FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL, METALLURGICAL & MATERIALS

ENGINEERING

TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

COURSE NAME: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

NAME OF STUDENT: MATHAKE MS

STUDENT NUMBER: 224125038

TERM: FIRST SEMESTER 2023

COURSE CODE: HMT216B

PROJECT TITLE: DESIGN OF DOUBLE-PIPE HEAT EXCHANGERS

ABSTRACT

• The design of double-pipe heat exchangers involves the selection of appropriate

materials, geometric dimensions, and operating conditions to achieve optimal heat
transfer performance. This abstract provides a brief overview of the key
considerations in the design process, including the calculation of heat transfer
coefficients, pressure drop, and overall heat transfer rate. Additionally, the importance
of proper fluid flow distribution and the use of fouling factors to account for the
build-up of deposits on heat transfer surfaces is discussed. Finally, the use of
computer simulations and optimization techniques to improve the design process is
highlighted. Overall, the successful design of a double-pipe heat exchanger requires a
comprehensive understanding of heat transfer principles and the ability to apply them
in a practical setting.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3

2. Theory ............................................................................................................................................ 4

2.1 Reasons For Choosing A Specific Design .................................................................................... 5

3. Procedure Or Mode Of Operation Of The Design ..................................................................... 6

4. Reults ................................................................................................................................. 7

5. Discussion of results ...................................................................................................................... 8

5.1 Advantages And Disadvantages Of That Design ....................................................................... 8

5.2 Contribution Of The Design ............................................................................................ 9

6. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 10

7. Literature cited................................................................................................................ 11

8. Nomenclature .................................................................................................................. 12

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INTRODUCTION

• A type of heat exchanger known as a double-pipe heat exchanger is made up of an

inner and an outer pipe that are both concentric. While the heating or cooling fluid
travels via the outer pipe, the fluid that needs to be heated or cooled does so through
the inner pipe. The efficiency of heat transmission is increased since the two fluids
move in opposing directions.
• A double-pipe heat exchanger is built around a long tube or pipe that is placed inside
a larger pipe. The heated or cooled fluids are routed through the inner tube and the
annular space between the two pipes, respectively. Due to its easy construction, ease
of maintenance, and low cost, the double-pipe heat exchanger is a very popular and
commonly used design. It's commonly utilized in heating and cooling systems,
refrigeration, and chemical processing.

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THEORY

• The theory behind the design of a double-pipe heat exchanger involves determining
the appropriate size of the exchanger to achieve the desired heat transfer rate while
minimizing the pressure drop and maximizing the overall heat transfer coefficient.

The heat transfer rate in a double-pipe heat exchanger is governed by the following
equation:

Q = U × A × ΔTm

where Q is the heat transfer rate, U is the overall heat transfer coefficient, A is the
heat transfer area, and ΔTm is the log mean temperature difference.

• The overall heat transfer coefficient depends on several factors, including the thermal
conductivity of the fluids, the thickness and thermal conductivity of the pipe wall, the
flow rate of the fluids, and the geometry of the exchanger. The heat transfer area is
determined by the length and diameter of the pipes.

The log mean temperature difference is a measure of the temperature difference

between the two fluids at different points along the length of the exchanger. It is given
by the following equation:

ΔTm = (ΔT1 - ΔT2) / ln(ΔT1 / ΔT2)

where ΔT1 is the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids at the inlet,
and ΔT2 is the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids at the outlet.

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 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THIS SPECIFIC DESIGN
• The design of a double-pipe heat exchanger is determined by a variety of parameters,
including the needed heat transfer rate, the type of fluids to be exchanged,
temperature and pressure requirements, available space, cost, and so on. The
following are some examples of popular double-pipe heat exchanger designs:
>Counterflow Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
>Parallel Flow Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
>Crossflow Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger
• Reasons why a double-pipe heat exchanger may be chosen for a particular
application.
1. Cost-effectiveness: Double-pipe heat exchangers are relatively simple in design,
which makes them less expensive to manufacture and install than other types of heat
exchangers.
2. Compact size: Double-pipe heat exchangers are compact and can be installed in tight
spaces, which makes them a good choice for applications where space is limited.
3. High heat transfer efficiency: Double-pipe heat exchangers have a high heat transfer
coefficient, which means they can transfer heat between the two fluids efficiently.
4. Flexibility: Double-pipe heat exchangers can be easily modified to meet changing
process requirements, such as changes in flow rate, temperature, or pressure.
5. Easy maintenance: Double-pipe heat exchangers are easy to clean and maintain,
which makes them a good choice for applications where cleanliness is important, such
as in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
❖ Overall, a double-pipe heat exchanger is a versatile and cost-effective choice
for many applications where efficient heat transfer is required.

