SPS260

FUNDAMENTAL OF SPORT BIOMECHANICS:

TYPES OF MOTION
PRESENTED BY :
MUHAMMAD HAKIMI AMIR
RAZMAN
NURIN AQILAH
TABLE OF CONTENT

1. WHAT IS MOTION ?
2. IMPORTANCE BIOMECHANICS IN FIELD OF SPORTS
3. GENERAL MOTION
4. TYPES OF MOTION
5. KINEMATICS OF PROJECTILE
6. HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL COMPONENTS
7. GRAVITY AND AIR RESISTANCE
8. WHAT IS GRAVITY ?
9. WHY GRAVITY INFLUENCE THE MOTION ?
10. WHAT IS AIR RESISTANCE
TABLE OF CONTENT

10. FACTORS INFLUENCING PROJECTILE TRAJECTORY AND MOTION

11. CONCLUSION
12. JOURNAL REVIEW
13. Q & A SESSION
 WHAT IS MOTION ?
(FORMS OF MOTION)

• Most human movement is General Motion , a complex combination of

linear, rotary and oscillatory components.
• They are forms of motion which useful to break complex movement
down when performing an analysis.
• The fundamental particle of matter, that is the atom is in constant
motion .
• Motion is mainly described in term of the following terms :
1. Distance
2. Displacement
3. Speed
4. Time
 IMPORTANCE BIOMECHANICS IN FIELD OF SPORTS

● Biomechanics in sports can be started as the muscular, joint, and skeleton action of the
body during the execution of given task, skill or techniques. At the same time, our
action or movement are influenced by nature. Proper understanding of biomechanics
relating to sports has the greatest implications on sports performance, rehabilitation
and injury prevention along with sports mastery. There are importance biomechanics
in sports :

❑ It helps in developing movement pattern in the field of play or resistance training

❑ It helps in the improvement of specific sport techniques
❑ It helps in enhancing the performance and lessen the chances of injuries
❑ It helps in ensuring that the athlete can develop for a long period
 GENERAL MOTION

What is general motion ? In biomechanics terms , general motion is a combination of linear and angular
motion. General motion is the most common type of motion in sport and physical exercise. Running and
walking are among typical examples. In this case the trunk moves in linear motion as a result of rotary
motions of individual segments of extremities. The angular motion of the arms and wheels creates linear
motion of both the athlete and the wheelchair. Either distance or displacement can be used to describe
motion, depending on which will provide the most useful information.
 TYPES OF MOTION

We might have noticed that different objects move differently some objects move in a curved
path, some in the straight path and a few others in the different way. Motion is classified into 3
type :

▪ Linear Motion
▪ Rotary Motion
▪ Oscillatory Motion
LINEAR MOTION

RECTILINEAR MOTION
• Linear motion, also called rectilinear motion, is one-
dimensional motion along a straight line, and can
therefore be described mathematically using only
one spatial dimension.

CURVILINEAR MOTION
The motion of an object moving in a curved path is called
curvilinear motion. Curvilinear motion describes the
motion of a moving particle that conforms to a known or
fixed curve.
EXAMPLE OF LINEAR MOTION

RECTILINEAR MOTION CURVILINEAR MOTION

▪ a ball moving in a straight line ▪ a car while taking a turn on the

▪ a swimmer when the glide off road
the wall ▪ a bike moving on a circular race
▪ athlete running a 100-meter track
dash along a straight track ▪ roller skating on a curved track
 ROTARY MOTION

Rotation around a central imaginary line

known as the axis of rotation which is
oriented perpendicular to the plane in
which the rotation occurs.

