Criminal Sociology

Criminal sociology - investigates the social causes of criminal behavior in an effort to ultimately end
them.Criminal sociologist identify the sources outside of a person in society that influence and even as some
theorists believe,compel criminal action.
                            

Criminology Theories

1. Strain Theory - people has aspirations like wealth and education.

     There goals are blocked along the way. They resort to illegal
     activities what they  can not achieved through legitimate means.
     People may reduce their aspirations or increase   opportunities.
   
2. Learning Theories - follow the lead of Sutherland's  theory of
     differential association. Criminals learn from their peers.

3. Control Theories - focuses on the relationship of  a person to

     their parents, teachers, officers of the law and other agents of
     socialization. Effective    bonding with such authority figure help
     keep people out of trouble from the law.
 
4. Labelling Theory - People who are branded as criminals will
     eventually criminal.

5. Conflict Theory - society is based on conflict  between competing

     interests group.

6. Radical Theory - crime is seen as a reflection of   class struggle.

7. Left Realism - people of the working class prey  upon one

    another.Poor people victimize other  poor people of their

    own race and kind.
 
8. Peacemaking Theory - making "war on crime"  will not work.
    Making peace is the solution to crime.

9. Feminism - crime can not be understood without  considering

    gender. Crime is shaped by the different social experiences and
    power is exercise   by men and women. Men may use crime to
    exert control over women and to demonstrate  masculinity.

10.Critical Theory - Inequality in power and material  well being

     create conditions that lead to street crime and corporate crime.
     Capitalism and its   market economy are especially criminogenic
     because they create vast inequalities that    impoverishes many
     and provides opportunities for exploitation for the powerful.
     
11.Social Disorganization - disorganized communities   cause crime
     because informal social controls breakdown and criminal cultures
     emerge. They  lack collective efficacy to fight crime and disorder.

12. Classical - crime occurs when the benefits      outweigh the

      costs,when people pursue self  interest in the absence
      of effective punishments.  Crime is a free willed choice.
   
13. Positivist - Crime is caused or determined.Placed more
     emphasis on biological deficiencies, while  later scholars would
     emphasize psychological and    sociological factors.Use science to
     determine the factors associated with crime.

14. Individual Trait - criminals differ from non criminals   on a number

      of biological and sociological traits.These traits cause crime in
      interaction with the   social environment.
    
15. Differential Association - crime is learned through associations
      with criminal definitions.These  definitions might be generally
      approving of   criminal conduct or be neutralization that justify
      crime only under certain circumstances.Interacting  with anti
      social peers is a major cause of crime.Criminal behavior will be
      repeated and become  chronic if reinforced.When criminal
      subculture exist then many individuals can learn to commit crime
      in  one location and crime rates, including violence  may become
      very high.
   
16. Anomie - the gap between a persons goal or   economic success
      and the opportunity to obtain this goal creates structural
      strain.Norms weakens   and anomie ensues,thus creating high
      crime rates.When other social institutions such as family are
      weak to begin with or also weakened by a persons goal, the
      economic institution is dominant.When   such an institutional
      imbalance exists,then crime rates are very high.
 
17. Rational Choice - Building on classical theory,crime  is seen as a
      choice that is influenced by its costs and benefits,that is, by its
      rationality.Crime will be  more likely to be deterred if its costs are
      raised especially if the costs are certain and immediate.
      Information about the costs and benefits of crime  can be
      obtained by direct experiences with  punishment and punishment
      avoidance and  indirectly by observing whether others who
      offend are punished or avoid punishment.
 
18. Routine Activities - crime occurs when their is an  intersection
     in time and space of a motivated offender,an attractive target,
     and a lack of capable  guardianship.Peoples daily routine activities
     affect the likelihood they will be an attractive target who 
     encounters an offender in a situation where no effective
     guardianship is present.Change in   activities in society can affect
     crime rates.
 
