5 C

C
C
C
4 1 C
3 2

alpha

enz=sucrase

enz= lactase

enz= maltase
Oleic acid
18 C
only One double between carbon atoms
between C9 and C 10
 PO2=21/100 x 760
= 159.6 mmHg

PO2= Partial pressure of oxygen

pressure exerted by oxygen in the
total atmospheric pressure

(Oxygen Tension )

Fe O2
Lungs Fe O2
Fe O2
Res. Tissue
Fe O2
O2 dissociation curve shifts to the right when CO2 in the blood is high
O2 dissociation curve shifts to the left when CO2 in the blood is low
 Arterioles---Vesoconstriction decreases
the blood flow to prevent/reduce blood
loss
Blood capillaries--become more
porous and leaky to provide nutrients for
repair and also WBCs to kill pathogens

Enzyme
Active soluble
protein
inactive enzyme
a soluble protien
Vitamin K
Dried blood clot forms a scab

active enzyme
a soluble protein

This prevents
1. Bleeding
2. Infections
soluble blood plasma protein insoluble protein forms a meshwork and traps RBCs, Platelets
Heart rate = 60 / Time(Seconds) for one cardiac cycle
 Heart rate = 60 / Time(Seconds) for one cardiac cycle
bpm

After atrial systole there is a delay

of 0.1 sec for ventricular systole,WHY?
Cardiac cycle
To let AV valves close
Can calculate HR To let Semilunar valve open
Can hear Heart sounds
and any abnormal function To let the wave of excitation spread
can be detected to the ventricles
 Arteriosclerosis = Hardening of the artery wall

Narrowing of the artery LUMEN

Oxygen supply
Glucose supply
BLOCKED
Anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid production
Lower pH
Endothelial dysfunction
Inhibit Enzymes
Stop chemical reactions
Redness Heart attack/Myocardial infarction
swelling of localised area
Stroke
Death of cells/tissues/organs
Death of the person

Bulging Blood clot

High BP NO O2
NO Glucose Cardiac muscles
Bulging
Aneurysm PLAQUE= Hard Atheroma
 Fatty deposits
Lumen
Blocked
Lumen

Stroke=Death of the localised tissue of the Brain

Death of the localisedtissue of the heart

Hypertension
Cardiac arrest
 Angioplasty
Coronary Grafting( bypass)

Thrombus= Blood clot

Thrombosis= a process to form a
blood clot
 accuracy

Smoking
Nicotine
CNS stimulant
increase Heart rate
Hypertension
Damaged endothelium
Endothelial dysfunction
I
Deposition of fats in the artery wall
Atheroma
Deposition of calcium ions
fibrous tissue replacing elastic tissue
Plaque
Atherosclerosis
Narrowing of the artery (coronary artery)
risk of thrombus formation
Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack)
Smoking
Nicotine
CNS stimulant ,Makes platelets more sticky
increase Heart rate
Hypertension
Damaged endothelium
Endothelial dysfunction Inflammatory response
Deposition of fats in the artery wall
Atheroma
Deposition of calcium ions
fibrous tissue replacing elastic tissue
Plaque
Atherosclerosis
Narrowing of the artery (coronary artery)
risk of thrombus formation
Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack)
 Smoking
Nicotine
CNS stimulant
increase Heart rate
Hypertension
Damaged endothelium
Endothelial dysfunction, Inflammation
Deposition of fats in the artery wall
Atheroma
Deposition of calcium ions
fibrous tissue replacing elastic tissue
Plaque
Atherosclerosis
Narrowing of the artery (coronary artery)
risk of thrombus formation
Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack)

Regular exercise Reduces the risk Energy input

Energy output
HDLs : LDLs

Anxiety
Depression

Lack of exercise
Enegy output is less
Imbalance of lipoproteins
HDLs : LDLs
More cholesterol
Change the Waist to Hip ratio
Hypertension
Damaged Endothelial lining
-
-
-

Hypertension
Systolic more than 140mmHg
Diaslotic more than 90 mmHg
Damaged Endothelial lining
Endothelial dysfunction
Inflammation
-
-
--
--
--
High fatty diet
Salts in diet
High cholesterol
Hypertension
Thickness of the skin

Excerci Reduces the risk

Type text here

 Diameter 22 nm

Diameter 8-11nm

HDLs : LDLs Healthy person

HDLs High
LDLs Low
Relatively
 Angiotensin converting enzyme
Angiotensin 1 Angiotensin 2 (Powerful vesoconstricter)
ACE
Pacebo= Dummy drug with no
active ingredients
Placebo can also previously used
drug
Protoplasm= Living matter

Nucleoplasm
 Carbohydrate
Receptor for Hormone/Neurotransmitter
Protein

Vesicles
 Size
80 S = 60 S + 40 S Shape
70 S = 50 S + 30 S
ATP synthase
Ribosomes 70 s

DNA
Crista

S= Svedberg
Unit of sedimentation rate after ultracentrifugation

Membrane bounded bags contain

hydrolytic enzymes

Intracellular digestion Endocytosis

Autolysis/ apoptosis a. phagocytosis
Autophagy b. pinocytosis
Phagosome + Lysosomes = Phagolysosome
 LUMEN

3 D folding

Membrane=Cisterna
Cisternae is plural for
Cisterna

/Golgi bodies/Golgi complex

 Forming face ( Cis face- receiving side of GA)
Transport
vesicle from Adding
ER EnzymesModification of the proteins non protein
parts
Etracellular
enzymes are
packed in
vesicles Receptor (Cabohydrate)
Maturing face
( Trans face )
Protein part
Shipping side Secretory vesicle Carbohydrate
of GA
Virus =Bacteriophage
 Lining blood vessels like
capillaries
also in alveoli

Found in glandular tissue

and kidney tubules

lines stomach and intestine

In Trachea
G = Permanent or
0 differentiated cells
 (Sister chromatids)
Bivalent
Tetrad
 +
+
+
+
Q1 a. Genotypes
Male: AA, AO Wife: BB, BO

Q1 b. AO X BO

AO, AB, BO, OO

OO= 1/4 or 0.25 or 25%

Q3.
Gene linkage
Experimental errors like
sample size small
some die before breeding
some escape from the lab.
 Advantages
1

Disadvantages
1

2
Membrane of the vacuole
70 s Ribosomes
Sucrose and amino acids
Identify, Name,Classify
 But look different

Look Same
Fauna= animals of an area
 Important points

seed banks, zoos and captive breeding programmes, restrictions on illegal logging, stop deforestation,
harvest trees selectively, Avoid monoculture ( cultivating only one type of crop)
Use organic fertilisers,
minimise the use of artificial
fertilisers, pesticides
Use biological pest control which
is cheaper also.
practice crop rotation and
inter cropping technique
understand the need for:
Sustainable agriculture
Ecotourism
Provide jobs and money for local
people

Anthropogenic effects

Ecotourism, jobs for local people, Sustainable forestry (continue to use forest for income)
, no hunting of endangered species,
Zoos
National Parks
Seed banks
captive breeding
importance of biodiversity
in global economy
Need to protect and conserve
plants and animals