r

'

'I}

'•.

'
ROYAL CANADIAN AIR FORCE
I
',_
 Issued on the authority of
THE CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF
Royal Canadian Air Force

JULY-AUGUST 1956
Vol. 8, No. 6

* * * CONTENTS * * *
This Month's Cover

EDITORIAL page
Sgt. Shatterproof Dispels Our Fears 1

ARTICLES
The Party Line: Ground Training
in the R.C.A.F. . . .. . . . . .. .. . ... .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 7
Vapour Trails: 5 . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 12
Jet Streams . 16
In Praise of Petroleum ..---..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
New Vistas 29

REGULAR FEATURES
The ensign of the Royal Canadian Air Force flies
The Suggestion Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 side by side with the Stars and Stripes at
Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island.
R.C.A.F. Association 3
Pin-Points in the Past . 11
Feminine Gen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Letters to the Editor..----------- . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . 32

MISCELLANY
Accounts Training Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . ... ... . . . . . . 6
R.C.A.F. Boxer . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . 15
Graduation at C.M.R. 22
"Flight Handbook" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 23
The Steinhardt Trophy ......------........................,, 26
No. 4016 M.U. (Aux.) 27
EDITORIAL OFFICES:
For the Boy in the Field... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
R.C.A.F., Victoria Island,
Glamour at Goose · . . . . . . . . 32
Ottawa, Ont.

Authorized as Second Class Mail, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

SGT. SHATTER
S OUR FEARS
Sir: Clam served with me on the West
Fears have lately been expressed Coast during the Second World
in literary circles that Cpl. Clam, War. In 1946 he returned to his
the Nootka, Nightingale, has laid former profession of fishing, and
aside his lyre for good. Such, Sir, since then he has led a full life in
is not the case. I received a letter pursuit of both the salmon and the
from him yesterday, with which he Muse. His output, exquisite though
enclosed a copy of his most recent it is, is not large: the steady drizzle
work. I trust that you will extend of the B.C. coast is not conducive
to it the same hospitality which you to sustained inspiration.
displayed five or six years ago to The gem which I am sending you
t h o s e immortal masterpieces, was, of course, evoked by the recent
"Charter Night in Pilchard Pass" Sixth Annual Convention of the
and "Out of the Night Comes Shat- R.C.A.F. Association, in Windsor.
terproof" Clam, you will recall, is president,
It might be as well, perhaps, if chairman, secretary, and treasurer
you first explained for the benefit of the Sockeye Wing, of which he
of your newer readers that Cpl. is also the only member.

MORCEAU
A cry has gone through Canada from east to western shore:
"The Annual Convention is approaching us once more!
2=
The ploughshare is abandoned and the sail is left to flap,
=== And the bowler is exchanged for an Association cap.
=-
s> Brunettes and blondes may come and go
~/- While I am far from thee;
y
»woe=t But I am blind to ev'ry kind -
=sA=
g ?
s-sE5,55
They do not fizz on me!

h, it's blazers and it's flannels and it's badges and it's pins,
And a possible pre-prandial before the show begins -
And heaven help the delegate who wanders from his quarters,
For the Border City's noted for the beauty of its daughters.
Brunettes and blondes, dear, come and go,
And I am far from thee...
I would be blind if neither kind
Began to fizz on me!

In session cataclysmic and tempestuous debate

The delegates determine the Association's fate,
Until at last, the meeting o'er and silenced every talker,
They drop their cards on Mr. Ford and also Hiram Walker.
Brunettes and blondes have come and gone,
So different from thee ...
Let's draw the blind; for they were kind
And fizzed, I fear, on me.
 Issued on the authority of
THE CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF
Royal Canadian Air Force

JULY-AUGUST 1956
Vol. 8, No. 6

* * * CONTENTS * * *
This Month's Cover

EDITORIAL page
Sgt. Shatterproof Dispels Our Fears 1

ARTICLES
The Party Line: Ground Training
in the R.C.A.F. . . .. . . . . .. .. . ... .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 7
Vapour Trails: 5 . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 12
Jet Streams . 16
In Praise of Petroleum ..---..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
New Vistas 29

REGULAR FEATURES
The ensign of the Royal Canadian Air Force flies
The Suggestion Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 side by side with the Stars and Stripes at
Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island.
R.C.A.F. Association 3
Pin-Points in the Past . 11
Feminine Gen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Letters to the Editor..----------- . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . 32

MISCELLANY
Accounts Training Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . ... ... . . . . . . 6
R.C.A.F. Boxer . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . 15
Graduation at C.M.R. 22
"Flight Handbook" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 23
The Steinhardt Trophy ......------........................,, 26
No. 4016 M.U. (Aux.) 27
EDITORIAL OFFICES:
For the Boy in the Field... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
R.C.A.F., Victoria Island,
Glamour at Goose · . . . . . . . . 32
Ottawa, Ont.

Authorized as Second Class Mail, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

 SIXTH ANNUAL CONVENTION

The Sixth Annual Convention of which the Association has enjoyed

the Royal Canadian Air Force As- since its formation.
sociation was held in Windsor, On-
tario, on 17, 18, and 19 May. This * k j

marked the first occasion on which

the convention was held outside The Seventh Annual Convention
Ottawa. will be held in Saint John, New
No. 412 (Windsor) Wing was host Brunswick, on 16, 17, and 18 May
for the occasion, and the Conven- 1957, with No. 250 (Saint John)
tion Committee, under the joint Wing acting as host.
chairmanship of Mr. J. Burnet
and Mr. J. Taylor, provided a full 1956-57 National Executive
programme which was enthusias- Council Air Vice-Marshal F. G. Wait, C.B.E,,
tically acclaimed by those who at- National President of the R.C.A.F.
tended as the best convention The National Executive Council Association.

selected at the Convention for 1956-

National Executive Council, 1956-57. Front row (left to right): D. Cain, L. M. Baldock, · t f
57 COIISISLS
Miss M. A. Macdonald, Air Vice-Marshal F. G. Wait,, Miss E. A. Raeside, Air Vice-Marshal O):
K. M. Guthrie, Miss H. M. Thompson, A. F. Wigglesworth, Miss J. D. Williamson. Back
row (!. to r.): J. C. Gray (National Secretary), T. Frazer, C. Z. Korbut, S. T. Malach, Grand President:
E. B. Fitzgerald, Air Vice-Marshdl,,,','#"f7,,,,,'][?® severat members are missing At± Vice-Marsha1 G. E. Brookes, C.B.,
O.B.E.
National President:
Air Vice-Marshal F. G. Walt, C.B.E.
Vice-President:
L. N. Baldock.
Second Vice-President:
Air Vice-Marshal A. L. James, C.B.E.
Third Vice-President:
E. B. Fitzgerald.
Fourth Vice-President:
C. Z. Korbut.
National Chairman:
A. F. Wiggleworth, B.E.M.
Vice-Chairman:
S. T. Malach.
Legal Adviser:
E. R. Hopkins, Q.C.
W. D. Representatives:
National:
Miss M. A. Macdonald.
Eastern:
Miss H. M. Thompson.
Central:
Miss J. D. Wllllamson.
Western:
Miss E. A. Raeside.
>

The Programme

The programme for the three

days commenced with a buffet sup-

3
 On Friday, the luncheon speaker
was Mr. Crawford Gordon, O.B.EB.,
President of A. V. Roe Canada Lim-
ited.
The R.C.A.F. Association and the
aircraft industries of Canada, said
Mr. Gordon, have a big responsi-
bility to the regular Air Force and
the maintenance of effective air
power. He said that members of the
Delegates parade to the Cenotaph. Association could be called the Air
Force's "elder statesmen". "One of
your main objectives is to support,
assist, and give encouragement to
per at the clubrooms on Wednesday which the Chrysler Corporation was
the new generation that has as-
night. Thursday was taken up by host, the guest speaker was the
sumed the heavy burden of respon-
business sessions, and in the eve- Hon. Paul Martin, Minister of Na-
sibility that was once yours . . .
ning a highly entertaining stag tional Health and Welfare. Mr. Mar-
Canada might well be the battle-
party was held at the Wing head- tin discussed the world situation as
ground of any future conflict. Self-
quarters. Lady delegates and wives it exists today and stressed the need
for continued participation in preservation indicates the path we
of delegates were entertained by the must follow, for defensive and of-
Ladies Auxiliary of No. 412 Wing. N.A.T.O. The Minister said that "in
these troubled times, when the fensive air power is today the chief
Friday morning saw another busi- deterrent to aggression ... I believe
ness session, while the afternoon possibility of conflict has become a
part of our everyday lives, it is re- you elder statesmen can render a
was spent in a tour of the plants
assuring to know that we have in signal service by getting these facts
of both the Ford Motor Company
the Royal Canadian Air Force As- across to the Canadian people ... As
and Hiram Walker & Sons Ltd. In
the evening, the annual Convention sociation a group of men and wo- a result of lessons learned during
Dinner was held in the Elmwood men 10,000 strong who have had the past war, it is imperative that
Casino. After a short business ses- first-hand experience in our air Canada design and produce aircraft
sion on Saturday morning, the pa- services and who maintain a close for Canadian needs within our own
rade to the cenotaph took place, and continuing interest in the many Dominion ... We in Canada are suc-
headed by the Royal Canadian Air complex problems related to the cessfully meeting this challenge...
Force Central Band. A fly-past of defence of Canada." The aircraft industry in Canada is
jet aircraft made it a very impres- now ninth among all industries in
sive memorial service. The closing
business session met on Saturday
Air Cdre. C. H. Greenway places a wreath on the Cenotaph.
afternoon, and the three days
wound up with a dance on Satur-
day night. At the business meetings,
Mr. A. F. Wigglesworth, of Liver-
pool, N.S. was chairman. On the
platform with Mr. Wigglesworth
were Air Vice-Marshal K. M. Guth-
rie, C.B., C.BE, and Mr. E. R. Hop-
kins, the legal adviser. On Sunday
the delegates, in a very happy
mood, dispersed for their respective
homes.

Speakers

- The Association was fortunate

this year in having four outstand-
ing speakers.
At the luncheon on Thursday, at

4
 SIXTH ANNUAL CONVENTION

The Sixth Annual Convention of which the Association has enjoyed

the Royal Canadian Air Force As- since its formation.
sociation was held in Windsor, On-
tario, on 17, 18, and 19 May. This * k j

marked the first occasion on which

the convention was held outside The Seventh Annual Convention
Ottawa. will be held in Saint John, New
No. 412 (Windsor) Wing was host Brunswick, on 16, 17, and 18 May
for the occasion, and the Conven- 1957, with No. 250 (Saint John)
tion Committee, under the joint Wing acting as host.
chairmanship of Mr. J. Burnet
and Mr. J. Taylor, provided a full 1956-57 National Executive
programme which was enthusias- Council Air Vice-Marshal F. G. Wait, C.B.E,,
tically acclaimed by those who at- National President of the R.C.A.F.
tended as the best convention The National Executive Council Association.

selected at the Convention for 1956-

National Executive Council, 1956-57. Front row (left to right): D. Cain, L. M. Baldock, · t f
57 COIISISLS
Miss M. A. Macdonald, Air Vice-Marshal F. G. Wait,, Miss E. A. Raeside, Air Vice-Marshal O):
K. M. Guthrie, Miss H. M. Thompson, A. F. Wigglesworth, Miss J. D. Williamson. Back
row (!. to r.): J. C. Gray (National Secretary), T. Frazer, C. Z. Korbut, S. T. Malach, Grand President:
E. B. Fitzgerald, Air Vice-Marshdl,,,','#"f7,,,,,'][?® severat members are missing At± Vice-Marsha1 G. E. Brookes, C.B.,
O.B.E.
National President:
Air Vice-Marshal F. G. Walt, C.B.E.
Vice-President:
L. N. Baldock.
Second Vice-President:
Air Vice-Marshal A. L. James, C.B.E.
Third Vice-President:
E. B. Fitzgerald.
Fourth Vice-President:
C. Z. Korbut.
National Chairman:
A. F. Wiggleworth, B.E.M.
Vice-Chairman:
S. T. Malach.
Legal Adviser:
E. R. Hopkins, Q.C.
W. D. Representatives:
National:
Miss M. A. Macdonald.
Eastern:
Miss H. M. Thompson.
Central:
Miss J. D. Wllllamson.
Western:
Miss E. A. Raeside.
>

