WINTER INTERNSHIP

REPORT ON
"In-Plant Training (Internship)"
AT

SAI ENGINEERS ,NASHIK

BY

THIRD YEAR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS

Mahesh Dalvi (25) Shivprasad Katade (64) Gaurav Desai (74)

Div-A
UNDER GUIDANCE OF

MR. P. M. THORAT SIR

(Executive engineer)

SUBMITTED TO

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

In Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the vocational training of engineering

third year students

Department of Electrical Engineering

GOKHALE EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

R. H. SAPAT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT STUDIES & RESEARCH,
NASHIK
[2022-2023]
 WINTER INTERNSHIP
REPORTON
"In-Plant Training (Internship)"

Submitted by

Third year Electrical Engineering students of gokhale education society’s

R. H. Sapat College of engineering, management studies & research, nashik

Under supervision of

Mrs. Pravin Thorat

 Industry Name

Sai Engineers, Nashik (Duration: 23th Jan, 2023 to

18th Feb, 2023)

Department of Electrical Engineering

GOKHALE EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

R. H. SAPAT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MANAGEMENT STUDIES

& RESEARCH, NASHIK

[2022-23]
 Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled "In-Plant Training
(Internship)"submitted by Third Year Electrical Engineering students is a
bonafide work completed under supervision and guidance of ER.Pravin Thorat
in partial fulfillment for award of Completion of In-PlantTraining (Internship) in
Sai Engineers ,Nashik

Place: Nashik Date:

18/02/2023

Internship Coordinator Head Of Department

Prof.M.U.Sheety Prof.M.K.Chaudhari
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank everyone who helped me in completion of this internship with their valuable
suggestions for improvement. I’m extremely grateful to ER.Pravin Thorat, for the guidance which he
provided. My sincere gratitude to Mr. M. K. Chaudhary (H.O.D, Department of Electrical, GESRHSCOE)
who is a source of inspiration.

Further I would like to Thank Mr. P. C Kulkarni (Principal, GESRHSCOE) for giving me this
opportunity to carryout this piece of work. Thank-you to all the staff members of the department and my
friends for all the help.

Lastly, I would like to thank my Family and my Parents, for their blessings and support.

Mr. Mahesh Vijay Dalvi

Mr. Shivprasad Rajaram Katade

Mr. Gaurav Desai

(TE Electrical)
 Abstract

This abstract provides an overview of electric vehicles (EVs) and their potential impact on the
environment, economy, and society. EVs are powered by electricity stored in rechargeable
batteries, and offer several benefits over traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, including reduced
greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, improved fuel efficiency, and quieter operation.

The history and development of EVs are discussed, from early experiments in the 1800s to the
modern, commercially available EVs of today. The technology behind EVs, including battery
storage and charging infrastructure, is also examined in detail. The environmental benefits of EVs
are highlighted, including their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air
quality, as well as their role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

The report also explores the economic and societal impacts of EVs, including job creation and the
potential to spur innovation and economic growth. The challenges facing the widespread adoption
of EVs are also discussed, including cost, range anxiety, and the need for further development of
charging infrastructure.

Overall, the potential of EVs to transform the transportation sector and reduce the impact of
transportation on the environment is significant. As technology advances and costs continue to
decrease, EVs are expected to become increasingly competitive with traditional gasoline-powered
vehicles, and may ultimately become the dominant form of transportation in the coming decades.
 Contents

Chapter Title Page

No No.
1. Objective
2. Introduction
2.1 Executive summery
3. Automative Industry in India
3.1 Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle industry
4. Electric vehicles and Hybrid Electric vehicle
5. Environmental impacts of
Electric and Hybrid
electric vehicles
6. Literature review

7. Electric Vehicle Component

8. Different Types of Electric vehicles

9. Different Types of Motors Use in Ev

9.1 Dc series motor
9.2 Brushless Dc motor
9.3 Permanent magnet Synchoronus Motor
9.4 Three phase AC induction motor
9.5 Switched Reluctance Motors

10. Hypothesis

11. Research methodology

12. Conclusion
 LIST OF FIGURES

SR. NO. TITLE OF FIGURE PAGE

NO.
1 Fig.7.1 Different battery packs

2 Fig. 7.2. DC-DC converter

3 Fig.7.3 Electric motor

4 Fig. 7.4 Power Inverter

5 Fig. 7.5 On Board charger port

6 Fig. 7.6 On Board charger

7 Fig.7.7 Controller

8 Fig.7.8 Auxiliary Battery

9 Fig.7.9 Cooling System

10 Fig.8.1 Different Types of electric vehicle

11 Fig.8.2 3D model of HEV

12 Fig.8.3 3D model of PHEV

13 Fig.8.4 3D model of FCEV

 CHAPTER-1
OBJECTIVES

 To study the perceptions and expectations of potential, for alternative technologies

in automobiles, such as Electric/Hybrid Vehicles.

 To know why electric vehicle couldn’t get enough consumer attraction

 To study the willingness of buyers of considering Electric/Hybrid Vehicles as a

practical commuting option and at when.

 To study the maximum price consumers can afford for buying an Electric/Hybrid
Vehicles

 To study the other options available for Range Anxious Consumer with respect to
existing batteries used in Electric/Hybrid Vehicles

 To study the Government initiatives taken for promoting Electric/Hybrid Vehicles and
subsidies provided on Electric Vehicle batteries.

 To study the current expectations of consumers with respect to Electric/Hybrid

Vehicles, this will lead to its potential for future.

