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A Comprehensive Study of Implemented International Standards, Technical

Challenges, Impacts and Prospects for Electric Vehicles
Article in IEEE Access · March 2018

DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2812303
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Received January 15, 2018, accepted February 22, 2018. Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2812303
A Comprehensive Study of Implemented

International Standards, Technical Challenges,
Impacts and Prospects for Electric Vehicles
SALMAN HABIB 1,2 , (Student Member, IEEE),
MUHAMMAD MANSOOR KHAN1 , (Member, IEEE),
FARUKH ABBAS1 , LEI SANG3 ,
MUHAMMAD UMAIR SHAHID1 , AND HOUJUN TANG1
1 School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
3 State Grid Zhenjiang Power Supply Company, Zhenjiang 212001, China
Corresponding author: Salman Habib ([email protected])
ABSTRACT The impending environmental issues and growing concerns for global energy crises are driving
the need for new opportunities and technologies that can meet significantly higher demand for cleaner
and sustainable energy systems. This necessitates the development of transportation and power generation
systems. The electrification of the transportation system is a promising approach to green the transportation
systems and to reduce the issues of climate change. This paper inspects the present status, latest deployment,
and challenging issues in the implementation of Electric vehicles (EVs) infrastructural and charging systems
in conjunction with several international standards and charging codes. It further analyzes EVs impacts and
prospects in society. A complete assessment of charging systems for EVs with battery charging techniques
is explained. Moreover, the beneficial and harmful impacts of EVs are categorized and thoroughly reviewed.
Remedial measures for harmful impacts are presented and benefits obtained therefrom are highlighted.
Bidirectional charging offers the fundamental feature of vehicle to grid technology. In this paper, the current
challenging issues due to the massive deployment of EVs, and upcoming research trends are also presented.
It is envisioned that the researchers interested in such areas can find this paper valuable and an informative
one-stop source.
INDEX TERMS Electric vehicles (EVs), international standards, infrastructure of charging systems, plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), impacts and challenging issues, vehicle to gird (V2G) technology.
I. INTRODUCTION targets in clean energy environment. To reduce the impact

In recent years, air pollution caused by burning fossil fuels of higher fuel prices and to implement the environmental
in the transportation, industrial and power sectors is becom- policies with higher standards, the electric vehicle is an alter-
ing a significant challenge for the global environment. The native to meet the desire of a green source of transporta-
change in climate, incremental energy cost and fossil fuels tion with lesser emissions and better fuel economy [3]. The
dependence are considerable issues of the present world. development and deployment of electric vehicle technology
All these challenging concerns are directly linked to above- is an emerging solution for the afore-mentioned issues with
mentioned three main sectors that heavily utilize fossil fuels. its attractive approach to have higher mileage with reduced
All around the world researchers and governments are paying emissions. The contribution of world’s transportation sector
momentous emphasis to reduce the reliance on the fossil fuels is also increasing the popularity of EVs day by day with
and replace them with clean solutions [1], [2]. the ultimate objective of eliminating harmful emissions. The
Rising concerns about the environment and the call for replacement of internal combustion engines by EVs is a more
clean energy has contributed towards the demand for elec- improved economical approach due to the electrification of
tric vehicles as a mode of transportation. Nowadays, many major parts in the power and transportation sectors [3], [4].
countries in the world are contributing to achieve certain EVs can be broadly classified into Hybrid EVs (HEVs) and
2169-3536 2018 IEEE. Translations and content mining are permitted for academic research only.
VOLUME 6, 2018 Personal use is also permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. 1
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
S. Habib et al.: Comprehensive Study of Implemented International Standards, Technical Challenges, Impacts and Prospects
Plug-in EVs (PEVs). PEVs are further sub-categorized into of conductively coupled charging systems [26]. For induc-
Plug-in Hybrid EVs (PHEVs) and Battery EVs. In HEVs, tive charging systems, power can be transferred wirelessly.
battery cannot be recharged from an external power source In research studies [27], [28], the authors discussed the induc-
in opposition to PEVs [5], [6]. In the context of this paper, tive charging systems for two basic charging levels (1 & 2).
Plug-in EVs will be incorporated with EVs. Inductive charging systems may either be mobile or station-
Recently, many research studies have shown that due to ary [29]–[31]. Higher charging rates can be obtained by
green environment, energy-saving feature and easier way of designing off-board charging systems.
implementation, the technology of EVs hold added benefits Various technical studies are being conducted to evaluate
over conventional energy-technologies. In urban areas of the the impacts of EVs with special emphasis on the economic,
world, the EVs are projected to increase substantially and environment, and power grid impact assessments. The eco-
will achieve larger acceptance in the transport market due nomic impacts of EVs can be examined in dual perspective
to their higher efficiency. Many impressive features can be by including the utility power Grid and EV owners. The
obtained by connecting the EVs to a power grid such as load role of electricity generation mix is considerable to examine
balancing, reactive power support, active power regulation the overall economic and environmental analysis of EVs.
and sustenance for renewable energy resources [7]–[9]. Negative environmental impacts of EVs will be observed,
In the United States, a target of putting more than two when charging is completely reliant on fossil fuel-based
million EVs on the road till the end of 2020 has been estab- power units. Based on comprehensive investigation of sev-
lished. In this regard, different public policies have been eral technical studies, the considerable issues associated with
implemented to support electrification in the transportation integration of EVs to power networks are: increase in load
sector in the US [10]–[12]. There are many big organizations profile during peak hours, over loading of power system
including IEEE, SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) and components, transmission losses, voltage deviations, phase
IWC (Infrastructure Working Council), are working to pre- unbalance, harmonics and system stability issues that reduce
pare different standards and codes regarding utility interface. the power quality and the reliability of the power system.
To achieve widespread acceptance, EVs are still facing some This paper inspects the present status, latest deployment
significant barriers such as: incremental costs, life cycle of and challenging issues in implementation of EVs infrastruc-
batteries, deficiency in the infrastructure of charging the EVs tural and charging systems in conjunction with several inter-
and issues regarding battery chargers. Another major issue national standards and charging codes. It further analyzes
is the production of harmful harmonics by EV chargers that EVs impacts and prospects in society. This investigation
have serious impacts on distribution system parameters. This begins with a summary of charging infrastructural system and
problem can be reduced by using active rectifiers [13], [14]. different charging power levels for EVs as prescribed by var-
Most of the times, the charging of EVs in domestic areas ious international standards. This is followed by an extensive
take place at night in the owner’s garage, where electric vehi- analysis of international standards, implemented for devel-
cles will be connected into a suitable outlet for slow charging opment and deployment of EVs. Furthermore, a complete
i.e. Level 1 charging. An upper level charging (Level 2) assessment of charging systems for EVs with battery charg-
requires an outlet of 240V and designated as the basic method ing techniques is explained. Moreover, the impacts of EV
of charging at public and private facilities. Currently, most deployment are thoroughly reviewed and analyzed. Finally,
of the research addresses Level 2 charging mode, as it can the future trends and the challenging issues are addressed.
be employed in most of the environments and provide more Concluding remarks are drawn in the last section.
sufficient power [15]–[17]. The charging levels 1 and 2 are
usually used for single phase solutions. Applications in com- II. INFRASTRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND CHARGING POWER
mercial and public domains preferably use higher charging LEVELS FOR EVs
Level 3 and DC fast charging. Areas near to hotels, shopping Different substantial parameters including impacts on the
malls and in parking lots have chargers of power Levels 2 power grid, cost, equipment, location, total charging time,
and 3 [18]–[20]. A brief comparison of different charging and the amount of power can be understood with the help
power levels as described by various international standards of charging infrastructure and various charging power levels.
is summarized in Table 1. There are many considerable issues that need to be dis-
The charging system with capability of unidirectional cussed regarding deployment and development of charging
power flow has benefits such as minimum hardware, simpli- infrastructure, and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE)
fication of interconnection complications, and lesser battery such as: 1) Standardization of charging stations, 2) Time and
degradation issues [13], [21]. The other charging system Extent for charging, 3) Demand and Distribution policies,
with bidirectional power flow has several features includ- 4) Regulatory procedures.
ing stabilization of power, vehicle to grid technology, and Cost and requirements for on-board energy storage sys-
sufficient and controlled conversion of power [22]–[25]. tems can be reduced with the availability of charging
Inductive or conductive coupling can be achieved by infrastructure. The main components for EVSE are:
on-board charging systems. A direct connection will be • Charging codes and Connectors for vehicle
used between the charge inlet and the connector in case • Charge stands on public or residential locations
2 VOLUME 6, 2018
TABLE 1. Types of charging power levels [18], [26].
• Various plugs required for attachment The main and basic method which can provide dedicated
• Power outlets and protective equipment [26], [32] services at public and private locations is via charging power
Two sets of configurations are mostly utilized to have level 2. To have lesser power electronics, on-board facil-
all the above-mentioned equipment: a specific cord set, ity is provided at this charging power level. At household
and a pedestal mounted box set. Basic configurations are and public locations, the charging level requires a proper
changed from country to country and sometimes location equipment with a connection installation. As most of the
may also affect the design based on various significant houses have availability of 240V service, the devices asso-
parameters to consider such as: connections of electrical ciated with this power level can charge the vehicle battery
grid, voltage, frequency and standards regarding transmission overnight. The Level 2 charging method is preferable due to
systems [33], [34]. Generally, the expected charging time fast charging time and convenience of standardized vehicle-
of EVs is an overnight duration at home by different EV to-charger connection. According to technical study [39],
owners as described by Electric Power Research Institute around 1000 USD-3000 USD installation cost is needed for
(EPRI) [35]. Due to this reason, the primary options will Level 2 charging process and cost of 2150 USD for residential
be to utilize the charging equipment of Power Level 1 and unit infrastructure [38]. SAE’s J1772 has a combo connector
Level 2 [15]. providing a connection for AC on the top side and the lower
The slowest method to perform the charging process of side have a two-pin dc connector. It can provide both ac as
EV is by charging at power level 1. This type of connection well as dc fast charging.
might use a standard connector named as J1722 for ac port of The power Level 3 charging process is used commercially
EV [36]. Additional infrastructure is not required for home and provides the fastest charging time just in less than an hour.
and business locations. At night, minimum off-peak rates It is comparable with petrol stations and can be installed in
are available. According to [37] and [38], around 500USD- highways rest points and urban refueling stations. To sup-
880USD installation cost is required for Level 1 charging ply regulated AC-DC conversion, an off-board charger is
method. Expectedly, this charging level will be combined needed. Charging power level 3 is not suitable for residential
with EV in near future. locations.
VOLUME 6, 2018 3
For DC plugs and hardware, different standards are in and more complex in comparison with existing electrical
improvement stages. A new standard corresponding to DC infrastructure.
fast charging called ‘‘CHADeMO’’ from Japanese national In the National Electrical code [52], it is mentioned that,
protocol is getting recognition much rapidly throughout the (as per article 625-18) for the charging Levels 2 and 3,
world [40]. This standard is designed to increase the deploy- the cables and connectors should be de-energized before they
ment of EVs and to address concerns regarding optimal are plugged in to the vehicle. This will introduce an extra
mileage among EV users [41]. This standard has the capabil- cost to EVSE. Generally, the manufacturers of EVs put an
ity to recharge the EV within 30 min up to 80% state of charge interlock which controls the vehicle from being driven at
via optimal DC charging power [42]. However, the major the time of charging. Currently, there are many workgroups
concerns are the executing cost that is between USD 30000 from international organizations that have been working for
and USD 160000 [43], [44] and the maintenance cost of this standards and charging codes of EVs such as:
charging power level.
The SAE Standard in [26] suggested that the EVSE of A. SOCIETY FOR AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERS (SAE) [53]
the first two power charging levels (Level 1&2) must be • J1772: EV conductive connector/charging method
accommodated on the vehicle; however, the EVSE of power • J2894: Issues of power quality
level 3 should be outside the vehicle. To realize the fast • J2836/2847/2931: Communication purposes [10]
charging at commercial points, the charging power Levels • J1773: Inductive coupled charging
2 and 3 should be employed at public stations [45]. Lower • J2293: For energy transfer systems to find the require-
charging levels (1 and 2) have lesser impact on peak demand ments for EVs and EVSE
of the power grid as compared to higher rapid charging which
can quickly overload all the distribution equipment [46]. The B. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA)
charging power Levels 2 and 3 have following considerable C. NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA)
impacts on distribution systems: • NFPA 70: Safety management
â Reliability of a system • NEC 625/626: Charging systems for EVs
â Deviations in voltage • NFPA 70E: For safety
â Power losses/Transformer Losses • NFPA 70B: Maintenance for electrical equipment
â Increase in peak demand
D. INFRASTRUCTURE WORKING COUNCIL (IWC)
â Thermal loading
E. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
â Transformer life
ENGINEERS (IEEE)
â Efficiency and security
• IEEE 2030.1.1: Quick DC charging for EVs
â Economy of developing grids [47], [48]. • IEEE P2690: Charging network management, Vehicle
To alleviate the impacts of charging performed by high authorization
power charging levels, the coordinated controlled charging • IEEE P1809: Electric transportation guide
scheme should be employed [49]. To have integration of • IEEE 1547: Interconnecting electric system with dis-
larger number of EVs, proper control of charging scenarios tributed resources/Tie Grid
and appropriate communication is needed. The implementa- • IEEE 1901: Provide data rate while vehicles charged
tion of charging infrastructure with EVSE arrangements is overnight.
shown in figure 1 [33]. • IEEE P2030: Interoperability of smart grid
III. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND CHARGING F. INTERNATIONAL ELECTROMECHANICAL