The Programme

The programme for the three

days commenced with a buffet sup-

3
 On Friday, the luncheon speaker
was Mr. Crawford Gordon, O.B.EB.,
President of A. V. Roe Canada Lim-
ited.
The R.C.A.F. Association and the
aircraft industries of Canada, said
Mr. Gordon, have a big responsi-
bility to the regular Air Force and
the maintenance of effective air
power. He said that members of the
Delegates parade to the Cenotaph. Association could be called the Air
Force's "elder statesmen". "One of
your main objectives is to support,
assist, and give encouragement to
per at the clubrooms on Wednesday which the Chrysler Corporation was
the new generation that has as-
night. Thursday was taken up by host, the guest speaker was the
sumed the heavy burden of respon-
business sessions, and in the eve- Hon. Paul Martin, Minister of Na-
sibility that was once yours . . .
ning a highly entertaining stag tional Health and Welfare. Mr. Mar-
Canada might well be the battle-
party was held at the Wing head- tin discussed the world situation as
ground of any future conflict. Self-
quarters. Lady delegates and wives it exists today and stressed the need
for continued participation in preservation indicates the path we
of delegates were entertained by the must follow, for defensive and of-
Ladies Auxiliary of No. 412 Wing. N.A.T.O. The Minister said that "in
these troubled times, when the fensive air power is today the chief
Friday morning saw another busi- deterrent to aggression ... I believe
ness session, while the afternoon possibility of conflict has become a
part of our everyday lives, it is re- you elder statesmen can render a
was spent in a tour of the plants
assuring to know that we have in signal service by getting these facts
of both the Ford Motor Company
the Royal Canadian Air Force As- across to the Canadian people ... As
and Hiram Walker & Sons Ltd. In
the evening, the annual Convention sociation a group of men and wo- a result of lessons learned during
Dinner was held in the Elmwood men 10,000 strong who have had the past war, it is imperative that
Casino. After a short business ses- first-hand experience in our air Canada design and produce aircraft
sion on Saturday morning, the pa- services and who maintain a close for Canadian needs within our own
rade to the cenotaph took place, and continuing interest in the many Dominion ... We in Canada are suc-
headed by the Royal Canadian Air complex problems related to the cessfully meeting this challenge...
Force Central Band. A fly-past of defence of Canada." The aircraft industry in Canada is
jet aircraft made it a very impres- now ninth among all industries in
sive memorial service. The closing
business session met on Saturday
Air Cdre. C. H. Greenway places a wreath on the Cenotaph.
afternoon, and the three days
wound up with a dance on Satur-
day night. At the business meetings,
Mr. A. F. Wigglesworth, of Liver-
pool, N.S. was chairman. On the
platform with Mr. Wigglesworth
were Air Vice-Marshal K. M. Guth-
rie, C.B., C.BE, and Mr. E. R. Hop-
kins, the legal adviser. On Sunday
the delegates, in a very happy
mood, dispersed for their respective
homes.

Speakers

- The Association was fortunate

this year in having four outstand-
ing speakers.
At the luncheon on Thursday, at

4
 delegates were delighted to have formative talk on the sponsorship
him with them and to know that of Air Cadet squadrons. This, of
he was back on duty again alter his course, is the Association's number
recent enforced rest. one project, and delegates express-
The Air Vice-Marshal's speech ed their appreciation for having re-
dealt almost entirely-and in realis- ceived so much first-hand informa-
tic terms-with the importance of a tion on the different phases of this
sound R.C.A.F. Association to the important work.
vital role which the Air Force is
called upon to play in the safe- Guests
guarding of Canada. It is intended In addition to the guest speakers,
to publish it at some length in the the guests attending the annual
next issue of "The Roundel". dinner included:
k l
* E. Duggan. president of the Air Cadet
League of Canada.
Mr. George Ross, General Man- Mayor M. Patrick, Windsor.
ager of the Air Cadet League of J. Dickson, vice-president or the Army
Navy Air Force League or Canada.
Canada, gave an interesting and in- T. D. Anderson. Dominion secretary of
the Canadian Legion.
F. Lorenzen, R.C.A.F. Benevolent Fund.
Rev. M. C. Davies, M.P.P.
Hon. Paul Martin
The R.C.A.F. observers were:
Air Cdre. C. H. Greenway, O.B.E.,
terms of factory value and its prod- Wing Cdr. T. T. Scovill.
ucts, and third in terms of in- Sqn. Ldr. C. E. Harris, D.F.C.
Sqn. Ldr. S. I. Evans.
dustrial employment."
j l j Resolutions
The guest speaker at the dinner A number of resolutions were put
on Friday evening was Major-Gen- forward and adopted. Among them
were the following:
eral Robert E. L. Eaton, of the
United States 10th Air Force. Gen- • That the Association urge the Gov-
ernment of Canada to re-examine
eral Eaton placed emphasis on the the question of "flying pay" for
importance of air defence of the qualified operational aircrew and to
provide remuneration commensurate
North American continent. "We with the greater responsibility and
risk associated with modern aircraft
must above all be prepared", he operation.
said, "to defend ourselves here in
this country. It is equally important,
however, to possess the retaliatory
capability to secure our way of
life.'' The General went on to
praise the high degree of defence Air Vice-Marshal W. E. Kennedy, A.F.C.
developed on the North American
continent by Canada and the
United States, and, in closing, em-
phasized that "in the future as in
the past solid public relations were Mr. Crawford Gordon, O.B.E.
necessary to generate the support
for the air forces in the United
States and Canada."
l f j

On Saturday, Air Vice-Marshal

W. E. Kennedy, A.F.C., was the
guest speaker at luncheon. All the
 • That the qualifications for life exposed to the trials of civilian life
membership In the Association be
eased. The present requirement of !
and to the Association as active
10 years' membership in the Asso- members for some years before tak-
ciation as a condition of eligibility
for life membership was reduced to ing office, I come to you as a
5 years. fledgeling without too much ex-
• That the R.C.A.F. Association ex- perience either as a civilian or as
press to the R.C.A.F. its appreciation a member. For these reasons, I will
of the value of "The Roundel" in
respect of its information features, need the support and co-operation
Its lively humour as exemplified by
Sergeant Shatterproof, and in par- of the officers and members of the
ticular the space accorded therein Association to an even greater ex-
to the affairs of the Association and
Its Wings. tent than those who have gone be-
fore.
Industrial Associates
"The real strength of any associa-
It was unanimously approved by
the meeting that the by-laws be tion lies, not in its senior officials,
changed to permit a new type of but in its general membership. The
membership known as "industrial R.C.A.F. Association can, therefore,
associates". Eligible to join the As- only hope to be as successful as you
sociation in this category would be the members -make it. With a
"any firm engaged in manufactur- continuation of the kind of en-
ing or supplying aircraft, aircraft thusiasm, interest, and plain hard
parts or components, etc. It was work that has been displayed by
decided that the annual yearly dues our Groups, Wings, and individual
for such membership would be ~ members over the past several
: years, we cannot fail to prosper."
$250.00

A MESSAGE FROM THE

».
.Sa
Major-General Robert E. L. Eaton.
NATIONAL PRESIDENT
NOTE
"Past Presidents of the R.C.A.F.
Association in their 'message from I do the same most sincerely, and Photographs of Group representatives
the new president' have thanked I am deeply conscious of the res- will be published in the next issue of
the delegates at the Convention for ponsibilities that have been placed "The Roundel", together with Air Vice-
the honour they have done them in on my shoulders. Marshal Kennedy's speech.
electing them National President. "Unlike my predecessors who were

ACCOUNTS TRAINING STAFF

Our photograph shows the six Standing (L. to r.): Sgt. D. F. MacDougall, Flt. Sgt. E. Russon, Sgt. A. Wade, Flt. Sgt. W.
Warnock, Sgt. A. Parks, Seated: W.O.1 D. R. Pirie, o/c accounts training.
senior N.C.O.s at R.C.A.F. Station
Aylmer who are responsible for all
the accounts training given at No.
1 T.T.S. Their students consist, pri-
marily, of personnel without pre-
vious training in the subject, either
recruits or airmen and airwomen
remustered from other trades. They
also conduct refresher courses for
N.C.O.s of the Accounts Branch, and
each summer they give an eight-
week course to twenty first- or
second-year commerce students
who are members of the R.C.A.F.
University Reserve.

6
 GROUND TRAINING IN THE R.C.A.F.

(Each time an R.C.A.F. aircraft takes off, it is the hand of one man troduction of "performance check-
the pilot who pushes the throttle forward. His simple action, however, ers". The performance checker was
is merely the end result of the work of a vast army of highly trained a tradesman who could carry out
Service men and women who have combined their skills to bring the right routine checks and inspections, un-
type of aircraft to the right position on the right sort of runway, and to der supervision, and thus facilitate
put the best possible aircrew into it. By far the larger part of these full employment of skilled techni-
men and women have enlisted for non-flying duties; and it is the purpose cians in the maintenance and re-
of this article to give the reader a broad outline of the way in which the pair of telecommunications equip-
Director of Ground Training, at AF.H.Q., and Training Command, at ment.
Trenton, go about the task of training them. The Directorate of Ground In 1954, when the strength of the
Training serves, in effect, as an advisory staff to the C.A.S. (see Fig. 1), R.C.A.F. was up to 37,000 and the
while Training Command's function is the execution of training policy, expansion was tapering off, the re-
both air and ground, as determined by A.F.H.Q.- Editor.) quirement for an accelerated train-
ing programme was sharply re-
duced. The "speciality" type of
INTRODUCTION The rapid expansion of the training and the introduction of
R.C.A.F, which began in 1951, made performance checkers had served
r aou Training in the R.C.A.F.
has undergone several major chan- it imperative that field establish- its purpose in the supply of trades-
ments be filled as quickly as pos- men to the field, but did not take
ges since the Second World War.
sible. Basic training was therefore full advantage of the tradesmen's
Shortly after the war ended, trade
streamlined, particularly in the air- services. It was therefore decided to
courses were generally long and
craft maintenance and telecom- introduce longer courses for the air-
very comprehensive; the students
munications fields, so as to turn out craft maintenance trades, thus giv-
were able to meet the strict acade-
a large number of tradesmen who, ing instruction in all the speciali-
mic requirements. It became appa-
though lacking in some of the an- ties of each trade, and to discon-
rent in time, however, that this type
cillary skills and knowledge desir- tinue the training of performance
of training, which was largely theo-
able, were none the less thoroughly checkers and to convert into tech-
retical, equipped a graduate with
capable of performing the specific nicians those who had been already
much knowledge that he could not
jobs demanded of them. trained.
use for some years, and at the same
time gave him too little experience In the aircraft maintenance
of the practical tasks on which he trades, this streamlining was ac- INDUCTION
would be immediately employed complished by giving the basic Officer recruits report to No. 1
and of the tools he must use. training in the actual trade spe- Officers' School at London, Ont.,
Courses were revised to eliminate cialities. The student was given in-
where an eight-week indoctrination
much of the theory and to empha- tensive training on the type of air- course is provided for officers of the
size the practical aspects of the craft equipment on which he was non-flying list. English language
training. A "job analysis" pro- to be employed. Graduation from training is also available at this
gramme throughout the Air Force one of such specialized courses school for French-speaking officer
paved the way for the Trade Struc- qualified the tradesman in that recruits.
ture Committee and ultimately re- particular speciality only and fitted Airmen recruits report to No. 2
sulted in the production of C.A.P. him for field employment only on a Manning Depot, St. Johns, P.Q, for
471, which specifies the skills and specific type of equipment.
selection and indoctrination. A bat-
knowledge required for each level In the telecommunications trades, tery of aptitude tests enables the
in all airmen trades. the situation was met by the in- selection units to place an airman

7
 are conducted are generally those School, Aylmer, Ont. Telecommuni-
which require tradesmen in num- cations officers receive their train-
bers too small to provide a regular ing at No. 1 Radio and Communica-
flow of trainees. In most cases, the tions School, Clinton. Armament
smaller trades are manned by per- officers are given basic training in
sonnel who, possessing certain skills three phases: the electronic phase
in these trades on enlistment, round is conducted at No 1 R.&C.S, Clin-
out their training on the job. Air- ton; the munitions and weapons,
women may receive training as and the armament systems phases,
clerks, supply technicians, photog- are given at No. 2 T.T.S., Camp Bor-
raphers, fighter controllers, radio den. Flying control officers receive
and teletype operators, Air Force their basic training at the School
policewomen, meteorological ob- of Flying Control, Centralia. Offi-
servers, medical assistants, recrea- cers in the Fighter Control Branch
tion specialists, safety equipment receive their basic training with the
technicians, and aircraft refin- u.s.A.F. at Tyndall Air Force Base,
ishers. The principal basic trade Florida.
training centres are located at Ayl-
Pupil at work on the electrical switches mer, Camp Borden, and Clinton FIELD TECHNICAL TRAINING
of a Harvard. (Fig. 2).
Basic trade training syllabi are Since it is not possible to provide
in the trade or career field for intended to qualify the graduate training on all types of aircraft
which he is best suited - subject, as an apprentice in his trade. This during the basic course, field tech-
of course, to Service require- means that he can only assist in the nical training units are provided
ments. An eight-week indoctrina- duties of his trade and that he re- for the "user" Commands. Units
tion course is provided, as well as quires supervision at all times. have been established for training
an 18-week English language course Progression to higher levels of skill on CF-100, F-86, T-33, and C-119
for French-speaking recruits. is achieved by trade advancement aircraft. Courses vary from two to
training and trade examination. four weeks in length, depending on
BASIC TRADE TRAINING Basic training for officers is the trade. These units are employ-
provided in certain non-flying ed for refresher, trade advance-
Formal basic trade training is branches. Courses for aeronautical ment, modernization and familiar-
given for most R.C.A.F. trades. The engineers and supply officers are ization training.
trades for which no formal courses given at No. 1 Technical Training
Fig. 1.

