Define Reproduction

• The production of new organisms from the existing organisms of the

same species is known as reproduction.

Significance of Reproduction
• The process of reproduction ensures continuity of life on earth
• Reproduction is essential for the survival of a species on this
earth.
Do organisms create exact copies of themselves ?
&
Importance of variation
(P.no. 128)
 Types of Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

The production of a new organism The production of a new
from a single parent without the organism from two parents by
involvement of sex cells (or making use of their sex cells (or
gametes) is called asexual gametes) is called sexual
reproduction. reproduction
 Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
• Only one parent is needed to • Two parents are needed produce
produce a new organism. a new organism
• No sex cells (or gametes) are • Sex cells (or gametes) take part in
involved sexual reproduction.
 Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
• Only one parent is needed to • Two parents are needed produce
produce a new organism. a new organism
• No sex cells (or gametes) are • Sex cells (or gametes) take part in
involved sexual reproduction.
• No fusion of gametes and • Fusion of gametes results in the
thus, zygote is not formed formation of Zygote
 FISSION
In the process of fission, a unicellular organism splits (or divides) to form two
(or more) new organisms.

Binary fission Multiple fission

Amoeba Plasmodium
Leishmania
 Fragmentation
• The breaking up of the body of a simple multicellular organism into two
(or more) pieces on maturing, each of which subsequently grows to form
a complete new organism, is called fragmentation.

• E.g.- Spirogyra

Difference between Fission and Fragmentation ?

• Fission Unicellular
• Fragmentation Multicellular
What happens when a mature Spirogyra filament attains considerable
length?

• Spirogyra reproduces asexually by fragmentation. In this, the body breaks

up into two or more small pieces of fragments. These fragments grow into
new Spirogyra.
 REGENERATION
• The process of getting back a full
organism from its body parts is called
regeneration.
• E.g. - Hydra and Planaria

BUDDING

• In budding, a small part of the body of

the parent organism grows out as a
'bud' which then detaches and becomes
a new organism.

• E.g. - Hydra
 SPORE FORMATION
• The parent plant produces hundreds of microscopic reproductive units
called 'spores'. When the spore case of the plant bursts, then the spores
spread into air. When these air-borne spores land on food (or soil) under
favourable conditions (like damp and warm conditions), they germinate
and produce new plants.
• E.g. - Rhizopus
Sporangia

Hyphae
 VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
In vegetative propagation, new plants are obtained from the parts of old
plants (like stems, roots and leaves), without the help of any reproductive
organs.

Natural Vegetative Propagation Artificial Vegetative Propagation

E.g. – Buds on Bryophyllum leaf E.g. – Sugarcane, rose, jasmine
• Cutting
• Layering
• Grafting
 Artificial Vegetative Propagation

Cutting
It involves cutting a piece of the plant and
rooting it to produce (obtain) a new plant.
 Artificial Vegetative Propagation

Cutting
It involves cutting a piece of the plant and
rooting it to produce (obtain) a new plant.

Layering
It involves covering the branch of a plant
with soil and then cutting it.
 Artificial Vegetative Propagation

Cutting
It involves cutting a piece of the plant and
rooting it to produce (obtain) a new plant.

Layering
It involves covering the branch of a plant
with soil and then cutting it.

Grafting
Grafting occurs when two different plant
stem are joined and they grow as a single
plant.
TISSUE CULTURE
Tissue

Placed in an artificial medium

Callus
Callus transferred to medium containing
hormone
Plantlet

Plantlets placed in soil

Mature plant
 Sexual Reproduction
The production of a new organism from two parents by making use of their
sex cells (or gametes) is called sexual reproduction

Characteristic feature -
• Two parents are needed to produce a new
organism
• Sex cells (or gametes) take part in sexual
reproduction.
• Fusion of gametes results in the formation
of Zygote
 Parents

Q. What is sexual reproduction ? Explain how this mode of reproduction gives rise
to viable variations than asexual reproduction ? How does this affect evolution ?
 Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants
• The sex organs (or reproductive organs) of a plant are in its flowers.

