Heat and Mass Transfer

MET 108

Jeffrey Ofosu-Adarkwa
[BSc., MSc.]

[email protected]/ +233-591-975-989
 Course Info

Reference Material:
• Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach (2nd Ed)
• by Yunus A. Cengel
• Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications (5th Ed)
• by Yunus A. Cengel, Afshin J. Ghajar
• Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer(6th Edition)
• by Frank P. Incropera, David P. Dewitt
 Course Info

Continuous Assessment:
• Daily Class Exercise (10%)
• Assignments (Projects) (10%)

Exams
• Mid-Semester Exam (20%)
• Final Exam (60%)
OVERALL COURSE OUTLINE

• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Unit 1: General Introduction and Overview
• Unit 2: Introductory Thermodynamics

• Chapter 2: Heat Transfer Mechanisms

• Introduction
• Unit 1: Conduction
• Unit 2: Convection
• Unit 3: Radiation

• Chapter 3: Heat Conduction Equation

• Unit 1: General Heat Conduction Equation (Rectangular Coordinates)
• Unit 2: One-dimensional Heat Conduction Equation
• Unit 3: Heat Conduction Equation (Spherical Coordinates)
• Unit 4: Heat Conduction Equation (Cylindrical Coordinates)
OVERALL COURSE OUTLINE

• Chapter 4: Boundary and Initial Conditions

• Unit 1: Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
• Unit 2: Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
• Unit 3: Convection Boundary Condition
• Unit 4: Radiation Boundary Condition
• Unit 5: Interface Boundary Condition

• Chapter 5: Transient Heat Conduction

• Unit 1: Lumped Capacitance Method

• Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

• Unit 1: Types of Heat Exchangers
• Unit 2: The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• Unit 3: Fouling Factor
• Unit 4: Analysis of Heat Exchangers (LMTD)
OVERALL COURSE OUTLINE

• Chapter 7: Mass Transfer (Diffusion)

• Unit 1: Fick’s Law of Diffusion
• Unit 2: Physical Modelling of Transport Phenomena
• Unit 3: Flow Through a Porous Media
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• To understand the basic principles of heat transfer

• Identify several applications of heat transfer in

engineering and understand how heat transfer works in
these areas
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers
Overview

• Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate

the exchange of heat between two fluids
that are at different temperatures while
keeping them from mixing with each other.

• Heat exchangers are commonly used in

practice in a wide range of applications
(car radiators, processing plants, heating
and air-conditioning systems)

• Heat exchangers are often given specific

names to reflect the specific application
for which they are used. E.g. condenser,
boiler
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Overview

• Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate

the exchange of heat between two fluids
that are at different temperatures while
keeping them from mixing with each other.

• Heat exchangers are commonly used in

practice in a wide range of applications
(car radiators, processing plants, heating
and air-conditioning systems)

• Heat exchangers are often given specific

names to reflect the specific application
for which they are used. E.g. condenser,
boiler
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Overview

• In a car radiator, for example, heat is transferred from the hot water
flowing through the radiator tubes to the air flowing through the closely
spaced thin plates outside attached to the tubes.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Overview

• Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves convection in each

fluid and conduction through the wall separating the two fluids.

• In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is convenient to work with an

overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈 that accounts for the contribution of
all these effects on heat transfer.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Overview

• The rate of heat transfer between the two fluids at a location in a heat
exchanger depends on the magnitude of the temperature difference at
that location, which varies along the heat exchanger.

• In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is usually convenient to work with

the logarithmic mean temperature difference 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷.