CODES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES COMMISSION (IEC)
The successful employment, expansion and appropriate oper- • IEC-1000-3-6: Issues of power quality
ation of EVs in near future is directly linked with the • IEC TC 69: Regarding infrastructure of charging and
establishment of new international standards and charging safety requirements
codes, suitable infrastructure and related equipment, and • IEC TC 64: Electrical installation, electric shock
software at public and private locations that should be protection
user-friendly. • IEC TC 21: Regarding battery management
Extensive range of technical issues of EVs can be ana-
lyzed by the implemented international standards and the G. UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES INC.
safety codes. There is a correlation between the hardware • UL 2231: Safety Purposes
standards of electric vehicles and cost of charging infrastruc- • UL 2594/2251,2201: EVSE
ture [50], [51]. In future, there are some significant possi-
bilities corresponding to these standards and charging codes H. DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUR NORMUNG
of EVs that makes the infrastructure of charging costlier • DIN 43538: Systems for batteries
4 VOLUME 6, 2018
FIGURE 1. EV charging infrastructure with EVSE arrangements [33].
I. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR for low frequency methods at the DC/DC converter stage.
STANDARDIZATION Consequently, a line-frequency transformer is required which
• ISO 6469-1:2009: Used for on-board rechargeable provides the isolation galvanically between the grid and the
energy storage systems batteries. There must be an increase in the operating switch-
• ISO/CD 6469-3.3: Safety specifications ing frequency to have a reduction in the magnetic materials
and decrease in the volume requirements [33]. There are
J. JAPAN ELECTRIC VEHICLE ASSOCIATION certain reasons that cause battery chargers to be used often
• JEVS C601: EVs charging plugs at off-board locations such as: an increase in size, higher
• JEVS D701: Batteries weight due to converter cooling system, inductors and capac-
• JEVS G101-109: Fast Charging itors required, and isolation transformer. High frequency
transformers are used to provide galvanic isolation in the
However, there are several groups working on the stan- dc/dc converter stage for larger frequency arrangements. The
dards and codes of EVs and possibility of overlap design of transformers plays a vital role to have a reduction
exists. Figure 2 [40], [54]–[56] presents significant imple- in various significant parameters including size, losses and
mented international standards required for deployment of cost. The main benefits and problems (represented below
different EVs. by ◦) in providing isolation by high frequency transformers
are:
ISOLATION REQUIREMENTS AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR
EVs CHARGERS • Better control by regulating voltage
• Compactness
The requirement for isolation is essential for all major com-
• Protection for load apparatus
ponents of EVs such as: dc/dc converters, electric motor driv-
• Beneficial for variable applications
ing inverter, high voltage battery, and the charging module
◦ High snubber losses
which is connected to the power grid. Consequently, the main
◦ Impact on soft switching operation for partial load con-
equipment which exists between the EVSE and the existing
ditions
grid system is the power transformer. During the charging
process, the body of EV must be earthed in case of both on- To achieve appropriate power requirements for Level 2
board and off-board chargers. Isolation for battery is required; charging apparatus, the existing electricity voltage level must
and isolation monitoring must be included, when electrical be stepped down to a level which is suitable for the Level 2
separation is not present for the EV charger [57], [58]. charging equipment i.e. 208 to 240V. If this is not possible,
Typically, DC-DC converters which are non-isolated have installation of isolation transformers can perform the step-
significant benefits including the lower cost, higher effi- down operation for Level 2 charging process and step-up
ciency, simple arrangement, size, weight, high reliabil- operation for Level 3 charging schemes. The cost of isolation
ity, etc. Nevertheless, there is no galvanic isolation present transformer is between 7200$ to 8500$ [33].
VOLUME 6, 2018 5
FIGURE 2. Implemented international standards for EVs [26], [40], [55], [56].
In comparison with the on-board isolated chargers which level for charging the EV battery. Usually, the EV charger is
have higher cost issues; the galvanic isolation is a preferred built as an AC/DC converter. In case of fast charging, there is
option for charging circuits due to the safety reasons. If avail- an addition of DC/DC converter in EV charger to have better
able traction hardware is utilized i.e. inverter for the charging energy conversion.
circuit and traction motor; major issues such as: added weight
and space of charger and higher cost can be resolved. Various A. EV CHARGING SYSTEMS
configurations are being studied with major emphasis on the
The EVs charging systems can be classified according to the
electric machines with an added set of windings to solve
energy transfer mode such as: Conductive charging systems,
the issues regarding the isolation. The main concern of a
Inductive charging systems, and Battery swapping networks.
system is to lessen the issues of electric shock for safety
The conductive systems need a physical linkage between
of owner during the charging process of EVs, either in case
the supply network and the EV. In the conductive mode,
for isolated or grounded circuits are discussed in personnel
the energy is transferred using a direct contact via a cable
protection system standard. The implemented standards and
between the connector of EV and the charging inlet point.
technical codes only emphasizing on the safety concerns of
This charging system utilizes a cable conductor, which can
EVs are presented in Table 2.
be taken from outlet of any charging power level (Level 1, 2
and charging station Level 3), for establishing a power con-
IV. CHARGING SYSTEMS AND BATTERY CHARGING nection to electronic equipment, to make the possible flow of
TECHNIQUES energy. Conductive charging systems are simpler and more
In several types of EVs including PHEVs, the charging pro- efficient. They can be used for on-board chargers for slow
cess of battery packs is completed externally from a power charging techniques which are implemented inside the EVs,
network through a device called battery charger. The basic and off-board chargers for fast charging techniques. Conduc-
arrangement of battery chargers is shown in figure 3. The tive charging systems can be realized for currently available
battery of an EV will be charged by a charger through energy vehicles such as: Nissan Leaf, Chevrolet Volt, Mitsubishi
transformation to the battery with the controlling and process- i-MiEV and Tesla Roadster [45].
ing of the electric current. The basic need of a charger in the On the other hand, an emerging concept of inductive charg-
charging process is due to the availability of alternating cur- ing system, also known as wireless charging system needs
rent (AC) from the power grid, while an EV battery required no physical linkage between the power network and the EV.
the direct current (DC). The design of an EV charger is such The electromagnetic field is used to transfer the power to EV
that it incorporates the rectifier to have appropriate DC power battery.
6 VOLUME 6, 2018
TABLE 2. Isolation and safety standards for EVs. coupled transformers by resonant phenomena. By using these
converter topologies, the charging and discharging operating
modes are much convenient and flexible.
The high-frequency isolated DC-DC converter with induc-
tive power transfer (IPT) is shown in figure 4(b) [61]. It is
a two-stage contactless converter configuration with 1-phase
PWM converter at the first stage. The soft-switching ZVS
turn-on of the power switches (S1-S8) is achieved by LCL
parallel resonant tank networks in the second stage (DC-DC)
of the converter topology.
The angular difference in between the primary and sec-
ondary side voltages of the transformer is used to control
the output power. However, the transmission efficiency of
the second stage is around 85% which is not up to the
efficiency criteria of V2G applications. In [62] and [63],
the bidirectional topology based on matrix converter with
IPT is proposed as shown in figure 4(c). The converter has
four bidirectional power switches (S1-S4). The single stage
power conversion is performed in this converter topology,
thus eliminating the need for dc linkage to enhance the
overall efficiency of the system as compared to converter
topology in [61]. As only a single DC capacitor is used
by the converter, so it has the added benefit of small size
and lower cost. However, the current waveforms of the con-
verter topology at grid side contains higher contents of the
harmonics.
The third major type of charging system is based on battery
swapping technique. This is a kind of method by which
owners of EVs can swap partially or completely discharged
batteries with fully charged ones. The process of battery
swapping occurs at specific places called battery swapping
stations (BSS). Numerous benefits can be achieved from
the BSSs when the collection of batteries and management
is performed at centralized locations, including: enhance-
ment of battery life, less consumption of time and relatively
FIGURE 3. Basic configuration of battery charger. lower costs of management. Currently, TESLA the market
leader in transportation sector swaps the battery of EV in
just 90 seconds [64]. Battery swapping provides a method
The charging stations and the EVs have induction to reduce or prevent load demand peaks caused by EVs
coils installed and electromagnetism is used to transfer that can save a substantial amount of money [65]. However,
power [59], [60]. The charging power levels (1 and 2) have BSSs suffer from several limitations such as: higher initial
been explored for wireless charging. The significant benefits investment cost and large and huge space for construction
that can be achieved by employing this concept are: 1) User process of BSSs. The current BMS are not up to the standard
convenience, 2) Electrical safety in all weather conditions, criterion to confirm with battery safety [66]. China is on the
3) Durability, 4) No cords and cables. top of list for larger number of BSSs and charging points in
Nowadays, there is a possibility to incorporate charging the world [67].
strips into the main highways, which allows charging while
driving. Therefore, the concept can reduce the need for fast B. BATTERY CHARGING METHODS FOR EVS
charging infrastructure. However, the technology is new and The rechargeable state of the battery is viewed as the
immature, so it suffers from some limitations. The drawbacks major energy resource for charging the EVs. The substantial
include size, cost, power density, power loss, lower efficiency enhancement in the field of battery technology is one major
and complex infrastructure. Figure 4(a) represents the basic reason for the recent extensive deployment of EVs. Cur-
arrangement of an inductive charging. rently, the main technology of batteries as energy storage has
The contactless converter configurations have been real- moved from lead-acid batteries to lithium-ion batteries. Some
ized for V2G applications, which utilize the concept of researchers are also working on high energy density batter-
inductive charging or wireless energy transfer with loosely ies for different applications of EVs such as lithium-sulfur
VOLUME 6, 2018 7
FIGURE 4. (a) Arrangement of inductive charging, (b) High frequency isolated DC-DC converter with IPT, (c) Bidirectional
converter topology based on matrix converter with IPT.
batteries [68]. Various charging methods are considered for applications of EVs are pulse and reflex or negative pulse
charging the EVs batteries, which includes: charging methods [69], [70].
• Constant Voltage (CV)
• Constant Current (CC) 1) SLOW CHARGING
• Constant Power (CP) The CC charging is a simple charging method which is used
to sustain the flow of charging current towards the battery
• Taper and Float Charging
by changing the charging voltage. The process is continued
• Trickle Current (TC) till the battery voltage moves up to a pre-set value. This
Recently, another advance method related to battery charg- method injects a lower current level to the discharge battery.
ing technology contains the combination of the afore- Usually, the level of current is defined as 10% of the rated
mentioned methods for better control of battery charging; maximum capacity of the battery. Nickel-metal hydrate bat-
thus, resulting in a new method named as CC-CV charg- teries and nickel-cadmium batteries are the best candidates
ing method. Some other methods for fast charging battery for CC charging method [70]. However, the overcharging of
8 VOLUME 6, 2018
battery may cause the gassing and overheating issues. Serious