C.A.S.

AIR MEMBER AIR MEMBER FOR

FOR PERSONNEL TECHNICAL SERVICES COMPTROLLER
VICE-C.A.S.

CHIEF OF PLANS CHIEF OF AIR

AND INTELLIGENCE CHIEF OF TELE- CHIEF OF OPERAT-
OPERATIONS
COMMUNICATIONS IONAL REQUIREMENTS

DIRECTOR OF DIRECTOR OF ASSIST ANT FOR

AIR TRAINING GROUND TRAINING TRAINING AIDS

8
 eign), and by the manufacturers of
the equipment concerned.
NO. 1 TT.S., AYLMER
In 1955, more than 1,500 officers
• Minor technical trades: Metal Technicians, Aircraft Refinishing Technicians,
and 17,000 airmen received training
.f%SE ''E.:.' F2''#% orators Mcenamte Moone sauna. in the RC.A.F. At the same time,
• Supply Technicians, Clerks Administration, Clerks Stenographer, Clerks Ac-
counts. training in one form or another
• Medical Assistants.
• Ground Controlled Approach (G.C.A.) Controllers. was given to members of the Pri-
• Air Force Police.
• Officers: Technical Aircraft Engineers, Supply Officers. mary Reserve, the Auxiliary, and to
the Air Cadets (Fig. 4).
NO. 2 T.T.S., CAMP BORDEN
• Major aircraft maintenance trades: Aero-engine Technicians, Airframe Tech- PRIMARY RESERVE TRAINING
nicians, Electrical Technicians, Instrument Technicians.
• Armament Technicians. Armament Systems Technicians, Munitions and
Weapons Technicians. The Reserve Tradesmen Training
• Ground Defencemen.
• Fire-fighters. Plan (R.TT.P.) was set up in order
• Photographers.
• Officers: Technical Armament Officers. to provide the Auxiliary with an
annual flow of Group I tradesmen.
NO. 1 R. & C.S., CLINTON It provides for a maximum of 80
• Major telecommunications trades: Communications Technicians (Ground). hours' training during the winter
Radar Technicians (Ground). Communications Technicians (Air), Radar Tech-
niclans (Air), Telephone Technicians. and 240 hours' during the summer,
• Fighter Control Opera tors. over a period of one year. Candi-
: 82..\.5"2
flcers.
#%%&aeons ornceres, remit Armamane or- dates for the R.T.T.P. fall into two
main categories:
SCHOOL OF FL YING CONTROL, CENTRALIA
• Serving Air Cadets, and
• Aircraft Control Operators.
• Officers: Flying Control Officers. • other personnel, particularly high
school stud en ts.
The Mobilization Assignment
Training Plan (M.AT.P.) is design-
Fig. 2. Principal basic trade training centres.
ed to provide training for officers
and N.C.O.s in the specific assign-
ADV AN CED TRAINING and of training outside the R.C.A.F. ment or type of appointment to
Special in-Service training is gen- which it is anticipated that they
Advanced training courses pro- would be detailed in the event of
erally given on new equipment or
vide instruction on new types of mobilization. Under this plan, em-
in new techniques when the num-
equipment, and are also intended ployment for an annual period of
bers to be trained do not warrant
to prepare N.C.O.s for supervisory not less than 15 days, and not more
the establisment of a continuous
duties (Fig. 3). A six-week course than 30 days, is provided at a time
course. The only exception to this
at No. 1 Supervisor Service Training acceptable both to the individual
is the School of Instructional Tech-
School, Camp Borden, graduates ap- niques, which provides instruction and to the R.C.A.F.
proximately 1,000 N.C.O.s ec.ch year
in pedagogy to prospective instruc- Fig. 3.
and provides training in Service tors of the R.C.A.F., R.C.M.P., and
management, leadership, effective Civil Service. The course is of two
speaking, current affairs, and other
essential subjects. Where required,
advanced trade training courses are
given in addition to the Service
weeks' duration and is operated
continuously.
Approximately 1,200 officers are
elfish±l=
" RAW MATERIAL

:5tau#t±
training course at No. 1 S.S.T.S. The trained annually on 250 to 300
ultimate aim is to give supervisor courses which are held outside the
training to corporals in preparation R.C.A.F. These courses range from
for greater responsibilities. At the flying training on new aircraft (e.g.
present time, however, the course is at the Lockheed plant, Burbank,
restricted to senior N.C.O.s. Cal.) to telephone-pole climbing
techniques (Army Service Corps,
Kingston, Ont.). Outside training
SPECIAL TRAINING may be given at Canadian and
BASIC T

Special training consists both of American universities, mi Ii tary

courses given within the Service academies (both Canadian and for-

9
 Preparing to launch a pilot balloon during
meteorology training.

UNIVERSITY FLIGHT CADET

I TRAINING
The Regular Officer Training
Plan (R.O.T.P.) and the University
Reserve Training Plan (UR.TP.)
are designed to stimulate interest
in the Air Force among members of
university faculties and student Cookery. 'It had better be good - you'll have to eat it!
bodies, and to provide a flow of
trained university graduates into AUXILIARY TRAINING fourth year for advanced training
the commissioned ranks of both is also available. An annual sum-
the Regular and the Reserve Forces. Since the Reserve Tradesmen mer-camp training course of two
The R.OT.P. is a programme where- Training Plan now supplies auxilia- weeks' duration is provided for up
by flight cadets of the Regular ry formations with qualified Group to 5,000 cadets. Senior Leaders'
Force are subsidized at a Canadian I tradesmen, the major training re- Courses and Drill Instructors'
Service College or at a Canadian quirement at Auxiliary units is
Courses, both of seven weeks' dura-
university. The U.R.T.P. is composed trade advancement training. This tion, are also conducted annually
of flight cadets of the Primary Re- training is conducted in much the for selected air cadets.
serve who are attending Canadian same manner as for the Regular
universities. Force supervised on-the-job
D u ring their undergraduate training and lecture programmes, CONCLUSION
terms, university flight cadets are supplemented when possible by con-
provided with general and technical tact training at Regular Force Air Force records show that, in
training by the R.C.A.F. so that on units. 1928, it took 77 man-hours to keep
graduation from the university, and an aircraft in the air for one hour.
on successful completion of the AIR CADET TRAINING Since that time, however, the great-
Service courses, they can be enroll- ly increased complexity of aircraft,
Annual training for the Royal
ed in the Regular or Reserve Forces Canadian Air Cadets consists of a with their multitude of electronic
as fully qualified officers in their three-year programme of approxi-
servo-mechanisms, has boosted that
respectives branches.
mately 180 hours of instruction. A ratio until, in 1955, 120 man-hours
were required for each flying hour.
Fig. 4. With aircraft becoming more com-
plicated every day, and with the
possibility that guided missiles may
GROUND TRAINING soon make their appearance on the
Canadian scene, the need for high-
ly skilled tradesmen is increasing.
R.C.A.F.
UR.T.P. M.AT.P,
In the R.C.A.F., the present need
(REGULAR) R.O.T.P. AUX, R.T.T.P, AIR CADETS is being met and future needs are
being anticipated.
10
 IN THE
Ji,
f#s
'
"
PAST
± l
• I_

'+#
?#
Our two pin-points this month,
both of which come from the Air
Historian's files, relate to an aerial
survey undertaken, in July and
August 1924, to examine water
routes in N. Manitoba and Sas-
katchewan. The operation, "the
greatest ever undertaken for aerial
survey" up to that time, was carried
out in a Viking aircraft and covered
the area outlined in the accom-
panying map.
In one of our photographs the
members of the crew are shown
standing beside the aircraft. They
are (left to right) : Flying Of-
ficer D. J. R Cairns, photographer
(Wing Cdr., retired); Cpl. A. J.
Milne, mechanic (Flying Officer,
retired); Sqn. Ldr. B. D. Hobbs,
D.SO, DF.C., pilot (Group Capt.,
ret.); and Mr. R. Davidson, Domi-
nion Land Surveyor- The other
photograph shows the crew on their
return to Victoria Beach, Winnipeg,
wearing the Eskimo clothing pre-
sented to them at Brochet.

11
 VAPOUR TRAILS: 5

BY FLYING OFFICER D. G. TURNER

(The fourth instalment of Flying Officer Turner's memoirs loosed him larity to normal footwear ended.
upon the world as an R.C.A.F. pilot. The episode which follows- and They were old and tough, and had
which has already been published in R.C.A.F. Station Macdonald's apparently been in the service of
"Rocketeer" takes him into the Canadian hinterland on a summer the Crown since the days of Edward
survival course.- Editor.) the Confessor. With the passage of
time they had achieved the resil-
ience of bronze, and when I laced
them to my feet I found I was un-
I
CAN think of nothing which dis- Shortly after I became a pilot, the able to bend either my ankles or my
tresses me more than listening to Air Force sent me on a course. It toes. I was thus forced to proceed
someone who is classified as the was a course in survival techniques, in a series of curious little jerks.
outdoor type". These specimens, and it was calculated to teach me Just before we were turned loose
who always seem to smell of old the art of living in the forest in the woods, we were given a short
saddles and wet dogs, are ever on should I happen to fall or be push- course of lectures, and a list of
the lookout for such indoor types as ed into one from an aircraft. It rules was read out to us. It seems
myself. Theirs is the spirit of the achieved far more. It instilled in me that it is considered unsporting to
missionary, and their mission it is so hearty a dislike of closely group- shoot a duck while it is sitting on
to regale me with all the latest gos- ed trees that I can no longer walk the water. The gentlemanly thing,
sip about Mother Nature, even past even an orchard without shud- I suppose, is to wade out to it, slap
though I decided long ago to leave dering. its face, and challenge it to a fight.
the woodlands well alone after There was also a session during
hearing of the shocking things that To equip me for a week of life in
the wilderness, the Service gave me which I learnt how to camouflage
happened to Little Red Riding Hood.
what I assume to be the official myself in foliage so that I could
After years of practice in dodg-
regalia of a woodsman. I was issued sneak up on an animal and assas-
ing these Davy Crocketts, I must
with a grotesque suit rejoicing in sinate-it without being seen. During
have developed a strangely furtive
expression; for, as soon as I recog- the name of "bone-drys" and the practice period, while I stood
nize a huntin'-fishin'-and-shootin' they certainly were. As I moved holding a twig in my mouth like a
character, in the very same moment about, a faint crackling could be dove of peace, one of my compan-
he always recognizes me. He sees heard, and whenever the material ions equipped himself with a little
my indoor pallor and his face touched my skin I had the sensa- crown of rubbish which hung over
lights up with an expression of tion of being rubbed with a slice his eyes and gave him the ap-
"Tally-ho, the fox!" The chase is of toast. I therefore went around pearance of a drunken May Queen.
on, and, before I can go to earth, holding my arms out sideways to The day before we actually start-
the hunter is upon me and I am minimize the risk of such physical ed for the woods, an instructor
lost in a two-hour story of how he contact, thus achieving a striking noticed my peculiar gait and of-
stalks bears and fish. resemblance to a village idiot or a fered me a tin of evil-smelling
It's always bears and fish! If only milkmaid in serious trouble. grease with which to soften my
they'd come up with something dif- Hoping to exchange the outfit for boots. A couple of hours spent in
ferent once in a while, like a mer- something softer, I approached the spanking and massaging them with
maid or a leprechaun, then I might the grease did little to change the
maiden who had issued it, and said:
manage a spark of interest. Talk- "Look, it doesn't fit!" condition of the leather, but it did
ing to me about hunting is like endow me with a fragrance of de-
trying to discuss the Kinsey Report "It's not supposed to," she said caying fish which stayed with me
with a woodpecker, and to invite haughtily; and while I digested this the entire week and attracted
me on a fishing-trip is comparable logic, she sashayed off to find me a clouds of mosquitoes to my legs.
to offering Mae West a mount in pair of boots to complete the outfit.
the Grand National. Once in the woods, five of us were
j j j
The boots were made for left and selected from the main band and
right feet, and there all the simi- told to make camp in a clearing.
12
 Immediately my four companions
started on a housing project and
whipped up natty little rustic
dwellings floored and thatched with
supple spruce boughs. I tried to do
the same; but, after I had toiled
through the night, the dawn found
me the proud possessor of a pile of
twigs resembling a compost heap
or a monstrous bird's nest. I was
uncertain whether I should crawl
underneath it or mount it and
roost.
Our camp was hungry and food-
less foodless, that is, unless you
count as food the pressed meat bars
we had been given as "emergency noises like molten lava at the foot held out in front of me. "It's now
rations". These slabs of yak meat, of a volcano. or never," I thought, and I burst
embalmed in guano, were wrapped Seeing the results of my labours, through the foliage, my eyes blaz-
in sturdy tinfoil to protect them the four huntsmen gazed sadly at ing.
from the atmosphere, and vice each other and slid off into the "Gawdamighty!" said my quarry,
versa. woods again. It just goes to show springing back not without em-
Having been nominated as camp you what fakers these woodsmen barrassment from his crouched
cook, I built a fire. After refusing are. Having just dined on a T-bone position. "Don't you know better
for some time to go, it suddenly ex- steak in a comfortable restaurant, than to point a gun at anybody?"
ploded with a roar and consumed they'll sit back in their chairs and I apologized meekly. It somehow
my nesting-place of the previous say "Ah, yes, very nice, but. • ; seemed superfluous to tell him that
night. Between encouraging the then they'll go on to tell you about I thought he was a pheasant and
dying embers and then fighting the time they tracked a bear for a had almost shot him on the rise.
the twenty-foot flames which couple of days and how delicious it For the rest of the day I stalked
threatened to engulf our home, I tasted when boiled in an old Wel- wearily and found nothing that
managed to launch three or four lington boot. When it comes to the lived. I was apparently alone in the
meat bars into a pot of boiling wa- point, though, when they're faced forest. After I had slunk shame-
ter. These I left to simmer while I with something that isn't straight facedly into camp at sundown and
unfrocked a young squirrel caught from a grocer's counter where crawled into my nest, the woods
by one of my companions and are your sons of the woods then? became alive with a variety of
added it to the heaving brew. Pres- Hiding somewhere, devouring a squeaks and grunts. Something
ently another of the huntsmen re- chocolate bar and hoping nobody's large was gargling at the river's
turned, proudly bearing over his going to catch them! edge, a furry animal chased an-
shoulder a ragged-looking fowl We took turns in foraging for other across my chest, and a vague
which he claimed was a prairie food with a shotgun, and I made shape a few yards away sniffed in
chicken. When plucked, this prairie up my mind, when my turn came my direction and smacked its lips
chicken exposed the physique of a around, that I the paleface at me throughout the night...
humming bird. It, too, went into would show these. hunters a thing * i ij

