A WORLD OF REGIONS

Regionalization and globalization

REGIONS/CONTINENTS OF THE WORLD

 ASIA
 AFRICA
 NORTH AMERICA
 SOUTH AMERICA
 ANTARTICA
 EUROPE
 AUSTRALIA

193 COUNTRIES - BASED ON THE UNITED NATIONS MEMBERSHIP

CONTINENTS BY NUMBER OF COUNTRIES
 ASIA 44
 AFRICA 53
 NORTH AMERICA 23
 SOUTH AMERICA 12
 ANTARTICA
 EUROPE 46

 AUSTRALIA/OCEANIA 14
“GOVERMENTS, ASSOCIATIONS, SOCIETIES AND GROUPS FORM REGIONAL
ORGANIZAATIONS AND NETWORKS AS A WAY OF COPING WITH THE CHALLENGES
OF GLOBALIZATION”

WHAT IS REGIONALIZATION?
 Regionalization is the process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions.
 An increase in the cross-border flow of capital, goods and people within a specific
geographical area.

“REGIONALISM IS THE OFTEN SEEN AS A POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC

PHENOMENON. IT CAN BE EXAMINED IN RELATION TO IDENTITIES, ETHICS,
RELIGION, ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY AND HELATH”

WHAT IS REGIONALISM?
 It is defined as a political will to create a formal arrangement among states on a
geographically restricted basis

“REGIONALISM IS A PROCESS. IT MUST BE TREATED AS AN EMERGENT, SOCIALLY

CONSTITUTED PHENOMENON. REGIONS ARE NOT NATURAL OF GIVEN. THEY ARE
CONSTRUCTED AND DEFINED BY POLICYMAKERS, ECONOMIC ACTORS AND SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS”

REGIONALISM – Is the theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of

administration of economic cultural or political affiliation

REGIONALIZATION – The division of nation states and provinces

WHY DO COUNTRIES FORM REGIONAL ORGANIZATION?
 They form organization as a way of coping with the challenges of globalization

ASIA REGIONALIZATION
 Is a product of economic interaction between Asia countries

ASIA REGIONALISM
 Asian economies have grown not only richer, but also closer together
 New technology trends have strengthened ties among them
o the rise of the China and India and the region’s growing weight in the global
economy
 The 1997/1998 financial crisis death a severe setback, highlighting Asia’s shared interests
and common vulnerabilities and providing an impetus for regional cooperation

ASIA REGIONALISM
 In the early stage of Asia’s economic takeoff, regional integration proceeded slowly. East
Asian economies focused on exporting to developed country markets
 The Japanese economist Akamatsu (1962) famously compared this pattern development to
flying geese. In this model, economies moved in formation not because they were directly
linked to each other, but because they followed simar paths

ASIA REGIONALISM
 Now, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined
 Interdependence is deepening because Asia’s economies have grown large and prosperous
enough to become important to each other, and because their patterns of production
increasingly depend on networks that span several Asian economies and involve wide
ranging exchanges of parts and components among them.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REGIONALIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION

REGIONALIZATION – It is the process of dividing an area into smaller segments. (DIVISION OF
NATION INTO STATES OR PROVINCES)

GLOBALIZATION – It is the international integration arising from interchange of world views,

products, ideas, and other aspect such as technology and others
NATURE
 Globalization promotes the integration of economies across state borders all around the
world.
 Regionalization is precisely the opposite because it is dividing an area into smaller segments.

MARKET
 Globalization allows many company to trade on international level so it allows free market
 Regionalization systems, monopolies are more likely to develop

AID
 Globalized international community is also more willing to come to the aid of a country by a
natural disaster
 A regionalized system does not get involved in the affairs of other areas

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
 Globalization a Technology advances in globalization has driven great advances in
technology
 Regionalization, advance technology is really available in one country or region only

REGION
 An area or division, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics
but not always fixed boundaries
 Areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human
impact characteristics (human geography). And the interaction of humanity and the
environment (environmental geography).
 Group of countries located in the same geographically specified area that are organized to
regulate and oversee flows and policy choices

REGIONS CAN APPEAR IN VARIOUS FORMS

 POLITICALLY
 As an administrative unit
 CULTURALLY
 As an ethnic or linguistic community
 ECONOMICALLY
 As zones of production and exchange
REGIONAL INTERGRATION
 Is the process by which two (2) or more nation-states agree to cooperate and work closely
together to achieve peace, stability, and wealth

REGIONAL INTERGRATION
 Regional integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement in
order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules.
 The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political environmental,
although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative.
 Regional integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or
through intergovernmental decision-making, or a combination of both.
 Regional integration have often focused on removing barriers to free trade in the region,
increasing the free movement of people, labor, goods and capital across national boarders,
reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict and adopting cohesive regional stances on
policy issues, such as the environment, climate change and migration