Pollen

Male

(Carpel)

Female
Ovule
• Unisexual Papaya, Watermelon
• Bisexual Hibiscus, Mustard
1. Pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a
carpel is called pollination.

Self-pollination Cross-pollination
The pollen grains from the anther The pollen grains from the anther of
of a flower are transferred to the a flower on one plant are
stigma of the same flower (or transferred to the stigma of a flower
another flower on the same plant) on another similar plant
2. Fertilisation
Fertilisation occurs when the male gamete
present in pollen grain joins with the female
gamete (or egg) present in ovule.

3. Formation of fruit & seeds

Ovary - Fruit Ovule

Ovule - Seed
4. Germination of seed
The beginning of growth of seeds is called germination of seeds.
Sexual Reproduction In Human Beings
Puberty
The age at which the sex hormones and gametes begin to be produced and the
boy and girl become sexually mature (able to reproduce) is called puberty.
 Boys Girls
1. Hair grow under armpits and in pubic 1. Hair grow under armpits and pubic
regions. Hair also grow on other parts of region
the body like chest and face. 2. Mammary glands (or breasts) develop and
2. Body becomes more muscular due to enlarge.
the development of muscles. 3. The hips broaden. Extra fat is deposited in
various parts of the body like hips and thighs.
3. The voice deepens.
4. Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina enlarge.
4. Chest and shoulders broaden.
5. Ovaries start to release eggs.
5. Penis and testes becomes larger. Menstruation (monthly periods) start.
Testes starts to make sperms.
6. All these changes are brought about by
6. All these changes are brought about by the female sex hormones 'oestrogen' and
the male sex hormone ‘testosterone’ 'progesterone' made in ovaries.
made in testes.
 Male Reproductive System
1. Production of sperms Testes

2. Deliver sperms to site of fertilization

All the rest

(Vas deferens, Seminal vesicle, Prostrate)
 Testes
▪ Primary Reproductive organ in male
▪ Function –
• Production of sperm
• Secretion of testosterone

• Development of secondary sexual characters

• Regulates the formation of sperms
 Testes
▪ Primary Reproductive organ in male
▪ Function –
• Production of sperm
• Secretion of testosterone

Vas deferens
▪ Vas deferens delivers sperms from
testes to urethra.

Prostate & Seminal Vesicle

▪ Add fluid secretions to the sperms.
• Makes transport of sperms easier
• Provides nutrition
 Female Reproductive System
Ovary
▪ Primary Reproductive organ in female
▪ Functions –
• Production of egg/ovum
• Secretion of oestrogen & progesterone

Fallopian tube/ Oviduct

▪ Transfers eggs from ovary to uterus.
▪ Site of fertilization.

Uterus
▪ Place where fertilized egg becomes
attached, receives nourishment and
develops into baby.
Placenta
• Disc shaped structure.
• Helps in exchange of nutrients, oxygen
and waste products between the
embryo and mother.
 Menstruation
• Every month, Ovary releases one egg and
uterus thick spongy lining to receive
fertilised egg.

• If fertilisation doesn’t take place, egg along

with the uterus lining breaks down and
comes out through vagina as blood and
mucous.

• This cycle takes place roughly every month

and is known as menstruation.

• It lasts for about 2-8 days.

 STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
• Gonorrhoea Bacteria
• Syphilis
• AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) Virus
 Contraceptive Methods
1. Barrier Method - Condoms
• Advantage - It helps in the prevention of STD

2. Chemical Method – Oral pills

• Disadvantage – It changes hormonal balance which can cause side effects.

3. IUCD (Intra Uterine Contraceptive Devices) – Copper-T

• Disadvantage - Can cause irritation of uterus
Vasectomy (Blocking of Vas deferens in Males)
4. Surgical Methods
Tubectomy (Blocking of Fallopian tube in Females)
• Safe in the long run but surgery can cause infections if not performed properly.
Q. If a women is using Copper-T, will it help in protecting her from STD ?