Rainwater Harvesting System Manuscript Recovered

Maxima St. Villa Arca Subd.
,
Project 8, Quezon City
SOLAR POWERED SELF-FUNCTIONING LID COVER

RAINWATER HARVESTING TANK
WITH AUTOMATIC FIRST FLUSH RAINWATER DISPENSER
AND WATER LEVEL GSM NOTIFIER
A Design Project
Submitted to
The Faculty of the College of Engineering
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
(BSCpE)
Albo, John Reniel I.

Arrieta, Reginald D.
Baesa, Reymark G.
Insigne, Aira Cristine Q.
January 2022
i
Maxima St. Villa Arca Subd.,
APPROVAL SHEET
This Design Project entitled, “SOLAR POWERED SELF-FUNCTIONING LID

COVER RAINWATER HARVESTING TANK WITH AUTOMATIC FIRST FLUSH
RAINWATER DISPENSER AND WATER LEVEL GSM NOTIFIER”, prepared and
submitted by John Reniel I. Albo, Reginald D. Arrieta, Reymark G. Baesa and Aira Cristine
Q. Insigne in partial fulfillment of the course requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING, has been examined and recommended for
acceptance and approval for Oral Examination.
Engr. EMMANUEL TRINIDAD

Adviser
Approved by the Committee of Oral Examination on __________________ with a grade of

____.
LUISITO LOLONG LACATAN, Ph.D.

Chairman
Engr. JEFFREY LEONEN Engr. EMMANUEL TRINIDAD

Member Member
Engr. LUNIE MAE BANGSARA

Member
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the course requirements for the degree in BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING.
LUISITO LOLONG LACATAN, Ph.D.

