58
TOTAL 98.44333 107.4467 152.6767 358.5667

32.72 35.7 50.7

32.07 35.0 49.7
33.65 36.7 52.2

-0.95 -0.25 1.19

-1.80 -0.58 2.38
2.75 0.82 -3.57

0.8943 0.0617 1.4256

3.2414 0.3323 5.6496
7.5408 0.6803 12.7512

0.027329 0.001727 0.028091

0.101083 0.009496 0.113599
0.224069 0.018522 0.244303

DF 4 CHI 0.768218