• The 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 is an equivalent mean temperature difference between the

two fluids for the entire heat exchanger
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Types of Heat Exchangers

1. Double-pipe heat exchanger

• One fluid in a double-pipe
• It is the simplest type of heat heat exchanger flows through
exchanger consisting of two the smaller pipe while the
concentric pipes of different other fluid flows through the
diameters annular space between the
two pipes.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Types of Heat Exchangers

1. Double-pipe heat exchanger

Two types of flow arrangement :
a) parallel flow: both the hot and cold fluids
enter the heat exchanger at the same end
and move in the same direction.

b) counter flow: the hot and cold fluids

enter the heat exchanger at opposite ends
and flow in opposite directions.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Types of Heat Exchangers

2. Compact Heat Exchanger

• Specifically designed to realize a large heat transfer surface area
per unit volume
• Compact heat exchangers enable us to achieve high heat transfer
rates between two fluids in a small volume e.g. car radiator
• Commonly used in applications with strict limitations on the weight
and volume of heat exchangers
• The ratio of the heat transfer surface area of a heat exchanger to its
volume is called the area density 𝛽.
• 𝛽 > 700 𝑚2 Τ𝑚3 or 200 𝑓𝑡 2 Τ𝑓𝑡 3 classified as compact
• Car radiators 𝛽 ≈ 1000 𝑚2 Τ𝑚3
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Types of Heat Exchangers

2. Compact Heat Exchanger

• The large surface area in compact heat exchangers is
obtained by attaching closely spaced thin plate or
corrugated fins to the walls separating the two fluids.

• In compact heat exchangers, the two fluids usually move

perpendicular to each other, and such flow configuration is
called cross-flow.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Types of Heat Exchangers

2. Compact Heat Exchanger

• The cross-flow is further classified as unmixed and mixed
flow, depending on the flow configuration

• In (a) the cross-flow is said to be unmixed since the plate

fins force the fluid to flow through a particular interfin
spacing and prevent it from moving in the transverse
direction (i.e., parallel to the tubes).

• The cross-flow in (b) is said to be mixed since the fluid now

is free to move in the transverse direction.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Types of Heat Exchangers

3. Shell-and-tube Heat Exchanger

• The most common type of heat exchanger in industrial applications
• Not suitable for use in automotive and aircraft applications because of
their relatively large size and weight
• Shell-and-tube heat exchangers contain a large number of tubes
(sometimes several hundred) packed in a shell with their axes parallel to
that of the shell.
• Heat transfer takes place as one fluid flows inside the tubes while the
other fluid flows outside the tubes through the shell.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Types of Heat Exchangers

3. Shell-and-tube Heat Exchanger

• Baffles are commonly placed in the shell to force the shell-side fluid to
flow across the shell to enhance heat transfer and to maintain uniform
spacing between the tubes.

• The tubes open to headers at both ends of the shell, where the tube-side
fluid accumulates before entering the tubes and after leaving them.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Types of Heat Exchangers

3. Shell-and-tube Heat Exchanger

• Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are further classified according to the
number of shell and tube passes involved.
• Heat exchangers in which all the tubes make one U-turn in the shell, for
example, are called one-shell-pass and two-tube-passes heat exchangers.
• Likewise, a heat exchanger that involves two passes in the shell and four
passes in the tubes is called a two-shell-passes and four-tube-passes heat
exchanger (Fig. 13–5).
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Types of Heat Exchangers

4. Plate and frame Heat Exchanger

• An innovative type which consists of a series of plates
with corrugated flat flow passages.
• The hot and cold fluids flow in alternate passages, and
thus each cold fluid stream is surrounded by two hot fluid
streams, resulting in very effective heat transfer.
• Also, plate heat exchangers can grow with increasing
demand for heat transfer by simply mounting more
plates.
• They are well suited for liquid-to-liquid heat exchange
applications, provided that the hot and cold fluid streams
are at about the same pressure.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

• A heat exchanger typically involves two flowing fluids

separated by a solid wall.
• Heat is first transferred from the hot fluid to the wall by
convection, through the wall by conduction, and from the
wall to the cold fluid again by convection.
• Any radiation effects are usually included in the convection
heat transfer coefficients.
• The thermal resistance network associated with this heat
transfer process involves two convection and one conduction
resistances, as shown in Figure 13–7
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

RECALL
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

RECALL

Convection
Conduction
Resistance
Resistance
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

RECALL

It is sometimes convenient to express

heat transfer through a medium in an
analogous manner to Newton’s law of
cooling as

1
⇒𝑅=
𝑈𝐴
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

For a double-pipe heat exchanger, we have 𝐴𝑖 = 𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐿 and

𝐴0 = 𝜋𝐷0 𝐿 , and the thermal resistance of the tube wall in
this case is
ln(𝐷0 Τ𝐷𝑖 )
𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
2𝜋𝑘𝐿

Where 𝑘 is the thermal conductivity of the wall material and 𝐿

is the length of the tube.