Dean, College of Engineering
Date: ________
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This thesis was made possible with the help and support of many individuals. The
researchers would like to extend our sincerest gratitude to all of them.
First and foremost, we want to offer this endeavor to our Almighty GOD for the wisdom,
strength, knowledge, patience, peace of mind, and good health He bestowed upon us in order
to finish this research.
We would like to express our special thanks to the whole of 4th year Computer
Engineering students batch 2022 for their constructive opinions and suggestions into the final
text.
We would like to express our special gratitude to our adviser, Engr. Emmanuel Trinidad,
for his expertise and professional guidance for the completion of this research study. We would
also like to thank Engr. Jeffrey Leonen, who acts as our secondary adviser on this project. It
can’t be done without their useful advice and help. Also thank you very much for giving us
opportunity to choose this project.
We also want to convey our thankfulness to Dr. Joselito Goh and Luisito Lolong Lacatan,
Ph.D. Dean, College of Engineering AMA University for their help, support and constant
encouragement. Apart from that, we would like to thank our entire friends for their inputs and
encouragement.
Lastly, we would like to thank our families for the moral and financial support which
truly helped in the completion of this work.
The Researchers
iii
ABSTRACT
Rainwater harvesting is the most traditional and sustainable method, as rainwater is
considered an everlasting free source that can be acquired naturally, which could be easily used
for non-potable purposes both in residential and commercial buildings. Nowadays, technology
had been prompt on many fields for survival: medicine, agriculture, education, transportation
etc. Researchers integrate technology on Green Projects focusing on traditional rainwater
harvesting system. Funnel will be put under within the level of downspout and let the system
do its job. The attachment of an automatic cover will help the funnel to avoid foreign objects
and animals that can clog or dirt the water inside, aside that the funnel also has sieve mesh
filter. It will also be a hindrance for mosquitoes to breed on the harvested tank to avoid the
spread of dengue. Researchers also provide a connection from the rain sensor that whenever
there is no rain, the lid will close. There is an automatic draining system to dispense the
rainwater stored on the first flush diverter container so it will be emptied and can store again
for another rainy weather. Researchers provide water level notification that sends a message
to the owner whenever the tank is on its limit capacity. It is such an effort to regularly visit the
tank especially when raining that can cause accidents in slippery area, aside that you will need
any platform or ladder. The system is also solar powered; the stored energy will run the system
and can also provide power to some light bulbs, ceiling fan, etc. This system is purposely
conceptualized to adopt on two seasons in the Philippines, the wet and dry seasons. This system
is eco-eco: economically and ecologically friendly.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xiii
Chapter I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background of the Study 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study 4
1.3.1 General Objectives 4
1.3.2 Specific Objectives 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 5
1.5 Scope and Delimitation 6
v
1.6 Conceptual Framework 7
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms 8
Chapter II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
2.1 Overview 14
2.2 Foreign Related Literature and Studies 15
2.2.1 Intelligent Rainwater Harvesting Prototype
to Improve Residential Energy Efficiency in Bogota 15
2.2.2 Building a Prototype of an Eco-friendly House
in the Peri-Urban Area 15
2.2.3 Development of Smart Agriculture Water Tank
for Malaysian Social Innovation (Mysi)
Education Transfer Program 16
2.2.4 Development of A Tiny House
Rainwater Catchment System (RCS) 18
2.2.5 Smart Rainwater Management:
New Technologies and Innovation 18
2.2.6 Rainwater System for Gardening
using Ultrasonic Sensor 20
2.2.7 Rain Rain Flush Away: Evaluating Rainwater Catchment
First Flush Volumes 21
vi
2.2.8 Re Thinking the Public Toilet of Dhaka City:
An Adaptable Prototype Design Solution
to Improve the Existing Situation 23
2.2.9 Prototype Design of Rainwater Harvesting
and Solar Irrigation System for Small-Scale Farm 24
2.2.10 Designing a Smart Rainwater Buffer 25
2.3 Local Related Literature and Studies 26
2.3.1 Community’s Perception and Willingness to Adopt
Rainwater Harvesting as Water Source in Sitio Pulot-Bae,
San Antonio Kalayaan, Laguna, Philippines 26
2.3.2 Increasing awareness on household rainwater tanks as
supplementary water supply for island
municipality in the Philippines 27
2.3.3 Rainwater Harvesting Practices and Utilization
in the Island of Malangabang Philippines 28
2.3.4 Estimation of the reduction in flood peak and
flood volume due to rooftop rainwater harvesting
for nonpotable use 29
2.3.5 Energy Equivalent of Rainwater Harvesting for
High-Rise Building in the Philippines 30
2.3.6 Water-Electricity-Light System:
vii
Technology Innovations 31
2.3.7 Ocho Balay: Design of a permanent typhoon shelter for
the rural areas in the Philippines 31
2.3.8 User acceptance of the eSOS® Smart Toilet
in a temporary settlement in the Philippines 33
2.3.9 An Economical Design of