the stewpot. or two. Loading both pipes of the I might go on indefinitely about
gun, I set off by the dawn's early our course, but it would be sordid
As the mixture boiled, it gradual- light, tip-toeing around the trees reading. Moreover, I am a kindly
ly took on a slate-grey colour from and peering into the bushes in man, and have no wish to expatiate
the ashes that poured into it. An search of game. I had only pro- further on the folly of my fellow-
occasional wasp, overcome by the gressed a few hundred yards when men. Let others blather away about
fumes, fell into the pot; and now something rustled in a bush ahead life beneath the greenwood tree.
and then the hind-quarters of the of me. I froze, just as the instructor Me I'm quite content leading my
squirrel rose to the top, closely fol- had taught me, and cocked the gun. nasty unhealthy indoor life.
lowed by a feather or two, while the The bush moved again, and I began
whole mess gave forth "plopping" to sneak towards it with the gun (Uo be continued/
13
 5. .2

'2
i GARBAGE RUN AT TORBAY
~-
BY ROSEMARY HUTCHINSON
'4

L oTs of people have fallen into Fortunately, I could do a certain plus three cups of coffee, two choc-
olate bars, and several snorts of
the Atlantic Ocean, some with aero- amount of strip-tease with great
planes, some from boats, and some propriety. I was wearing a set of Drambuie. (I can't say where I got
(on purpose) in bathing-suits airman's underwear, a pair of bat- the last, of course, but it wasn't at
though not usually in December. I, tle-dress pants (two sizes too big), the Officers' Mess; they were never
however, am probably the only per- a turtle-neck sweater, a tartan scarf as generous as the Sergeants). The
son who has almost fallen in with of the clan MacDhu (it said so on time had come to DUMP!
a whole load of Air Force garbage. the label), an airman's parka with Imagine my horror when Junior
It happened in 1942, around hood, a pair of fifteen-dollar sheep- directed me to the cliffs at Torbay.
Christmas time, when I was in the skin gloves (a present from my Even my fifteen-dollar hands grew
Women's Division of the Air Force mother "in case your hands get numb. I didn't feel I knew Irma
and drove a car in Torbay, which is cold, dear, when you're driving"), well enough to ask her to lean over
in Newfoundland. The M.T. section and a pair of old-type flying boots. cliff edges, particularly backwards.
was short of drivers that day, so I Incidentally, all winter long, when- I should explain, by the way, that
was "joed" for the Station Garbage ever I met the W.D. officer, I had Torbay Station lies a mile or so in-
Run. At first, this seemed to me to leap into a snowdrift and salute land, and that the village lies in a
sort of "cushy", for, as usual, it was smartly with my legs hidden. I hollow between two cliffs beside the
snowing like anything, and the often wonder what she must have sea. A perfect dumping-place for
wind was shrieking around the thought of me, but then all of us garbage - provided I wan't driving
buildings. It was, I felt, much bet- in Newfie were slightly demented: Irma.
ter than taking the Duty Run to St. it was the "thing". Nevertheless, in due course we
Johns, six rocky miles away, and In about an hour my friend and I ground our way up to the top of
doing all sorts of futile errands for had collected quantities of garbage, the cliff, stopped on the road, and
people who should have done them
for themselves.
I went out to the garage where
"Irma" slept (she was a Chev.
dump-truck), tapped the gas-gauge,
and started her up. After a few
3erg,, "7¢ d 4
j/-© =

abortive attempts, I even got her

dump mechanism to work. I did
notice that I never knew whether I
&% . ~~~
was in low or reverse, but I "didn't <die»
think much of it at the time. Then
I picked up the official garbage-

[
collector at the Station Warrant
Officer's office. He, of course, was
to do the actual collecting; after
all, I had a TRADE and couldn't be
expected to come into actual con-
tact with the garbage. However, he I

was awfully small and quite a bit

younger than I, so in the end we i5 a
s'
were both heaving all kinds of junk
on to my dump, and I was rapidly
peeling off mounds of clothing.
--sf=»
\sys»
Nae#,

14
surveyed the tossing Atlantic as it We'd probably still be there, en- knows what happened to the rest
crashed on the rocks below. Only crusted with three feet of salt and of the garbage!
six inches of grass separated the serving as a National Historic Site, I've got lots of interesting stories
road from that abyss. I backed Irma had not an American soldier heaved about driving around Torbay. There
to the edge, and, with much grind- into sight, complete with gun and was the time when a hundred and
ing and clashing, upended my gar- bristling police dog. This nice man twenty parcels of clean officers'
bage into the briny. Feeling rather showed me the right gear and even laundry (that is, officers' clean
pleased, I brought the dump back turned my truck around for me laundry) fell out of a panel truck
into position and glanced out at my while I guarded Newfoundland by en route from St. Johns; and there
rear wheels. One glance was holding his gun and his dog. I'm was also a certain trip to Cape
enough. Shuddering, I prepared to terribly glad he didn't go over the Spear with beer, which was very
advance to safety. Then a terrible brink, for I don't think we W.D.s exciting. We drivers were like H. M.
thing happened. I couldn't remem- were allowed to keep guns, and the mail: nothing stopped us though
ber which was low and which was I must admit that the officers'
dog would have been an awful
reverse, and there was no room laundry was rather a blot on our
none at all for trial and error. nuisance in the barracks.
Junior and I returned to the record. But, since I myself got by
I examined the gears at length, and with a turtle-neck sweater and only
simply couldn't bring myself to do station just in time for lunch-and,
used a shirt on Sunday, when I
anything. We sat there for some to my intense relief, I was told that sang in the choir, I never quite un-
time. Junior was very sympathetic, Irma had to have her 1000-mile derstood why the Adjutant had to
but he couldn't help. check that afternoon. Heaven only make such a fuss about it all.

R.C.A.F. BOXER
A small clerk, who occasionally real, and at present boxes for the chance to take the trip to Mel-
turns up for work in No. 1 Group Point St. Charles Boys' Club. bourne and the Olympics.
H.Q's Accounts Section with a Highlighting his boxing career If", says Jerry, I get to repre-
black eye, may well box his way to were the British Empire and Com- sent Canada at the Olympics, it will
the Olympic Games in Australia monwealth Games in Vancouver, have been worth all the black
this year. He is 24-year-old L.A.C. where he represented Canada eyes!"
Jerry Boucher. Jerry, who began after becoming Canadian flyweight (Col. Norman R. Avery.)
boxing in 1948 with the Wanderers champion in Toronto in 1954. The
Athletic Club in Halifax, won the decision was lost to Dickie Currie of L.A.C. Boucher displays the Golden Gloves
Maritime Amateur Flyweight cham- Scotland, who went on to win the Belt for the province of Quebec which he
pionship each year for the follow- championship. recently won in the featherweight class.
ing four years. Later that year Jerry fought in
He joined the Air Force in Jan- an exhibition bout with the Haw-
uary 1951, and, on completion of the aiian flyweight champion and suc-
Clerk Accounting course, was trans- ceeded in breaking the Hawaiian's
ferred to Maritime Air Command run of 59 straight wins. To date
H.Q. He remained in Halifax until his fights number 72, of which only
August 1952, when he was trans- eight were lost, each by a decision.
ferred to Station Sea Island. The name of Jerry Boucher is be-
While on the west coast, Jerry coming increasingly familiar in
won both the B.C. Golden Gloves amateur boxing circles, so it is not
and West Canada title for his class much of a surprise that he has re-
in 1953 and 1954. He also won the cently become a Golden Gloves
Pacific Northwest International champ once again this time in
Golden Gloves in Seattle in 1953. the featherweight division for the
In September 1954, he was trans- Province of Quebec. He now has his
ferred to No. 1 Group H.Q. in Mont- eye on the Canadian title and a

15
 the main jet axis, labelled J, above
400 mb, the wind speed is in excess
of 90 knots.
If we consider the horizontal
width of that band of winds in ex-
cess of a given value, say 80 knots,
I } we would find it to be surprisingly
narrow--of the order of 100 miles
\
I
I in this example, but generally about
300 nautical miles. The vertical

[()() [-4(
\ depth of the winds greater than 80
knots in Figure
[(Q 2 is less than 2
miles. A comparison of the horizon-
\ tal width of this jet core with the

