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Energy Management in Grid Connected Microgrid.

Supervisor:
Engr. Muhammad Riaz
Lecturer of
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Engineering and Technology
Peshawar Campus (III) Bannu
Group Members:

Waheed Khan 17BNELE0858

Syed Muhammad Ammar Shah 17BNELE0842

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Bannu Campus
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Outlines
 Introduction
 Problem Statement
 Objectives
 Literature Review
 Methodology
 Tentative Work Plan
 References
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Introduction:
Definition of Microgrid:
A microgrid is a self-sufficient energy system that serves a discrete geographic footprint, such as
a college campus, hospital complex, business center, or neighborhood. Within microgrids are one
or more kinds of distributed energy (solar panels, wind turbines, combined heat & power,
generators) that produce its power.
A microgrid has multiple distributed sources and local load centers with low voltage distribution
network with or without backup storage components. It can work with or without collaboration
of main grid to feed the local load demand. Two way power can flow when main grid is
connected with it. For control and management of all components and power flow in microgrid,
single or multiple intelligent control unit(s) are there. Minimization of toxic gasses emission
from thermal generation and maximization of profit (if taking part in energy market), are also
taken as objectives of intelligent controller of microgrid.

So, from above definition, we can say that microgrid:

 Have distributed sources

 Works inside or outside energy market
 Have intelligent control and management unit(s).

Basic Structure and Elements in Microgrid:

As stated in start that microgrid is home for a lot of components according to requirements of
stakeholders (consumer, investor, market). All components join together to form structure of
microgrid. From the definition, we can conclude that basic elements in microgrid are:

 Distributed Generating units

 Load Centers
 Distribution network
 Control Unit(s)
 Renewable energy sources:
All these Energy sources are optional. Each of these is effective and usable according to
the specific area’s situation.
 Battery Energy Storage system (ESS)
 Photovoltaic (PV)
 Micro turbine (MT)
 Diesel Generator (DG)
 Fuel cell (FC)
 Water turbine (WT)
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The distributed generation units could be conventional, non-conventional (renewable or alternate

sources) or combination of both. Main objective of these generating units is to meet the demand
of local load centers. Load centers can also have own generation, partially dependent to the
supply or total demand is fulfilled by the generating units through distribution network.

Control in Microgrid:
Control unit is one of major component of microgrid. The flow of power from generation to the
load centers should be monitored, controlled and managed properly. Even before, the generation
of electric power must have controller to maintain power quality (voltage, frequency and sin
wave within limit).

Synchronization and control of single type of generation in microgrid is relatively easy and less
complex. And this can be controlled by single central controller. But microgrid can have multiple
type of generation (by its nature) at single place to feed the single load center. So, the control of
such diverse type of generation becomes very complex and difficult to handle for single central
controller.

Figure 1. Basic components in microgrid.

Energy Management:
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Energy management is the process of tracking and optimizing energy consumption to

conserve usage in a building. There are few steps for the process of energy management
collecting and analyzing continuous data.
 Identify optimizations in equipment schedules.
 Set points and flow rates to improve energy efficiency.

Energy Management in Microgrid:

In microgrid, an energy management system is essential for optimal use of these distributed
energy resources in intelligent, secure, reliable, and coordinated ways. To manage the volatility
and intermittency of renewable energy resources and load demand, various uncertainty
quantification methods are summarized. Another major challenge in microgrid energy
management is to design a two-way communication system in order to implement the
algorithms. A variety of heterogeneous devices in a microgrid need to be managed by such a
system using the energy management algorithms Unfortunately, most of those devices still use
proprietary protocols and cannot interoperate with each other.

Figure 2. Energy management methodologies in microgrid.