THE ASEAN
 ONE VISION,
 ONE IDENTITY.
 ONE COMMUNITY

QYUICK FACTS
 AUGUST 8, 1967
 Date when it was established in Bangkok, Thailand
 FOUNDING MEMBERS
 Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
 Singapore, Thailand
 ADDITIONAL MEMBERS
 Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995)
 Laos and Myanmar (1997), Cambodia (1999)
 AIMS
 To promote peace and security in Southeast Asia and to foster economic development and
cooperation among member nation
AIMS AND PURPOSES
 accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region
 promote regional peace and stability
 promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest
 provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities
 collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of agriculture and industries,
expansion of their trade, improvement of transportation and communications facilities, and
raising the living standards of their peoples
 promote Southeast Asian studies
 maintain close cooperation with existing international and regional organizations with
similar aims and purposes, and explore all avenues for even closer cooperation

REASON WHY COUNTRIES FORM REGIONAL ASSOCIATION

 MILITARY DEFENSE
 example NATO, Warsaw Pact
 RESOURCES AND EXPORTS
 To expand resources and get better returns for their export
 PROTECTION OF INDEPENDENCE
 countries bonded to protect their independence from the pressures of superpower politics
 AID IN CRISIS
 countries come together in order to help each other in times of crisis (natural disasters,
economic, and the like)

ADVANTAGES OF REGIONALIZATION
 regional security and development
 solutions to development problems in the form of conflict prevention
 achieve self-reliance
 to make economic policies more stable and consistent
 to give collective bargaining on the regional level that may improve the economic position of
marginalized countries in the world system

DISADVANTAGES OF REGIONALIZATION
 diversity may cause a problem
 ethnic clashes may cause security challenges

WHY DID THE PHILIPPINES JOIN ASEAN?

REASON FOR JOINING
 REGIONAL IDENTITY
 ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
 REGIONAL COOPERATION
 PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

LOCATING THE GLOBAL SOUTH

LATIN AMERICA
 Refers to countries that were colonized by the Spaniards in the American content

COUNTRIES IN SOUTH AMERICA COUNTRIES IN NORTH AMERICA

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
 West and East, 1494
 This is when the imaginary line drawn 370
leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde
Island
 Land lying on the east belongs to Portugal
Empire
 Land lying on the west belongs to the crown of
Castiles (now part of Spain)
COLD WAR

WORLD DIVISION DURING THE COLD WAR

 Cold war between US and USSR created at the
division between the capitalist/democratic
states and the communist states
 East and west division was no longer used

CAPITALISM
 Economic and political system in which a country’s trade industry are controlled by private
owners for profit rather than by the state

COMMUNISM
 a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in
which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their
abilities and needs.

SOCIALISM
 a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of
production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a
whole.

THREE WORLDS ONE PLANET

WHAT TERM DO WE USE TO DISCUSS THE COLLECTIVITY OF COUNTRIES
THAT CONSTITUTE THE POORER WORLD?

THE BRANDT LINE

 (1980) The BRANDT LINE was developed as a way of showing how the world was
geographically split into two.
 Relatively richer and poorer nations
 Identified a north / south line (BRANDT LINE)
 “THE SOUTH” refers to the geographical location where most of the poor world lies
 (exceptions: Australia and New Zealand)
 Critics objected because it hid from view the political and economic process that rendered
these countries poor in the first place

WHY USE GLOBAL SOUTH?

 The addition of the world global makes it clear that poverty is based on economic
inequalities in the world
 Conditions in the global south are only understandable when set against those in the global
north

NORTH SOUTH DIVIDE

 The richest 1% of the world’s population now receives as much income as the 57%

THE NORTH
 Known as the first world home of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council
 Considered as the richer and developed region
 95% has enough food and shelter and a functioning education system
 Less population
 High wealth
  High standard of living
 High industrial development
 Industrial

THE SOUTH
 Large population
 Low wealth
 Low standard of living
 Low industrial development
 Agriculture

NORTH-SOUTH GAP
 term used to describe the economic gap between the rich northern countries of the world
and the south poorer countries of the world

ISSUES OF THE DIVIDE

 Standard of living distribution of income around the world economic competition worldwide

STANDARD OF LIVING
 Lack of trade and aid
 Single crop farming
 Abundance of debt
 Neocolonialism

ECONOMIC COMPETITION
 Appropriate infrastructure
 Stable macroeconomic framework
 Well functioning public and private institution

WHY IS THE GAP WIDENING?

