Unit 2 - Cellular Processes - HOMEOSTASIS Name: Juan Castellanos

Study Guide ** use your notes and/or the PPTs to complete

1. Identify the parts of cell membrane using the word bank

A = Phospholipids - Phospholipids are molecules that make up the cell membrane and are arranged in a double
layer.
B = Cholesterol - Cholesterol is a type of lipid found in the cell membrane that helps to maintain its structure and
flexibility.
C = Proteins - Proteins are molecules found in the cell membrane that act as receptors, channels, and enzymes.
D = Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are molecules found in the cell membrane that help to identify the cell and
determine which molecules can enter and exit.
E = Glycolipids - Glycolipids are molecules found in the cell membrane that help to identify the cell and determine
which molecules can enter and exit.
F = Glycoproteins - Glycoproteins are molecules found in the cell membrane that help to identify the cell and
determine which molecules can enter and exit.

2. Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

The hydrophobic part of a phospholipid is the non-polar "tail" region, which consists of two
fatty acid chains. This part of the molecule is not attracted to water and tends to be repelled
by it.
 3. Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

The hydrophilic part of a phospholipid is the polar "head" region, which consists of a
phosphate group and a glycerol molecule. This part of the molecule is attracted to water and
tends to be attracted to it.

4. What are the TWO main functions of the cell membrane?

A. To act as a barrier between the cell and its environment, controlling what enters and leaves the
cell.

B. To maintain the cell's shape and structure.

5. Why is the cell membrane said to be “selectively permeable”?

The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable because it allows certain molecules to pass
through it while preventing others from entering. The cell membrane is made up of proteins and lipids
that act as gatekeepers, allowing some molecules to pass through while blocking others. This allows
the cell to control what enters and leaves the cell, ensuring that the cell maintains the right balance of
molecules and remains healthy.

6. Why is the cell membrane referred to as a “fluid mosaic model?:

The cell membrane is referred to as a fluid mosaic model because it is made up of a fluid mixture of
proteins and lipids that are constantly in motion. The proteins and lipids are arranged in a mosaic-like
pattern, with the proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer and the lipids forming a fluid barrier. This
arrangement allows the cell membrane to be both flexible and selective, allowing certain molecules to
enter and leave the cell while preventing others from doing so.

Cell Transport
7. What is the difference between passive and active transport?

The difference between passive and active transport is that passive transport does not
require energy, while active transport does. Passive transport occurs when molecules move
from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This is driven by the
natural movement of molecules, and does not require energy. Active transport requires
energy in order for molecules to move from an area of lower concentration to an area of
higher concentration. This can be done through the use of proteins embedded in the cell
membrane.

8. Complete the cell transport chart

 Flow of molecules
Type of transport Active or passive? Definition
(H to L OR L to H)
Passive The movement of
molecules from an area High to Low.
Simple Diffusion of higher concentration to
an area of lower
concentration.
Passive The movement of
molecules across the cell High to Low.
Facilitated Diffusion
membrane with the help
of proteins.
Active The movement of
molecules across the cell Low to High
Protein Pump
membrane with the help
of proteins and energy.
Active The process of taking in
molecules or particles by
Endocytosis
engulfing them in a
membrane.
Active The process of releasing
molecules or particles by
Exocytosis
expelling them from the
cell.
9. What is osmosis?

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis is a type of passive transport, meaning it does
not require energy.

What happens to the

Blue arrow = flow of water Type of osmotic solution
cell?
Osmotic solution depends on
Osmotic solution the concentration of solutes on
either side of the membrane

In this case, the water will flow

Hypertonic from the side with the lower
concentration of solutes to the
side with the higher
concentration of solutes,
causing the cell to shrink.

In this case, the water will flow

Isotonic equally in both directions, and
the cell will remain the same
size.
 10. Why are osmosis and diffusion important for living cells and organisms?
Osmosis and diffusion are important for living cells and organisms because they allow molecules to
move freely between the cell and its environment. This allows the cell to take in nutrients, expel waste,
and maintain a balance of molecules. Additionally, osmosis and diffusion allow cells to maintain the
proper water balance, which is essential for proper cell functioning.

Enzymes

11. What are enzymes?

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes are
essential for many processes in the body, such as digestion, metabolism, and cell growth and repair.
Enzymes are specific to certain reactions, and they bind to molecules in order to facilitate the reaction.

12. What would happen if your body did not have enzymes?
If your body did not have enzymes, many of the processes necessary for life would be slowed down or
stopped. For example, without enzymes, digestion and metabolism would be much slower, leading to
malnutrition and other health problems. Additionally, without enzymes, cell growth and repair would be
severely hindered, leading to a weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to disease.

13. Factors affecting enzyme function:

a. Temperature.

b. pH.
 14. If these factors change (i.e. temperature to hot, pH to acidic), the enzyme

The two factors that affect enzyme function are temperature and pH. Enzymes work best at a certain
temperature and pH, and if the temperature or pH changes, the enzyme may become denatured and
stop working. Additionally, some enzymes require cofactors or coenzymes in order to function properly.

Lock & Key Model - Each enzyme needs to be the RIGHT shape for the RIGHT job!
15. The active site is the = area on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

16. What happens to the enzymes once the reaction is complete?

Once the reaction is complete, the enzyme is released and can be used again. The
enzyme is not changed or altered during the reaction and can be used multiple times.

Maintaining Homeostasis
17. Regulation and maintenance of the internal environment within narrow range that supports
human life including:
The regulation and maintenance of the internal environment within a narrow range that supports human
life includes maintaining a stable body temperature, controlling the pH of the blood, maintaining the
concentration of ions and other molecules, and maintaining a balance of water and other fluids.
Additionally, the body must regulate the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases in the blood.
All of these processes are essential for the body to function properly.

18. What are some examples of how the body maintains homeostasis:
Some examples of how the body maintains homeostasis include sweating to cool the body, shivering to
warm the body, controlling the rate of breathing to regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, and
regulating the production of hormones to maintain a balance of chemicals in the body. Additionally, the
body uses feedback mechanisms to detect changes in the environment and respond accordingly.

Feedback loops
19. Feedback mechanism = control system COUNTERACTS any change in the body that moves
conditions above or below a set point.

Describe an example:
An example of a feedback mechanism is the body's thermoregulatory system. This system monitors the
body's temperature and triggers the body to sweat when it is too hot, and shiver when it is too cold. This
helps to maintain the body's temperature within a narrow range.
 20. A feedback loop =control system uses information from sensors to increase the rate of
change away from the set points.

Describe an example:
An example of a feedback loop is the body's cardiovascular system. This system uses sensors to
detect changes in blood pressure, and triggers the release of hormones to increase or decrease the
heart rate in order to maintain a healthy blood pressure.

21. Homeostasis = Process by which an organism’s internal environment stays stable in spite of
changes in the external environment.

Disruption of Homeostasis
22. What happens if homeostasis is disrupted?
If homeostasis is disrupted, the body will not be able to maintain a stable internal environment, and the
body's functions will be affected. This can lead to a variety of health problems, such as dehydration,
malnutrition, and disease.

23. What causes homeostasis to be disrupted.

Homeostasis can be disrupted by a variety of factors, including disease, injury, stress, and
environmental changes. Additionally, certain medications and drugs can interfere with the body's ability
to maintain homeostasis.