19. Developmental Life Course - crime causation is a  
      developmental process that starts before birth  and continues
      throughout the life course.  Individual factors interact with social
      factors to  determine the onset,length, and end of criminal 
      careers.The key theoretical issues involve
      continuity and change in crime.Some theories  predict continuity
      across the life course,others predict continuity for some
      offenders and change  for other offenders, and some predict
      continuity and change for the same offender.

20. Integrated - these theories use components from  other

      theories,usually strain,control, and social learning to create a
      new theory that explains   crime.They are often are life course
      theories,arguing that causes of crime occur in a sequence  
      across time.

Introduction to Criminology
Criminology - the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior and law enforcement.

3 Main School of Thought

1. Classical school
2. Positivist school
3. Chicago school

Classical school - based on utilitarian philosophy developed in the 18th century. This school of thoughts argues:
 1. That people have free will to choose how to act.
2. Deterrence is based upon the notion of the human being as a hedonist who seeks pleasure and avoid pain
and a rational calculator weighing up the cost and benefits of the consequences of each action.
3. Punishment of sufficient severity can deter people from crime as the cost (penalties) outweigh benefits and
that the severity of punishment should be proportionate to the crime.
4. The more swift and certain the punishment, the more effective it is in deterring criminal behavior.

Prominent Philosophers of Classical school

1. Cesare Becarria - author of crimes and punishment.

2. Jeremy Bentham - inventor of the panopticon - type of institutional building designed to allow an observer
to observe inmates of an institution without them being able to tell whether or not they are being watched.

Positivist school - presumes that criminal behavior is caused by internal and  external factors outside of the
individuals control.
                               

Positivism can be  broken in 3 segments which include:

                 1. Biological
                 2. Psychological
                 3. Social - - one of the largest contributors  
                     to biological positivism and founder of      
                     the Italian school of criminology is Cesare
                     Lombroso.
                       

Italian School
  Cesare Lombroso - an Italian doctor and sometimes regarded as the father of criminology. Considered also
as the founder of criminal anthropology. He suggested that physiological traits such as the measurement of
the check bones or hairline or a cleft palate, considered to be throwbacks to neanderthal man, were
indicative of "atavistic criminal tendencies". This approach has been superseded by the beliefs of Enrico
Ferri.
 Enrico Ferri - a student of Lombroso, believe that social as well as biological factors played a role and
held the view that criminals should not be held responsible when factors causing their criminality were
beyond their control.
 Sociological positivism - suggest that societal factors such as poverty, membership of subcultures or low
levels of education can predispose people to crime.

1. Adolphe Quetelet - made use of data and statistical analysis to gain insight into relationship between crime
and sociological factors. He found that age, gender, poverty, education and alcohol consumption were
important factors related to crime.
2. Rawson W. Rawson - utilized crime statistics to suggest a link between population density and crime rates
with crowded cities creating an environment conducive for crime.
3. Joseph Fletcher and John Glyde - also presented papers to the statistical society of London on their
studies of crime and its distribution.
4. Henry Mayhew - used empirical methods and an ethnographic approach to address social questions and
poverty.
5. Emile Durkheim - viewed crime as an inevitable aspect of society with uneven distribution of wealth and
other differences among people.

Chicago school - arose in the early 20th century, through the work of Robert Park, Ernest Burgess and other urban
sociologist at the university of Chicago. Park and Burgess identified five concentric zones that often exist as cities
grow, including the zone in transition which was identified as most volatile and subject to disorder.

 Edwin Sutherland - suggested that people learn criminal behavior from older, more experienced criminals
 that they may associate with. (differential association).

2 Main difference between the classical and positivist schools of criminology

Classical school                           Positivist school

1.Free will                                   1. Determinism

2. Philosophy                              2. Scientific methods

De minimis - is an addition to a general harm principle.The general harm principle fails to consider the possibility
of other sanctions to prevent harm, and the effectiveness of criminalization as a chosen option.

Thanatos - a death wish.

Tagging - like labeling, the process whereby an individual is negatively defined by agencies of justice.
               