COLONIALISM
 Colonialization of the southern world by Europe

DEBT
 Borrowing of money from the rich northern countries

WOLRD MODEL
 Capitalist
 Communist
  Developing

 More development countries (MDCs)

 Less developed countries (LDCs)
 Least developed countries (LLDCs)

CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES
MDCs
 Rich countries of the industrialized and democratic nations of the world

LDCs
 Countries with little industrial development, little wealth and high population growth

LLDCs
 Countries with very low per capital income, low literacy rates and very little in the way of
manufacturing business

Countries can be just classifies into two categories:

 DEVELOPED
 DEVELOPING

DEVELOPED
THE RICH NORTH
 Rich, north, industrial, good roads and transportation, high energy consumption, good
healthcare, clean water

DEVELOPING
THE RICH NORTH
 Poor, south agricultural, poor roads and transportation, little energy consumption, disease
and famine, polluted environment

WHAT CAN BE DONE?

 UN Millenium Declaration
 September 8, 2000
 Combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environment degration and
discrimination

 The MDGs are inter-

dependent:
 All MDG influence health
 Health influences all the
MDGs

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

- Eradicate extreme poverty
- Achieve universal primary education
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Reduce child mortality
- Improve maternal health
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
- Ensure environmental sustainability
- Develop a global partnership for development

BETTER HEALTH ENABLE CHILDREN TO LEARN AND ADULTS TO EARN

GENDER EQUALITY IS ESSENTIAL TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF BETTER
HEALTH

REDUCING POVERTY, HUNGER AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

POSITIVELY INFLUENCES, BUT ALSO DEPENDS ON BETTER HEALTH

- The Global Goals and the 2030 Agenda for

Sustainable Development seek to end
poverty and hunger, realise the human
rights of all, achieve gender equality and
the empowerment of all women and girls,
and ensure the lasting protection of the
planet and its natural resources. The
Global Goals are integrated and
indivisible, and balance the three
dimensions of sustainable development:
the economic, social and environmental.

THE SGDS CAME INO EFFECT IN JANUARY 2016, AND THEY WILL
CONTINUE TO GUIDE UN-DP POLICY AND FUNDING UNTIL 2030

ACHIEVING THE SDGS REQUIRES THE PARTNERSHIP OF GOVERNMENTS, PRIVATE

SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY AND CITIZENS ALIKE TO MAKE SURE WE HAVE LEAVE A
BETTER PLANET FOR FUTURE GENERATION

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The Global Goals and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
- The Global Goals and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development seek to end poverty
and hunger, realise the human rights of all, achieve gender equality and the empowerment
of all women and girls, and ensure the lasting protection of the planet and its natural
resources. The Global Goals are integrated and indivisible, and balance the three dimensions
of sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental.

At the UN Summit on 25 September 2015, the world’s heads of state and

government adopted 17 Global Goals. The countries of the world have committed
themselves to leading the world towards a sustainable and equitable future,
beginning on 1 January 2016 and continuing until 2030.