damage to the battery pack may occur due to continuous
over or under charging scenarios. Thus, an adequate control
is required for battery charging regarding current and voltage
profiles (CC, CV and their combinations) [69], [71]. In CC
charging method, during the start of the charging operation,
the battery systems utilize much higher power. If the higher
power is not appropriately managed, the life of the battery
pack might be reduced due to a higher rate of current injection
under lower charging condition. On the other hand, in CV
charging method, the constant charging voltage is applied by
varying the charging current. The process is sustained till the
battery charging current reduces to almost zero. The issue
of drawing excessive power can be avoided in CV charging
method. Moreover, the risk of overcharging the battery is
avoided due to less amount of current drawn during the
charging state. However, charging time is much extended to
avoid the issues of CC charging method. The CP charging
method is just to charge the battery at a constant amount of
power. The method of taper charging is performed by using a
constant unregulated source of voltage; and due to high cell
voltage because of higher charging rate, the charging current
decreases in an uncontrolled manner. This may cause severe
damage to battery pack through overcharging [69]–[71].
FIGURE 5. (a) CC and CV charging profiles of a EV battery pack,
In contrast, the method of float charging employs the CV (b) Operation of pulse-charging method.
charging technique under the upper boundary of the battery.
This method is appropriate for lead-acid batteries and usu-
ally employed for emergency power back-up situations. The level of current, whereas maintaining the constant charging
method of trickle current charging is employed to charge voltage [69]–[72].
the EV battery with a lower value of current to overcome the The CC-CV battery charging method is the best suitable
battery discharge [69]–[71]. option to quickly charge Li-ion batteries as these batteries
have high energy densities and more power. The CC-CV
charging method is employed for most of the chargers used
2) FAST CHARGING commercially. The benefits which can be achieved by imple-
To avoid the afore-mentioned issues in different charging menting the CC-CV charging method are: 1) Limited charg-
methods and to have faster and safe charging of EVs batteries, ing current through battery, 2) Limited charging voltage,
Kang et al. [72] combine the constant current and voltage 3) Controlled injected power, 4) Proper utilization of bat-
(CC and CV) charging methods by illustrating current and tery controller, 5) Protection of battery from over-voltages,
voltage charging profiles as in figure 5(a). The charging 6) Reduce thermal stress, 7) Fast Charging.
profiles are divided into three main sections: initially, there In another study [73], a method to enhance the performance
is a pre-charging mode in the first section, followed by CC and life of EV battery is proposed. The factor which has a
charging mode in the second section and CV charging mode significant impact on the battery life and the performance
in the last section. In the pre-charge mode, to increase the is the variation in temperature of the battery. Small rest
level of battery voltage to a specific limit, the current is stages are included in the proposed methodology to lessen
increased in small stages. The specific limit is referred as a the battery temperature. The study demonstrates that through
constant current threshold, as mentioned in figure 5(a). This the proposed strategy, the battery degradation is decreased
is performed to certify that power injected in a controlled to a reasonable level of 14% in comparison with CC-CV
manner during the starting period and thus avoiding the bat- charging method. As a result, the battery life and performance
tery damage. Beyond the threshold limit, the higher value are improved by 17%. However, the total charging period
of constant current is provided by controlling the charger. of EV battery is increased due to inclusion of rest stages.
Therefore, the battery charging process is completed quickly To improve the charge capacity of a battery and to reduce the
and accomplish 80% of its State of charge (SOC) level. At cell diversity/cell imbalance problem, He et al. [74] proposed
this stage, to restrict the level of current and protect the the reconfiguration-assisted charging (RAC) for large scale
battery from damage due to overcharging, the battery charger Li-ion battery systems utilized for EVs. Initially, the cells
is pushed to enter into the CV charging mode. In this mode, in the battery system are classified depending on their real-
the process of battery charging is performed with a reduced time voltages, and then the charging method CC-CV is
VOLUME 6, 2018 9
implemented in a categorized way. RAC is evaluated based In [79], Bayram et al. discussed a network consisting of fast
on simulations and experimental setup. The obtained results charging stations (FCS) that can provide higher quality of
verified that the proposed methodology increases the charge services (QoS) to EV drivers to enhance the EV penetration
capacity of battery cells by almost 25%. levels. Major problems regarding the effective operation of a
In numerous studies [75]–[77], the method of pulse cur- network containing FCS are elaborated with respect to stabil-
rent (PC) charging is implemented to charge the batteries of ity of a power grid and satisfaction of EV customers [79].
EVs quickly. This charging method performs the EV battery A general architectural framework of a charging station
charging by utilizing the charge pulses in each second to flow which has the capability to maintain the stability of a power
the charge current into the battery. Consequently, the preci- network is proposed in [80]. The network can provide higher
sion in controlling the pulses has a significant importance. quality of services to EV customers as well. The performance
One interesting fact about the PC charging method is that the of a charging station is analyzed based on several parameters
chemical action of the battery is stabilized by introducing the including the size of energy storage, traffic characteristics and
small rest gaps of around 20-30 milliseconds among charging cost factors [80]. In [81], Bayram et al. pointed out the basic
pulses as mentioned in figure 5 (b) [69]. need of charging stations at public locations for widespread
The purpose of rest gaps is to match the process speed adoption of EVs. Detail insights are provided to design a
of chemical reaction and the charging process. Thus, gas modern charging station based on renewable resources and
formation is reduced at the electrode surface. In [78], a new energy storage units. In [82], Kong et al. demonstrated that
battery charging technique based on duty-varied voltage decisions based on appropriate charging location has a critical
pulse-charging technique is implemented to enhance the bat- influence on the adoption rate of EVs. Hierarchical optimal
tery charging capability. The implemented strategy did not framework is proposed to figure out the suitable location of
utilize the constant pulse width, it detects and employs the fast charging stations in an urban area. The results achieved
appropriate and varied charge pulse to improve the battery from the study showed that the implemented model boost-
charging speed and increase the charge efficiency. The exper- up the overall performance of the system and improvised
imental results of the proposed charging technique showed services to the EV customers.
that the battery charging speed and the charging efficiency For large scale deployment of EVs, the battery charging
are improved by approximately 14% and 3.4% in comparison time carries a significant importance for a battery manage-
with typical CC-CV charging method. ment system. In several research studies, the basic CC-CV
On the other hand, the negative pulse-charging method is charging method to charge the EV battery is improved in the
a complementary charging technique. This technique imple- battery charging capability and total charging time. For the
ments a very small discharging pulse during the rest gaps of same reason, the PC charging technique is implemented in
pulse charging method as shown in figure 5(b). The purpose various technical studies for improvement. However, the cur-
of this process is to depolarize the EV charging battery and to rent charging system of the battery still suffers from vari-
avoid gas bubbles on the electrode surface that form during ous technical issues. Consequently, more research work is
the pulse charging state. This charging strategy is utilized to required with different variations to provide much better
improve the complete charging procedure and increase the solutions for enhancement in battery charging techniques.
life of EV battery.
In [75], Yin et al. implemented the PC charging method V. IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF EVS
based on controlling the duty cycle and optimal frequency, As far as current transport market conditions are realized,
to increase and improve the battery charging process. The the high growth rate of EVs is projected to have huge
results of implemented strategy revealed that charging speed penetration in distribution networks in the coming future.
is improved by two times faster in comparison with the The current power networks may suffer from additional
CC-CV charging method and efficiency is 52% more in loads due to extensive charging consumption of EVs, which
contrast with CC fast charging technique. The PC charging are adversely affecting the existing conventional distribution
method proposed in [76] is based on hybrid sinusoidal PC grids. On the other hand, the extensive utilization of EVs
charging technique for li-ion batteries. The simulated and with advanced technologies has favorable economic and envi-
experimental results of the implemented technique verified ronmental friendly impacts. The EVs are not only capable
that the battery charging capability and energy transfer effi- of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions but many impres-
ciency are improved in comparison to standard PC charging sive features can be obtained by connecting the EVs to a
technique. In [77], Jampeethong and Khomfoi employed a power grid such as balancing of load, reactive power support,
charging technique based on positive and negative pulse fre- active power regulation and sustenance for renewable energy
quency current controlling method. The implemented strat- resources [54], [83], [84]. As a result, EVs play a vital role
egy is utilized to reduce the charging time of an EV in a rapid in green energy environment. It is significantly important to
charging station. The results of the implemented technique examine the economic, environmental and power grid needs
showed that battery charging time is improved from 20% and impacts introduced by the deployment of electric vehicles
SOC to 80% SOC (4 min less) and temperature rise is reduced in the modern transportation system. Extensive research has
(1Co ) in contrast with the standard CC-CV charging method. been done to study the impacts of EV in these three major
10 VOLUME 6, 2018
efficiency of electric motors and comparatively lower cost of