Criminology Consists of 3 Principal Divisions
1. Sociology of Law - which is an attempt at scientific
    analysis of the conditions under which criminal law
    influences society.
2. Criminal Etiology - which is an attempt at scientific
    analysis of the study of causes or reasons for
    crime.
3. Penology - concerned with control crime by
    repressing criminal activities through the fear of
    punishment.

Crime - is a wrong doing classified by the state as a felony or misdemeanor.

Felony - is a serious crime punishable by at least one year in prison.

Misdemeanor - is a crime for which the punishment is usually a fine and/or up to one year in jail.
*Crimes are defined and punished by statutes and by
  the common law.

Etiology - study of causes and reasons for crime.

Atavism - the view that crime is due to a genetic throwback to a more primitive and aggressive form of human
being.

Elements Necessary For A Crime To Occur

1. Desire or motivation on the part of the criminal.
2. The skills and tools needed to commit the crime.
3. Opportunity.

Spree killer - is someone who embarks on a murderous assault on 2 or more victims in a short time in multiple
locations.

Spree killing - killings at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders.

Spree murder - two or more murders committed by an offender/offenders without a cooling off period.

Serial murder - two or more murders committed by an offender/offenders  with a cooling off period.

Mass murderer - are defined by one incident with no distinctive time period between the murders.

Thrill killing - a premeditated murder committed by a person who is not necessarily suffering from mental
instability and does not derive sexual satisfaction from killing victims or have anything against them and
sometimes do not know them but instead motivated by the sheer excitement of the act.

Victimology -studies the nature and cause of victimization.

Psychology - the scientific study of the human mind and its functions.
Psychiatry - the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.

Ecology - the environment as it relates to living organisms.

Demography - the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations.

Epidemiology - the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease.

Anthropology - the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of humans.

Impulse - a sudden strong urge or desire to act.

Kleptomania - is an irresistible impulse to steal in the absence of economic motive.

Prototype - is a standard or typical example.

Pathological - is caused by or evidencing a mentally disturbed condition.

Introduction To Criminology Reviewer 1

1. The field of criminology is a multi-disciplinary science. One of its
    aspect is the study of crime focused on the group of people and
    society which is known today as:
       A. Criminal Psychology
       B. Criminal Sociology
       C. Criminal Psychiatry
       D. Criminal Etiology

2. Macho means
       A. assertive
       B. angry
       C. heroic
       D. stubborn
3. Bilious means
       A. wealthy
       B. puffed out
       C. bad tempered
       D. irritable

4. Hypothetical means
       A. Temporary
       B. Exaggerated
       C. Provable
       D. Assumed

5. The theory in which reformation is based upon, on the ground

    that the criminal is a sick person.
       A. Positivist Theory
       B. Classical Theory
       C. Neo Classical School
       D. Sociological Theory

6. It is defined as a crime where a person of respectability and

    high social status in the course of his or her occupation commits
    the criminal act.
       A. Labor Crimes
       B. Organized Crimes
       C. High Collar crimes
       D. White collar crime

7. The strict code of conduct that governs the behavior of the Mafia
     members is called ___.
       A. Omerta
       B. Triad
       C. Silencer
       D. Mafioso

8. The groups of crimes categorized as violent crimes (Index crimes)

    and property crimes (Non Index crimes) are called ___.
       A. Conventional crimes
       B. Non-conventional Crimes
       C. Felony
       D. Offense

9.  What is the literal meaning of the term Cosa Nostra?

       A. This thing of ours
       B. Omerta
       C. Two Things
       D. 5th estate

10. The criminal activity by an enduring structure or organization

     developed and devoted primarily to the pursuit of profits through
     illegal means commonly known as ___.
       A. Organized crime
       B. Professional Organization
       C. White collar crime
       D. Blue collar crime

11. One of the following represents the earliest codification of the

     Roman law, which was incorporated into the Justinian Code.
       A. 12 Tables
       B. Burgundian Code
       C. Hammurabic Code
       D. Code of Draco

