In

Slow always
Antelograde
0.5 to 10 mm/day
Always pathological
QS2 = LVET

PEP
N = 0.35
LVET
 Decrease end systolic volume

Increase cardiac output

 Stroke volume

Myocardial contactility venous rectum

Homometeric regulation

Mean systemic filling

Blood volume and vascular tone
 Q
Flow =
Ct
Thermo dilution technique

Pulmonary artery catheterization

Instead of dye use warm/cold salime

temp. difference

Thermistor
Sclerosis
Baroreceptor Mech

Stretch receptor
So, GFR constant

Increase adenosine

Macula Densa
Increase Na+, Cl- reabsorption
by Macula densa cells Increase activity of N+ K+
ATPase pump
 JG Cells

Macula densa cell

Begining of DCT

the end of loop of

henle

Laci's cells

ectraglomerular mesangial cells

 Kidney

Testicular vessels

Intestinal villis

Venae comitantes

Pair of veins a/q certain arteries

Help to conserve heat

countercurrent

Countercurrent
multiplies countercurrent
exchange

Loop of henle vasa recta

creates medullary
maintains medullary

intestitium hyoerosmolality Intestitium hyperormolality

Differential permeability
 PCT but comes to

Urea us reabsorb

medullary intestitium and sometime

contribute 50% of medullary intestitium hyperosmolality

So increase the
medullary intestitial
hyperosmolality

Increase urea conc" in intestitium

(medullary

Urea cycling

2 limbs of vasa recta all counter current with each others

and with loop of henle

both limbs of vasa recta all freely permeable to

salutes and water

It has very very very slow rate of blood flow

vasa recta => 5 + of renal blood flow

sympathetic stimuation
Parasympt. stimulation

Adrenergic agents
Q
FRC > Closing volume > Residual volume
 Pa> Pv > Paiv

@ Base of lung
Medium rectivity
with Hem globin
T ------------> R conversion
M/c type of Hypoxia
Cyanosis (+)
 High Altitude

Hypoventilation

Gulleian - Baare synd

Bubal infact

Peripheral chemo-receptor

stimulation
Anemic Hyoxia either Hb Decrease or satuation of O2
decrease

Cynosis - (-)

Stagnant hypoxia
Cyanide Posining
 Ca++ binding protein

Calmodulin

Single unit Multi - Unit

 12/min
Duodenum

2/min
cecum

Increase In Sarcoplasmic ca+2

 Neural control

Hormonal control
Enteric Nervous
system

Intrinsic nervous system Extrinsic nervous system

 G cells ( Antrum) Gastrin Increase HCI secretion

c"C cell" of pancrease

GHRELIN

Mobilizes fats & increase fat deposition

Modifies choice of food

Small intestine
 Choleretics
Cholegogues

Increase synthesis of bile salts

Increase Gall Bladder contraction

Increase secretion of Bile

Increase secretion of Bile

Biles salts
CCK

"S'' cells of small intestine

Increase HCO- content of

bile & pancreatic juice

delays gastric emptying

k cells of small intestine

Glucose dependent
Insulinotropic peptide

Incretin
Increase Insulins

"L" cells of small intestine

GLP - 1 Glucagon like peptide
GIP - 1

Physiology Beta- cell stimulating hormone

of GI tract

Somatostatin

Decrease - Motility & Secretion

Decrease Intestinal motility & secretion

Hormones of GI Tract
Increase cAMP &
Increase Protein kinase
,Movements of GI Tract
Migratory motor complexes (MMC)

Housekeeping contraction
Receptive relaxation of stomach
Deep Sea Physiology
Decompression Sickness

Dysbarism

Caisson's disease
Increase O2 consumption ( Increase BMR, Increase Body Temp. ; Loss of body weight)

except
 Hypothytroid Carotenemia +

Carotene Thyroid Vitamin A

Increase serum cholesterol

Hypothyroid

Thyroid Increase of LDL receptor

So, decrease serim cholesterol

Protein kinase "C" = phosphorylates various
intracellular proteins
So, No acts as both 1' messenger , through cGMP; as well as secondary messenger
 +nt in Joint capsules
(128 Hz) & Deep in
muscles

Very rapidly adapting touch

receptor

Specific to fast vibration

upto 800 cycles / sec

Deep pressure ( Poking

Meissner's corpiscles

Located at No hairy pasts of skin

Fingers tips ++

Slow vibration upto 80 cycle/sec

Texture (Rough/ smooth

Topognosis
topography of any area:
localize by fingers

BRAILLE (writing system used by people who all blind or have

low vision

Detect light movement on the skin

warmth
More numerous
less is no.
More cold-sensitive spot

can detect temp. upto 30-46 'c

(>46'c => Tissue damage pain R will
stimulate
 30- 40 'C
Warm - receptor activity is more

Cold receptor activity is more

overlap b/w cold & warmth receptors

Family of excitatory channels

Capsicin (Vanillin group of compounds

H+ capsaicin

Detect temp b/w - 35-39'c

Detect temp upto 34'C

Muller's Doctrine of specific nerve energy

Sensation felt 2 log (Intensity of stimulus)

S = KI a
Fine and well controlled movement
 A neuron is connected through two pathway

One: Excitatory and one Inhibitory

Cerebellum
Causes (Inhibit transmission of pain)
by Pre & Post synaptic inhibition of
pain pathway
Hippocampus

Anterior Thalamic
Nucleus

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

Amygdala
Neo-cortex
Increase in Muscle length
Collection of Gray Matters
 Periventricular
Nucleus

Inter-medio lateral horn of spinal cord

Superior Cervical
Ganglion

Increase Melatonin