,
; \
\/ depth would lead us to the con-
clusion that the jet stream can be
represented fairly accurately in
shape by a flat ribbon parallel to
the earth's surface. Other features
\ on the cross section are the trop-
----- opause, indicated by the disconti-
nuous heavy line around the 300-400
mb levels, and the continental arc-
200
a tic frontal surface separating the
~ relatively warm maritime arctic air
Lu] mass on the right of the diagram
a:: from the cold continental arctic air
1
Cf) to its left. The broken lines are
Cf)
Lu) isotherms labelled in degrees Cen-
a:: 300 tigrade.
a..
) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JET
-50 STREAMS AND FRONTS
-45 This particular cross section is
400 -45 typical of the northernmost jet
stream which has been encountered
by R.C.A.F. flights many times in
the past. Further studies of jet
streams have revealed that, on the
average, four main tropospheric jet
streams are present over North
America during the winter months.
Except for the southernmost sub-
tropical jet stream which usually
appears in the vicinity of Florida
and Cuba, each of the other three
are closely associated with one of
90O'
/ the three main frontal surfaces
over North America in winter.
1000-::J
,._b
_._._,;_:;::
0 .;=; _..·~
_, .. ,~
...-_-~
--_..A
-::;;
:.-.-s. -;.-_.®
-·:.P
·:·:.~
.._..1
._ _._i=;_._ -:~
,.~
_-. -~
·-·:.#
····:g
..-·._,_.4
_..4.
._._.·.@
·.-.-,t
_,._.·i
.i·.-t
:•:._:~
:;::Q
:.:_,:i ·0:·:.__
:.:it
These three frontal surfaces are
133 231 261 263 291 respectively called the polar front,
964
the maritime arctic front, and the
Fig. 2. View of continental-arctic jet stream seen looking downwind (after McIntyre continental arctic front, found in
and Lee, 1954). Lower numbers identify Alaskan and Yukon stations. Ordinate is pres-
sure in mb. Solid lines are isotachs in knots. Broken lines are isotherms in ·C. Heavy this order from south to north. The
solid lines show frontal surface and tropopause. polar and maritime arctic jet
18
 have structures very sim-
streanms ·tir 5at two or more jet streams move close-
nar to the continental-aretie je ly to one another. Although this wind can drop off at a rate as high
stream in Figure 2. There is one can occur. anywhere, the preferred as 35 knots per hundred nautical
d mental difference be ween
funar locations for such intense jet miles. On the left side, however,
enem, namely, that the heist of streams are the eastern coastlines there can be a much greater rate
imum wind speed is
maxin
oun a
ed of the Asian and North American of decrease in wind speed with dis-
. h r altitudes as one procee s
hig!er continents. tance; actual measurements have
thwards. For instance, the axis shown rates as high as 100 knots
sou! ·tir 5et 3t What are the highest wind-speeds per hundred nautical miles.
of the continental-arctic jet stream
likely to be found in jet streams?
is normally found between 25 and
In the past, wind-speed measure- It is also important to know the
30 thousand feet, the maritime-arc-
ments as high as 400 knots have wind-speed variations in the ver-
tic jet stream between 32 and 36 tical, or vertical wind shear. Above
frequently been reported in weather
thousand feet, and the polar-front
messages. However, when the orig- and below the jet axis, the wind
'·t stream between 35 and speed decreases at an average rate
inal observations, which are obtain-
jo nousand feet. These jet streams ed by balloon-tracking methods, are of 10-15 knots per 1000 feet. Ex-
are also found over Japan in win- treme values of the vertical wind
carefully checked, they are invar-
ter. Thus we can see why the shear have been found to be as high
iably found to be in error. For
strong winds were not encountered as 30-35 knots per 1000 feet by
example, a reported 400-knot wind
by the high-altitude bombers of the B-47 flights. Generally speaking, it
over Philadelphia late in January
Second world War until the scene is only necessary to fly at right
1955 was checked and found to be
of operations moved sufficiently far incorrect on account of instrumen- angles to the wind for a short dis-
north in the western Pacific. tance at the same height, simul-
tal difficulties. The revised estimate
Another notable fact about the taneously taking frequent observa-
of the maximum wind was around
three northernmost jet streams is tions of air temperature, to find
270 knots. Recently a number of
that the axis of each jet stream is whether one is above or below the
accurate wind measurements have
always found in the warm air above axis. If the temperature changes
been made by aircraft flying across
its respective frontal surface and selected jet streams. The highest very little, one will know the flight
most often above the 500 mb (18,000 reliable measurement made by this level is near the level of maximum
feet very nearly) position of the method up to November 1955 is 290 wind speed. If the temperature in-
front. This relationship has imme- knots. However, it must be stressed creases while flying to the left of
diate value to the meteorologist, for, that this figure does not necessari- the wind, one can conclude that the
by means of it, he is able to esti- ly belie the accuracy of winds re- flight level is above the level of
mate the location of a high-level ported by other aircraft not similar- maximum wind. Finally, if the tem-
jet stream from temperature data ly equipped. A case in point is the
perature decreases while flying to
at the relatively low level of 500 mb, the left, the flight level will be be-
encounter by a Comet of a 350-knot
even in the absence of high-level wind over Tokyo. low the level of maximum wind.
wind observations. Furthermore, This association of the vertical
knowing which front he is dealing Another significant feature of jet wind shear with the horizontal
with, he can provide a reasonable streams is brought out by the ver- temperature field is known to met-
estimate of the height of the axis. tical cross-section in Figure 2 eorologists as the "thermal-wind
One other feature brought out by the asymmetry of the wind distri- relationship". It has been exploited
extensive cross-section studies is bution about the axis. The speeds by many commercial airline pilots
that the strongest winds at any decrease more slowly with distance to locate high winds on long flights
level below the axis are invariably on the right side of the axis than across the Atlantic and Pacific
found in the warmer air. on the left side, facing down- oceans. By way of example, Captain
stream. Thus, a pilot, wishing to Bernard c. Frost of B.O.A.C., in
JET STREAM WINDS maintain strong tail winds would flying the North Atlantic routes
The wind speeds in the jet- find it advantageous to stay to the between 15,000 and 25,000 feet,
stream cross section shown in Fig- right of the jet-stream axis, where found that the outside air thermo-
ure 2 are not particularly high light shift in location relative to meter was a very valuable guide to
compared with those found at aswill
it I
produce little c. h. .ange in
· the the location of jet-stream winds.
lower latitudes. Both the maritime- tailwind component. A correspond- Once, in a strong wind at a certain
arctic and polar jet streams con- ing shift on the left side of the axis altitude, he found that the strong
sistently exhibit stronger winds on ill result in a considerably larger wind could be maintained by fly-
any given occasion. In fact, the acrease in the tailwind. Now, on ing along the same isotherm. He
strongest winds are found where the right side of the jet stream, the further states:

19
 the main jet axis, labelled J, above
400 mb, the wind speed is in excess
of 90 knots.
If we consider the horizontal
width of that band of winds in ex-
cess of a given value, say 80 knots,
I } we would find it to be surprisingly
narrow--of the order of 100 miles
\
I
I in this example, but generally about
300 nautical miles. The vertical

[()() [-4(
\ depth of the winds greater than 80
knots in Figure
[(Q 2 is less than 2
miles. A comparison of the horizon-
\ tal width of this jet core with the

,
; \
\/ depth would lead us to the con-
clusion that the jet stream can be
represented fairly accurately in
shape by a flat ribbon parallel to
the earth's surface. Other features
\ on the cross section are the trop-
----- opause, indicated by the disconti-
nuous heavy line around the 300-400
mb levels, and the continental arc-
200
a tic frontal surface separating the
~ relatively warm maritime arctic air
Lu] mass on the right of the diagram
a:: from the cold continental arctic air
1
Cf) to its left. The broken lines are
Cf)
Lu) isotherms labelled in degrees Cen-
a:: 300 tigrade.
a..
) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JET
-50 STREAMS AND FRONTS
-45 This particular cross section is
400 -45 typical of the northernmost jet
stream which has been encountered
by R.C.A.F. flights many times in
the past. Further studies of jet
streams have revealed that, on the
average, four main tropospheric jet
streams are present over North
America during the winter months.
Except for the southernmost sub-
tropical jet stream which usually
appears in the vicinity of Florida
and Cuba, each of the other three
are closely associated with one of
90O'
/ the three main frontal surfaces
over North America in winter.
1000-::J
,._b
_._._,;_:;::
0 .;=; _..·~
_, .. ,~
...-_-~
--_..A
-::;;
:.-.-s. -;.-_.®
-·:.P
·:·:.~
.._..1
._ _._i=;_._ -:~
,.~
_-. -~
·-·:.#
····:g
..-·._,_.4
_..4.
._._.·.@
·.-.-,t
_,._.·i
.i·.-t
:•:._:~
:;::Q
:.:_,:i ·0:·:.__
:.:it
These three frontal surfaces are
133 231 261 263 291 respectively called the polar front,
964
the maritime arctic front, and the
Fig. 2. View of continental-arctic jet stream seen looking downwind (after McIntyre continental arctic front, found in
and Lee, 1954). Lower numbers identify Alaskan and Yukon stations. Ordinate is pres-
sure in mb. Solid lines are isotachs in knots. Broken lines are isotherms in ·C. Heavy this order from south to north. The
solid lines show frontal surface and tropopause. polar and maritime arctic jet
18
 have structures very sim-
streanms ·tir 5at two or more jet streams move close-
nar to the continental-aretie je ly to one another. Although this wind can drop off at a rate as high
stream in Figure 2. There is one can occur. anywhere, the preferred as 35 knots per hundred nautical
d mental difference be ween
funar locations for such intense jet miles. On the left side, however,
enem, namely, that the heist of streams are the eastern coastlines there can be a much greater rate
imum wind speed is
maxin
oun a
ed of the Asian and North American of decrease in wind speed with dis-
. h r altitudes as one procee s
hig!er continents. tance; actual measurements have
thwards. For instance, the axis shown rates as high as 100 knots
sou! ·tir 5et 3t What are the highest wind-speeds per hundred nautical miles.
of the continental-arctic jet stream
likely to be found in jet streams?
is normally found between 25 and
In the past, wind-speed measure- It is also important to know the
30 thousand feet, the maritime-arc-
ments as high as 400 knots have wind-speed variations in the ver-
tic jet stream between 32 and 36 tical, or vertical wind shear. Above
frequently been reported in weather
thousand feet, and the polar-front
messages. However, when the orig- and below the jet axis, the wind
'·t stream between 35 and speed decreases at an average rate
inal observations, which are obtain-
jo nousand feet. These jet streams ed by balloon-tracking methods, are of 10-15 knots per 1000 feet. Ex-
are also found over Japan in win- treme values of the vertical wind
carefully checked, they are invar-
ter. Thus we can see why the shear have been found to be as high
iably found to be in error. For
strong winds were not encountered as 30-35 knots per 1000 feet by
example, a reported 400-knot wind
by the high-altitude bombers of the B-47 flights. Generally speaking, it
over Philadelphia late in January
Second world War until the scene is only necessary to fly at right
1955 was checked and found to be
of operations moved sufficiently far incorrect on account of instrumen- angles to the wind for a short dis-
north in the western Pacific. tance at the same height, simul-
tal difficulties. The revised estimate
Another notable fact about the taneously taking frequent observa-
of the maximum wind was around
three northernmost jet streams is tions of air temperature, to find
270 knots. Recently a number of
that the axis of each jet stream is whether one is above or below the
accurate wind measurements have
always found in the warm air above axis. If the temperature changes
been made by aircraft flying across
its respective frontal surface and selected jet streams. The highest very little, one will know the flight
most often above the 500 mb (18,000 reliable measurement made by this level is near the level of maximum
feet very nearly) position of the method up to November 1955 is 290 wind speed. If the temperature in-
front. This relationship has imme- knots. However, it must be stressed creases while flying to the left of
diate value to the meteorologist, for, that this figure does not necessari- the wind, one can conclude that the
by means of it, he is able to esti- ly belie the accuracy of winds re- flight level is above the level of
mate the location of a high-level ported by other aircraft not similar- maximum wind. Finally, if the tem-
jet stream from temperature data ly equipped. A case in point is the
perature decreases while flying to
at the relatively low level of 500 mb, the left, the flight level will be be-
encounter by a Comet of a 350-knot
even in the absence of high-level wind over Tokyo. low the level of maximum wind.
wind observations. Furthermore, This association of the vertical
knowing which front he is dealing Another significant feature of jet wind shear with the horizontal
with, he can provide a reasonable streams is brought out by the ver- temperature field is known to met-
estimate of the height of the axis. tical cross-section in Figure 2 eorologists as the "thermal-wind
One other feature brought out by the asymmetry of the wind distri- relationship". It has been exploited
extensive cross-section studies is bution about the axis. The speeds by many commercial airline pilots
that the strongest winds at any decrease more slowly with distance to locate high winds on long flights
level below the axis are invariably on the right side of the axis than across the Atlantic and Pacific
found in the warmer air. on the left side, facing down- oceans. By way of example, Captain
stream. Thus, a pilot, wishing to Bernard c. Frost of B.O.A.C., in
JET STREAM WINDS maintain strong tail winds would flying the North Atlantic routes
The wind speeds in the jet- find it advantageous to stay to the between 15,000 and 25,000 feet,
stream cross section shown in Fig- right of the jet-stream axis, where found that the outside air thermo-
ure 2 are not particularly high light shift in location relative to meter was a very valuable guide to
compared with those found at aswill
it I
produce little c. h. .ange in
· the the location of jet-stream winds.
lower latitudes. Both the maritime- tailwind component. A correspond- Once, in a strong wind at a certain
arctic and polar jet streams con- ing shift on the left side of the axis altitude, he found that the strong
sistently exhibit stronger winds on ill result in a considerably larger wind could be maintained by fly-
any given occasion. In fact, the acrease in the tailwind. Now, on ing along the same isotherm. He
strongest winds are found where the right side of the jet stream, the further states:

19
 to experience elsewhere, there were
area most affected being around turbulence was felt. Only rarely was
many flights through well-docu-
25,000-29,000 feet. The highest turbulence encountered above the
tropopause, and it was never mented jet streams which yielded
recorded altitude of turbulence
greater than moderate. In contrast no trace of turbulence at all.
was 49,000 feet, where only light

GRADUATION at C.M.R.
Our two photographs were taken
at the graduation ceremonies held
during the second week of May at
Le College Militaire Royal de Saint-
Jean, St. Johns, Quebec. The top
three students in their class, Cadets
Duval, Boulay, and Bechamp, are
all from the Ottawa district. Cadet
Duval won the Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor's silver medal for academic
proficiency, the prize for the best
average, and also first prize in
chemistry, mathematics, history,
economics, and French.
The Hon. Hugues Lapointe, Minis-
ter of Veteran's Affairs, took the
salute. Then, accompanied by Col.
M. L. Lahaie, Commandant of the
College, he inspected the cadets.
The band of the Royal 22nd Regi-
Left to right: Cadets C. Boulay, R. Bechamp, and F. Duval.