12. The generic term that includes all government agencies,

      facilities,programs, procedures, personnel, and techniques
      concerned with the investigation, intake, custody, confinement,
      supervision, or treatment of alleged offenders refers to:
       A. Correction
       B. Penology
       C. Criminal Justice
       D. the base pillar

13. The Italian leader of the positivist school of criminology, who was
     criticized for his methodology and his attention to the biological
     characteristics of offenders, was:
       A. C Lombroso
       B. C Beccaria
       C. C Darwin
       D. C Goring

14.The theory in criminology, which maintains that a person commits

     crime or behaves criminally mainly because he or she is being
     possessed by evil spirits or something of natural force that
     controls
     his/her behavior is called:
       A. Devine Will Theory
       B. Demonological Theory
       C. Classical Theory
       D. All of these

15. Criminology changes as social condition changes. This means

     the progress of criminology is concordant with the advancement
     of other sciences that has been applied to it. This means that
     criminology is _____.
       A. Dynamic
       B. Excellent
       C. Progressive
       D. None of these
16. In as much as crime is a societal creation and that it exist in a
     society, its study must be considered a part of social science.
     This means that criminology is __.
       A. Applied science
       B. Social Science
       C. Natural Science
       D. All of these

17. The term white- collar crime was coined by

       A. E. Sutherland
       B. R. Quinney
       C. E. Durkheim
       D. C. Darwin

18. What is means of "R" in the criminal formula?

       A. Total Situation
       B. Criminal Tendency
       C. Temperament
       D. none of these

19. His key ideas are concentrated on the principle of "Survival

     of the Fittest" as a behavioral science. He advocated the
     "Somatotyping Theory".
       A. W Sheldon
       B. R Merton
       C. E Sutherland
       D. Ivan Nye

20. When someone is tagged as criminal, he or she may reject it or

      accept it and go on to commit crime.
       A. Rational Choice Theory
       B. Control Theories
       C. Labelling Theory
       D. Social Disorganization Theory

Answers: Introduction to Criminology

1.   B
2.   C
3.   D
4.   D
5.   A
6.   D
7.   A
8.   A
9.   A
10. A
11. A
12. A
13. A
14. B
15. A
16. D
17. A
18. D
19. A
20. C
Introduction To Criminology - Definition Of Terms
Alienist – This term is applied to a specialist in the study of mental disorders.

Anthropology – Science devoted to the study of mankind and its development in relation to its physical, mental,
and cultural history.

Auto-phobia – (monophobia) A morbid fear of one's self or of being alone.

Behavior Systems In Crime – Progress in the explanation of disease is being made personally by the studies of
specific diseases. Similarly it is desirable to concentrate research work in criminology on specific crimes and on
specific sociological units within the broad area of crime and within the legal definition of specific types of crime
such as kidnapping and robbery.

Biometry – A measuring or calculating of the probable duration of human life; The attempt to correlate the
frequency of crime between parents and children of brothers or sisters.

Bio-social Behavior – A persons biological heritage plus his environment and social heritage influence his social
activity. It is through the reciprocal actions of his biological and social heritages that a persons personality is
developed.

Broader Social Group -

1. School
2. The Church
3. The Police
4. The Government
5. The Prosecution
6. The Court
 7. Correctional Institutions

Broken Home – The modification of home conditions by death, divorce or desertion has generally been believed to
be an important reason for delinquency of the children.

Cesare Beccaria – In his book “An Essay Of Crimes And Punishment” London 1767, advocated and applied the
doctrine of penology that is to make punishment less arbitrary and severe than it had been; That all persons who
violated a specific law should receive identical punishment regardless of age, sanity, wealth, position or
circumstances.

Cesare Lombroso – A medical doctor who made extensive research in physical characteristics of criminals,
political crimes and revolutions and relationships between the criminal and anthropology.

Charles Goring – An English statistician who studies the case histories of 2000 convicts. He found that heredity is
more influential as a determiner of criminal behavior than environment.