Rain Water Harvesting and Preservation System
via Sensors and Buzzers 34
2.3.10 Green Practices of Event Management Enterprises
in Batangas City 35
Chapter III. METHODOLOGY
3.1 General Method Used 38
3.2 Research Design 39
3.2.1 System Development 42
3.2.2 Schematic Diagram 43
3.2.3 PCB Layout 46
3.2.4 Block Diagram 48
3.2.5 User Flowchart 51
3.2.6 Project Development 53
3.3 Requirements Specification 54
3.4 Description and Specification of Materials Used 60
viii
3.5 Prototype Development Phases 75
3.5.1 Design Phase 75
3.5.2 Fabrication Phase 78
3.5.3 Filtration Phase 86
3.5.4 Automation Phase 88
3.5.5 Evaluation Phase 92
3.6 Testing Procedure 93
3.6.1 Unit Testing 93
3.6.2 Integration Testing 94
3.6.3 Acceptance Testing 95
3.7 Evaluation and Implementation 97
3.7.1 Evaluation Criteria 98
3.7.2 Evaluation Form 99
Chapter IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 The Developed System 104
4.2 Verification and Testing Results 107
4.2.1 Unit Testing Results 107
4.2.2 Integration Testing Results 136
4.2.3 Acceptance Testing Results 149
4.3 Data Analysis 163
ix
Chapter V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings 174
5.2 Conclusions 175
5.3 Recommendations 177
REFERENCES 178
APPENDICES 185
Appendix A Flow Chart of the System 186
Appendix B Schematic Diagram 187
Appendix C PCB Layout 188
Appendix D Program Codes 189
Appendix E Fabrication Stage Photos 195
Appendix F Filtration Composition 201
Appendix G Automation Stage Photos 205
Appendix H Testing Stage Results 212
Appendix I Rainwater PH Level Test 214
Appendix J Respondents’ Evaluation 217
Appendix K System’s Objectives Statistics 227
Appendix L Bill of Materials 229
x
Appendix M Letter of Consent 230
Appendix N Letter of Appeal 231
Appendix O Initial Title Proposal Form 232
Appendix P Research Topic Proposal Form 237
Appendix Q Final Defense 247
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Functional Requirements of Rainwater Harvesting System 49
Table 3.2 Table of Project Progress 53
Table 3.3 Requirements Specification of the Rainwater Harvesting System 54
Table 3.4 Functional Requirements of FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor 60
Table 3.5 Functional Requirements of MG996R Digital Servo 61
Table 3.6 Functional Requirements of Solenoid Water Air Valve Switch 62
Table 3.7 Functional Requirements of JSN-SR04T
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor 64
Table 3.8 Functional Requirements of GSM Module Sim800L v2 65
Table 3.9 Table for Unit Testing 94
Table 3.10 Table for Integration Testing 95
Table 3.11 Table for Acceptance Testing 96
Table 3.12 Criteria for System Evaluation 98
xi
Table 4.1 Result for Unit Test of FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor Trial 1 108
Table 4.4 Summary Result for Unit Test of FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor 111
Table 4.5 Result for Unit Test of MG966R Servo Motor Trial 1 114
Table 4.6 Result for Unit Test of MG966R Servo Motor Trial 2 115
Table 4.7 Summary Result for Unit Test of MG966R Servo Motor 116
Table 4.8 Result for Unit Test of JSN-SR04T Ultrasonic Distance Sensor 119
Table 4.9 Summary Result for Unit Test of
JSN-SR04T Ultrasonic Distance Sensor 121
Table 4.10 Result for Unit Test of GSM Module SIM900A 123
Table 4.11 Summary Result for Unit Test of GSM Module SIM900A 125
Table 4.12 Result for Unit Test of GSM Module SIM800L v2 127
Table 4.13 Summary Result for Unit Test of GSM Module SIM800L v2 129
Table 4.14 Result for Unit Test of
Solenoid Water Air Valve Switch Trial 1 131
Table 4.15 Result for Unit Test of
Solenoid Water Air Valve Switch Trial 2 132
Table 4.16 Summary Result for Unit Test of
Solenoid Water Air Valve Switch 134
Table 4.17 Table for Result of Unit Testing 135
Table 4.18 Result for Integration Test of RWH System-IT-A Trial 1 138
xii
Table 4.21 Summary Result for Integration Test of RWH System-IT-A 143
Table 4.22 Result for Integration Test of RWH System-IT-B Trial 1 145
Table 4.23 Result for Integration Test of RWH System-IT-B Trial 2 146
Table 4.24 Summary Result for Integration Test of RWH System-IT-B 147
Table 4.25 Table for Result of Integration Testing 148
Table 4.26 Result for Acceptance Test of RWH System-AT Trial 1 152
Table 4.31 Summary Result for Acceptance Test of RWH System-AT 161
Table 4.32 The Likert Scale 163
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1.1 Conceptual Framework of the Study 7
Fig. 2.1 First flush diversion 19
Fig. 2.2 Rainwater Contamination Sources 22
Fig. 2.3 A simple PVC container for rainwater harvesting 32
xiii
Fig. 2.4 Test Toilet 33
Fig. 3.1 Design Project Model 38
Fig. 3.2 System Development Guide used by the Researchers 42
Fig. 3.3 Schematic Diagram of Integration A 43
Fig. 3.4 Schematic Diagram of Integration B 44
Fig. 3.5 Schematic Diagram of Solar Powered Self-Functioning Lid Cover
Rainwater Harvesting Tank with Automatic First Flush
Rainwater Dispenser and Water Level GSM Notifier 45
Fig. 3.6 PCB Layout of Integration A 46
Fig. 3.7 PCB Layout of Integration B 47
Fig. 3.8 Level 0 block diagram of Rainwater Harvesting System 48
Fig. 3.9 Level 1 diagram of Rainwater Harvesting System 50
Fig. 3.10 System Flowchart of Rainwater Harvesting System 51
Fig. 3.11 FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor 60
Fig. 3.12 MG996R Digital Servo 62
Fig. 3.13 Electric Solenoid Valve 63
Fig. 3.14 JSN-SR04T 2.0 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor 65
Fig. 3.15 GSM Module SIM800L v2 66
Fig. 3.16 MT3608 Step Up Power Module 67
Fig. 3.17 Arduino UNO R3 68