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Problem Statement:
The problem investigated in this work is to thrive the electricity supply as it is not fulfilling the
electricity demand. So we have to increase the generation by using renewable energy resources
or generators. Because the centralized grid system is not effective or unsatisfactory so we will
make a distributed generation by installing a microgrid. And if we are dependent on WAPDA so
in case of any issue in transmission lines we will also not be able to provide electricity because it
is a local generation so that’s why we are preferring locally distributed generation in this project
and as a result, the system reliability will increase. We will make such energy management so it
is available at the economic rate for the people because user comfort and minimum cost are our
main focused regions. We can also make deals with WAPDA by selling additional electricity and
purchasing in case we need. We are preferring microgrid because of its easy protection and easy
maintenance. So the proposed idea in this project is primarily based on using renewable energy
resources for a generation which creates economic development and it is also friendly with the
environment by reducing some types of pollution

Objectives:
Various objectives of the project are:
 To minimize overall system cost
 To improve user comfort
 To minimize peak to average power ratio
 To mitigate the demand-supply gap
 To improve the reliability of the system

Literature Review:
The author has described the two approaches for microgrid energy management, centralized and
decentralized approaches that the centralized management is mostly implemented in
metaheuristic methods, and decentralized management is frequently implemented in methods
based on self-organized system. The centralized management are more proposed but the
incursion or attack of distributed energy resources (DER) may cause this type of management to
face issues when implemented in a centralized information system because there might be a
demand for high computational cost due to the large quantity of data. But the author has
suggested that the distributed energy management may be an alternative solution to this problem
that it solves the problem of data processing and reduces processing needs by using distributed
controllers that manage the data in real time and require communication equipment. The author
has also mark out about the storage systems in microgrids that lithium batteries can be an
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important alternative to lead-acid batteries in the future advantages of Li-ion batteries compared
to lead-acid batteries are a long cycle life, fast charging, high energy density, and low
maintenance. Currently, lead acid batteries are economically better than Li-ion batteries when
used in microgrids, but a decrease in the acquisition cost of lithium batteries is expected in the
coming years that will cause them to be competitive with those of lead-acid. [1]
Author have adopted mixed-integer linear programming method to formulate microgrid energy
management (MGEM) and a new multi-objective solution is proposed for MGEM along with
demand response program for optimal energy dispatch in grid connected and standalone
microgrids integrated with photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), fuel cell (FC), micro turbine
(MT), diesel generator (DG) and battery energy storage system (ESS). The author has presented
the Energy dispatch and techno-economic for standalone and grid connected microgrids with
hybrid energy sources and storage devices and has also determined the Capital cost, operational
cost, fuel cost, cost of energy, emission penalty and total cost for the test system. From the
simulation results he observed that fuel cost of diesel generator and micro turbines has
significant impact on cost of energy. The author has used the fuzzy inference system to decide on
the amount of charging and discharging power of the storage system in MGEM problem solving.
The results confirm the effectiveness of using such a system in the MGEM optimizing. He has
compared the Simulation results obtained with the proposed method with various evolutionary
algorithms to verify its effectiveness. [1].
The author has used the method to build the optimal energy management for grid-connected
microgrid which consists of the PV system and battery energy storage system (BESS). His
objective is to minimize the cash flow of the system as well as to maximize the net power import
from the main grid. The author has used the dynamic programming technique and two positive
results are obtained, minimum cash flow, to optimize the schedule of sources and the minimum
value of the maximum, received power from the main grid. [2].
The author has suggested a proper control technique which is essential to ensure a smooth
transition of microgrid (MG) power to sensitive loads and the main grid. [3] .His study focuses
on conventional and advanced control methods that are used in MG applications for sustainable
energy utilization. And also explained the algorithms advantages, and disadvantages of
conventional and advanced control methods and possible improvements or hybridization for
future grid control applications. Maximum Power Point Tracking control algorithms are also
highlighted to maximize the power generation of renewable sources in the MG system. [3]
The author has proposed dc microgrids and researches for the good connection with dc output
type sources such as photovoltaic (PV) system, fuel cell, and secondary battery if loads in the
system are supplied with dc power in order to reduce the conversion losses from source to load
as compared to ac microgrid. [4] .For this purpose author has proposed “low-voltage bipolar-type
dc microgrid,” which can supply super high quality power with three-wire dc distribution line.
One system for a residential complex is presented as an instance of the dc microgrid. In this
system, each house has a cogeneration system such as gas engine and fuel cell. The output
electric power is shared among the houses, and the total power can be controlled by changing the
running number of cogeneration system. He has chosen super capacitors as main energy storage.
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To confirm the fundamental characteristics and system operations, the author has experimented
with a laboratory scale system. His results showed that the proposed system could supply high-
quality power under several conditions. [4].
The author has done work on microgrid energy management system for grid-connected
photovoltaic and battery energy storage system based hybrid microgrid to manage the load
demand and power flow within microgrid. The author has proposed two modules, namely,
forecasting and optimization. [5] .The forecasting module is responsible for predicting solar
irradiance, temperature and load demand, whereas the optimization module performs optimal
day-ahead scheduling of power generation and lo ad demand in a grid-connected microgrid for
economical operation. The author has used MATLAB and back propagation algorithm
simulation results indicate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method for
understudy case. [5].
The author has describe the different microgrid modes of operation that are islanding mode and
grid-connected mode of operation each of it have their responsibilities. Responsibility of
islanding mode is to perform energy balance and goal of grid-connected mode is to prevent
propagation of the renewable source intermittency and load fluctuations to the grid. The problem
is that energy storage of a single type cannot perform all these jobs efficiently in a renewable
powered microgrid. [6].The author has proposes a composite energy storage system that contains
both high energy density storage battery and high power density storage ultra-capacitor to meet
the aforementioned requirements. The proposed power converter configuration and the energy
management scheme can actively distribute the power demand among the different energy
storages. The author has used the dc–dc converter structure by using DAB modules whose
terminals are connected in series or parallel depending on feasibility modular. The author has
concluded that dc–dc converter topology along with its energy management scheme can flexibly
share the power between different batteries and ultra-capacitor. [6].
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Methodology:

