INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY Virtual Cat One

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY
DJS 1101/CJS 1105
CAT 1&2
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
1. Illustrate the attributes of crime according to professor Sutherland (10

Marks)
1) Criminality: Criminality refers to the individual's propensity to commit a crime.
The notion of criminality is connected to the concept of criminality as a characteristic
of individuals that predisposes them to crime.
2) Practice: This refers to the regular involvement in criminal activities by an

individual. It is related to learning skills and processes which lead to increased
criminal behaviour.
3) Attitude: This refers to the offenders' attitudes towards crime. Their attitude can
range from acceptance and admiration to dread and fear.
4) Rationalization: This term implies that an individual may rationalize their criminal
behaviour as being morally or socially acceptable.
5) Thinking Patterns: This is related to the categories of criminal thought that can lead
to illegal behaviour. These may include fear of the unknown, propensity for risk-
taking, egocentrism, thrill-seeking, and vengeance.
6) Motivation: This is related to the factors that drive an individual to commit crimes.
Common motives may include financial gain, peer pressure, and self-preservation.
7) Predisposition/Expression: This refers to an individual's genetic and environmental

predisposition to criminal behaviour.
8) Reinforcement: This relates to the reinforcement of criminal behaviour, which may
come in the form of rewards or punishments.
9) Imitation: Criminal behavior may be learned through the process of imitation,

which is the act of copying or following the lead of another person who has engaged
in criminal activities.
10) Opportunity: Opportunity is related to environmental factors such as weakened

security, easily acquired tools or weapons, or the presence of other likely targets.
2. Discuss the main causes of juvenile delinquency in your community (10

Marks)
There are a few major reasons of youth delinquency in my neighborhood.
1. Social Influences: Because kids are most impacted by their friends, parents, and
other adults in their lives, poor conduct may readily be mimicked. Peer pressure can
lead to kids engaging in socially unacceptable behaviours. In addition, a lack of strong
role models in the community might lead to adolescents engaging in delinquent
conduct.
2. Family Issues: Family dysfunctions such as parental desertion, unstable parent-

child interactions, and a lack of parental supervision are some of the core causes of
juvenile delinquency. Poverty can also be a problem since it limits access to resources
and educational opportunities.
3. Substance misuse: Substance misuse can have a negative influence on adolescent

development. The use of drugs and alcohol can impair judgment and lead to illegal
action. Adolescents who use drugs and alcohol are also more prone to exhibit
aggressive and violent conduct.
4. Psychiatric problems: Psychiatric problems such as depression can contribute to

increased criminality. Adolescents with mental health issues may express themselves
via criminal activity.
5. Gun Access: In my neighborhood, simple access to weapons may be a contributing
cause to youth misbehavior. Adolescents who have access to firearms are more likely
to participate in criminal conduct.
Overall, in order to be proactive in establishing a safe and healthy community, it is

critical to identify and address the underlying issues and causes of juvenile
delinquency.
3. Discuss the fundamental ways of the African traditional ways of dealing with
criminal behaviour and criminals (10
Marks)
The traditional method of dealing with criminal behavior in Africa is based on a

variety of communal and individual actions that, when considered together, establish a
coherent system of preventative as well as punitive measures. These tactics include
stoning, flogging, and the use of whips. These measures are predicated, in large part,
on the concept of communal responsibility for criminal activity. This means that
criminals are viewed as having infringed not only the individual rights of victims, but
also the collective rights of the community as a whole in addition to the rights of
individual victims.
African traditional techniques of coping with criminal behavior comprise a series of

individual and group rituals aimed to fend off bad spirits thought to be responsible for
criminal behavior. These rituals are performed on a preventative level. These rituals
have the effect of reinforcing communal expectations and exerting moral pressure on
potential offenders not to break society standards. These rituals can range from public
professions of disapproval to warning curses and vows of support for the
implementation of justice.
Traditional communities in Africa used concepts of collective responsibility as the

foundation for their retributive justice systems when dealing with criminal behavior. If
a criminal disobeyed the society's warnings, he or she was typically subjected to
collective punishment, and the whole community was frequently expected to
contribute to the expense of making reparations. This was the case in most societies.
Public shame, social exclusion in the form of ostracism or expulsion, and
incarceration are all types of collective punishments. The latter was often carried out
in a building known as a "living prison," in which criminals were imprisoned in
villages or compounds located outside of the primary town and occasionally with the
assistance of armed guards.
It was common practice to regard the punitive component of African traditional

justice as a kind of crime prevention. A person who committed a heinous crime, such
as murder, may face the death sentence in addition to being publicly flogged or
receiving another type of physical punishment. In certain cultures, the objective of an
execution was twofold: first, it was to exact revenge for the victim's wrongdoing, and
second, it was to eliminate the perpetrator as a potential additional source of harm.
To summarize, African traditional methods of dealing with criminal behavior

comprise an integrated system consisting of individual and group rituals, collective
penalties, and physical punishments aimed to reinforce community norms, hold
criminals accountable, and discourage prospective offenders.

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INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

DJS 1101/CJS 1105

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. Illustrate the attributes of crime according to professor Sutherland (10

2) Practice: This refers to the regular involvement in criminal activities by an

7) Predisposition/Expression: This refers to an individual's genetic and environmental

9) Imitation: Criminal behavior may be learned through the process of imitation,

10) Opportunity: Opportunity is related to environmental factors such as weakened

2. Discuss the main causes of juvenile delinquency in your community (10

2. Family Issues: Family dysfunctions such as parental desertion, unstable parent-

3. Substance misuse: Substance misuse can have a negative influence on adolescent

4. Psychiatric problems: Psychiatric problems such as depression can contribute to

Overall, in order to be proactive in establishing a safe and healthy community, it is

The traditional method of dealing with criminal behavior in Africa is based on a

African traditional techniques of coping with criminal behavior comprise a series of

Traditional communities in Africa used concepts of collective responsibility as the

It was common practice to regard the punitive component of African traditional

To summarize, African traditional methods of dealing with criminal behavior

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