electricity [99]. The efficiency of EV technology (60-70%)
is higher in comparison with ICE vehicles [100]. In con-
trast, higher capital cost of EVs due to expensive battery
technology in comparison with conventional ICE vehicles
gives it a setback. A term named as ‘‘EV payback period’’
FIGURE 6. Categories of EVs impacts.
is introduced to estimate investment return time period of
EVs [101]. Initial cost control can be achieved with mass pro-
duction of EVs, new charging strategies and infrastructure,
areas as shown in figure 6 [53]. Some of the findings have and introducing energy trading and incentives/reward-based
been discussed categorically in the following sections. policies [102]–[104].
A study [105] proposed the deployment of optimal recharg-
A. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF EVS ing infrastructure with battery switching and quick charging
The economic impacts of EVs can be examined in a dual possibilities for long distance travel considering large EV
perspective by including the utility power Grid and EV own- market presence. The study even with moderate EV share
ers [85]. From the power grid point of view, EVs add signif- raised a positive flag for: 1) tax redistribution, 2) operators
icant load to counter charging needs for daily transportation. and user’s mutual benefits and, 3) external gas reduction.
The expected load will introduce additional power generation The outcome of the study showed that the battery swapping
cost in terms of fuel and generation capacity [86]. technology is more favorable choice than quick charging for
The Power transfer losses will increase, which can be long distance travel.
catered by introducing efficient charging strategies [87]. The ongoing advancement in battery management systems
Up to 60% savings in the system cost and reduction in peak and battery storage technology will enhance the economic
demand can be realized through control charging of EVs [88]. lifecycle of batteries. The comparative economic analysis of
In [89], Kiviluoma and Meibom figured out that, savings EVs can be achieved by a well-defined criterion based on high
up to 227$ per year per vehicle can be achieved with smart efficiency of electric motors, improved BMS and battery stor-
charging strategy as compared to simple charging method. age technologies. The economy of utility gird and profit for
Additional cost control and reduced peak demand can be EVs owners based on electrification of transportation system
achieved through RES integration, specifically from wind will greatly enhance by realizing the V2G technology [54].
energy. 200$ to 300$ per year per EV savings in power net- The power grid can increase its economy by implementing
work cost can be obtained from EV fleet as proposed in [90] the smart charging infrastructure with smart strategies of
and [91]. In [92], Mallette and Venkataramanan demonstrated charging. CO2 emissions and consumptions of fossil fuel will
that domestic customers can get various financial incentives drastically reduce with large scale deployment of EVs.
from demand response programs. The significant benefits The power network needs to be updated with advanced
which can be achieved from these programs are to coun- infrastructure and more generation capacity to meet the
terbalance the harmful impacts that arise from uncontrolled higher load demand of EVs and EV customers must pay more
charging scenarios and reduce the EV charging cost to sup- for the initial purchase. Increase in generation capacity, fuel
port EV customers. The capacity of power network to con- cost and high initial cost for owners shows negative economic
trol peak demand with various levels of EV penetration was impact of EVs. However, several research studies conclude
studied in [93]. In [94], Salah et al. investigated that the that with the introduction of improved charging strategies and
distribution grid can manage well up to 16% penetration of advanced infrastructure, electricity policies, trade incentives,
EVs with latest energy prices. The economy based charging and different reward policies, EV development and deploy-
impacts of EVs are discussed in [95]. Different research ment can be gainful in both perspectives.
studies [96]–[98] demonstrate that power system will suffer
from severe power losses during the charging process of EVs B. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF EVS
with various levels of penetration. Power losses due to EVs The drastic changes in global climate conditions have forced
charging are considered as an economic issue as it has sig- governments to pay more attention to EVs, as contribu-
nificant impacts on distribution grid. The life span of a trans- tion of the transport sector in carbon emissions is taken
former will be reduced by excessive uncontrolled charging as the second highest. The electrification of transportation
of EVs. For instance, 15KVA and 25KVA transformers suf- sector can be achieved with massive deployment of EVs
fered breakdowns and burn outs in Los-Angeles and Vermont in urban areas. This transformation of transportation sector
due to uncontrolled charging of EVs. Thus, improvement in provides a friendly environment, which is based on reduced
charging methodologies and charging infrastructure of EVs levels of CO2 emissions. The C02 emissions will be reduced
needs great attention to improve the economic aspect of the up to 1-6% till 2025 and 3-28% till the end of 2030 as
power network. discussed in [53] and [106]. This is achieved by integration
From the owner’s point of view, several benefits can be of EVs to power networks. Moreover, massive incorporation
achieved from EVs, such as: lower operating costs due to high of EVs within V2G environment further contributes to clean
VOLUME 6, 2018 11
and safe energy society. The dependency on fossil fuels can be power generation from coal. However, massive integration
reduced by advancements in EV technology to have a green of EVs to power networks creates substantial operational
environment [106]. In [107], Juul and Meibom described issues for utility operators. In study [116], Lund and Kempton
the environmental impacts of EVs for Denmark city and demonstrated that implementation of EVs has a vital role for
discussed reduction in CO2 gas emissions up to 85%. Several mitigation of CO2 gas even without the participation of wind
environmental benefits can be achieved by integration of EVs energy for electricity generation.
with RES. The V2G technology plays a vital role in clean In different cities of US, the fossil fuel plants utilized
energy environment [108]. Reduction in CO2 gas emissions roughly for 65% of the generation capacity, even with simple
have a significant contribution to evaluate the environmental charging strategy of EVs, the CO2 emission level is reduced
impacts of EVs. The highly efficient electric motors in EVs up to 10% in comparison with gasoline vehicles as proposed
plays their part to have less CO2 gas release as compared to in [117]. In another study [118], the CO2 emission impacts
ICE vehicles. The environmental impacts of EV for various are analyzed for three main regions of China considering
countries are discussed in [85]. various scenarios of EVs penetration. In every situation, the
Currently, the load demand of EVs is fulfilled by the power CO2 emission is reduced for all developed regions of China,
grids instead of using conventional fuel-based methods, even though up to 79% of the electricity production capacity
therefore reducing CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the addition is based on the contribution of coal power plants. The study
of power networks based on alternative RES, which are used in [119] is based on large scale deployment impacts of EVs in
for EV charging, further contribute towards fewer pollutant an urban culture. The environmental impact of EVs is evalu-
emissions [109]. Various countries are putting much effort by ated on three rates of deployment and in each case mitigation
introducing RES based charging stations to have a green envi- in emissions of NO and NO2 gases were found. The evaluated
ronment [110], [111]. With increasing penetration of EVs, results demonstrated that up to 50% replacement of normal
potential environmental impacts of EVs are being analyzed, vehicles with EVS reduces the emission of NO gas by 15%
and claimed that the EV technology is environmental friendly and NO2 gas by 5.5% respectively.
with zero GHG emission. It is also noticeable that increase However, the charging of EVs through conventional power
in electricity demand by EV charging will indirectly add plants including coal, natural gas and various fuel generat-
GHG emissions through generating stations by supplying ing units with significant emission of pollutants may cause
the additional power. To evaluate the environmental impact a comparable increase in ‘‘Wells-to-Wheels’’ of EVs than
performance of EVs in comparison with conventional ICE ICE vehicles. A mixed coal and natural gas generating unit
vehicles, a term ‘‘Well-to-Wheels’’ is introduced which take in Texas has suggested an increase in emission from EVs
into account the lifetime emissions including exhaust pipe compared to ICE vehicles [120]. Similarly, in a coal fired
emissions, material, and energy utilized to power the vehicle. generating unit in Ohio, a comparison between EVs and ICE
Minimum Well-to-Wheels emissions are suggested by vari- vehicles revealed the increase in SO2 and NOx emissions by
ous research studies for EVs [109], [88], [112]. EV charging and a significant reduction up to 24% in CO2
To analyze the contaminants per km and CO2 gas emission emissions by employing EVs [121]. In [122], Ma et al. exam-
concerning EVs, Donateo et al. [113] propose a strategy that ined the higher CO2 gas emissions with a massive integration
comprises whole scenarios of consumption and production of of EVs to the power networks due to electricity production
electricity from various resources for all events of recharging, from gas or coal power plants. The recycling process of dead
levels of emission and various factors. This study describes li-ion batteries can increase the pollutants in the groundwater
several benefits of EVs in relation to various kinds of gas because only very few organizations are capable to perform
emissions that include CO2 , nitrogen oxide, and carbon mono the complete recycling process of these batteries [123].
oxide emissions; and in the end, concludes with a lower well- The potential harmful environmental impacts are explained
to-wheels release for EVs. In contrast, Onat et al. [114] fig- in a study [124] of lithium-ion batteries for EVs conducted by
ured out the environmental impacts of EVs based on life cycle the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) and U.S. Depart-
evaluation strategy which incorporates the well-to-wheels ment of Energy. The study suggested that the batteries with
stages and electricity production mix and suggests that EVs nickel and cobalt as cathode are contributing towards envi-
are the vehicles with least intensity of carbon gas emission. ronmental degradation such as: ecological toxicity, resource
A comprehensive model was developed in [115] to investigate depletion, global warming and several health issues. The
the impacts of GHG emissions for large scale deployment of production and processing of these elements might cause
EVs in Los Angeles. The environmental impacts for two dif- pulmonary, respiratory and neurological issues. The mining
ferent years with a gap of a decade were analyzed. The study and extraction of lithium from hard rock require the toxic
results of the former year found that due to electricity produc- process which can cause the water pollution, air contamina-
tion from coal resources, even the off-peak charging hours of tion, hazardous impacts on food production and damaging
EVs have higher GHG emissions impact on the environment. soil which consequently damage the ecosystem. European
On the other hand, evaluation results of the latter year showed Commission on Science for Environmental Policy has also
that carbon emission impact was greatly lowered for off-peak reported the social and environmental impacts of lithium-
charging scenarios as compared to previous year based on no mining, and further suggested the monitoring of process and
12 VOLUME 6, 2018
locations for possible protection. Therefore, facilities should