Accompanied by Cadet Wing Commander J. P. Reilly, Mr. Lapointe, inspects the

graduating class. ment provided music for the oc-
casion.
Diplomas were presented by Mr.
Lapointe to 58 cadets who had
successfully completed the three-
year course. Most of these cadets
will complete their training at the
Royal Military College, Kingston,
Ont.
Representing the three armed
Services of Canada were: Maj.-Gen.
Bernatchez, G.O.C. Quebec Com-
mand; Air Vice-Marshal Bryans,

I
A.O.C. Training Command; Air
Vice-Marshal Wray, A.O.C. Air De-
fence Command· Rear-Admiral
Rayner, Chief of Naval Personnel;
and Commodore Earl Naval Of-
ficer-in-Charge of the Port of
Montreal.
22
 A Review-article

BY SQUADRON LEADER I. s. McLEISH

Directorate of Aircraft Engineering, A.F.H.Q.

·f' wo main sys «at

ojecs are associated ticular, are extremely interesting furnishings and fittings, and arma-
with the publication of this book; and simple, though some might ment; and it ends with a chapter
one is to form the nucleus of what consider them to imply that current on elementary navigation.
it is hoped will become a standard knowledge of the fundamentals is
work of reference on flight and fuller and more firmly based than j

aeronautics; the other is to provide is in fact the case. Because the sec-
a key to the articles appearing in tion on supersonic aerodynamics Returning to the chapter of the
the weekly periodical 'Flight', gives such an interesting physical book which deals with the "First
whereby new readers may be en- description of a subject that is Principles of Aerodynamics", the
abled to pick up the essential usually presented in an abstract authors introduce the subject with
threads of the subject with facil- mathematical way, it will be dealt a point that is very often forgotten
ity." with in some detail at the end of in these days of exact science and
These words formed part of the this review. mathematics: they stress the fact
preface to the "Flight Manual" of Following the chapters on the that the subject of aerodynamics
1910, the predecessor to the five general subjects of aerodynamics is at present based upon well-
editions of the "Flight Handbook" and structures, the book deals with known classical laws and practical
that have been published since the various basic types of aircraft calculations which are carried out
then. fixed-wing powered aircraft, with the aid of long-established
How little these basic intentions gliders and sailplanes, rotorcraft, empirical formulae. The modern
have altered in almost forty-five balloons and airships. Each subject aerodynamicist, faced with basic
years, yet how much has aviation is brought well up to date, and, laws that do not give results of
changed! The fifth edition of the while there is a good deal of over- sufficient accuracy, must depend
"Flight Handbook" has been pub- lapping between these and other on the results of very recent re-
lished to meet the needs of aviation chapters in the book, this can be search. This explains why it is
enthusiasts who require basic infor- excused in a handbook where a necessary, when modern high-
mation on the subject of aircraft, continuous thread of story does not speed aircraft are being developed,
engines, and the theory of flight as have to be woven from cover to to supplement by extensive and
it is today. No special technical cover. The chapter on fixed-wing expensive test programmes those
knowledge or training is assumed, aircraft deals with requirements areas in which the results of re-
common to all aircraft as well as search are not directly applicable.
but all the main essentials of each
with the particular factors to be High-speed aerodynamics is a
subject are given in a form readily
considered in aircraft designed vast and intriguing subject, and, in
understandable by the intelligent
layman. specifically for civil use or for order to illustrate the simple phys-
military use. It also contains an ical approach that the authors of
The earlier part of the book deals "Flight Handbook" have taken, a
with the nature of the atmosphere, interesting section on the develop-
ment of basic wing-plan forms, and condensed version of their account
the first principles of aerodynam- of high-speed flow over a wing will
ics, and the development of aircraft it illustrates the configurations
which have been, or are being, used be given.
structures. The chapter on aerody- As the speed of the air over a
namics in general, and the section in the Mach range 0.8 to 3.
The book continues on the prac- wing increases, there eventually
on supersonic aerodynamics in par- comes a time when it is moving at
tical side, with full and well illus-
"Flight 1Handbook", by the staff of trated descriptions of the various the same speed as the normal rate
[,sh._rui_caiiion.iiitslica iy pure types of aircraft power-plants, aux- of travel of small pressure-waves,
ons Ltd., Dorset House, Stamford St.
London S.E.1, England. Pp. 282. More than iliaries, controls and instruments, i.e. sound waves. When this occurs,
200 illustrations. Price 15s. Postage 8d.

23
 to experience elsewhere, there were
area most affected being around turbulence was felt. Only rarely was
many flights through well-docu-
25,000-29,000 feet. The highest turbulence encountered above the
tropopause, and it was never mented jet streams which yielded
recorded altitude of turbulence
greater than moderate. In contrast no trace of turbulence at all.
was 49,000 feet, where only light

GRADUATION at C.M.R.
Our two photographs were taken
at the graduation ceremonies held
during the second week of May at
Le College Militaire Royal de Saint-
Jean, St. Johns, Quebec. The top
three students in their class, Cadets
Duval, Boulay, and Bechamp, are
all from the Ottawa district. Cadet
Duval won the Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor's silver medal for academic
proficiency, the prize for the best
average, and also first prize in
chemistry, mathematics, history,
economics, and French.
The Hon. Hugues Lapointe, Minis-
ter of Veteran's Affairs, took the
salute. Then, accompanied by Col.
M. L. Lahaie, Commandant of the
College, he inspected the cadets.
The band of the Royal 22nd Regi-
Left to right: Cadets C. Boulay, R. Bechamp, and F. Duval.

Accompanied by Cadet Wing Commander J. P. Reilly, Mr. Lapointe, inspects the

graduating class. ment provided music for the oc-
casion.
Diplomas were presented by Mr.
Lapointe to 58 cadets who had
successfully completed the three-
year course. Most of these cadets
will complete their training at the
Royal Military College, Kingston,
Ont.
Representing the three armed
Services of Canada were: Maj.-Gen.
Bernatchez, G.O.C. Quebec Com-
mand; Air Vice-Marshal Bryans,

I
A.O.C. Training Command; Air
Vice-Marshal Wray, A.O.C. Air De-
fence Command· Rear-Admiral
Rayner, Chief of Naval Personnel;
and Commodore Earl Naval Of-
ficer-in-Charge of the Port of
Montreal.
22
 A Review-article

BY SQUADRON LEADER I. s. McLEISH

Directorate of Aircraft Engineering, A.F.H.Q.

·f' wo main sys «at

ojecs are associated ticular, are extremely interesting furnishings and fittings, and arma-
with the publication of this book; and simple, though some might ment; and it ends with a chapter
one is to form the nucleus of what consider them to imply that current on elementary navigation.
it is hoped will become a standard knowledge of the fundamentals is
work of reference on flight and fuller and more firmly based than j

aeronautics; the other is to provide is in fact the case. Because the sec-
a key to the articles appearing in tion on supersonic aerodynamics Returning to the chapter of the
the weekly periodical 'Flight', gives such an interesting physical book which deals with the "First
whereby new readers may be en- description of a subject that is Principles of Aerodynamics", the
abled to pick up the essential usually presented in an abstract authors introduce the subject with
threads of the subject with facil- mathematical way, it will be dealt a point that is very often forgotten
ity." with in some detail at the end of in these days of exact science and
These words formed part of the this review. mathematics: they stress the fact
preface to the "Flight Manual" of Following the chapters on the that the subject of aerodynamics
1910, the predecessor to the five general subjects of aerodynamics is at present based upon well-
editions of the "Flight Handbook" and structures, the book deals with known classical laws and practical
that have been published since the various basic types of aircraft calculations which are carried out
then. fixed-wing powered aircraft, with the aid of long-established
How little these basic intentions gliders and sailplanes, rotorcraft, empirical formulae. The modern
have altered in almost forty-five balloons and airships. Each subject aerodynamicist, faced with basic
years, yet how much has aviation is brought well up to date, and, laws that do not give results of
changed! The fifth edition of the while there is a good deal of over- sufficient accuracy, must depend
"Flight Handbook" has been pub- lapping between these and other on the results of very recent re-
lished to meet the needs of aviation chapters in the book, this can be search. This explains why it is
enthusiasts who require basic infor- excused in a handbook where a necessary, when modern high-
mation on the subject of aircraft, continuous thread of story does not speed aircraft are being developed,
engines, and the theory of flight as have to be woven from cover to to supplement by extensive and
it is today. No special technical cover. The chapter on fixed-wing expensive test programmes those
knowledge or training is assumed, aircraft deals with requirements areas in which the results of re-
common to all aircraft as well as search are not directly applicable.
but all the main essentials of each
with the particular factors to be High-speed aerodynamics is a
subject are given in a form readily
considered in aircraft designed vast and intriguing subject, and, in
understandable by the intelligent
layman. specifically for civil use or for order to illustrate the simple phys-
military use. It also contains an ical approach that the authors of
The earlier part of the book deals "Flight Handbook" have taken, a
with the nature of the atmosphere, interesting section on the develop-
ment of basic wing-plan forms, and condensed version of their account
the first principles of aerodynam- of high-speed flow over a wing will
ics, and the development of aircraft it illustrates the configurations
which have been, or are being, used be given.
structures. The chapter on aerody- As the speed of the air over a
namics in general, and the section in the Mach range 0.8 to 3.
The book continues on the prac- wing increases, there eventually
on supersonic aerodynamics in par- comes a time when it is moving at
tical side, with full and well illus-
"Flight 1Handbook", by the staff of trated descriptions of the various the same speed as the normal rate
[,sh._rui_caiiion.iiitslica iy pure types of aircraft power-plants, aux- of travel of small pressure-waves,
ons Ltd., Dorset House, Stamford St.
London S.E.1, England. Pp. 282. More than iliaries, controls and instruments, i.e. sound waves. When this occurs,
200 illustrations. Price 15s. Postage 8d.

23
 sound barrier", although this is an
unfortunate name for what should
SHOCK WAVE be a smooth process. A wing in
steady supersonic flight is shown
in Fig. 3. The expansion waves
emanating from the convex surface
of the wing tend to bend the com-
pression shock-waves and, even-
tually, to cancel them out. The
downward deflection of the airflow
provides the lift, as in supersonic
flight, but in this case the stream-
lines have abrupt kinks as they
pass through the shock-waves. An-
other effect which rapidly becomes
predominant in the supersonic re-
gion is the energy-loss drag in the
s 3
shock-waves themselves. For a
TURBULENT shockwave is, in supersonic flight,
BOUNDARY LAYER towed through the air by the air-
Fig. 1 craft, the extra energy appearing
as heat.
sound waves and other disturb- about Mach 0.95.
ances propagated from the rear of The c o n d i t i o n will rapidly be j j j

the wing will find the air-stream reached when the flow behind (as
moving towards them at their own well as in front of) every shock- Offhand, it is difficult to think
speed, so that they can make no wave on the wing becomes super- of any technical field of aviation
progress forward over the wing. sonic; and when this occurs the that is not covered by the "Flight
Each wave will then remain rough- airspeed will be faster than the Handbook", and one is left with the
ly stationary at the thickest part speed of sound throughout. The general impression of having been
of the wing: this boundary is called aircraft will then, in popular par- offered a considerable amount of
a shock-wave (see Fig. 1). lance, have "crashed through the useful information. Taken in con-
The concept of a shock-wave is
INCLINED SHOCK WAVE
not easily grasped. A shock-wave is CAUSED BY BIREAK-AWAY
incredibly thin perhaps one ten- OF BOUNDARY LAYER
thousandth of an inch from front
to back and in itself it offers Fig. 2
little hindrance to the airflow. It
is, in fact, a pressure wave of finite
a m p 1 i t u d e. As the air passes
through the shock-wave, it expe-
riences an extremely sudden and LEADING·EDGE
SHOCK WAVE
discontinuous rise in temperature
and pressure, while its velocity is
correspondingly reduced.
As the free-stream Mach number
TRAILING EDGE
increases, the shock migrates from SHOCK
Fig. 3
A (Fig. 2) to a position behind the
trailing edge, and it develops a split
root. The forward branch of the junction with its index, the book
root adheres to the wing, but the provides a valuable source for quick
original shock is eventually left far reference, although it is regrettable
behind. At the same time, a new LlHlHL_EXPANSION that a bibliography was not in-
shock is formed at the leading edge. WAVES
cluded for those who wish to go
This is the position reached at more deeply into the subject.