Colajani – A criminologist, describes the direct and indirect deficiency of the means to satisfy the numerous
necessities of man is sufficient stimulus for him to adopt honest or criminal methods in the struggle that ensues.
“To this man delinquency is strongly influenced by socio economic”.

Competitive Development Of Techniques Of Crime And Of The Protection Against Crime – Both sides may
appropriate the inventions of modern science so far as they are useful to them. When the police develop an
invention for the detection or identification of criminals, the criminals utilize a device to protect themselves.

Cretinism – A disease associated with pre-natal thyroid deficiency and subsequent thyroid inactivity, marked by
physical deformities, arrested development, goiter and various forms of mental retardation including imbecility.

Crime Index – Any record of crimes such as crimes known to the police, arrest, conviction or commitments to
prisons.
Crime Statistics – A reported instance of a crime recorded in a systematic classification.

Criminality In The Home – One of the most obvious elements in the delinquency of some children is the
criminalistic behavior of other members of the child's family.

Criminal Psycho-dynamics – The study of mental processes of criminals in action, the study of the genesis,
development and motivation of human behavior that conflicts with accepted norms and standards of society; This
study concentrates on the study of individuals as opposed to general studies of mass populations with respect to
their general criminal behavior.

Criminogenic Process – The process which explain human behavior, the experiences which help determine the
nature or a persons as a reacting mechanism, the factors or experiences in connection thereto impinge differentially
upon different personalities producing conflict which is the aspect of crime.

Criminology – Scientific study and investigation of crime and criminals as well as the identification of criminals
and detection of crime.

Cultural Conflict – A clash between societies because of contrary beliefs or substantial variance in their respective
customs, language, institutions, habits, learning traditions, etc.

Decriminalization – To remove or reduce in status the criminal classification through legislation of certain criminal
laws.

Delusion – In medical jurisprudence, a false belief about the self caused by morbidity, present in paranoia and
dementia praecox.

Dementia praecox – A collective term for mental disorders that begin at or shortly after puberty and usually lead to
general failure of the mental faculties with the corresponding physiological impairment.

Dr. Cesare Lombroso – Advocated the positivist theory that crime is essentially a social phenomenon and it can not
be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment.
Economic Approach – The unjust utilization of economic resources sometimes create resentment among individual
which often lead them to frustration and develop a feeling of hatred and provocative criminal conduct will result.

Edwin H. Sutherland – An American authority in criminology who in his book Principles of Criminology considers
criminology at present as not a science but it has hope of becoming a science.

England During The Last Half Of 19th Century – Place and period where and when the classical school of
criminology and of criminal law developed based on hedonistic psychology.

Episodic Criminal – A non criminal person who commits a crime when under extreme emotional distress; A person
who breaks down and commits a crime as a single incident during regular course of natural and normal events.

Erotomania – A morbid propensity to love or make love. Uncontrollable sexual desire or excessive sexual cravings
by member of either sex.

Euthanasia – It signifies the release from life given a sufferer from an incurable and painful disease.

Extrovert – As opposed to introvert (a person highly adapted to living in and deriving satisfaction from external
world) he is interested in people and things than ideas, values, and theories. He likes people being around them and
being liked by them.

Family – It is the first agency to affect the direction which a particular child will take and that no child is so
constituted at birth that it must inevitably become a delinquent or that it must inevitably be law abiding.

Fashions In Crime – Certain types of crimes have disappeared almost entirely thus the general situation may
change and cause the disappearance of crime.

Ferri – A sociologists who theorized that it is the impulse of opportunities more than innate tendency that
determine the crime.

Gang – Means of disseminating techniques of delinquencies of training in delinquency, of protecting its members
engage in delinquency and of maintaining continuity in delinquency.
George L. Wilker – A criminologist who in his book “The Scientific Adequacy Of Criminological Concept”
argued that criminology can not possibly become a science. Accordingly, general proposition of universal validity
are the essence of science, such proposition can be made only regarding stable and homogeneous unit but varies
from one time to another, therefore, universal proposition can not be made regarding crime and scientific studies of
criminal behavior are impossible.