 To study the current threats, this is causing slow growth of Electric/Hybrid Vehicles.
 CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION

2.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

India today is one of the top ten automotive markets in the world and given its
burgeoning middle class population with buying potential and the steady economic growth,
accelerating automotive sales is expected to continue. In the last couple of years, there has
been a lot of discussion around the prices of fuel – apart from the deregulation of petrol
prices. Moreover the threat of disruption of supplies from the Middle-East has heightened
the debate on energy security and brought the focus on to alternate drivetrain technologies.
The potential for alternative technologies in automobiles such as electric vehicles
(EV) in India, as in the case of many other comparable markets, depends on improved
battery technologies, driving ranges, government incentives, regulations, lower prices and
better charging infrastructure.
There seems to be a lot of interest on the part of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
based manufacturers to adopt electric technology, not just supplemental to the ICE, but as a
stand-alone offering. There are also specialized EV manufacturers that have come up all
over the world.
While many of the factors that influence the EV market are understood intellectually,
we carried out a consumer survey to study perceptions and expectations of potential for
alternative technologies in automobiles such as electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid EV.
Assessing future demand for electric vehicles was somewhat challenging since it
meant testing consumer preferences for a product with which they are largely unfamiliar.
For this reason, we focused on uncovering consumers’ familiarity with EV technologies and
products; with their opinions around price, brand, range, charging, the infrastructure, and the
cost of ownership; and with the consumer’s imagined “fit” of an EV in his or her lifestyle
given a range of demographic parameters.
 CHAPTER-3
3.Automotive Industry in India

The automotive industry in India is one of the larger markets in the world and had
previously been one of the fastest growing globally, but is now seeing flat or negative growth
rates. India's passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the sixth
largest in the world, with an annual production of more than 3.9 million units in 2011.

The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is based around three clusters in the
south, west and north. The southern cluster consisting of Chennai is the biggest with 35% of
the revenue share. The western hub near Mumbai and Pune contributes to 33% of the market
and the northern cluster around the National Capital Region contributes 32%. Chennai, with
the India operations of Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan, BMW, Hindustan
Motors, Daimler

Chennai accounts for 60% of the country's automotive exports. Gurgaon and Manesar
in Haryana form the northern cluster where the country's largest car manufacturer, Maruti
Suzuki, is based. The Chakan corridor near Pune, Maharashtra is the western cluster with
companies like General Motors, Volkswagen, Skoda, Mahindra and Mahindra, Tata Motors,
Mercedes Benz, Land Rover, Jaguar Cars, Fiat and Force Motors having assembly plants in
the area. Nashik has a major base of Mahindra & Mahindra with a UV assembly unit and an
Engine assembly unit. Aurangabad with Audi, Skoda and Volkswagen also forms part of the
western cluster. Another emerging cluster is in the state of Gujarat with manufacturing
facility of General Motors in Halol and further planned for Tata Nano at their plant in
Sanand. Ford, Maruti Suzuki and Peugeot-Citroen plants are also set to come up in Gujarat.
Kolkata with Hindustan Motors, Noida with Honda and Bangalore with Toyota are some of
the other automotive manufacturing regions around the country.

Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle (xEV) industry

During April 2012 Indian Government has planned to unveil the roadmap for the
development of the domestic electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country. A discussion
between the various stakeholders including Government, industry and the academia is
expected to take place during 23–24 February. The final contours of the policy will be
formed after this set of discussions. Ministries such as Petroleum, Finance, Road Transport
and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for the sector. Along with these
ministries big auto industry names such as Mr Anand Mahindra (Vice Chairman and
Managing Director, Mahindra & Mahindra) and Mr Vikram Kirloskar (Vice-Chairman,
Toyota Kirloskar) are also involved in this task. Government has also proposed to set up a Rs
740 crore R&D fund for the sector in the 12th five year plan during 2012-17. The idea is to
reduce the high cost of key imported components such as the battery and electric motor and
develop such capabilities .
Electric car manufacturers in India

-Ajanta Group -Hero Electric (Yo Bikes)

-Mahindra REVA -Tara International

-Tata (Indica Vista) -Chevrolet (Beat)

Manufacturing Facilities
Passenger Vehicles

 General Motors India Private Limited

 Chevrolet Sales India Private Limited – Halol
 Maruti Suzuki – Gurgaon, Manesar
 Mahindra REVA Electric Vehicles – Bangalore
 Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited – Bidadi
 Ssangyong Motor Company – Chakan
 Tata Motors Limited
o Tata Motors – Pimpri Chinchwad, Sanand
o Jaguar Cars and Land Rover – Pune
 Mercedes-Benz Passenger Cars – Chakan
 Fiat Automobiles – Ranjangaon Pune
 Volkswagen Group Sales India Private Limited
o Volkswagen – Chakan
o Audi AG – Aurangabad
o Škoda Auto – Aurangabad
 Chinkara Motors – Karlekhind Alibag
 Premier Automobiles Limited – Pimpri Chinchwad
 Honda Siel Cars India – Tapukara
 BMW India – Chennai
 Ford India Private Limited – Maraimalai Nagar
 Hyundai Motor India Limited – Sriperumbudur
 Mitsubishi – Tiruvallur
 Renault Nissan Automotive India Private Limited
o Nissan Motor India Private Limited – Oragadam
o Renault India Private Limited – Oragadam
 CHAPTER - 4
About Electric Vehicles

During the last few decades, environmental impact of the petroleum-based

transportation infrastructure, along with the peak oil, has led to renewed interest in an
electric transportation infrastructure. Electric vehicles differ from fossil fuel-powered
vehicles in that the electricity they consume can be generated from a wide range of sources,
including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable sources such as tidal power, solar
power, and wind power or any combination of those.
An electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more
electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. Three main types of electric vehicles exist,
those that are directly powered from an external power station, those that are powered by
stored electricity originally from an external power source, and those that are powered by an
on-board electrical generator, such as an internal combustion engine (a hybrid electric
vehicle) or a hydrogen fuel cell. Electric vehicles include electric cars, electric trains, electric
lorries, electric aeroplanes, electric boats, electric motorcycles and scooters and electric
spacecraft. Proposals exist for electric tanks, diesel submarines operating on battery power
are, for the duration of the battery run, electric submarines, and some of the lighter UAVs are
electrically- powered.

Electric vehicles first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity
was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort
and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. The internal
combustion engine (ICE) is the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles but electric
power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles
of all types.

A hybrid electric vehicle combines a conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered) powertrain

with some form of electric propulsion. Common examples include hybrid electric cars such
as the Toyota Prius. The Chevrolet Volt is an example of a production Extended Range Plug-
In Electric Vehicle.

Electric motor

The power of a vehicle electric motor, as in other vehicles, is measured in kilowatts

(kW). 100 kW is roughly equivalent to 134 horsepower, although most electric motors
deliver full torque over a wide RPM range, so the performance is not equivalent, and far
exceeds a 134 horsepower (100 kW) fuel-powered motor, which has a limited torque curve.
 Usually, direct current (DC) electricity is fed into a DC/AC inverter where it
isconverted to alternating current (AC) electricity and this AC electricity is connected to a 3-
phase AC motor. For electric trains, DC motors are often used.

Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation from high performance electrical motors has been claimed
to be associated with some human ailments, but such claims are largely unsubstantiated
except for extremely high exposures. Electric motors can be shielded within a metallic
Faraday cage, but this reduces efficiency by adding weight to the vehicle, while it is not
conclusive that all electromagnetic radiation can be contained.

Mechanical

Electric motors are mechanically very simple. Electric motors often achieve 90%
energy conversion efficiency over the full range of speeds and power output and can be
precisely controlled. They can also be combined with regenerative braking systems that have
the ability to convert movement energy back into stored electricity. This can be used to
reduce the wear on brake systems (and consequent brake pad dust) and reduce the total
energy requirement of a trip. Regenerative braking is especially effective for start-and-stop
city use.

They can be finely controlled and provide high torque from rest, unlike internal
combustion engines, and do not need multiple gears to match power curves. This removes
the need for gearboxes and torque converters.

Electric vehicles provide quiet and smooth operation and consequently have less noise
and vibration than internal combustion engines. While this is a desirable attribute, it has also
evoked concern that the absence of the usual sounds of an approaching vehicle poses a
danger to blind, elderly and very young pedestrians. To mitigate this situation, automakers
and individual companies are developing systems that produce warning sounds when electric
vehicles are moving slowly, up to a speed when normal motion and rotation (road,
suspension, electric motor, etc.) noises become audible.

Energy efficiency

Electric vehicle 'tank-to-wheels' efficiency is about a factor of 3 higher than internal

combustion engine vehicles. Energy is not consumed while the vehicle is stationary, unlike
internal combustion engines which consume fuel while idling. However, looking at the well-
to-wheel efficiency of electric vehicles, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to
an efficient gasoline or diesel in most countries where electricity generation relies on fossil
fuels.
Types of Batteries

Lead- Acid Battery Li-ion Polymer Battery

Previously banks of conventional lead-acid car batteries were commonly used for EV
propulsion. Then later the 75 watt-hour/kilogram lithium ion polymer battery prototypes
came. The newer Li-poly cells provide up to 130 watt-hour/kilogram and last through
thousands of charging cycles.

Efficiency

Because of the different methods of charging possible, the emissions produced have been
quantified in different ways. Plug-in all-electric and hybrid vehicles also have different
consumption characteristics.

Range

Many electric designs have limited range, due to the low energy density of batteries
compared to the fuel of internal combustion engined vehicles. Electric vehicles also often
have long recharge times compared to the relatively fast process of refuelling a tank. This is
further complicated by the current scarcity of public charging stations. "Range anxiety" is a
label for consumer concern about EV range.

Charging

Grid capacity: If a large proportion of private vehicles were to convert to grid electricity it
would increase the demand for generation and transmission, and consequent emissions.
However, overall energy consumption and emissions would diminish because of the higher
efficiency of electric vehicles over the entire cycle.

Stabilization of the grid: Since electric vehicles can be plugged into the electric grid when
not in use, there is a potential for battery powered vehicles to even out the demand for
electricity by feeding electricity into the grid from their batteries during peak use periods
(such
as mid-afternoon air conditioning use) while doing most of their charging at night, when
there is unused generating capacity. This vehicle-to-grid (V2G) connection has the potential
to reduce the need for new power plants, as long as vehicle owners do not mind their
batteries being drained during the day by the power company prior to needing to use their
vehicle for a return-commute home in the evening.

Furthermore, our current electricity infrastructure may need to cope with increasing
shares of variable-output power sources such as windmills and PV solar panels. This
variability could be addressed by adjusting the speed at which EV batteries are charged, or
possibly even discharged.

Heating of electric vehicles: In cold climates, considerable energy is needed to heat the
interior of a vehicle and to defrost the windows. With internal combustion engines, this heat
already exists as waste combustion heat diverted from the engine cooling circuit. This
process offsets the greenhouse gases external costs. If this is done with battery electric
vehicles, the interior heating requires extra energy from the vehicles batteries. Although
some heat could be harvested from the motor(s) and battery, their greater efficiency means
there is not as much waste heat available as from a combustion engine.

However, for vehicles which are connected to the grid, battery electric vehicles can be
preheated, or cooled, with little or no need for battery energy, especially for short trips.

Newer designs are focused on using super-insulated cabins which can heat the vehicle
using the body heat of the passengers. This is not enough, however, in colder climates as a
driver delivers only about 100 W of heating power. A reversible AC-system, cooling the
cabin during summer and heating it during winter, seems to be the most practical and
promising way of solving the thermal management of the EV. Ricardo Arboix introduced
(2008) a new concept based on the principle of combining the thermal-management of the
EV-battery with the thermal-management of the cabin using a reversible AC-system. This is
done by adding a third heat-exchanger, thermally connected with the battery-core, to the
traditional heat pump/air conditioning system used in previous EV-models like the GM EV1
and Toyota RAV4 EV. The concept has proven to bring several benefits, such as prolonging
the life-span of the battery as well as improving the performance and overall energy-
efficiency of the EV.
About Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A hybrid electric vehicle combines a conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered) powertrain

with some form of electric propulsion. Common examples include hybrid electric cars such
as the Toyota Prius. The Chevrolet Volt is an example of a production Extended Range Plug-
In Electric Vehicle.

Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a hybrid, as
power is delivered both via an internal combustion engine or electric motor and the rider's
muscles. Early prototypes of motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principles.

 In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the
pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller
pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human
and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured models are of this
type. See Motorized bicycles, Mopeds and for more information.

 In a series hybrid bicycle (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is
converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless
bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must
be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from
the pedals. SH bicycles are commercially available, because they are very simple in
theory and manufacturing.

Hybrid fuel (dual mode)

Ford Escape Hybrid the first hybrid electric vehicle with a flexible fuel capability to run on
E85(ethanol).