be provided by the government for appropriate and fully
manageable recycling of li-ion batteries to ensure the clean
and safe environment [124].
A report [125] ‘‘Mission 2016’’ evaluated the overall
mining process and its environmental impacts. Mining con-
tributes 9600 to 12000 cubic meters of toxic gas release
in China for each ton of rare earth element extraction. The
process additionally produces 75 cubic meters of acidic water
and a ton of radioactive waste. This industrial process requires
a lot of energy and if generated through fossil fuels would
increase the carbon emissions. Such industry demands for
effective regulations and emission credits to maintain the FIGURE 7. Classification of EVs impacts on distribution grid.
environmental standards. In this report ‘‘Mission 2016’’ plan

is proposed to regulate the mining process for greener mining
with recycling prospects [125]. undesirable impacts on the power system. This situation spec-
A study [126] suggested the environmental gap between ifies that the power grid is facing the increase in load profile
EVs based on lithium ion batteries and IEC vehicles is not during peak hours, over loading of power system compo-
much prominent; the gap is narrowed due to mining and recy- nents, transmission losses, voltage deviations, phase unbal-
cling process of Lithium ion batteries which are contributing ance, harmonics and system stability issues, which degrade
towards in health, ecosystem and global warming issues. the power quality and reliability of the power system. The
EVs Charging depending on coal power generation estimated impact assessment of EVs is based on various substantial
17-20% worse than its diesel and gasoline counterparts. The conditions such as:
energy required for EV and battery production is almost â Various Levels of EVs Penetration
double and adding more carbon foot prints in comparison to â Strategies of Charging
gasoline type vehicles. â Different Characteristics of EVs Battery
The study in [127] pointed out the harmful social impacts â Location of Charging
caused by lithium mining process. The contamination and â Charging Patterns
diversion of source water for local communities in arid region â Charging Time
is a major concern for environmental agencies, a lithium â Battery State of Charge
mine in Bolivia affects the use of 50,000 tons of fresh water â Profiles for Fleet Charging
per day. High quality lithium is concentrated in few regions â Driving Patterns for EVs
around the world and its mining extraction and transportation â Driving Distances
are imposing negative economic, environmental and social â Tariffs
impacts. â Demand Response Techniques [130]–[134].
The cheapest method for lithium extraction uses the toxic Therefore, several studies are performed to evaluate power
PVC to evaporate salt brines in solar ponds. The mining grid impact analysis with large scale EVs integration. The
and extraction of pure lithium requires extensive operation impacts assessment of EVs on distribution grids can be clas-
and water treatment. The alkaline characteristics of lithium sified as mentioned in figure 7.
results in destruction of approximately 2/3 of fresh water
in mining area of Chile which further affects agriculture, 1) BENEFICIAL IMPACT V2G TECHNOLOGY
live stocks and life of local communities. The processing EVs with bidirectional chargers provide a distinct benefit
produces toxic chemicals and emits hazardous dust causing as means of a technology acknowledged as vehicle-to-grid
cancer, neurological and respiratory problems [128]. (V2G) technology. When batteries of EVs are not in use,
The environmental impacts evaluated in all abovemen- but still connected to a network, they can provide energy
tioned studies showed that the negative environmental to a power grid at its highest demand of load and therefore
impacts of EVs can be realized, when charging phenomenon enhance the efficiency of grid, this refers to a V2G tech-
is performed through pollutant generating power units. How- nology [7], [9], [133]. The expected increase in penetrations
ever, with an increase in renewable energy integration to of EVs makes it possible to implement V2G technology.
power networks and optimized charging strategies, a sig- Bidirectional charging leads to the possibility of power flow
nificant reduction in ‘‘Well-to Wheels’’ emissions can be in both directions in between power network and EVs. EVs
expected [129]. are capable of serving as load as well as providing energy to
the grid. As far as utilities are concerned, EVs can be viewed
C. POWER GRID IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF EVS as load and source of generation by acting like back-up gener-
The rise in massive EVs penetration introduces a signifi- ators at level of distribution. EVs have the feature of offering
cant additional charging demand which can generate certain supply and storage services to power networks. For charging
VOLUME 6, 2018 13
the EV battery and to support the power network, the bidirec- smart charging strategy to maintain network voltage in
tional power flow employs the concept of energy exchange acceptable tolerance range, which otherwise violates at 50%
between the power networks and the batteries of EVs. The EVs adoption rate.
bidirectional power flow with the help of V2G technology The Level 1 slow charging performed at residential areas
enhances the flexibility for power network to control the may suffer from the phase unbalance problem due to uneven
stored energy mechanism in batteries of EVs and to main- EV charging distribution among all three phases. A severe
tain sustainability, reliability and efficiency of a power net- phase unbalance condition is observed in a study [145],
work [135], [136]. where all EVs are connected on single phase ‘a’. The results
The substantial benefits provided by bidirectional V2G recommended that significant phase unbalance can occur in
technology are: support to active power and reactive power, the system and require additional focus for EVs integration
sustenance for power factor regulation and helps to improve in future. A slight impact on voltage and current unbalance
the integration of variable renewable energy resources. The is observed in [146] due to EVs integration into the power
load balancing by valley filling and peak load shaving are network. However, issue of phase unbalance is controlled by
one of the main features that can be achieved by bidi- various testing conditions. A genetic algorithm is proposed to
rectional V2G. [54], [137]–[139]. The wind and solar optimize the charging of EVs across different phases and to
photovoltaic are such kind of renewable energy resources control voltage unbalance issue [147].
(RES), that the power generated from them is of unpre- In [148], an EV load model was developed in Simulink
dictable and inconsistent nature. This is one kind of major environment based on constant power and negative exponen-
drawback of RES as weather conditions have a major tial load components. The model simulation is performed in
impact on them. Interaction of EVs with renewable energy IEEE-43 bus distribution network, and voltage stability is
resources is an emergent solution to resolve the intermit- examined based on load margin for several factors such as
tent nature of RES by utilizing the EVs as pool of storage power factor, location and number of charging stations. The
capacity. results obtained from the study showed that EVs fast charging
is highly considered for reducing the voltage stability of a
2) ISSUES OF VOLTAGE INSTABILITY AND distribution network. In another work [149], IEEE-39 bus
PHASE UNBALANCE feeder network is used to achieve simulation, and modeling
Voltage instability is one main cause of the occurrence of of power system is performed in Open-DSS software. For
major blackouts in a power network. The cause of this con- the given purpose, comprehensive travel patterns are utilized.
dition is that the power network is usually operated up to the The higher power charging levels with large-scale integration
stability limits of the system and suffered from extreme load of EVs is majorly answerable for voltage instability scenarios
demands. The instability problem can also occur due to differ- in the power network. However, optimized charging tech-
ent characteristics of various loads [140]. However, the stable nique is extremely useful to improve the reliability of the
power networks have the capability to perform imperatively distribution network.
and to certify the reliable transfer of power to users. The char- Moreover, in [150], Das and Aliprantis showed that EVs
acteristics of conventional household loads/industrial loads can be adopted by power network as a constant impedance
are different from the load characteristics of EVs [141], [142]. load before voltage instability is realized. The issue of volt-
The battery load of EV takes more power to recharge fully in age instability due to various penetration levels of EVs is
a shorter time and behave nonlinearly. The stability of grid improved in [151] by employing a wide area control tech-
voltage is significantly affected by the load characteristics. nique which overcomes the fluctuations during charging as
The issues of voltage deviations and voltage drops will occur well as discharging modes of EV battery. Another method to
in the distribution networks as well as on the interconnection reduce the voltage instability issue is proposed in [131] based
point for EV due to higher EV charging demand from the on voltage control technique by tap-changing transformer.
distribution grid. The authors suggested that appropriate planning techniques
To analyze the impacts of EVs charging on the gird voltage for charging infrastructure of EVs are required to alleviate
deviations under tolerance level of 7% (Chinese standard for the impact of voltage instability on power grid. The planning
10KVA distribution Grid) a Monte Carlo simulation approach techniques for charging stations basically depend on param-
is proposed [143] that is intended for two scenarios, namely: eters such as: optimal sizing of charging stations, charging
uncoordinated charging method and V2G technology. The time scenarios and appropriate site location.
results suggested that in V2G charging mode the voltage lev- In [152], the concept of EV parks is introduced and a
els are in a controlled manner up to 90% of EVs penetration, technique improving the power quality is explained when
according to Chinese standards. However, for uncoordinated large scale EV loads are integrated into the system. A Spanish
charging method penetration levels of 60% or above violates grid code P.O.12.2 is used for power injection coordination in
the tolerance level and severely deviates the system voltages. a medium voltage grid, fed from Photo-Voltaic inverters after
The V2G charging method is capable to perform the load a probabilistic EV load forecasting. PSCAD/EMTDC is uti-
balancing and ensure the small voltage gap between peak and lized to study control loop dynamics and the obtained results
off-peak load demands. Another study [144], implemented verified that the proposed coordinated charging solution
14 VOLUME 6, 2018
enhance the power factor, increase voltage stability and A technical study [166] is performed on a German grid for
provide support to frequency profiles. the year 2030 to analyze the EVs charging impact on the load
Several numbers of technical studies [143]–[156] were profile. The authors found that with uncontrolled charging
conducted to investigate the impact assessment of EVs charg- of 1 million EVs the German grid shows a minor impact
ing scenarios on voltage stability, voltage drops, voltage of 1.5% increase in the peak load. However, it is doubled
deviations and phase unbalance. The results obtained from if 42 million ICE vehicles (Total approximate number in
these research studies showed that different penetration levels Germany) are replaced by EVs. The study also revealed that
of EVs may or may not have a significant impact on the 16% reduction in peak load can be realized by utilizing 1 mil-
abovementioned voltage related factors. Several important lion EVs as grid stabilization storage devices. A study [167]
factors are considered which influence the impact results such on Estonian grid is performed with EVs penetration level up
as: interconnection point of EV, different penetration levels, to 30% of passenger vehicles available. The results found an
charging characteristics of EVs and many others. The char- increase of 5% in peak load for uncoordinated charging and
acteristics of EVs load are dissimilar from the conventional increase of 4% for coordinated charging. Moreover, the con-
loads as power demands of EVs cannot be estimated earlier. trolled charging strategy performed during night time can
As a result, the probability of violation in parameters of level the load profile. In [168], an hourly based analysis on
distribution components may increase if large number of EVs Korean grid is realized, considering some parameters which
are integrated into a power network. Hence, load management include EVs charging location, rates of EV charging, EV
across all three phases, voltage regulation equipment, voltage specifications and usage time for the year 2020. The authors
support techniques and appropriate load modeling of EVs can showed that the additional charging scenarios for EVs can
be employed to sustain the voltage profile of a power grid affect the reliability of the distribution grid. However, time-
without violation in future. of-use (TOU) tariff plans are suggested to resolve the issue of
peak load profile.
In study [169], Moghaddam et al. presented a smart charg-
3) IMPACT ANALYSIS OF PEAK DEMAND ing strategy in order to prevent residential and EV peak load
AND LOAD PROFILE overlapping. Number of charging possibilities with different
Numerous research studies have been conducted to analyze charging capacities and pricing options are proposed includ-
the impact of EVs charging strategies on load profile and peak ing Level 2 charging, AC charging, DC fast charging and
demand of a distribution grid. Various distribution grids in battery swapping option. Queuing model is used to estimate
different countries are chosen to perform these impact evalu- the delay at different charging stations, and partial charging