1. NO POVERTY
- Poverty covers more dimensions of sustainable development than merely the economic.
Poverty also means a lack of freedom, power, influence, health, education and physical
safety. It's not uncommon to talk about multidimensional poverty. Women and girls are
particularly at risk. It is important that all countries are included regardless of their economic
status, since there are poor people even in rich and middle-income countries. Eradicating
poverty is fundamental to enabling people to fully enjoy their human rights. The right to
social security is enshrined in various instruments, including the UN Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, yet a large proportion of people around the world lack basic security
(including personal safety, food, water and sanitation).
2. ZERO HUNGER
- Access to sufficient and nutritious food is a human right that each state has an obligation to
guarantee its citizens. Today, some 850 million people around the world live in hunger. This
in itself is a human disaster, and moreover obstructs development and growth in many
countries through the impact that insufficient nutrient intake has on learning and productive
work. Particular focus must be on food security for girls and boys, girls in puberty and
pregnant women, who face the greatest risk of starvation and malnutrition.
3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
- Good health is fundamental to enabling people to achieve their full potential and contribute
to the development of society. Investments in health, for example through health care
systems, are a reinvestment in the development of society as a whole. In addition, achieving
optimal health, including access to necessary health care, food, water, clean air, sanitation,
hygiene and medicines, is a fundamental right.
4. QUALITY EDUCATION
- Education systems must meet people's needs throughout their lives – from access to
preschool and primary education to all young people being given the opportunity to go on to
upper secondary, vocational and higher education. The large number of illiterate men and
women reflects the vital need for adult education. All gender-based disparities in access to
education must be eliminated and everyone, including people with disabilities, must be
given equal access to all levels of education and the opportunity for lifelong learning.
5. GENDER INEQUALITY
- All forms of violence against women and girls affect both the individual and society as a
whole and are an obstacle to gender equality and development. Social norms and customs
that sanction inequality and violence against women and girls must be changed. The uneven
distribution of unpaid domestic and household work that exists between women and men is
a major obstacle to the opportunities for women and girls being able to obtain an education
and participating in the labor market and in society on the same terms as men and boys.
6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
- Water is essential for all life on Earth, and therefore key to sustainable development. A very
large proportion of those living in poverty lack access to clean water and basic sanitation.
Untreated industrial and household wastewater leads to polluted water and creates
unhealthy environments that particularly affect people living in poverty.
7. AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
- According to the International Energy Agency, demand for energy is expected to increase by
37 per cent by 2040. At the same time, a large proportion of the world's population is
without access to electricity and an even larger proportion only has charcoal as their energy
resource for cooking, which is a major environmental and health problem, primarily for
women and girls. The lack of electricity and health and environmentally sustainable fuel is a
major challenge to combating poverty.
8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
- More than half of the world's workers are in insecure jobs, often caught in a vicious circle of
low-productive occupations with poor pay, and limited access to both education and social
insurance. This applies more to women than to men. In addition, over the next 20 years, the
global workforce is expected to increase by 800 million people, which means that major
efforts will be needed to create new jobs. Promoting macroeconomic stability, a positive
investment climate, employment and decent work are important factors for sustainable
development.
9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
- Good conditions for private enterprise and entrepreneurship are one of the prerequisites for
growth that society as a whole takes part in, and for achieving the goal of eradicating
extreme poverty by 2030. For companies to develop their full potential, access to national,
regional and global markets is vital. These factors are also important for foreign investment,
which can provide an important contribution to employment, innovation, technology
transfer and productive capacity.
10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES
- Economic development can lead to reduced poverty for the individual and for society. We
must act to ensure that access to resources and the opportunity to participate and influence
developments in society are fair, both within countries and among countries. Even if many
countries have experienced positive economic development and reduced poverty, gaps
between individuals and groups, based on gender, age, ethnicity, and economic and social
status, etc. have widened.

11. SUSTANABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

- Urbanisation is extensive and transformational around the world. Over half of the world's
population live in urban areas. By 2050, this proportion is expected to have risen to 70 per
cent. Cities often take the lead when it comes to development, and are a hub of innovation
and new ideas. The rapid and large-scale move to cities places new demands that must be
met in an ecologically, economically and socially sustainable manner.
12. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
- The transition to sustainable consumption and production of goods and services is necessary
to reduce the negative impact on the climate and the environment, and on people's health.
Developing countries in particular are greatly affected by climate change and other
environmental impacts, which lead to increased poverty and reduced prosperity.
13. CLIMATE ACTION
- Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time. A major proportion of the
increased greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere come from the way we extract,
convert and use fossil energy. As a result of the increased emissions, we risk moving towards
an average global warming that exceeds 2 degrees Celsius, which would have serious
consequences for ecosystems, ocean acidification, human safety, food production, access to
water, health and an increased risk of weather-related natural disasters. Climate impact
must be limited to create the conditions for poverty reduction and long-term sustainable
development.
14. LIFE BELOW WATER
- It is important to continue developing measures and management tools to be able to
manage known influencing factors such as pollution, overfishing and the extraction of
natural resources. Protection and restoration of coastal and marine areas are key measures
to preserve biodiversity and fishery resources, and also to strengthen resilience to climate
change. Additional new challenges for ensuring marine production of food are marine debris
including microplastics, and in particular ocean acidification, which shows the importance of
linking marine issues with climate change action.
15. LIFE ON LAND
- Sustainable use of forest resources, including reducing deforestation, has a positive impact
on our climate and our livelihood. Biodiversity contributes to increasing ecosystem
resilience. An important challenge is therefore to satisfy people's need for food, energy,
water, minerals, medicines and renewable raw materials without undermining biodiversity
and by sustainably using ecosystem services while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
16. PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTION
- Freedom from violence is fundamental for enabling people to freely take their own decisions
and for the development and governance oF society. Violence not only entails human
suffering and the loss of life, it destroys the trust between people and the social cohesion
that forms the basis of a society's economic, environmental and social development.
17. PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS
- The scope and ambition of the new Agenda require revitalising the global partnership to
ensure implementation of the Agenda. Robust global engagement will be needed to support
implementation of the Agenda. The Agenda is characterised by a multi-stakeholder
perspective, which will also be necessary during its implementation. Governments, the
private sector, civil society as a whole, the UN system and other actors must work together
to accomplish what we set out to achieve through the 2030 Agenda.