In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion, some also consider
vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types ("fuels") using the same engineto be
hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctlythe
terms, these are perhaps more correctly described as dual mode vehicles:

 Some electric trolleybuses can switch between an on board diesel engine and overhead
electrical power depending on conditions (see dual mode bus). In principle, this could
be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true plug-in hybrid trolleybus,
although as of 2006, no such design seems to have been announced.
 Flexible-fuel vehicles can use a mixture of input fuels mixed in one tank — typically
gasoline and ethanol, or methanol, or biobutanol.
 Bi-fuel vehicle:Liquified petroleum gas and natural gas are very different from
petroleum or diesel and cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be impossible to
build an (LPG or NG) flexible fuel system. Instead vehicles are built with two,
parallel,
 fuel systems feeding one engine. While the duplicated tanks cost space in some
applications, the increased range and flexibility where (LPG or NG) infrastructure is
incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase.

Parallel hybrid

In a parallel hybrid vehicle, the single electric motor and the internal combustion
engine are installed such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. In
contrast to the power split configuration typically only one electric motor is installed. Most
commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gear box are coupled by
automatically controlled clutches. For electric driving the clutch between the internal
combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gear box is engaged. While in combustion
mode the engine and motor run at the same speed.

Mild parallel hybrid

These types use a generally compact electric motor (usually <20 kW) to provide auto-
stop/start features and to provide extra power assist during the acceleration, and to generate
on the deceleration phase (aka regenerative braking).

On-road examples include Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Insight, Honda CR-Z, Honda
Accord Hybrid, Mercedes Benz S400 Blue-HYBRID, BMW 7-Series hybrids, General
Motors BAS Hybrids and Smart-for-two with micro hybrid drive.

Power-split or series-parallel hybrid

Typical passenger car installations include the Toyota Prius, the Ford Escape, Ford
Fusion, the Lexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h and CT200h.

In a power-split hybrid electric drive train there are two motors: an electric motor and
an internal combustion engine. The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the
wheels via a power splitter, which is a simple planetary gear set. The ratio can be from 0–
100% for the combustion engine, or 0–100% for the electric motor, or anything in between,
such as 40% for the electric motor and 60% for the combustion engine. The electric motor
can act as a generator charging the batteries.

Modern versions such as the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive have a second electric
motor/generator on the output shaft (connected to the wheels). In cooperation with the
"primary" motor/generator and the mechanical power-split this provides a continuously
variable transmission.
Fuel consumption and emissions reductions

The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than
conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), resulting in fewer emissions
being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid
design:

1. Relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs, resulting in a
smaller engine sized more for average usage rather than peak power usage. A smaller
engine can have less internal losses and lower weight.
2. Having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured energy,
especially in stop-and-go traffic typical of the city driving cycle.
3. Recapturing significant amounts of energy during breaking that are normally wasted
as heat. This regenerative braking reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its
kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of the
motor/generator.
 CHAPTER -5
Environmental Impact of Electric and Hybrid Vehicle
Environmental impact of electric vehicles

Due to efficiency of electric engines as compared to combustion engines, even when

the electricity used to charge electric vehicles comes from a CO2-emitting source, such as a
coal- or gas-fired powered plant, the net CO2 production from an electric car is typically one-
half to one-third of that from a comparable combustion vehicle.

Electric vehicles release almost no air pollutants at the place where they are operated.
In addition, it is generally easier to build pollution-control systems into centralised power
stations than retrofit enormous numbers of cars.

Electric vehicles typically have less noise pollution than an internal combustion engine
vehicle, whether it is at rest or in motion. Electric vehicles emit no tailpipe CO 2 or pollutants
such as NOx, NMHC, CO and PM at the point of use.

Electric motors don't require oxygen, unlike internal combustion engines; this is useful
for submarines.

While electric and hybrid cars have reduced tailpipe carbon emissions, the energy they
consume is sometimes produced by means that have environmental impacts. For example,
the majority of electricity produced in the United States comes from fossil fuels (coal and
natural gas), so use of an electric vehicle in the United States would not be completely
carbon neutral. Electric and hybrid cars can help decrease energy use and pollution, with
local no pollution at all being generated by electric vehicles, and may someday use only
renewable resources, but the choice that would have the lowest negative environmental
impact would be a lifestyle change in favour of walking, biking, use of public transit or
telecommuting. Governments may invest in research and development of electric cars with
the intention of reducing the impact on the environment, where they could instead develop
pedestrian-friendly communities or electric mass transit.

Environmental impact of hybrid car battery

Though hybrid cars consume less fuel than conventional cars, there is still an issue
regarding the environmental damage of the hybrid car battery. Today most hybrid car
batteries are one of two types: 1) Nickel metal hydride, or 2) Lithium ion; both are regarded
as more environmentally friendly than lead-based batteries which constitute the bulk of petro
carstarter batteries today. There are many types of batteries. Some are far more toxic than
others.Lithium ion is the least toxic of the three mentioned above.
 The toxicity levels and environmental impact of nickel metal hydride batteries—the type
currently used in hybrids—are much lower than batteries like lead acid or nickel cadmium.
However, nickel-based batteries are known carcinogens, and have been shown to cause a
variety of teratogenic effects.
The Lithium-ion battery has attracted attention due to its potential for use in hybrid
electric vehicles. Hitachi is a leader in its development. In addition to its smaller size and
lighter weight, lithium-ion batteries deliver performance that helps to protect the
environment with features such as improved charge efficiency without memory effect. The
lithium-ion batteries are appealing because they have the highest energy density of any
rechargeable batteries and can produce a voltage more than three times that of nickel–metal
hydride battery cell while simultaneously storing large quantities of electricity as well. The
batteries also produce higher output (boosting vehicle power), higher efficiency (avoiding
wasteful use of electricity), and provides excellent durability, compared with the life of the
battery being roughly equivalent to the life of the vehicle. Additionally, use of lithium-ion
batteries reduces the overall weight of the vehicle and also achieves improved fuel economy
of 30% better than petro-powered vehicles with a consequent reduction in CO2 emissions
helping to prevent global warming.

Raw materials increasing costs

There is an impending increase in the costs of many rare materials used in the
manufacture of hybrid cars. For example, the rare earth element dysprosium is required to
fabricate many of the advanced electric motors and battery systems in hybrid propulsion
systems. Neodymium is another rare earth metal which is a crucial ingredient in high-
strength magnets that are found in permanent magnet electric motors.