ations. In [157], the investigation was carried out regarding concept is used to prevent EV and residential peak load over-
considerable peak demand due to massive deployment of lapping. The optimal problem sets to find minimum charging
EVs. The authors found that 100% penetration level of EVs time, cost and travel time which provides the optimal solution
with uncoordinated charging method impose peak demands for an efficient charging station. An extended meta-heuristic-
that exceed the available production capacity of electricity based colony optimization is performed, and the proposed
on average load days. As a result, if no additional generating results demonstrated that reduction in charging cost up to
resources are integrated into the distribution network then up 15% and in waiting time up to 25% are observed.
to 93% EVs load must be accommodated during off-peak Finally, the EVs are an added load to distribution network,
hours. In a similar study [158], the impact of uncoordinated so massive integration of EVs will affect the load profile
charging scenario with 30% EVs penetration level increased of a system. The random charging behavior of EVs own-
the peak demand up to 53%. In [159], EVs penetration level ers increases the probability to select the peak load hours.
up to 10% significantly increased the peak demand due to Therefore, massive EVs penetration with different charging
uncontrolled charging in residential areas. In study [160], the conditions will significantly enhance the peak load of the
substantial increase in peak demand is observed even under distribution grid [170]–[173]. Fortunately, optimized charg-
normal EV charging scenario. Therefore, optimal charging ing solution, TOU plans and RES integration [174] can be
condition is needed. employed to solve the peak demand and load profile issues
On the other hand, in [161] and [162], Kristofferson et al. of the power network.
and Denholm and Short identified that even without the addi-
tional generating capacity; only the time-of-use tariff plans 4) HARMONICS IMPACT ANALYSIS
and optimized charging conditions can considerably alleviate The involvement of power electronics devices in charging
the peak demand. In studies [163], [164], Hajimiragha et al. operation of EVs may arise the power quality problems
examined that the distribution grid at Ontario, Canada can in distribution network due to the occurrence of switch-
integrate around 500,000 PHEVs for charging purpose with- ing phenomenon. The harmonic issue is needed to consider
out any significant impact on the grid. In a similar study [165], significantly as harmonic distortion plays a major role in
Meyer et al. demonstrated that up to 73% EVs penetration derating of distribution components. The supply quality of
level can be tolerated by the prevailing grid network capacity power network can be affected due to massive integration
of the US. of EVs. In charging process of EVs, the arbitrary number of
VOLUME 6, 2018 15
EVs batteries with random demand of energy may lead to a a power network. However, cancellation of harmonics may
demand side management issue [54]. The current and volt- be realized in a grid due to different load patterns [183].
age spectra are used to represent harmonics. The unwanted The probability of harmonic cancellation may be increased
values of these spectrums are expected in a power net- with a high number of EVs owners. In [183], Bentley et al.
work due to non-linear loads, for instance, EVs. The current performed a comparative based analysis on four conven-
and voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) values can be tional EVs chargers including single and three-phase rec-
presented in terms of percentage as mentioned in Eqs. (1) tifiers, square wave and pulse width modulation (PWM).
and (2) [70], [175]. The obtained results showed that the unpredicted induced
qP harmonics due to various non-linear loads can be alleviated
H 2 by utilizing PWM chargers. The Supply THD or selected
h=2 Ih
THDi = × 100% (1) harmonics can be reduced automatically from PWM EVs
I
qP 1 chargers [183].
H 2
h=2 Vh In [184], Boynuegri et al. proposed a solution to overcome
THDv = × 100% (2) the issues of power quality. The idea is based on design-
V1
ing a power conditioning unit (PCU) that only permits the
Where, controlled charging scenario of EVs. The PCU is compat-
h = Harmonic order number ible with the smart grid to perform the appropriate power
H = Highest number of harmonics management. The experiments performed on PCU are based
Ih , Vh = Current and voltage RMS Values at hth on battery charging and discharging mode, inductive, and
harmonic component. capacitive handling situations. The results from the revealed
I1 , V1 = Fundamental frequency components values of that the suggested idea of PCU can reduce the power quality
current and voltage. problems of power network by solving voltage degradation
issue, reducing THD value, and achieving reactive power
In [176], no substantial harmonic issue is observed due to compensation for EVs batteries. The higher THDi value can
EVs charging scenarios. The voltage THD value is increased be reduced by employing the filtering devices in the supply
to some extent i.e. less than 1%. A comprehensive harmonic system.
study [177] is carried out using Monte Carlo simulation Finally, various research studies [176]–[186] performed
method considering dynamic EV characteristics including the for harmonics impact assessment obtained different out-
charging time and the charging location. The results showed comes. The results obtained from some studies showed a
nearly insignificant harmonic impact on the distribution net- minor harmonic impact on distribution network. However,
work. The results obtained from some case studies also sug- some technical studies examined negative impacts due to EVs
gested minor harmonic impact on power grid. charging scenarios. The variance in results obtained from
On the other hand, in study [178], Nguyen et al. examined different harmonic impacts technical studies is purely based
an increase in THDv level of 11.4% due to EVs rapid and on methods of system studies and EVs charger modeling
random charging which violates the limit of 8% according to characteristics. Various solutions are obtained from several
EN 50160 standard. The control of PV inverter as an active implemented research methods to deal with harmonics issues
filter is a suggested solution to reduce the issue of harmonics. such as filtering devices can be included in the power charg-
The results obtained from similar harmonic studies showed ing circuits.
an increase in THDv level which is beyond the accepted
limit [179], [180]. In [180], THDv up to 45% is observed 5) IMPACT ANALYSIS ON DISTRIBUTION COMPONENTS
by randomly charging of 18 EVs during the peak hours. AND SYSTEM LOSSES
The improvement in system performance can be observed by A large amount of power is required to be transmitted from
implementing uniform charging schemes. In contrast, high power plants to cater the huge load demand required for a
THDi from 12%-24% is observed in [181] due to rapid charg- large-scale integration of EVs. The distribution system com-
ing scenarios. The higher range of THDi may create severe ponents may face overloading situations as in conventional
impact on the performance of the residential power grid. grids the distribution components may not be modelled to
In [182], Zamri et al. utilized fluke power quality analyzer suffer from added EV loads. The bulk charging scenario
to observe power quality issues and performed harmonic of EVs may cause the overloading of network components
measurement to achieve harmonic spectrum of current and including the power conductors and power transformers. The
voltage in real time situation. The results showed that EVs distribution transformers and conductors will be at great risk
charging may generate harmonics in relation to THDi and and in stress situation due to large-scale deployment of EVs.
THDv values. The study also found that THD is not a linear The non-linear characteristics of EV chargers may cause
multiple factor with massive integration of EVs to power grid. harmonic distortions which further create powerful stress on
Generally, a distribution gird endures several types of non- fuses, cables and power transformers [142], [187]. Akhavan-
linear loads to supply the essential power to customers. As Rezai et al. [187] examined the conductor loading for peak
a result, various patterns of harmonics can be observed in charging hours of EVs. The obtained results showed that
16 VOLUME 6, 2018
for slow and rapid charging conditions the cable can safely A typical study [196] on a low-voltage distribution network
handle 25% and 15% penetration levels of EVs correspond- in Greece examined the high photovoltaic and EV network
ingly. The study concluded that massive integration of EVs penetrations under European Union policies. A distribution
cannot be catered by the distribution networks easily. network might experience both over and under voltage sce-
Various studies have been considered to analyze the narios under EV and photovoltaic penetrations at different
impacts on the distribution components and on the power times of the day. The study performed stress analysis on a
losses of the network [188]–[190]. In a study [188] the distribution network and proposed necessary storage system
authors examined the transformer aging based on the charg- to keep voltage under prescribed limits.
ing power levels 1 and 2 (AC). The distribution transformer The Impacts on power distribution system are explained in
suffered from more aging impact in case of uncoordinated study [155], and a charging management system is proposed
AC power level 2 charging. For level 2 charging condi- to control PEV charging activities. A three-tier algorithm
tion, aging factor of up to 8.15 is observed in comparison controlling the PEV charging by rolling the station and priori-
with 3.24 in case of level 1 charging. In a similar study tizing low battery PEVs is used for evaluation in a 14.4kV dis-
[188], huge penetration of EVs can exert harmful impacts tribution grid with charging data attained from Los-Angeles
on lifespan of transformer. In contrast, Razeghi et al. [190] Power and Water Department. The results showed a consider-
showed that transformers can safely mange the load demand able rise in voltage drop under heavy loading after two control
of EVs for power level 1 charging, and uncoordinated charg- cycles. An increase in voltage supply capability and 14.5%
ing with power level 1 has a minute impact on transformer improvement in state of charge are also realized as compared
life; however, uncoordinated charging condition with mas- with two-tier control mechanism.
sive integration of EVs severely affect the transformer life Finally, after the assessment of several research studies it is
and may cause failure of transformer due to worst operating evaluated that random charging scenarios with level 2 charg-
temperature. The lifespan of transformer can be improved ing condition and massive penetration can severely impact
by appropriate load management and off-peak charging sce- the distribution components, especially the power cables
narios [188]–[190]. The study in [191] showed a massive and power transformers. The significant factors that majorly
increase in loading of 400V secondary side cable of 20KVA influence the outcome of the power grid study are:
distribution network during EV fast charging. In a similar • Appropriate selection of power transformers
study [192], the authors considered the Finnish distribution • Various system configurations
network to analyze the EVs impact on power cables. The real- • Ratings of various components
time load profile showed an imperceptible effect on medium • Component loading scenarios
and low voltage cables due to different charging scenarios of • Various level of penetration
EVs. In [187], the random distribution of EVs load is per- • Strategies of charging and Proper System planning
formed throughout the proposed distribution network model. • Proper load scheduling and Smart metering
The standard IEEE C57 is used to find the aging factor/loss in • TOU plans
transformer life. The outcome of the study showed that due to The EVs are additional loads to a power network, therefore
cool weather in Vermont the fully loaded 10KVA distribution all the above-mentioned factors are recommended and need
transformer has negligible impact in relation to annual aging to be considered for future EV adoption.
of the transformer. However, high ambient temperature may
cause an increase the aging factor of the distribution trans- POWER LOSSES ASSESSMENT
former. In [193], Elnozahy and Salama revealed that for level The large-scale integration of EVs can disturb the reliability
1 and level 2 charging conditions the overloading in distribu- of the power grid and increase the probability of grid com-
tion transformers is observed up to 20% and 10% penetration ponents losses. The problem of power losses arises major
levels respectively. The authors performed several case stud- concerns for utilities due to extra losses of power network
ies and concluded that fully loaded distribution transformers by additional loads of EV. The feeder power losses in a
may create a bottleneck situation due to massive integration distribution network can be calculated as [197]:
of EVs in case for random charging scenarios [194]. NB
A multi-station coordinated charging strategy is proposed
X
PL = I 2 Ri (3)
in [195] based on estimated PEV charging models with i=1
a significant attention on charging cost minimization. The
Where,
proposed model considers the parameters such as charging
demand, voltage, power flow, branch thermal, charging power I = Current
and balance power constraints. Monte Carlo method is used Ri = Resistance of feeder i
to analyze the PEV parking behavior and concluded results NB = Number of distribution network feeders
showed a comparison between coordinated and uncoordi-
The additional power losses arise due to different charging
nated charging schemes. It proposed large-scale PEV pene-
conditions of EVs can be implied as mentioned in eq.4 [198].
tration into a distribution grid under the coordinated charging
strategy. APL = TPLEV − TPLOrigin (4)
VOLUME 6, 2018 17
Where, TABLE 3. Beneficial and harmful impacts with corresponding benefits

