African Railway Center of Excellence

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

Addis Ababa University
Department of Traction and Train Control
Traction Power supply and Overhead Contact System
Prepared by: Frehiwot Adugna Bekele, ID. No.: GSR/3837/14
Email Address: [email protected]
Submitted To: Dr. Abebe Teklu
January 19,2023

Abstract This type of converter is also called

step down converter. If we talk about
This paper describes mathematical
regulated supply then it is not so
modeling techniques, simulation and
much difficult in ac side but in dc side
implementation of buck converter.
it is so much difficult and this is only
modeling techniques such as circuit
possible with high frequency
modeling and mathematical circuitry
switching of semiconductor switches.
modeling. Each modeling method is
This type of converter is mainly used
developed and implemented in
in switch mode power supplies and dc
MATLAB and Simulink environment.
motor control system.
From the simulation results it is clear
that inductor voltage waveform gives II. Mathematical Modeling
identical response in all modeling
techniques. Simulation results of all The mathematical modelingapproach
models perfectly overlapping each includes graphical implementation
other and also settling time is very method where data flow is drawn in
less in circuit modeling. Simulink platform. it actually links
Key Words: boost converter, the differential equation in a
modelling techniques, mathematical graphical manner to model the buck
circuitry modelling, circuit modelling. converter system.

Here mathematical model is obtained

I. Introduction for the buck converter circuit based
A buck converter is a DC/DC power on theory of its working principle. In
converter in which dc voltages are this paper ideal model of non-isolated
step down to desired level by high DC-DC Buck converter is considered
frequency switching of semiconductor for simplifying the complexity of
switches such as MOSFET or IGBTs. modeling. Fig. 1 shows the basic buck
converter, the buck converter is made The voltage across the inductor when
with two energy storage elements, the switch is open is:
MOSFET and diode. During
di di V
switching process MOSFET and diode VL = −VO = L Re arrange, = L (3)
dt dt L
work compliment to one another i.e.
When MOSFET is ON diode is OFF dVC V
C = iL − C (4)
and when diode is ON, MOSFET is dt R
OFF at a given interval of time.
The change in inductor current when
the switch is open:

iL iL V
= =− O
t (1 − D)T L

VO
(iL )open = − (1 − D)T (5)
L
Fig. 1. Buck Converter circuit diagram B. Analysis for the Switch Closed:
The mathematical modeling begins
with storage elements capacitor and
inductor in the boost converter as
shown in Fig.1.

di
VL = L (1)
dt
MOSFET „ON‟ condition
dVC
iC = C (2) Fig. 3. Buck converter in ON state
dt
during operation
The buck conversion begins when the
The voltage across the inductor is:
switching process starts, which
results in two forms of circuits as diL
VL = VS − VO = L ,
shown in Fig 2a.and Fig. 2b dt
A. Analysis for the Switch Open: diL VS − VO
Re arrange = (6)
dt L

The change in current while the

switch closed is computed by
modifying the preceding equation.

diL iL VS − VO
= = ,
dt DT L
MOSFET „OFF‟ condition

Fig. 2. Buck converter in OFF state  V − VO 

(iL )Closed =  S  DT (7)
during operation  L 
Under the steady state condition, the If the desired switching frequency is
time interval of inductor current over established
a full cycle should be equals to zero.
(1 − D) R
( L) min = VS (12)
(iL )Closed + (iL )open = 0 2f

Thus, for continuous current:

 VS − VO  VO (1 − D) R
  DT − (1 − D)T = 0 ( L) min =
 L  L 2f
Solving for 𝑉𝑂 , The value of inductance for a specified
VO = VS D (8) peak-to-peak inductor current for
continuous-current operation:
The average inductor current must be
(1 − D)
the same as the average current in L = VO (13)
the load resistor. Lf