Nearly all the rare earth elements in the world come from China, and many analysts
believe that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing will consume this entire
supply by 2012. In addition, export quotas on Chinese rare earth elements have resulted in an
unknown amount of supply.

A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced Hoidas Lake project in northern
Canada as well as Mount Weld in Australia are currently under development; however, the
barriers to entry are high and require years to go online.
 CHAPTER-6
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The various articles, previous reports used for this projects has come from various sources
Business Standard Newspapers, Mint Newspapers

SUMMARY OF DELLOITTE’S REPORT

“Gaining traction: Will consumers ride the electric vehicle wave?” India results

The report broadly covers topics on:

• Market opportunity

• Target customers

• Barriers to adoption

• Conclusions

The analysis presented in the report was done with primary and secondary research,
including interviews with executives from major automotive OEMs, clean-tech start-ups,
dealers, and energy companies, as well as a survey of nearly 1008 current vehicle owners in
India.
The study was carried out across 17 countries covering 13,500 respondents. To this
qualitative and quantitative data, was applied Deloitte’s Demand Driven Analytics
Methodology.

MARKET OPPORTUNITY
– Distinctive styling

– improving speed

– torque characteristics

– will make EV usage a satisfying experience

– rapid rise of fuel prices

– desire to be on par with the rest of the world in terms of

emission Would facilitate the growth of the EV market.

TARGET CUSTOMERS
• “potential first movers”

• “might be willing to consider”

• category are from urban locations

• consisting of both genders

• EVs are considered within the reach of the middle-class customer in most other
markets, the manufacturers selling EVs in India would have to target the upper-
middle or rich customers

Consumer Segmentation Profiles for Electric Vehicles In India

• Potential first movers 59%

• Might be willing to consider 34%

• Not likely to consider 07%

In China
• Potential first movers 50%

• Might be willing to consider 43%

• Not likely to consider 07%

BARRIERS TO EV ADOPTION
They are:
• Battery charge time

• Expected purchase price after government incentives

• Acceptable price premium

• Range anxiety

• Fuel prices

Acceptable battery charging time

– 8 hours 24%

– 4 hours 27%

– 2 hours to 30 minutes 49%

Expected purchase price after government incentives
In INR lakh
– <4 32%

– 4 to 7 33%

– 7 to 9 12%

In India, 76% of the total population surveyed would expect an electric vehicle to
travel up to 320 kilometres per charge before they would consider purchasing one. This
indicates a gap in expectations versus current EV range capabilities in India
While fuel price increase may not be the only factor that drives customers to buy EVs,
it is a fact that they have a mental benchmark of 130-150% of the current fuel prices that will
make them reconsider EVs.
 CHAPTER-7
Electric vehicle Components (EV):

An electric vehicle or EV uses energy stored in its rechargeable batteries, which are
recharged by common household electricity. An electric vehicle (EV) uses one or more electric
motors for propulsion. Depending on the type of vehicle, motion may be provided by wheels
or propellers driven by rotary motors, or in the case of tracked vehicles, by linear motors. EV
include industrial fork-lift trucks, electric carts, electric scooters, electric motorcycles,
electric three wheelers, full-size electric cars, trucks, vans, buses and other electric vehicles.
OR As per Government of India Notification dated 16.09.2005 under Central Motor Vehicle
Rule 1989 Rule no. 2(u) "Battery Operated Vehicle" means a vehicle adapted for use upon
roads and powered exclusively by an electric motor whose traction energy is supplied
exclusively by traction battery installed in the vehicle.

ii) EV Components: Major components of EV include motor controller, electric engine

(motor), regenerative braking, drive system and related parts/assemblies.

iii) EV Battery: An electric-vehicle battery (EVB) or traction battery is a battery used to

power the propulsion of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Vehicle batteries are usually a
secondary (rechargeable) battery. EV battery will not include Lead-acid batteries.

iv) EV Battery Components: Battery pack designs for Electric Vehicles (EVs) incorporate
a combination of several mechanical and electrical component systems which perform the
basic required functions of the pack. Battery pack consists of many discrete cells connected
in series and parallel to achieve the total voltage and current requirements of the pack. A
battery comprises of smaller stacks called modules, which are placed into a single pack.
Modules also incorporate cooling mechanisms, temperature monitors, other devices and
Battery Management System (BMS).

v) EV Charging Station & Equipment: An electric vehicle fast charging station (Charging
time under 1 hour) also called EV charging station, electric recharging point, charging point,
charge point and EVSE (electric vehicle supply equipment), is an element in an
infrastructure that supplies electric energy for the recharging of electric vehicles. The
charging stations equipment shall include charging posts, charging cabinets, fully automated
charging stations integrated with power distribution equipment etc.
 vi) EV Charging Infrastructure: The policy envisages four type of charging facilities, viz.
a) Domestic user facility (individual)
b) Public charging facility (government facilities, bus depots, railway stations, fuel stations
etc.)
c) Common charging facility (malls, residential building, educational institutions etc.)
d) Commercial charging facility (roadside, fuel stations etc.

vii) Pioneer units: Pioneer unit shall mean first two Mega projects in the State setup for
manufacturing of EV, EV components & batteries. One Pioneer unit in EV/EV components
& one in battery manufacturing sector will be considered separately in each category.

viii) Mega EV Enterprises :

a) Mega EV enterprise for A & B areas (as classified under Package scheme of Incentives in
force) is a manufacturing enterprise defined in para 4(i), 4(ii), 4(iii) and 4(iv) above where
fixed capital investment (FCI) on manufacturing facility is more than Rs. 250 crore or which
creates direct employment for at least 500 persons.
b) Mega EV enterprise for C, D & D+ areas is a manufacturing enterprise where fixed capital
investment (FCI) on manufacturing facility is minimum of Rs. 100 crore or which creates
direct employment for at least 250 persons.
c) Ultra mega EV enterprises, is a manufacturing enterprise where fixed capital investment
on manufacturing across state is 1500 crore which generates 3000 employment.

ix) Large EV Enterprises: Large EV enterprise is an industrial enterprise where fixed

capital investment (FCI) on plant and machinery for the manufacturing facility is fromRs. 10
crore to Mega project qualifying limit.

x) MSME EV Enterprises: Definition of Micro, Small and Medium EV Enterprises shall be

as defined in the MSMED Act 2006 of Government of India

India Electric Vehicle Market Trends

This section covers the major market trends shaping the India Electric Vehicle Market
according to our research experts:

Commercial Vehicles is the largest segment by Vehicle Type.