24
'
in PI f! of OLEUM

BY STEPHEN LEACOCK

(rhe following article was written by the late Stephen Leacock for a it seems now, man learned the uses
Sp ecial issue of the Imperial Oil Review which appeared in Septe: :b
f of petroleum. How long it had had
1930 on the occasion o; the e company's rs fifti mer
fijtieth anniversary. It is reprited
+, f I 5al mrmnte to wait! Primitive man slopped
here by kind permission o; 'mperiai Oil Ltd.- Editor.)
round in the marshes in pools of
petroleum and never knew it was
L,Er oTHERS TALK of the blessings there. The ancient Britons mixed
blue ice cliffs and the leaden sea.
that have accrued to humanity it up with a blue weed that they
Life moved with incredible slow-
from the advance of our civilization called "woad" and then stained
ness. Courtship lasted 12 years. It themselves blue with it, feeling
in such things as morality, medi- froze slowly into matrimony and pretty saucy and smelling like a
cine, mathematics, music, and the stagnation, and at the end white gasoline station.
manufacture of moonshine. death threw a mantle over every- The Chinese knew of petroleum
I want, on this pleasant anniver- thing.
as far back as the Ming dynasty,
sary occasion, to get down to rock Then came the Stone Age-not but they used it only as hair-oil.
bottom and talk about petroleum. much better. Primitive man, now The Persians knew of it and used
Man has been called by Aristotle covered with hair as the result of it for making chest-plasters. The
a reasoning animal; by others a sitting on the ice, spent his time North American Indians, the Sene-
laughing animal; and by others in piling up huge stones, set on end cas, found petroleum oozing out
again distinguished as a tool-using to form circles. It took 120 years of the ground in the valley of the
animal or as a fire-making animal. to raise each stone. Often it fell Alleghany river, but only used it to
But in our day the true distinction down and crushed its builders un- make Seneca oil for rheumatism.
between humanity and all the rest der it. They had to stay there. This Thus their childish pride in their
of the animate kingdom is that was the beginning of tombstones, own name prevented them from the
man is the animal that uses oil. the only invention of the Stone Age. great discovery still to come.
The others don't. They can't. They Then came the Iron Age-much Then came into the world an Am-
don't know how. As a result, man, better, far more movement, some- erican settler called Ker, and he
the oil-user, can beat them at their thing doing at last. Man now learn- gathered up the oil into barrels and
own game. The swallow is excelled ed to make iron spears, axes, ham- drained the mud out of it, and
in its flight. The horse has lost its mers; he could now crack his head soak an old shirt in it and made a
speed. Unless it can make its legs open in one knock. Life became torch. But even then the other set-
rotate with gasoline, its future will much shorter and much merrier. tlers didn't catch on: they only saw
get dark, its doom grow certain. The After the age of Iron came the that Ker had burned up a good
whale pants along behind the power Booze Age, or the Age of Alcohol. shirt. Such is always the difficult
boat; and no one cares for the This was brought about by the in- upward path of progress; there is
whale's pants. He hasn't any, any- vention of wine and the finding of many a fall on the way. The tele-
way. Even the skunk holds his own the wheat plant and the discovery graph, when first invented, was
-or lets it go on a narrow margin of Scotland. This age lasted all called an "interesting toy". No one
of superiority. through the centuries of Rome and would buy it. The telephone was,
Greece and medieval and modern for its earlier years, only an amus-
. Such is man among the animals
world down to our own time. It had ing contrivance, the despair of its
in this, his latest age, the Oil Age.
in it other features beside the use inventors and patentees. Something
The other epochs that have gone
of alcohol-such as the invention of the torpid mind of the Ice Age
before look tame beside this rapid-
of writing and printing and castle- still chilled the warmth of human
moving, explosive period. There was
building and shipbuilding. But its aspirations. Ker's "K e r o s e n e"
first the Ice Age-long slow and wouldn't sell; it was used for burn-
dull in the extreme. In the Ice Age leading feature was that man be-
ing stumps, for making bonfires,
nature scarcely moved. Primitive came a booze-using animal.
This last age, as its speed in- and for lighting up the creeks for
man sat immovable in his white sucker-spearing in the spring wa-
bear skin on a chunk of ice, naked creased, broke all of a sudden into
the Age of Oil. All of a sudden, so ter. But that was all.
in the wrong place, gazing at the

25
 Coiled up in each of Ker's barrels world changed. Mankind woke up; gramophone and grew two feet.
of kerosene, infinitely compressed, learned how to burn the oil, and Thus all the world is being unified
was the expanding power of gas- tap the oil, boil it and distil and re- by oil.
oline, like the Arabian genie im- fine it-till from the rude sluggish Thus has come the oil world in
prisoned in a bottle. In the barrel fluid of the ancient British "woad" which we live smooth, pleasant,
there was locked the potential ex- and the greasy Chinese hair tonic moving on oiled bearings, and cer-
plosive engine that made possible was made the beautiful white spirit tainly rapid. Gone now is the long
the motor-car, the aeroplane and of gasoline-with life and death and stagnation of the Ice Age with its
the submarine-in it there was power imprisoned in a pint bottle. 12 years of courtship. Even love has
peace and war, the noise and tu- All the world was speeded up. Our to move fast now. Cupid's little
mult of the Great World War to little globe seemed to shrink be- wings tired out long ago; now he
come, fought with gasoline-in it neath our feet. Its vastness was all uses a cute little 'plane with a cute
was the trans-Atlantic flight of gone. From end to end it was little seat for two. And even if, now
Lindbergh, the new Icarus, white- searched and ransacked for oil. The and then, he falls in a cute little
winged across the sea-the hum- white-winged 'plane and the motor- crash-at any rate that's quicker
ming of the transcontinental mail- boat brought all civilization into and better than freezing to death
planes-the spluttering of the farm one. The motor-car unified the in the Ice Age or wheezing to death
motor on the country road, the world and turned the jungle into in the Stone Age or boozing to
grinding of the irresistible tractor, highways. The savages of the past death in the Stewed Age.
and the long procession on the -the queer peoples in the queer In the Great Oil Age, which now
highway with motorfuls of baskets, places with the quaint customs- is, all life moves along. Love and
tents, mattresses and children over- had to get into line with the age of friendship, joy and sorrow move
flowing at the windows-all rushed oil and gasoline. The motion-pic- fast. Good news and bad news cir-
by a series of explosions from the ture a foster-child of the oil age culate the globe in a second. Kings
heat of the city to the cool waters held up to the savage a picture of rise and fall, republics roll over
of the motor-camp. All this was in what he really was. He took one sideways, elections go off with a
Ker's barrel of "Kerosene" which no look, and decided never to be it pop
so fast that each is forgotten
one would buy. again. The Afghan set his foot on before it is finished.
But when at last it was opened, the running board of a motor-car And at the end the rapid motor-
the contents flew out all over the and was lost. The cannibal took a hearse rushes man to oblivion with
world, like the magic contents of ride in a- gasoline launch and lost a last faint smell of gasoline as his
Pandora's Box. And with it all the his taste. The pygmy listened to the requiem.

THE STEINHARDT TROPHY

Mrs. A. A. Sherlock, daughter of
the former U. S. Ambassador to
Canada, the Hon. Lawrence A.
I
Steinhardt, recently presented a
trophy to the R.C.A.F. in memory
of her father, who was killed in a
flying accident in 1950. The trophy
will be awarded annually on Air
Force Day to the most efficient all-
weather fighter squadron in Air
Defence Command.

Left to right: Air Marshal C. R. Slemon,

CB., CB.E.; Mrs. A. A. Sherlock; Air Vice-
Marshal L. E. Wray, O.BE., A.F.C.

26
 BY FLYING OFFICER K. R. WEAVER
No. 4016 Medical Unit (Auxiliary)

A LARGE transport aircraft circles now very well trained and ready to
fully prepared by the medical per-
the field before coming in for a set up an evacuation programme in sonnel, include such subjects as
landing. Fire-engines and ambu- the event of an outbreak of hostili- flight medicine, first aid procedure,
lances rush out, groundcrews stop ties. This fact is quite significant intelligence, and basic Air Force in-
their work on the tarmac and when one considers that there is no structions for all ranks. Airmen
watch the aircraft intently. It counterpart to such an organiza- and nurses who have completed
makes a perfect landing, and, fol- tion in the regular R.C.A.F. All the their courses at an earlier date are
lowed closely by fire-fighters and success of the programme has been now giving instruction, under the
ambulances, taxies to the tarmac. based on training, and this is given direction of a medical officer, to
A section of the huge fuselage in many ways. A series of lectures more recent entrants into the unit.
opens outward and upwards, and a has been instituted, personnel take At Sea Island, on the occasional
special ramp is wheeled into posi- part in flying training, mercy Sunday, practice flights are made
tion. The first ambulance-driver flights are manned by unit person- and demonstrations of air evacua-
backs up to the ramp, down which nel, and a comprehensive summer- tion are given to the group by
technicians are already bearing training programme is carried out qualified personnel. A nurse in the
stretcher-patients. A smartly at- in the United States with the co- unit, Flt. Lt. Gerry McIntyre, is a
tired nurse signs the sheet pre- operation of the Military Air Trans- graduate of the Flight Nurses'
sented to her by the flight nurse, port Service of the U.S.A.F. course at Gunther Air Base, Alaba-
and the ambulance drives off to the Lectures are presented each Wed- ma, and has flown as a crew-mem-
hospital. The door in the fuselage nesday at the Vancouver Reserve ber in the Pacific Division of the
is closed, the motors cough into life Centre and, on alternate Sundays, Military Air Transport Services of
again, and the aircraft takes off as at Sea Island. The lectures, care- the US.A.F.
smoothly as it landed.
This is air evacuation in action. Personnel of No. 4016 at JMcGuire AF.B.
This is part of the work of No. 4016 - - ·-~---
CT n
Medical Unit (Auxiliary).
k k

The unit first came into being in

Vancouver, B.C., in March 1952. It
started on a small scale, with a
skeleton staff of medical officers
and nurses drawn from other
auxiliary units. Its function from
the very outset was envisaged as
the air evacuation of medical pa-
tients; and the unit has grown un-
til today it is the largest auxiliary
medical unit in Canada, with the
most extensive programme of train-
ing.
Under the able command of Wing
Commander J. M. Mather (who in
civilian life is head of the Depart-
ment of Public Health on the Fa-
culty of Medicine at the University
of British Columbia), the unit is
27
 p

e?
, r,=et

rr
..
J
¢4 " flew them to such fields as Wash-
ington, D.C., Roanake, Va., Boston,
Mass.,, and other points. There,
h »] some patients were discharged and
new ones taken on board. Our per-
sonnel actively handled these pa-
tients in flight and learned at first
hand the problems and procedures.
The patients might include a 19-
hour-old baby, a tuberculosis pa-
tient, an accident case, or a psy-
chotic patient.
The next stage was the Trunk
Line flights. The U.S.A.F. has a
policy of getting any sick or injured
patient to a point within five hun-
dred miles of his home as soon as
possible. The Trunk Line flights
No. 4016 flight nurses learn the handling of patients in the air.
carry patients from McGuire Air
Force Base to points as distant as
San Antonio, Texas. These are
Mercy flights on the rugged B.C. perience, however, has been gained long flights, and the bigger aircraft
coast provide excellent training for from contact-training with the carry a greater number of pa-
the personnel of the unit. B.C.'s U.S.A.F. during the two-week tients.
mountainous coastal area supports periods of summer camp. The unit During the third stage of train-
the basic industries of fishing and has received such training on three ing, nineteen of our unit went over-
lumbering, and there are many occasions, and a brief description seas in DC-Gs on a seven-day re-
serious accidents in remote places. of last year's work may be of in- turn trip which took them to ob-
The RC.A.F. is often called upon terest. serve the organizations in Frank-
to bring an injured logger or a sick Thirty-three personnel of No. furt, Germany, and other points in
person to a well-equipped medical 4016 embarked by aircraft for Mc- Europe. Some got as far as Naples
centre in Vancouver. Polio, during Guire Air Force Base, N.J., and ar- and Tripoli.
the last few years, has at times rived on 17 July. An advance party ij J
reached alarming proportions in had already set up a training-pro-
B.C., and victims requiring treat- gramme. Superlative co-operation No. 4016 now feels that it knows
ment by respirator have been flown was enjoyed from the American a good deal about air evacuation,
to Vancouver from small towns all squadron, and the unit's total fly- and it is in a position to pass on
over the province. These flights, ing-time during the two weeks was the information gained from its
conducted by Regular Force person- 1625 hours. experience to other nucleus-groups
nel, have provided No. 4016 M.U. Groups of four or five partici- in centres across Canada. Although
with invaluable experience in the pated in air evacuation flights in only four years old, it is confident
handling of sick personnel in the three stages. The first stage was that it could be activated with very
air. the local flights. The aircraft little notice in time of national
Perhaps the most important ex- picked up patients at McGuire and emergency.