VO The power supplied by the source

IL = IR = (9)
R must be the same as the power
absorbed by the load resistor
The maximum and minimum values
of the inductor current are computed Let’s design a buck converter R=4Ω,
as: Vs=30 V, Vc=20 V, switching
i V 1 V  frequency 40 kHz
I m ax = I L + L = O +  O (1 − D)T  ,
2 R 2 L  i. The duty cycle from eqn(8)
 1 1 − D) 
Im ax = VO  +  (10) D=
VO 20
= = 0.667
 R 2 Lf  VS 30
iL VO 1  VO  Average inductor current and ∆𝑖𝐿
Imin = I L − = −  (1 − D)T  ,
2 R 2 L 
VO 20
 1 1 − D)  IL = = = 5A
= VO  − (11) R 4
Im in 
 R 2 Lf 
peak inductor current ripple is equal
Where, 𝑓 = 1⁄𝑇 is switching to 10% of the average inductor
frequency current
Since 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 is the boundary between iL = 10%I L
continuous and discontinuous
current, 10
=  5 = 0.5
100
 1 1− D 
Im in = 0 = VO  − ,
 R 2 Lf  From eqn (8)

(1 − D) R 20(1 − 0.667)
( Lf )min = L= = 333 H
2 0.5  (40 103 )
The min and max inductor current multipliers, summing blocks, and
are: gain blocks, and subsequently fed into
two integrators to obtain the states it
iL 0.5
Im in = I L − = 5− = 4.75 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) and 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡).
2 2
iL 0.5
Imax = I L + = 5+ = 5.25
2 2
Choose C such that the peak output
voltage ripple is 0.1 V
(1 − D)
C=
8L(VO / VO ) f 2

(1 − 0.667)
=
8  (333 10−6 )(0.1/ 20)(40 103 ) 2

= 15.64 F

The state equations corresponding to

the converter in continuous Fig.4. Mathematical model of Buck
conduction mode can be easily Converter
understood by applying KVL on the
loop containing the inductor and KCL
on the node with the capacitor branch
connected to it. When the ideal switch
is ON, the dynamics of the inductor
current 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) and the capacitor
voltage are given by, 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) are
given by
diL 1
= (VS − VO ) ,
dt L
dVO 1 V
= (iL − O )
dt C R Fig.5. Output Waveforms of the
Mathematical Model
And when the switch is OFF are
presented by, III. Circuitry Modeling
diL 1
= (−VO ) ,
It is a graphical method of
dt L representing the system in terms of
circuit diagram which consists of
dVO 1 V
= (iL − O ) apparatus which are interconnected
dt C R
with each other to form the system.
These equations are implemented in Circuit modeling is carried out in
Simulink as shown in Fig. 4 using Matlab Simulink.
 IV. Conclusion

Over all, circuit modeling and

mathematical modeling are done for
buck converter and presented in this
paper. The Simulation results for
both modeling techniques are also
presented. Simulation results of
models perfectly overlapping each
other. Moreover, mathematical
modeling techniques find more scope
Fig.6. Buck Converter Simulink Model in digital controller design for dc-dc
converters. It gives complete outline
of buck converter modeling and its
simulation by applying mathematical
concepts such as differential
equations, circuit theory, control
theory, signal and systems for DC-DC
converter.

REFERENCE

[1]. S. Laali, H.M Mahery, “Buck DC-DC

Converter: Mathematical Modeling and
Transient State Analyzes”, 3rd IEEE
Fig.7. Input Voltage, Inductor Current International Symposium on Power
and Output Voltage Waveforms Electronics for Distributed Generation
Systems (PEDG), 2012, pp. 661-667.
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as shown in the above result. The Application of State Space Averaging Method
output voltage of the buck converter to Sliding Mode Control of PWM DC/DC
Converters, IEEE Industry Applications
is cannot be kept perfectly constant
Society October 1997.
the above result shows it fluctuates
between 19.78V and 19.69V. [3]. Vitor Femao Pires, Jose Fernando A.
therefore the capacitor should be Silva, Teaching Nonlinear Modeling,
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above result of the two model and IEEE Transactions on Education, vol 45, no.
mathematical analysis the inductor 3, August 2002.

current is also periodic.in our design

[4]. Juing-Huei Su, Jiann-Jong Chen, Dong-
it fluctuates between 5.22A and Shiuh Wu, Learning Feedback Controller
4.73A. Design of Switching Converters Via
MATLAB/SIMULINK, IEEE Transactions
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