 The FAME program provides a discount on the retail value of passenger cars. These
subsidies range from INR 11,000 (USD 165) to INR 24,000 (USD 360) for light hybrids,
INR 59,000 (USD 885) to INR 71,000 (USD 1,065) for strong hybrids, and INR 60,000
(USD 900) to INR 1,34,000 for electric vehicles (USD 2,010). Two-wheelers, three-
wheelers, buses, light commercial vehicles, and retrofit kits can all receive subsidies.
 The FAME scheme's subsidy is not the only incentive program that influences the Indian
market for hybrid and electric automobiles. Along with FAME, the Central Government
of
 India and some state governments, including the Government of the National Capital
Territory of Delhi (NCT of Delhi), offer tax advantages that give hybrid and electric
vehicles a leg up on conventional automobiles. For instance, the Central Government of
India imposes flat excise rates of 12.5% and 6% on hybrid and electric vehicles, while
traditional car technologies are subject to excise duties of up to 30% (based on vehicle
dimensions and engine capacity). The Central Government of India included a tax on the
infrastructure for conventional motor cars in the national FY 2016–17 budget, which
ranged from 1% to 4% of the cost of the vehicle.
 Hybrid and electric vehicles were exempt from this tax. In its FY 2016–17 budget, the
NCT of Delhi, which is the state government, lowered its state Value Added Tax (VAT)
rate from 12.5% for conventional automobiles to 5% for hybrid and electric vehicles.
Some or all of these advantages are being passed on to consumers by manufacturers,
which is expected to boost sales of hybrid and electric vehicles.

The Main Components of Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles consists of an electric motor that is powered by a battery pack. The main
advantage of electric vehicles is that they emit zero emissions and are eco-friendly. They
also do not consume any fossil fuels, hence use a sustainable form of energy for powering
the car. The main components of electric vehicles are :
1. Traction battery pack

2. DC-DC Converter

3. Electric motor

4. Power inverter

5. Charge Port

6. Onboard charger

7. Controller

8. Auxiliary batteries

9. Thermal system (cooling)

10. Transmission

1. Traction battery pack

Traction battery pack is also known as Electric vehicle battery (EVB) . It powers
the electric motors of an electric vehicle. The battery acts as an electrical storage
system. It stores energy in the form DC current. The range will be higher with
increasing kW of the battery. The life and operation of the battery depends on its
 design. The lifetime of a traction battery pack is estimated to be 200,000 miles.

Fig .7.1 Different battery pack

2. DC-DC Converter
The traction battery pack delivers a constant voltage. But different components of the
vehicle have different requirements. The DC-DC convertor distributes the output power that
is coming from the battery to a required level. It also provides the voltage required to charge
the auxiliary battery

Fig 7..2 DC- DC converter

3. Electric motor
Electric traction motor is the main components of electric vehicle. The motor converts the
electrical energy into kinetic energy. This energy rotates the wheels. Electric motor is the
main component that differentiates an electric car from conventional cars. An important
feature of an electric motor is the regenerative braking mechanism. This mechanism slows
down the vehicle by converting its kinetic energy into another form, and storing it for future
use. There are basically two types of motors DC and AC motors.

Fig 7..3 Electric Motor

4. Power Inverter
It coverts DC power from the batteries to AC power. It also converts the AC current
generated during regenerative braking into DC current. This is further used to recharge the
batteries. The inverter can change the speed of the motor.

Fig .7.4 Power inverter

5. Charge Port
The charge port connects the electric vehicle to an external supply. It charges the battery
pack. The charge port is sometimes located in the front or rear part of the vehicle

Fig7..5 Onboard charger port

6. On-board charger
On-board charger is used to convert the AC supply received from the charge port to DC
supply. The on board charger is located and installed inside the car. It monitors various
battery characteristics and controls the current flowing inside the battery pack

Fig. 7..6 onboard charger

7. Controller
Power electronics controller determines the working of an electric car. It performs the
regulation of electrical energy from the batteries to the electric motors. The pedal set by the
driver determines the speed of the car and frequency of variation of voltage that is input to
the motor. It also controls the torque produced.
 Fig7. .7 Controller
8. Auxiliary batteries
Auxiliary batteries are the source of electrical energy for the accessories in electric vehicles.
In the absence of the main battery, the auxiliary batteries will continue to charge the car. It
prevents the voltage drop, produced during engine start from affecting the electrical system.

Fig7..8 Auxiliary Battery

9. Thermal system (cooling)
The thermal management system is responsible for maintaining an operating temperature for
the main components of an electric vehicle such as, electric motor, controller etc. It functions
during charging as well to obtain maximum performance. It uses a combination of
thermoelectric cooling, forced air cooling, and liquid cooling.
 Fig .7.9 Cooling System
10. Transmission
It is used to transfer the mechanical power from the electric motor to the wheels, through a
gearbox. The advantage of electric cars is that they do not require multi-speed transmissions.
The transmission efficiency should be high to avoid power loss.

Chap: India Electric Vehicle Market Competitor Analysis

The India Electric Vehicle Market is moderately consolidated, with the top five companies
occupying 53.49%. The major players in this market are Audi AG, Hyundai Motor India,
Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd, MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd. and Tata Motors (sorted
alphabetically).