Then the total thermal resistance becomes.

 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Fouling Factor
The performance of heat exchangers usually deteriorates with time as a
result of accumulation of deposits on heat transfer surfaces.

The layer of deposits represents additional resistance to heat transfer and

causes the rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger to decrease.

The net effect of these accumulations on heat transfer is represented by a

fouling factor 𝑅𝑓 , which is a measure of the thermal resistance introduced
by fouling.

The most common type of fouling is the precipitation of solid deposits in a

fluid on the heat transfer surfaces.

If you check the inner surfaces of your teapot after prolonged use, you will
probably notice a layer of calcium-based deposits on the surfaces
at which boiling occurs.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Fouling Factor
Another form of fouling, which is common in the chemical process industry,
is corrosion and other chemical fouling.

In this case, the surfaces are fouled by the accumulation of the products of
chemical reactions on the surfaces.

This form of fouling can be avoided by coating metal pipes with glass
or using plastic pipes instead of metal ones.

Heat exchangers may also be fouled by the growth of algae in warm fluids.
This type of fouling is called biological fouling and can be prevented by
chemical treatment.

In applications where it is likely to occur, fouling should be considered in

the design and selection of heat exchangers.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

As mentioned earlier, if we want to determine the rate

of heat transfer between two fluids in a heat exchanger :

𝑄ሶ = 𝑈𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇
However, the temperature difference between the hot
and cold fluids varies along the heat exchanger, and it is
convenient to have a mean temperature difference ∆𝑇𝑚

Thus, 𝑄ሶ = 𝑈𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇𝑚

The LMTD is used to develop a relation for the

equivalent average temperature difference between the
two fluids.
 Chapter
Analysis 6: Heat Exchangers
of Heat Exchangers

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

Parallel-flow HX Counter-flow HX
 Chapter
Analysis 6: Heat Exchangers
of Heat Exchangers

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

Example Problem

An industrial processing plant discharges hot fluid as a waste product. You, as the
thermal engineer are tasked to design a shell and tube heat exchanger to be used in a
HRSG for a thermal power cycle that would convert the waste heat into electricity. The
temperature of the hot fluid coming into the heat exchanger (𝑇ℎ,1 ) would be 1000𝐶,
and would exit the heat exchanger at a temperature (𝑇ℎ,2 ) of 90 0𝐶. The cold fluid that
is to recover the waste heat enters the heat exchanger at a temperature (𝑇𝑐,1 ) of 30 0𝐶
and exits at a temperature (𝑇𝑐,2 ) of 50 0𝐶. You have two options i.e to design for a
counter-current flow pattern or to design for a parallel flow pattern.
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

Solution Solution 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝑪
i) counter-current flow 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑪 i) parallel flow

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑪 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝑪
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑪 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝑪

𝟓𝟎𝟎𝑪 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑪

∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,1 − ∆𝑇𝑐,2 ∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,1 − ∆𝑇𝑐,1

∆𝑇1 = 100 − 50 = 50 ∆𝑇1 = 100 − 30 = 70

∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,2 − ∆𝑇𝑐,1 ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,2 − ∆𝑇𝑐,2

∆𝑇2 = 90 − 30 = 60 ∆𝑇2 = 90 − 50 = 40

50 − 60 70 − 40
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = = 54.850𝐶 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = = 53.610𝐶
50 70
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛
60 40
 Chapter 6: Heat Exchangers

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

What is the Significance of the LMTD

The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) is used to

determine the temperature driving force for heat
transfer in heat exchangers.

The larger the LMTD, the more heat is transferred, Thus

a lower LMTD would mean a larger heat transfer area is
required in order to achieve a certain amount of heat
transfer.