and remedial measures.
TPLEV = Total losses during EVs charging/
Connected to grid
TPLOrigin = Total losses with no EV connected to grid
Several technical studies have been performed to analyze

the EVs impact on system losses. Pillai and Bak-Jensen [199]
investigated the charging impact of EVs for Danish distribu-
tion network. The outcome of the study showed that up to
50% level of penetration in uncontrolled charging scenario
increased the system losses by 40% and coordinated charging
reduced the grid losses to 10% in comparison to a base case
with no EV integration. A probabilistic approach is employed
in [162] based on charging time, charging rates and total
duration of charging to measure the network losses in relation
to massive penetration of EVs. The simulated results showed
that massive integration of EVs increased the power losses
of distribution network. In [200], simulation is performed
on a huge distribution model to examine the power losses.
The arrival time and charging patterns are not considered for
the study in case of 85%EVs charging during off-peak time
and remaining charging of EVs at peak time duration. The
obtained result for one scenario showed an increase in power
loss by 40% during off-peak charging even when 60% EVs
are integrated into the power network. The uncoordinated
charging strategy of EVs with large penetration of EVs can
result in higher system losses. Therefore, in [201], Clement-
Nyns et al. suggested an optimized objective function in
relation to coordinated charging to mitigate the power losses.
The study employed the stochastic programing to achieve an
optimal solution with reduced power losses of the network
due to unavailability of appropriate load forecasting. A sig-
nificant increase in distribution transformer losses is assessed
in a test radial network of 1200 node with load profile of
Australian residential houses [202]. The EVs penetration lev-
els up to 42% are considered at 415V bus, which increase the
transformer losses by 300% for higher EVs penetration.
Finally, the outcome of various technical studies suggested
that amount of power flow is increased due to EV charging
scenario. As a result, the system losses are increased. The
coordinated charging strategy can be employed to mitigate
the EV charging impact on network losses. Moreover, EV
loads should be accommodated by nearest distributed gen-
eration to reduce power losses of the network [203].
In conclusion to all above discussions, the EVs have sub-
stantial beneficial impacts as well as harmful impacts. The
beneficial and harmful impacts of EVs with corresponding
benefits and remedial measures are summarized in Table 3.
VI. CHALLENGING ISSUES AND PROSPECTS