THE FIELD
E ooQ'{ \N . in
fOR 1\-\ rench sO!
ldier carries
,js batofl
Ever» ., a mars',,,poteon)-
. hapsa
his - ·
 No. I F.T T.U. In Greece and Turkey

As Canada's concern with world to operate it. Since 220-volt 3-phase didn't exist, English words were
affairs grows and widens, so more current was not available, some al- used. All the charts and instru-
foreign countries are becoming fa- ternate power had to be found. mental diagrams were, of course, in
miliar to her airmen. Recently Their searches revealed, tucked English. Since the interpreters
added to the list of places in which away in a warehouse, a crated Die- were non-technical men, patience
R.C.A.F. personnel have carried out sel generator which had been stored and ingenuity were required to get
tours of duty are the ancient lands against future use and then ap- the training syllabus, lesson plans,
of Turkey and Greece. parently forgotten. They promptly and examinations suitably trans-
As part of Canada's contribution installed it in a nearby building lated.
to N.A.T.0,, two Sabre Aircraft Sys- which they rigged up as a power-
tems Trainers (A.S.T.) were sent to On 1 December 1954, the re-
house. Each morning and after- mainder of the F.T.T.U. team ar-
Turkey and Greece, respectively, to- noon, when classes were ready to rived in Eskisehir by North Star,
gether with eight N.C.O.'s whose begin, someone would hand-crank and two weeks later classes were
jobs were to set up equipment and the "field-telephone" and put a call started. Each class consisted of
to train instructors. The group, through to the powerhouse. In due two non-English-speaking Turkish
which formed No. 1 Field Technical course the generator would be Air Force N.C.O.s and one Turkish
Training Unit, was under the com- started and the current supplied Army 3rd Lt. as interpreter. A con-
mand of W.O.2 C. H. Stevens, since that activated the speed-brakes, stant problem was that of trying to
commissioned. flaps, fuel pumps, trim tabs, etc. retain qualified interpreters. Since
Warrant Officer Stevens arrived To make the A.S.T. more easily they were all conscripts, there was

I
in Turkey on 1 October 1954, and understood by the students, the a steady turnover as their periods
proceeded to Eskisehir, a Turkish R.C.A.F. instructors, with the as- of military service came to an end.
Air Force base 175 miles from An- sistance of interpreters, scotch- The lack of technical knowledge
kara. Here the A.S.T. was to be taped appropriate explanations in or skill of the embryo instructors
installed. A week later he was Turkish on to various parts of the was a further drawback; and, as
joined by Flt. Sgt. C. W. Dunford, trainer. Where the necessary words the course progressed, it became
the aero-engine instructor of the
team. Since the A.S.T. had already
arrived, the two men were anxious No. 1 F.TT.U Left to right: Sgt. A. R. Grondin, FIt. Sgt. R. J. Large, Cpl. D. W.
Farquhar, Fit. Sgt. J. L. Barrett, Sgt. H. P. Fisher, Sgt. L. W. Elderkin, Flt. Sgt. C. W.
to assemble it without delay and Dunford, W.O.2 C. H. Stevens.
thus make an early start on the
training programme. This, how-
ever, was not to be.
When a suitable building was
finally located, the classroom lay-
out was quickly agreed upon; but,
since wood is scarce in Turkey, and
since such substitutes as wallboards
are unknown, partitions of brick
and mortar were slowly and labor-
iously erected. Further delay caused
by the lack of classroom equipment
was overcome by improvisation:
blackboards were made from A.S.T.
crates, brushes from packing-felt.
When the classrooms were finally
ready and the trainer was as-
sembled, Stevens and Dunford cast
about them for a source of power
29
 a,

s" so
~

His Majesty King Paul oj Greece, with two

of his officers, receives a demonstration
from Cpl. Farquhar.

obvious that the F.T.T.U. team

would have to proceed very slowly
and repeat the difficult parts many
times. A few of the student-in- The Turkish staff present their Canadian instructors with a Christmas cake.
structors had acquired some experi-
ence on F-84s, but, for most of also visited by the only other mem- in Eskisehir. Their meals, however,
them, the systems trainer and the ber of the R.C.A.F. stationed in that they cooked and ate in the instruct-
F-86s represented their first con- country, Sqn. Ldr. M. W. Dickinson ors' room at the air base. Most of
tacts with jet aircraft. The result (Liaison Officer), who was later re- the Turkish dishes, which are
was that the course, which takes placed by Sqd. Ldr. M. B. MacMil- usually cooked in olive oil, were a
two weeks in Canada, in Turkey lan (Supply), Flying Officer R. T. little rich for their northern diges-
lasted for two months. Neverthe- Barlow, and Cpl. J. S. Chiviendacz tive systems. A refrigerator, dishes,
less, in spite of all difficulties, the (Supply Technician). and cooking utensils were flown in
F.T.T.U. trained two Turkish in- k from Langar, and the space-heater,
structors in each of seven trades, At Christmas, a day of no signi- primarily intended for warming the
then supervised those same in- ficance to members of the Moslem classroom, served double duty as a
structors as they taught their own faith, each member of the F.T.T.U. stove. At the midday repast the
countrymen. This system proved received a personal Christmas card eight R.C.A.F. representatives were
very effective and it was continued from the commanding general of j o in e d by fellow-countrymen-
through five courses of technicians the First Turkish Air Force, Brig.- "tech. reps." from Canadair, Cana-
and two courses of pilots, during Gen. Akoglu. In addition, the staff dian Aviation Electronics, and Gen-
which 310 people were trained. The of the Turkish F-86 M.T.U. pre- eral Electric.
F.T.T.U. then completed the organ- sented their Canadian instructors During their week-ends they
ization of the Turkish Air Force with a large Christmas cake em- visited such places as Ankara, Is-
F-86 Mobile Training Unit and pro- blazoned with a maple leaf and in- tanbul, Bursa, and Izmir. One of
vided contact-training for its Of- scribed "Merry Christmas". A New the most interesting trips was a
ficer Commanding, 1st. Lt. Selahat- Year's party, also in their honour, boat-ride across the Bosphorous.
tin Kavustu. included a six-course meal and an This three-mile intercontinental
While stationed at Eskisehir, this extremely potent and palatable jaunt carried them from Haydar-
unique R.C.A.F. unit came in for concoction which looked like syrup pasa Station, in Asia Minor, to Ca-
more than its share of attention and tasted like licorice. The Turks leta Bridge, in Europe and all
from visiting dignitaries. Among drink it "straight" and in large for 20 kurus (seven cents). Week-
the latter were Lt.-Gen. Uchaner, quantities, following it with a small end passes from the Turkish Air
Commander of the Turkish Air chaser of water to quench their Force entitled them to reduced
Force; Maj.-Gen. Ariburun, Senior thirst. The Canadians also took it rates on the modern Diesel trains
Staff Officer of the Turkish Air straight" but in minute quanti- that run between the principal
Force Headquarters; His Excellency ties and followed up with an abun- cities in Turkey.
Mr. H. Moran, Canadian Ambassa- dance of water to put out the re- By day, the world-famous bazaar
dor to Turkey; and several senior sultant fires. in Istanbul was the chief attrac-
officers of the U.S.A.F. and the U.S. The eight Canadian airmen lived tion, Here the Canadians soon be-
Army. Periodically, the unit was in private homes centrally located came adept in the art c! haggling

30
with the rug and jewellery mer- give instruction in it. This was to mail, which took from seven to ten
chants, much to the satisfaction of be accompanied by the establish- days to reach them from home, pro-
both parties. By night, Ankara of- ment of a Greek mobile training vided the quickest service. Mail
fered never-failing entertainment-- unit, by the provision of technical becomes particularly important in
and quite a lot of excitement too. assistance at base maintenance a country where English-language
The Turkish taxi-driver, con- level, and by the giving of advice newspapers are few and English
vinced that it pays to spare both on such matters as stock control radio stations are non-existent.
his engine and his head-lights as and inventory of parts. The F.T.T.U. was visited by His
much as he can, turns them off at When fourteen instructors had Majesty King Paul of Greece· His
every possible opportunity; and been trained, they then began the Excellency Mr. W. L. MacDermot,
Ankara, being located on a series of training of their own personnel, Canadian Ambassador to Greece·
hills, affords infinite scope for such each of them under the watchful and by many senior officers of the
economies. Unseen and unheard, eye of a Canadian N.C.O. who tried Royal Hellenic Air Force and the
he hurtles happily through the to ensure that the lectures were US.A.F. The Canadian airmen at-
night down hills and around corn- carried out according to plan. This tended receptions at both the Ca-
ers, apparently concerning himself was not easy for the N.C.O.s, as it nadian and the British embassies in
not one whit about the mere pedes- was all - literally Greek to Athens, and at a party held in their
trian who has no possible means of them. They would monitor the lec- honour by the Commanding Officer
knowing that he's coming. Until tures, watching as their former of No. 12 Combat Wing, R.H.A.F.,
they became aware of this local students traced through electrical before their departure from the
sport, the members of the F.T.T.U. circuits or hydraulic systems. If country.
established several unofficial sprint everything appeared to be correct, The world-famous Acropolis, that
records. they would not interrupt. If, how- towering mass of rock which was
k * k
ever, the instructor was hesitant, or the citadel of ancient Athens, im-
On 15 April 1955, No. 1 F.T.T.U., had obviously erred, the N.C.O. pressed them deeply; and among
having completed its task in Tur- would call a halt to the lecture and, the other sights which they
key, was flown to Athens by a with the aid of an interpreter, get will long remember were the ruins
U.S.A.F. aircraft. At Eleusis, a the matter sorted out. By means of the temple of Zeus, the Odeion
Royal Hellenic Air Force jet-base of this slow and cautious approach, of Herodes Atticus, and the original
20 miles north-west of Athens, the the Greek instructors received an Olympic Stadium which was com-
trainer was installed in a building excellent grounding, and in a com- pleted in the 2nd century A.D. and
previously occupied by an American paratively short period of time they which seated 50,000 spectators. An-
F-84 school. Although the country had trained a total of 82 pilots and other pleasant diversion for off-
was different, the two major prob- groundcrew. duty hours was skin-diving in the
lems remained the same: the lan- While based at Eleusis, the air- warm and salty Aegan Sea. Out-
guage barrier and the lack of in- men lived in Athens and were fitted with diving-masks complete
terpreters. Furthermore, the train- transported back and forth in a with schnorkel, and wearing flip-
er destined for Greece did not ar- truck. Since most of the tour of pers, the airmen examined under-
rive for about five weeks, and for a duty in Greece was during a period water rock formations and con-
time there was a shortage of stu- of particularly warm weather, the sorted with denizens of the deep.
ij j i
dents. The members of the F.T.T.U. trips were made under a boiling
found, incidentally, that there were sun. Jolting along in a truck, ex- Finally, on 4 July 1955, when all
more English-speaking people in posed to exhaust gases and oil the interested parties were satisfied
Greece than in Turkey, a fact gen- fumes in temperatures as high as that the Greek M.T.U. was able to
erally attributable to the numbers l15°F., was a disagreeable experi- carry on without further assistance,
of R.A.F. personnel stationed in ence and the Greeks, as usual, the task of No. 1 F.T.T.U. came to
Greece since the end of the Second had a word for it. The word was its end. An R.H.A.F. Dakota, per-
World War. Haides" which means just what sonally authorized by the Prime
At Eleusis the assignment was it looks like. Minister of Greece, flew the Cana-
parallel to the task at Eskisehir. Since the F.T.T.U. was small in dians to Langar on the first leg
Students, speaking a foreign lan- numbers, the Department of Ex- of the homeward journey. There
guage and with a limited technical ternal Affairs extended to its mem- they were picked up by an A.T.C.
background, were to be instructed bers the privilege of using the di- North Star, which landed them in
in a highly complex subject to the plomatic mailbag for personal mail, Montreal 31 hours after they had
point where they themselves could but the Canadians found that air left Athens.

31
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