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PROCEDURE OR MODE OF OPERATION OF THAT DESIGN

• A double-pipe heat exchanger is a simple and common type of heat exchanger that
consists of two concentric pipes, one inside the other. The procedure of the design of
a double-pipe heat exchanger involves the following steps:
1.Determine the heat transfer requirements: The first step in the design of a double-
pipe heat exchanger is to determine the heat transfer requirements of the system. This
involves determining the heat transfer rate, the temperature of the hot and cold fluids,
the heat capacity of the fluids, and the flow rate of the fluids.

2.Determine the type of flow: The type of flow in the heat exchanger can be either co-
current or counter current. In co-current flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in the
same direction, while in counter-current flow, the fluids flow in opposite directions.

3.Calculate the heat transfer area: The heat transfer area is the surface area of the
inner pipe that is in contact with the hot fluid. The heat transfer area is calculated
based on the heat transfer rate and the temperature difference between the hot and
cold fluids.

4.Determine the length of the heat exchanger: The length of the heat exchanger is
determined based on the heat transfer rate and the heat transfer area. The longer the
heat exchanger, the greater the heat transfer rate.

5.Determine the diameter of the pipes: The diameter of the pipes is determined based
on the flow rate of the fluids and the allowable pressure drop across the heat
exchanger.

6.Select the materials: The materials for the inner and outer pipes are selected based
on the properties of the fluids and the operating conditions of the heat exchanger.

7.Design the heat exchanger: The final step is to design the heat exchanger based on
the calculations and specifications obtained in the previous steps. The heat exchanger
is designed to ensure that it can withstand the operating conditions and meet the
required heat transfer rate.

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 RESULTS
➢ The design of a double-pipe heat exchanger typically involves determining the
heat transfer rate, overall heat transfer coefficient, and pressure drop for the
given operating conditions and geometry of the heat exchanger. The design
process results into several steps:
• Calculate the heat duty: The heat duty is the quantity of heat that must be transported
between the heat exchanger's two fluids. This can be computed using the fluids' flow
rates, temperature differential, and any additional requirements for heat transfer.
• Selecting the right materials is important because they must be compatible with the
fluids being used and able to resist the heat exchanger's operating conditions,
including pressure and temperature.
• The geometry length is to be determined.
• Determine the heat transfer rate, overall heat transfer coefficient, and pressure drop
for the specified operating circumstances and heat exchanger geometry while
designing a double-pipe heat exchanger. There are various stages to the design
process:
• Determine the pressure drop: The pressure drop is the reduction in pressure
experienced as fluids pass through a heat exchanger. Based on the fluid
characteristics, logic, and flow rates, this can be computed.

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DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

• A double-pipe heat exchanger's design outcome is influenced by several components,

such as the fluid's characteristics, construction materials, operating conditions, and
design parameters. The pipe diameter, pipe length, number of passes, and flow
configuration are all design factors that can be changed.
• The heat transfer coefficient is one of the main factors that impacts how well a
double-pipe heat exchanger performs. The rate of heat transmission between the two
fluids is gauged by this coefficient. It depends on several variables, including the
fluid's characteristics, the flow rate, the pipe's diameter, and the length of the pipe.
• The heat exchanger's surface area is also an important parameter since it controls the
quantity of heat that can be transported between the two fluids. A bigger surface area
often results in faster heat transfer rates, but also higher pressure drops and expenses.
• Eventually, the pressure drops, and temperature drop across the heat exchanger are
significant design factors because they affect the needed pumping power and heat
exchanger efficiency.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THAT DESIGN

Advantages:

• Double-pipe heat exchangers are simple in design and easy to install and maintain.
• They have high heat transfer efficiency, especially in the counterflow design.
• They can be used for a wide range of fluids, temperatures, and pressures.
• They have a small footprint and can be easily modified for different applications.