India Electric Vehicle Market Top Players

1. Audi AG

2. Hyundai Motor India

3. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd

 4. MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd.

5. Tata Motors

India Electric Vehicle Market Recent Developments

 June 2022: The United Arab Emirates’ Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure (MoEI),
Audi Middle East, and Siemens signed an agreement to cooperate on boosting electric
vehicle (EV) charging capacity on federal roads and increasing adoption of EVs across the
country.
 March 2022: Audi Middle East announced its collaboration with the Museum of the
Future in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Through this collaboration, Audi Ag will convey
its electrification and sustainability plans, which mirror the future-forward mission of the
UAE.
 January 2022: DAIMLER AG subsidiary Mercedes-Benz has launched all-electric EQB
SUV in 2022. It provides 2 models for the U.S. market such as Exclusive and Pinnacle.
 CHAPTER-8

The Different Types of Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles or EVs are the type of vehicles that are partially or fully powered by electric
power. The provide the advantage of zero emissions, eco-friendly, low running and
maintenance costs etc. Electric vehicles are the key to sustainable transport. Let us discuss
the types of electric vehicles.
The classification is based on the type of mechanism used for energy production. The types
of electric vehicles are :
1. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

2. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

3. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

4. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle(FCEV)

Fig.8.1 Different types electric vehicles

1. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
In Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) all the energy required to run the electric motor comes
from the battery pack. Use of gasoline is absent. Therefore, they emit zero emissions
and are eco-friendly. They do not need a reduction gearbox. The battery can be
charged from 10% to 80% in around 30 minutes with DC fast charging.
Advantages
 They are quiet. Since, there is no internal combustion noise.
 Safe to operate and charge
  Eco-friendly
Disadvantages
 Not ideal for long distance drive
 Charging time can take up to hours
 Difficult to locate charging stations

Fig.8.2 3D Model of Battery Electric vehicle

Examples : Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf, TATA Nexon, Mahindra E20 plus, MG ZS,
Hyundai Kona, Mahindra eVerito etc.

2. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) consists of an engine and a motor. Fuel provides energy to
the engine. Battery is the power source of motor. Regenerative braking and IC engine charges
the battery. In addition, the battery cannot be charged by plugging in. They provide better fuel
efficiency.
Advantages
 Eco-friendly
 Less dependance on fossil fuels
 Light weight
 Higher resale value
Disadvantages
 The output power is less than that of gasoline engine
 Expensive
 Battery replacement is costly
HEVs can be either Series or
Parallel.
 Fig .8.3 3D Model of HEV
Examples : Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Lexus NX, Toyota Camry etc

3. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle (PHEV) uses an on-board charger and a gasoline tank. The battery
can be charged using regenerative braking or external plug-in. Furthermore, PHEV or
SeriesHybrid switches between electric and gas power. Since, PHEV uses smaller engines, it
gives better performance.

Advantages
 Zero-emission
 easy to drive
 fuel efficient
 Smooth drive and quite
Disadvantages
 High running costs
 Relatively expensive
 Battery replacement is costly
 Fig.8.4 3D Model of PHEV
Examples : Chevy Volt ,Ford C-MAX Energi, Hyundai Sonata, Chevy Volt etc.

4. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle(FCEV)

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) are powered from the hydrogen. They emit zero
emissions. In addition, they emit only water vapor and warm air. They are the least common
electric vehicle. Hydrogen tank acts as a source of chemical energy. Furthermore, conversion
of chemical energy into electrical energy happens. It takes about 10 mins to refuel the
hydrogen tank. However the cost of FCEV is very high.
Advantages
 Less Greenhouse Gas emissions compared to conventional vehicles
 Reduced dependance on fossil fuels
 Increased productivity
Disadvantages
 Difficult to store and transport hydrogen fuel
 Dependance on fossil fuels for hydrogen production
 Less durable
 Fig.8.5. 3D Model of FCEV

Comparison of types of electric vehicles

Parameter BEV HEV PHEV FCEV

Presence of IC IC engine Consists of Consists of both Consists of both

engine is absent both IC IC engine and IC engine and
engine and electric motor. electric motor.
electric
motor.

Source of power Electricity Electricity Electricity and Hydrogen tank

and gasoline gasoline

CO2 emissions No Yes Yes No

External Plug-in Yes No Yes No

Stations for Charging Gas stations Gas stations, Gas stations

charging stations charging stations
 CHAPTER-9

Types of Motors used in Electric

Vehicles

Types of Motors used in Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles are not something new to this world, but with the technological
advancement and increased concern on controlling pollution has given it a tag of future
mobility. The core element of the EV, apart from Electric Vehicle Batteries, which replaces
the Internal Combustion engines is an Electric motor. The rapid development in the field of
Power electronics and control techniques has created a space for various types of electric
motors to be used in Electric Vehicles. The electric motors used for automotive applications
should have characteristics like high starting torque, high power density, good efficiency, etc.

Various types of Electric Motors used in Electric Vehicles

1. DC Series Motor
2. Brushless DC Motor
3. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
4. Three Phase AC Induction Motors
5. Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)

DC Series Motor
High starting torque capability of the DC Series motor makes it a suitable option for traction
application. It was the most widely used motor for traction application in the early 1900s.
The advantages of this motor are easy speed control and it can also withstand a sudden
 increase in load. All these characteristics make it an ideal traction motor. The main
drawback of DC series motor is high maintenance due to brushes and commutators. These
motors are used in Indian railways. This motor comes under the category of DC brushed
motors.

Brushless DC Motors
It is similar to DC motors with Permanent Magnets. It is called brushless because it does not
have the commutator and brush arrangement. The commutation is done electronically in this
motor because of this BLDC motors are maintenance free. BLDC motors have traction
characteristics like high starting torque, high efficiency around 95-98%, etc. BLDC motors
are suitable for high power density design approach. The BLDC motors are the most
preferred motors for the electric vehicle application due to its traction characteristics. You
can learn more about BLDC motors by comparing it with normal brushed motor.

BLDC motors further have two types:

i. Out-runner type BLDC Motor:

In this type, the rotor of the motor is present outside and the stator is present inside. It is also
called as Hub motors because the wheel is directly connected to the exterior rotor. This type
of motors does not require external gear system. In a few cases, the motor itself has inbuilt
planetary gears. This motor makes the overall vehicle less bulky as it does not require any
gear system. It also eliminates the space required for mounting the motor. There is a
restriction on the motor dimensions which limits the power output in the in-runner
configuration. This motor is widely preferred by electric cycle manufacturers like Hullikal,
Tronx, Spero, light speed bicycles, etc. It is also used by two-wheeler manufacturers like 22
Motors, NDS Eco Motors, etc.
ii. In-runner type BLDC Motor:

In this type, the rotor of the motor is present inside and the stator is outside like conventional
motors. These motor require an external transmission system to transfer the power to the
wheels, because of this the out-runner configuration is little bulky when compared to the in-
runner configuration. Many three- wheeler manufacturers like Goenka Electric Motors,
Speego Vehicles, Kinetic Green, Volta Automotive use BLDC motors. Low and medium
performance scooter manufacturers also use BLDC motors for propulsion.