A few examples of rotatory motions are as

follows :

➢ The motion of earth abouts its own

axis around the sun

➢ A gymnast swinging on the rings

➢ Hammer throw
 EXAMPLE OF ROTARY MOTION

❖ A gymnast swinging on the rings

❖ Figure skater rotating on ice rink
❖ A wheel rolling down a hill
❖ A football spinning in its trajectory
OSCILLATORY MOTION

Oscillatory motion is the motion of a

body about its mean position .A few
examples of this motion is :

• the skydiver open up the

parachute
• circus swinger .
• the pendulum of the clock

Oscillatory motion is a type of

periodic motion. It's define as the
to and from motion of the body
about its fixed position.
 EXAMPLE OF OCSILLATORY MOTION

✓ the skydiver open up the parachute

✓ circus swinger
✓ the pendulum of the clock
 KINEMATIC OF PROJECTILE MOTION
WHAT IS PROJECTILE ?
❑ Projectile motion is the motion of an object thrown (projected) into the air when, after the initial force that
launches the object, air resistance is negligible and the only other force that object experiences is the force of
gravity.

❑ The object is called a projectile, and its path is called its trajectory. Air resistance is a frictional force that slows
its motion and can significantly alter the trajectory of the motion.
❑ The object is called a projectile, and its path is called its trajectory.
❑ Air resistance is a frictional force that slows its motion and can significantly alter the trajectory of the motion.

❑ A basketball, a discus, a high jumper, & a sky diver are all projectiles as long as they are moving through the air
unassisted.
❑ Depending on the projectile, different kinematic quantities are of interest
 HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL COMPONENTS
● Any projectile thrown,
such as a ball, can be
considered to have a
vertical and horizontal
velocity component, as
shown in this diagram
(blue=horizontal velocity
component, red=vertical
velocity component).

● Throughout the path of

the projectile, change
occurs only in the
vertical direction due to
the influence of gravity,
while the horizontal
component of the
velocity will not change.
(This is not quite true,
there will be a very small
slowdown in the
horizontal direction due
to air resistance).
 HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL COMPONENTS

● The higher the level of

● The vertical velocity of • After that point, the vertical release , the longer
the projectile gets component changes direction distance is covered in
smaller on the upward and the magnitude increases in flight . The horizontal
path until it reaches the the downward direction and the component will be acting
top of the parabola. At vertical distance traveled during on projectile for longer
the top of the parabola, each subsequent time interval duration , hence projectile
the vertical component will be covering longer
increases.
of the velocity is zero. distance.
EXAMPLE FOR KINEMATICS OF
PROJECTILE
GRAVITY AND AIR RESISTANCE
 WHAT IS GRAVITY ???

❖ Gravity in mechanics is the universal force of attraction acting between all matter. It is by
far the weakest known force in nature and thus plays no role in determining the internal
properties of everyday matter.

❖ Gravity an invisible force that pulls objects toward each other. Earth's gravity is what keeps
us on the ground and what makes things fall.

❖ Anything that has mass also has gravity. Objects with more mass have more gravity. Gravity
also gets weaker with distance. So, the closer objects are to each other, the stronger their
gravitational pull is.
❖ Earth's gravity comes from all its mass. All its mass makes a combined
gravitational pull on all the mass in your body. That's what gives you weight. And if
you were on a planet with less mass than Earth, you would weigh less than you do
here.

❖ The center of gravity and balance, inertia, force, direction of force and
momentum, are also included in the principles of biomechanics that influence
postures. Inertia is the property of resistance of a body that remains at rest to
move or that of a body that is in motion to stop
 WHY GRAVITY INFLUENCE THE MOTION ?

➢ Force of GRAVITY is the major factor that influences the vertical

component of projectile motion.

➢ Gravitational force is constant.

➢ Unchanging force that produces a constant downward vertical

acceleration.

➢ The acceleration of gravity is treated as a negative quantity (- 9.81 m/s2

)
➢ This acceleration remains constant regardless of the size, shape, or
weight of the projectile
 WHAT IS AIR RESISTANCE ???

✓ Air resistance describes the forces that are in opposition to the relative motion of an object as it
passes through the air.

✓ These drag forces act opposite to the oncoming flow velocity, thus slowing the object down. Unlike
other resistance forces, drag depends directly on velocity, since it is the component of the net
aerodynamic force acting opposite to the direction of the movement.