1. Start from study of

various microgrid energy
management

2. Problem
Formulation

3. Mathematical
Modeling

4. MATLAB
Coding /
Choosing
Different
Algorithms

5. Simulation
and Results
comparing

6. conclusion

7. End
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Project Timeline:

LITERATURE REVIEW November-December 2020

Literature review from major writings and other
sources on energy management
in microgrid .

PROBLEM FORMULATION January-February 2020

Problem formulation and
mathematical model .

MATLAB CODE March -April 2021

Using MATLAB for writing code
for math and computation.

RESULTS & RESEARCH PAPER May-June 2021

Simulation Results ,Thesis & writing
Research paper.
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References:
1. García Vera, Yimy E., Rodolfo Dufo-López, and José L. Bernal-Agustín. "Energy
management in microgrids with renewable energy sources: A literature review." Applied
Sciences 9.18 (2019): 3854.
2. Murty, V. V. S. N., and Ashwani Kumar. "Multi-objective energy management in
microgrids with hybrid energy sources and battery energy storage systems." Protection and
Control of Modern Power Systems 5.1 (2020): 1-20.
3. Roslan, M. F., et al. "Microgrid control methods toward achieving sustainable energy
management." Applied Energy 240 (2019): 583-607. Xu, Lie, and Dong Chen. "Control and
operation of a DC microgrid with variable generation and energy storage." IEEE
transactions on power delivery 26.4 (2011): 2513-2522.
4. Kakigano, Hiroaki, Yushi Miura, and Toshifumi Ise. "Low-voltage bipolar-type DC
microgrid for super high quality distribution." IEEE transactions on power electronics 25.12
(2010): 3066-3075.
5. Tayab, Usman Bashir, et al. "Energy management system for a grid-connected microgrid
with photovoltaic and battery energy storage system." 2018 Australian & New Zealand
Control Conference (ANZCC). IEEE, 2018
6. Zhou, Haihua, et al. "Composite energy storage system involving battery and ultracapacitor
with dynamic energy management in microgrid applications." IEEE transactions on power
electronics 26.3 (2010): 923-930.
7. Oliveira, D. Q., et al. "A fuzzy-based approach for microgrids islanded operation." Electric
Power Systems Research 149 (2017): 178-189.
8. Sarshar, J., Moosapour, S. S., & Joorabian, M. (2017). Multi-objective energy management
of a micro-grid considering uncertainty in wind power forecasting. Energy, 139, 680–693.