Disadvantages:

• They have limited heat transfer surface area, which can affect their efficiency in some
applications.
• They can be expensive to fabricate and install, especially for high-pressure or high-
temperature applications.
• They are not suitable for applications that require high flow rates.

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CONTRIBUTION OF THE DESIGN OF A DOUBLE-PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER TO THE
SOCIETY

• Double-pipe heat exchangers are widely used in various industries, including

chemical, petrochemical, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and HVAC systems.
They play a vital role in the efficient transfer of heat, which reduces energy
consumption, increases process efficiency, and lowers operating costs. By providing
an efficient and cost-effective way to transfer heat, double-pipe heat exchangers
contribute to the sustainable development of society.
• typically, pipe heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two fluids,
typically hot and cold fluids, without them mixing. The design of a double-pipe heat
exchanger has several contributions to society, including:

1.Energy efficiency: Double-pipe heat exchangers are widely used in many industrial and
residential applications to recover heat from exhaust gases or waste fluids. By capturing this
waste heat and transferring it to a usable form, double-pipe heat exchangers can significantly
improve energy efficiency and reduce the overall energy consumption of a process or system.
This leads to lower energy costs and a smaller carbon footprint.

2.Environmental benefits: The use of double-pipe heat exchangers can reduce the amount of
energy required to heat or cool a space or process, leading to a reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions. Additionally, some heat exchangers can be designed to recover and reuse waste
heat, which can further reduce energy consumption and environmental impact.

3.Improved process performance: Double-pipe heat exchangers are widely used in a variety
of industrial processes, such as chemical processing, food and beverage production, and
HVAC systems. By efficiently transferring heat between fluids, double-pipe heat exchangers
can improve the performance and efficiency of these processes, resulting in higher
productivity and reduced costs.

4.Safety and reliability: The design of a double-pipe heat exchanger is critical to its safety
and reliability. Proper design ensures that the fluids are not mixed, preventing contamination
and other potential hazards.

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CONCLUSION

• Several important considerations go into the design of double-pipe heat exchangers,

including determining the heat transfer coefficients for both the inner and outer tubes,
calculating the required surface area for heat transfer, and selecting appropriate
materials and tube dimensions.
• One of the key advantages of double-pipe heat exchangers is their compact size,
which makes them well-suited for a range of industrial and commercial applications.
However, they can be less efficient than other types of heat exchangers, such as shell-
and-tube designs, and may require more maintenance due to their smaller size and
higher pressure drops.
• Overall, the design of a double-pipe heat exchanger requires careful attention to detail
and a thorough understanding of the principles of heat transfer and fluid mechanics.
With the right design and operating conditions, double-pipe heat exchangers can
provide reliable and effective heat transfer for a variety of applications.

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LITERATURE CITED

• Incropera, F. P., & DeWitt, D. P. (2017). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer.
John Wiley & Sons.

• Kays, W. M., & London, A. L. (2012). Compact heat exchangers (Vol. 3). CRC press.

• Kakac, S., & Liu, H. (2002). Heat exchangers: selection, rating, and thermal design
(3rd ed.). CRC press.

• Shah, R. K., & Sekulic, D. P. (2003). Fundamentals of heat exchanger design. John
Wiley & Sons.

• Bejan, A. (2013). Convection heat transfer (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

• Hewitt, G. F., Shires, G. L., & Bott, T. R. (1994). Process heat transfer (2nd ed.).
CRC press.

• Holman, J. P. (2018). Heat transfer (11th ed.). McGraw Hill.

• Nelis, G. F., & Klein, S. A. (2014). Heat transfer: a practical approach (2nd ed.).
McGraw Hill.

• Yang, W. J. (2006). Handbook of fluidization and fluid-particle systems. CRC Press.

• Li, L., & Zhang, L. (2014). Heat transfer enhancement of double-pipe heat exchanger
using twisted tape inserts: a review. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,

78, 28-43.

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 NOMENCLATURE

Nomenclature Description Units

Di Inner diameter of inner pipe m

Do Outer diameter of inner pipe m

L Length of heat exchanger m

As Surface area of inner pipe m^2

U Overall heat transfer coefficient W/(m^2*K)

Q Heat transfer rate W

T Inlet temperature of hot fluid °C

Cp Specific heat of hot fluid J/(kg*K)

M Mass flow rate of hot fluid kg/s

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