✓ Another way to put it would be to say that air resistance is the result of collisions of the object’s
leading surface with air molecules.

✓ It can therefore be said that the two most common factors that have a direct effect upon the amount
of air resistance are the speed of the object and the cross-sectional area of the object
GRAVITY & AIR RESISTANCE

A projectile is anybody which is

thrown or jumped into the air. Once
it has left the ground it will follow a
flight path called a parabola until it
once more comes back down to
earth. This applies to balls, javelins,
discus, long jumpers, high jumpers,
and horses showjumping. As far as .
we know there is no escaping the
effects of gravity.

Once a body has left the ground

there are only two forces acting on
it:
•Gravity
•Air resistance
 FACTORS INFLUENCING
PROJECTILE TRAJECTORY AND
MOTION
FACTORS INFLUENCING PROJECTILE TRAJECTORY

o 3 Factors influencing the

trajectory ( flight path )
of projectile :

o The angle of projection

o The projection speed
o The relative height of
projection
 THE ANGLE OF PROJECTION

➢ Angle of projection is the angle formed by the initial velocity of a body and the horizontal
plane through which the body is thrown
➢ The motion of an object thrown (projected) into the air is known as projectile motion. The
object only experiences gravity after the initial force that launches it.
 THE ANGLE OF THE LAUNCH

The angle at which the

object is thrown
determines how high
(vertically) or how far
(horizontally) the object
will reach.
THE PROJECTION SPEED

❖ The speed at the maximum height of a projectile is half of its initial speed of
projection (u). The horizontal range of the projectile is. Q. The speed at the
maximum height of a projectile is √32 times of its initial speed 'u' of projection.
❖ The velocity with which the body is projected is called velocity of projection

❖ Speed is the time rate at which an object is moving along a path, while velocity
is the rate and direction of an object's movement. Put another way, speed is a
scalar value, while velocity is a vector.
 SPEED

Speed clearly involves

motion, and so to
maximize its
effectiveness, speed
training should be
guided by the
scientific principles of
motion. In 1687,
renowned British
scientist Sir Isaac
Newton.
 INITIAL SPEED

Greater the initial

speed of launch,
the higher and
farther will the
object reach.
THE RELATIVE HEIGHT OF PROJECTION

❖ The difference between the height from which an object is initially projected into the air and the
height at which it lands or stops. The greater the relative projection height, the longer the flight time
and the greater the horizontal displacement of a projectile (assuming a constant projection velocity).

❖ The height above the ground level, or the height above the point of landing, of the center of gravity of a
projectile immediately before it leaves the ground.

❖ The height above the ground level, or the height above the point of landing, of the center of gravity of a
projectile immediately before it leaves the ground.
 HEIGHT OF LAUNCH

If the object is
launched from a
height instead of
the ground, then
naturally, the
maximum height
achieved and the
maximum range
covered will be
greater.
 WHAT CAN AFFECT THE FLIGHT PATH

● How the object flies

through the air will depend
on the air resistance and
weight of the object. For
example, a heavy object
such as a shot put will be
virtually unaffected by air
resistance.

● A shuttlecock
in badminton is very light
and has feathers which
increase the air resistance.
As a result, it’s flight path is • It is because the shot put and
different.. shuttlecock have a different weight. So
when both things have a different
weight , The air resistant will be
different also.
 CONCLUSION
In this topic , we have 3 types of motions which is linear, rotary and Oscillatory motion. Every
motions have their own movement. Each one moves in a slightly different way and each type
of achieved using different mechanical means that help us understand linear motion and
motion control. All object continues to be in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted
upon by an external unbalanced force. The rate of change of momentum of an object is
proportional to the unbalanced force in the direction of the force. Every action has an equal
and opposite reaction. Projectiles travel with a parabolic trajectory due to the fact that the
downward force of gravity accelerates them downward from their otherwise straight-line,
gravity-free trajectory.
JOURNAL REVIEW