Government – It is an organized authority that can influence social control through its branches, particularly in the
making of laws.

Hallucination – An apparent perception without any corresponding external object, especially in psychiatry, any of
the numerous sensations, auditory, visual or tactile experienced without external stimulus and cause by mental
derangement , intoxication or fever hence, maybe a sign of approaching insanity.

Heredity – It may be a transmission of physical characteristics, mental traits, tendency to disease etc. from parents
to offspring. In genetics, the tendency manifested by an organism to develop in the likeness of a progenitor due to
the transmission of genes in the reproductive process.

Heredity and Environment – Have been believe to share about equally in determining disposition that is whether a
person is cheerful or gloomy, his temperament and his nervous stability.

H. H. Godard – Advocated the theory that feeble-mindedness inherited as Mendelian unit cause crime for the
reason that feeble minded person is unable to appreciate the consequences of his behavior or appreciate the
meaning of the law.

Home – Considered as the cradle of human personality for in it the child forms the fundamental attitudes and habits
that endure through out his life.

Home Discipline – it is considered as 4 times as important as poverty in the home in relation to delinquency; that it
fails most frequently because of indifference and neglect.

Insanity – Common Types

 1. Dementia Praecox (madness)
2. Manic Depressive ( characterized by mania and mental depression)
3. Paralysis – condition of helpless inactivity or of inability to act.
4. Senile – mental deterioration often accompanying old age.
5. Alcoholic psychosis

Inspector to Superintendent – Appointed by the chief of the PNP as recommended by their immediate superiors
and attested by the civil service commission.

Introvert – An individual with strongly self centered patterns of emotion, fantasy and thought.

John Gaspar Lobater – A Swiss theologian, regarded the lack of beard in man, the swirly eye or angry eye and
weak chin serve as clues to unfavorable personality or characteristic traits of an individual.
                                  - phrenology or any of the protuberances of the skull as interpreted with reference to ones
mental faculties (pseudonym science) as popularized by Hanz Joseph Gall.

Jonathan Edwards family – One family tree that contradicted the theory that criminality is inherited. A famous
preacher in the colonial period, none of his descendants were found to be criminals.

Jukes Family – Family trees have been used extensively by certain scholars in the effort to prove that criminality is
inherited.

Kleptomania – An uncontrollable morbid propensity to steal.

Legomacy – A statemetn that we would have no crime if we had no criminal laws and that we could eliminate all
crime merely by abolishing all criminal law.

Mania Fanatica – A morbid of insanity characterized by a deep and morbid sense of religious feeling.

Masochism – A condition of sexual perversion in which a person derives pleasure from being dominated or cruelly
treated.

Maturation – A process which appears in the life history of persisting criminals. This process describes the
development of criminality with reference first to the general attitudes toward criminality and second to the
techniques used in criminal behavior.

Mc Naghten Rule – Insanity is used to describe legally harmful behavior perpetrated under circumstances in which
the actor did not know the nature or quality of his act or did not know right from wrong. This explanation was
formulated in England in 1843.

Megalomania – A mental disorder in which the subject thinks himself great or exalted.

Melancholia – A mental disorder characterized by excessive brooding and depression of spirits; Typical of manic
depressive psychosis accompanied with delusions and hallucinations.

Mobility – The most significant social condition accompanying the industrial and democratic revolutions because
of this a condition of anonymity was created and the agencies by which control had been secured in almost all
earlier societies were greatly weakened.

Multiple Factors Of Cause Of Crimes -

1. Biological
2. personality
3. Primary Social Group
4. Broader Social Group

Biological
1. Heredity
2. Endocrine Glands
3. Anatomical Structure/Physical Disease/Disorder

Napolcom – Shall administer the qualifying entrance exam. For policeman.

Necrophilism – Morbid craving usually of an erotic nature for dead bodies.