The development and deployment of EVs can be considered
as a resolution and promising approach towards the elec- need to utilize the alternative resources of energy are: sudden
trification of transportation system. In the transport sector, change in climate, fossil fuel depletion and rising prices of
EVs are the forthcoming option for the upcoming generation. crude oil. Several benefits can be achieved from EVs in
The major scenarios in the transport system which arise the relation to environmental, economic and power gird impacts.
18 VOLUME 6, 2018
From the grid and environmental perspective, the technology v The existing infrastructure of power network may not
of EVs is much energy proficient and cleaner approach in be effectively designed and up to date to sufficiently
comparison with conventional IEC vehicles due to zero CO2 manage massive and necessary demands of EVs. For
emissions. Many new opportunities can be realized by EVs the implementation of V2G technology, high investment
deployment such as advancement in V2G technology and is needed to effectually update the conventional power
tracking of RES. The integration of V2G technology with infrastructure. Additionally, a fully updated charging
RES can create many environmental, economic benefits, and setup with satisfactory installed EVs is required for
many regulatory services provided to power grid. Neverthe- successful implementation of V2G structure. More-
less, many challenging issues and limitations still need to be over, the excessive cycling process of batteries may
addressed and overcome before the efficacious employment increase the energy and conversion losses. Proper
of EVs in the market. Some of the key design and techno- planning techniques with advanced research meth-
logical challenging issues with future trends for widespread ods are necessary for deployment of a such complex
employment of EVs are summarized below: infrastructure.
In considering all afore-mentioned substantial aspects, the
v The starting price of EV is still much higher in compar-
prosperous implementation of whole EV infrastructure is
ison with conventional IEC vehicles due to higher cost
dependent on certain factors in future, which are suggested
of EV batteries.
as follows:
v Despite the remarkable advancements in battery tech-
nology, the current charging technologies are not fully â In the present situation, the owner’s anxieties about cost,
developed. The limitations of the current Li-ion bat- driving range, durability and time duration of charging
teries are lower energy density and reduced life cycle. are still present even with number of economic, envi-
Maintenance is required after one to two years due to ronmental and smart grid benefits. The advancement in
limited life cycle. Moreover, the weight and size of battery storage technologies can be one possible solu-
batteries are approximately one-third of the vehicle. The tion to lessen some of these concerns. Currently, more
superior performance can be achieved from few battery benefits can be achieved from advanced lithium-sulfur
technologies, but they are in an experimental stage and batteries in comparison with li-ion batteries. The attrac-
not fully matured. tive benefits are extended range of temperature, higher
v The development is needed for efficient battery man- energy density, improved safety performance, and above
agement systems to achieve optimal performance of of all the reduced cost due to easy accessibility of sulfur
batteries. The designing procedures involved in sizing material. However, these lithium-sulfur batteries are not
the battery subsystems need to be improved. High per- commercialized substantially. Moreover, issue of self-
formance, maximum range and greater life cycle of bat- discharging is observed in this battery and capacity is
teries are achieved through appropriate choice of battery reduced due to rapid charging and discharging cycles.
subsystem. Comprehensive technical studies need to be performed
v The current charging technology of EVs has certain for advance modelling of batteries to achieve safe and
restrictions in relation to V2G technology. The battery reliable charging and discharging operation, optimum
chargers are not fully matured for V2G deployment in utilization and reduction in size and weight.
smart grid environment. In the present situation, uni- â Development of charging infrastructure with required
directional chargers are mostly adopted in the mar- EVSE should be significantly considered for safe and
ket. However, advance bidirectional chargers are needed controlled energy transfer to EVS.
for standardized V2G implementation. Therefore, addi- â Customer acceptance can be enhanced by employing
tional focus is required for advance research tech- desired safety standards, increased reliability, durabil-
niques in planning and development of bidirectional ity and the efficiency of battery charger with reduced
chargers. charger cost.
v The V2G technology is an alternative solution to cater â The modernization of power system accelerates the uti-
many significant issues of a power network. It can lization of EVs in terms of V2G technology. In smart
accelerate the integration of RES. However, V2G con- gird environment, EVs become a possible solution to
cept requires the significant involvement of EV owners. balance the power fluctuations due to intermittent nature
At the same time, new management policies and some of RES.
reward schemes should be introduced to motivate the EV â The infrastructure of EV charging based on smart charg-
owners to majorly participate in V2G implementation. ing strategies should manage the high power fast charg-
Otherwise, implementation of V2G technology becomes ing to facilitate the owners and to minimize the range
difficult. As a result, comprehensive technical studies anxiety of EVs customers.
need to be implemented to realize the best possible solu- â The charging infrastructure in residential and commer-
tion which is based on energy management techniques cial areas with its related equipment and software should
and reward-based schemes. be user-friendly for wider acceptance.
VOLUME 6, 2018 19
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24 VOLUME 6, 2018
[200] L. P. Fernandez, T. G. S. Roman, R. Cossent, C. M. Domingo, and FARUKH ABBAS received the B.Sc. degree in
P. Frias, ‘‘Assessment of the impact of plug-in electric vehicles on distri- electrical engineering from the National Uni-
bution networks,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 206–213, versity of Sciences and Technology (NUST),
Feb. 2011. Pakistan, in 2013, and the M.Sc. degree in power
[201] K. Clement-Nyns, E. Haesen, and J. Driesen, ‘‘The impact of charging system and its automation from North China Elec-
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential distribution grid,’’ IEEE tric Power University, Beijing, in 2015. He is
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 371–380, Feb. 2010. currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical
[202] M. A. S. Masoum, P. S. Moses, and K. M. Smedley, ‘‘Distribu-
engineering with specialization in power system
tion transformer losses and performance in smart grids with residen-
optimization with the School of Electronic, Infor-
tial Plug-In Electric Vehicles,’’ in Proc. IEEE PES Innov. Smart Grid
Technol. (ISGT), Jan. 2011, pp. 1–7. mation and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
[203] C. H. Dharmakeerthi, N. Mithulananthan, and T. K. Saha, ‘‘Overview of Tong University, China.
the impacts of plug-in electric vehicles on the power grid,’’ in Proc. IEEE He has been a Teaching Faculty Member with NUST since 2015. His
PES Innov. Smart Grid Technol. Asia (ISGT), Nov. 2011, pp. 1–8. current research interests include operation strategies and risks of smart EV
charging solution, power system network reliability analysis with renewable
energy integration considering large scale EV coordination and adoption.
SALMAN HABIB (S’17) received the B.Sc.
degree (Hons.) in electrical engineering from
the University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, LEI SANG is currently with the State Grid Zhenjiang Power Supply
in 2011, and the M.Sc. degree in electrical engi- Company, Zhenjiang City, China.
neering from the University of Engineering and
Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan, in 2015. He
is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical MUHAMMAD UMAIR SHAHID received the
engineering with specialization in power system B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the
operation and power electronics from the School University of Central Punjab in 2012, and the
of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engi- M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the
neering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. University of Engineering and Technology (UET),
He has been a Faculty Member with UET since 2014. His current research Lahore, in 2015. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
interest includes the role of plug-in electric vehicles in distribution grids, degree in electrical engineering with specialization
power system planning, vehicle-to-grid technology, integration of renewable in power electronics with the School of Electronic,
energy resources, and power electronic drives. He is a Reviewer of the Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai
Journal of Power Sources Elsevier and IET Generation, Transmission and Jiao Tong University, China.
Distribution Systems. He has been a Teaching Faculty Member with UET since 2014. His current
research interests include electric vehicles impacts, hierarchical control of dc
microgrids, and integration of distributed power generation units to the power
system through microgrids.
MUHAMMAD MANSOOR KHAN (M’17)
received the Ph.D. degree in automatic control
engineering from the School of Electronic, Infor- HOUJUN TANG received the Ph.D. degree in
mation and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao electrical engineering from Yamagata University,
Tong University, China. Yamagata, Japan, in 1997.
He has been an Associate Professor with the He is currently a Professor with the Department
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong
Jiao Tong University, China, since 2005. His cur- University, China. His current research interests
rent research interests include electric vehicles include contactless power transfer system, contact-
impacts, hierarchical control of ac and dc micro- less electric vehicles charging device, integration
grids, integration of distributed power generation units to the power system of renewable energy resources, and power elec-
through microgrids, integration of renewable energy resources, power quality tronic drives.
issues, FACTS devices, and power electronic drives.
VOLUME 6, 2018 25
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A Comprehensive Study of Implemented International Standards, Technical

Article in IEEE Access · March 2018

Salman Habib Muhammad mansoor Khan

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Farukh Abbas Muhammad Umair Shahid

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A Comprehensive Study of Implemented

Corresponding author: Salman Habib ([email protected])

I. INTRODUCTION targets in clean energy environment. To reduce the impact

TABLE 1. Types of charging power levels [18], [26].

III. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND CHARGING F. INTERNATIONAL ELECTROMECHANICAL

FIGURE 1. EV charging infrastructure with EVSE arrangements [33].

battery may cause the gassing and overheating issues. Serious

efficiency of electric motors and comparatively lower cost of

locations for possible protection. Therefore, facilities should

environmental standards. In this report ‘‘Mission 2016’’ plan

Where, TABLE 3. Beneficial and harmful impacts with corresponding benefits

Several technical studies have been performed to analyze

VI. CHALLENGING ISSUES AND PROSPECTS

VII. CONCLUSION [3] M. F. M. Sabri, K. A. Danapalasingam, and M. F. Rahmat, ‘‘A review on

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