It is due to these reasons it is widely preferred motor for electric vehicle application. The
main drawback is the high cost due to permanent magnets. Overloading the motor
beyond a certain limit reduces the life of permanent magnets due to thermal conditions.
 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
This motor is also similar to BLDC motor which has permanent magnets on the rotor.
Similar to BLDC motors these motors also have traction characteristics like high power
density and high efficiency. The difference is that PMSM has sinusoidal back EMF whereas
BLDC has trapezoidal back EMF. Permanent Magnet Synchronous motors are available for
higher power ratings. PMSM is the best choice for high performance applications like cars,
buses. Despite the high cost, PMSM is providing stiff competition to induction motors due to
increased efficiency than the latter. PMSM is also costlier than BLDC motors. Most of the
automotive manufacturers use PMSM motors for their hybrid and electric vehicles. For
example, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Bolt EV, Ford Focus Electric, zero motorcycles S/SR,
Nissan Leaf, Hinda Accord, BMW i3, etc use PMSM motor for propulsion.

Three Phase AC Induction Motors

The induction motors do not have a high starting toque like DC series motors under
fixed voltage and fixed frequency operation. But this characteristic can be altered by using
various control techniques like FOC or v/f methods. By using these control methods, the
maximum torque is made available at the starting of the motor which is suitable for traction
application. Squirrel cage induction motors have a long life due to less maintenance.
Induction motors can be designed up to an efficiency of 92-95%. The drawback of an
induction motor is that it requires complex inverter circuit and control of the motor is
difficult.
In permanent magnet motors, the magnets contribute to the flux density B. Therefore, adjusting the
value of B in induction motors is easy when compared to permanent magnet motors. It is
because in Induction motors the value of B can be adjusted by varying the voltage and
frequency (V/f) based on torque requirements. This helps in reducing the losses which in turn
improves the efficiency.

Tesla Model S is the best example to prove the high performance capability of induction
motors compared to its counterparts. By opting for induction motors, Tesla might have wanted
to eliminate the dependency on permanent magnets. Even Mahindra Reva e2o uses a three
phase induction motor for its propulsion. Major automotive manufacturers like TATA
motors have planned to use Induction motors in their cars and buses. The two-wheeler
manufacturer TVS motors will be launching an electric scooter which uses induction motor
for its propulsion. Induction motors are the preferred choice for performance oriented electric
vehicles due to its cheap cost. The other advantage is that it can withstand rugged
environmental conditions. Due to these advantages, the Indian railways has started replacing
its DC motors with AC induction motors.
 Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)
Switched Reluctance Motors is a category of variable reluctance motor with double saliency.
Switched Reluctance motors are simple in construction and robust. The rotor of the SRM is
a piece of laminated steel with no windings or permanent magnets on it. This makes the
inertia of the rotor less which helps in high acceleration. The robust nature of SRM makes it
suitable for the high speed application. SRM also offers high power density which are some
required characteristics of Electric Vehicles. Since the heat generated is mostly confined to
the stator, it is easier to cool the motor. The biggest drawback of the SRM is the
complexity in control and increase in the switching circuit. It also has some noise issues. Once
SRM enters the commercial market, it can replace the PMSM and Induction motors in the
future.

Insights for Selecting the Right Motor for your EV

For selecting the appropriate electric vehicle motors, one has to first list down the
requirements of the performance that the vehicle has to meet, the operating conditions and
the cost associated with it. For example, go-kart vehicle and two-wheeler applications which
requires less performance (mostly less than 3 kW) at a low cost, it is good to go with BLDC
Hub motors. For three-wheelers and two-wheelers, it is also good to choose BLDC motors
with or without an external gear system. For high power applications like performance two-
wheelers, cars, buses, trucks the ideal motor choice would be PMSM or Induction motors.
Once the synchronous reluctance motor and switched reluctance motor are made cost
effective as PMSM or Induction motors, then one can have more options of motor types for
electric vehicle application
 CHAPTER- 8

HYPOTHESIS
 By 2025, India’s pollution in cities is expected to grow five times as compared to 2010.
It is desired to have 3 lakh EVs which could result in a reduction of over 16 lakh
metric tons of pollution by 2020, savings of over Rs.3,700 crore in foreign exchange
and significant health costs savings.

It is expected that the government will make regulations specific to financial, incentives for
manufacturers, parking and toll benefits to customers and research and development
grants to build next generation technologies.

 The government will also form norms for promoting petrol-electric or diesel-electric
hybrids. We expect to see lots of Hybrid Vehicles on road within a short span. The
Revolvo Kit is meeting the current consumer’s expectations hence it will be preferred
by consumers on a larger extent.
 CHAPTER-9

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The main purpose behind the study was to meet the wants and needs of the
consumers and provide valuable information regarding Electric/Hybrid Vehicle. Also to
know whether the consumers

Primary data
The first hand data was collected by us through various sources. Sources of primary
data are the sampling units chosen.
Sample size
For the present study 60 respondents were selected.
Sampling technique
For selecting required respondents simple random sampling technique was used.

Tools and techniques

Tools for collecting primary data
Interview method
A Questionnaire of 16 Questions was prepared for which appropriate options were
made available for respondents to select from. The questionnaire was created with the help of
Google Docs which was in a format of Electronic Survey Form. It was easy to send the form
via mail to n number of users. Apart from this the Questionnaire was easily uploaded on
various social networking sites.
Observation
It was easy for respondent to fill up the questionnaire and submit it online, the result of
which was saving of time and reach maximum respondents.

Secondary data
These are second hand readymade data collected by some other agency but not by the
researcher. Source could be internal or external records. Secondary data gives the detailed
information about the company. The main detail about when the company was started,
where the company was started, first etc. the secondary data gives all information which is
unavailable in primary data..Sources of secondary dataJournals, Internet, Newspaper and
Reports were used.
 CHAPTER -10

CONCLUSION

EVs is that they offer a promising solution for a sustainable future. With continued
investment in research and development, improvements in battery technology, and
expansion of charging infrastructure, there are also some challenges associated with the
widespread adoption of EVs, including limited driving range, the availability of
charging infrastructure, and the high upfront cost of the vehicle.EVs have the potential
to revolutionize the transportation sector and reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.