Neurosis – Is any kind of the mental functional disorders characterized by anxiety, compulsion, phobia, depression,
dissociation, etc.

Organization Of criminals – This may be developed thru the interaction of criminal, this may be a formal
association with recognized leadership understanding, agreements and division of labor or it may be a formal
similarity and reciprocity of interest and attitudes.

Pedophilia – A sexual desire of an adult for children.

Personality -

1. psychopatic Personality
2. Psychosomatic Personality
3. Alcoholism
4. Other Personality Deviation

Physiognomy – Art of discovering character by observation and measurement of outward appearances especially
the face.

Primary Social Group -

1. Home
2. Bad Neighborhood
3. Broken Home

a. Environmental Delinquents – which is characterized by being occasional law breakers.

b. Emotionally Maladjusted Delinquents – who are considered as habitual law breakers

and who therefore can not avoid or stop from doing it.
 c. Psychiatrist Delinquent – refer to a child who becomes delinquent due to mental
illness coupled with serious emotional disturbance in the family.

Professionalization – When applied to a criminal refers to the following things the pursuit of crime as a regular day
by day occupation, the development of skilled technique and careful planning in that occupation and status among
criminals.

Progressive Conflict – This process begins with arrest which is intgerpreted as defining a person as an enemy of
society and which calls forth hostile relations from representative of society prior to and regardless of proof of
guilt, that each side tends to drive the other side to greater violence unless it becomes stabilized on a recognized
level.

Prussian Law of 1784 – prohibit mothers and nurses from taking children under 2 years old of age into their beds.

Psychosis – Is a major mental disorder in which personality is very seriously disorganized and contact with reality
is usually impaired.

Rafael Garofalo – A criminologist who pro-founded that society sets only 2 elements in crime, the opportunity and
victim. He classified criminals into murderers, thieves, sexual offenders (cynics) And violent criminals.
                          - Italian criminologist who developed a concept of the natural crime and defined it a violation of
the prevalent sentiments of pity and probity.

Regionalism – crime rate not only vary from one region to another but also generally among the several sections of
each nation.

Religion – It emphasizes of morals and life's highest spiritual values, the work and dignity of an individual and
respect for the person and property of others generally a powerful forces.

Rural Criminality – According to Marshall B. Olinard, this kind of criminality is explained by the persons
identification with delinquents and his conception of himself as reckless and mobile an explanation which is
consistent with differential association.

School – It is a strategic position to prevent crime and delinquency.

Segregation – This may be observed in the interaction between criminals and the public thus, a person with
criminal record may be ostracized in one community but may become a political leader in other communities.

Sixto de Leon – The first chairman of the board of criminology.

Social Institutions And Crime – The general explanation of one topic in relation to criminal behavior is that causes
of crime lie primarily in the area of personal interaction and that personal interaction is confined most entirely to
local community and neighborhood.

Social Psychological – Advocated by John Dewey, George Mead, Charles Cooley and W.I. Thomas, that
development of criminal behavior is considered as involving the same learning process as does the development of
the the behavior of a banker, doctor etc.; that the content of learning not the process itself is considered as the
significant element determining whether one becomes a criminal or non criminal.

Socialist School of Criminology – Based on writings of Marx and Engels, began 1850 and emphasized economic
determinism; that crime is only a by product, variations in crime rates in association with variations in economic
conditions.

Sociological And Cultural Approach – It includes assessment of those forces resulting from man's collective
survival effort with emphasis upon his institution, economic, financial, educational, political, religion as well as
recreational.

Sociological School – Interpreted crime as function of social environment; emphasizing importance of imitation in
crime causation.

Sociology – May mean a study of human society, its origin, structure, function and direction.

W. A. Bonger – Classified crimes by the motives of the offenders as economic crimes, sexual crimes, political and
miscellaneous crimes with vengeance as the principal motive.

White Collar Crimes – crimes committed by persons on the upper socio economic level or occupying a high
position in the organization.