Fig. 3.18 Connecting Wires 69
Fig. 3.19 60W Solar Panel 70
xiv
Fig. 3.20 Solar Charge Controller 70
Fig. 3.21 Gel Acid Battery 72
Fig. 3.22 Lithium Polymer Battery 3.7V 72
Fig. 3.23 TIP120 Darlington Transistor 73
Fig. 3.24 Resistor 1k Ohms 74
Fig. 3.25 1N4007 Rectifier Diode 74
Fig. 3.26 Barrel Jack with Terminal Block 75
Fig. 3.27 General System Architecture 76
Fig. 3.28 Physical View of the Rainwater Harvesting System 77
Fig. 3.29 Framing Design for the System 79
Fig. 3.30 Welding of Metal Frame 80
Fig. 3.31 Painting of Metal Frame 80
Fig. 3.32 Roofing and Gutter attachment 81
Fig. 3.33 First Flush Diverter Customization 81
Fig. 3.34 Piping Stage 82
Fig. 3.35 Finishing touches for Plywood Attachment 83
Fig. 3.36 Attachment of Gate Valve
and Overflow pipe on the System’s Tank 84
Fig. 3.37 Finished Design for Non-Electronic Components 85
Fig. 3.38 Design Plan on Filtration Vessel 86
Fig. 3.39 Cleaning of Filtering Components 87
Fig. 3.40 Attachment of Biomechanical Filter Foam 87
xv
Fig. 3.41 Connecting Filtration Vessel to the System’s pipes 88
Fig. 3.42 Soldering electronic components to PCB 89
Fig. 3.43 Programming the Codes to Arduino UNO 89
Fig. 3.44 Soldering some parts on the System 90
Fig. 3.45 Circuitry Boards of the System 90
Fig. 3.46 Soldering Solenoid Valve 91
Fig. 3.47 Arranging and cleaning of wires 91
Fig. 3.48 Section 1 of the Evaluation form 99
Fig.4.1 Unit Testing of FC-37 Raindrop Sensor 107
Fig.4.2 Unit Testing of MG966R Servo Motor 113
Fig.4.3 Unit Testing of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor 118
Fig.4.4 Unit Testing of GSM Module SIM900A 122
Fig.4.5 Unit Testing of GSM Module SIM800L v2 126
Fig.4.6 Unit Testing of Solenoid Water Air Valve Switch 130
Fig.4.7 Integration Testing of FC-37 rain drop sensor,
MG996R servo motor and solenoid valve 137
Fig.4.8 Integration Testing of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor
and GSM module SIM 800L v2 144
Fig.4.9 Acceptance Testing of Solar Powered
Self-Functioning Lid Cover Rainwater Harvesting Tank
xvi
with Automatic First Flush Rainwater Dispenser
and Water Level GSM Notifier 151
Fig. 4.10 Result on Respondents’ Type of Residence 164
Fig. 4.11 Result on Respondents’ Roofing Material Used 165
Fig. 4.12 Result on Functionality of the System 166
Fig. 4.13 Result on Reliability of the System 167
Fig. 4.14 Result on Maintainability of the System 169
Fig. 4.15 Result on Extensibility of the System 170
Fig. 4.16 Result on Economic Feasibility of the System 172
xvii
Chapter I
The Problem and Its Background
This chapter set as the introductory part. It discussed in detail the causes and desired
outcomes of the study. This section explained the basis on why this study had been carried out,
who will be the beneficiaries and what the corresponding benefits are. Likewise, in this chapter,
the solution to the problem is presented and briefly discussed. It consists of the introduction,
background of the study, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and
delimitation, and the conceptual framework of the study.
1.1 Introduction
Water is a fundamental resource for humans and their well-being. It has been one of the
most crucial factors in human development. The recent rapid population growth, economic
development, and accumulated disaster risk, along with climate change, have exacerbated
water scarcity issues [1].
Several provinces in the Philippines are experiencing dry spell from March to May or
June. According to Xinhua, El Niño is a natural phenomenon characterized by the abnormal
warming of sea surface temperature in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean [2]. No
one can stop a natural phenomenon but people can plan and conserve water through RWH
(Rainwater Harvesting) systems. Rainwater harvesting is the most traditional and sustainable
method, as rainwater is considered an everlasting free source that can be acquired naturally,
1
which could be easily used for non-potable purposes both in residential and commercial
buildings. Traditional RWH systems occupy large spaces that not all household have the area
to build some. It requires proper foundation and installation to be used for the harvesters. Some
uses electricity on the main power source for the system to pump, filtrate and dispense the
harvested rainwater. A data connection to the harvester on volume’s tank is in need to avoid
accidents on slippery area. Also, dispensing first flush rainwater on FFD which is available in
the market is manually operated.
1.2 Background of the Study
From a census conducted by Philippine Statistics Authority [4], Region IV-A
CALABARZON and NCR has the peak value on the number of households in the Philippines.
The study will be a great source of water to these urban areas declining some negative domino
effects of heavy rains that can cause massive floods and destruction to properties and
sometimes cause people deaths.
Nowadays, technology had been prompt on many fields for survival: medicine,
agriculture, education, transportation etc. Researchers integrate technology on Green Projects
focusing on traditional rainwater harvesting system. So, the researchers came up on creating
and designing a prototype “Solar Powered Self-Functioning Lid Cover Rainwater Harvesting
Tank with Automatic First Flush Rainwater Dispenser and Water Level GSM Notifier” that
will sustain the availability of water to maintain a balance between its demand and supply.
The innovation researchers want to apply on the traditional rainwater harvesting systems
is to suit it even in small spaces specifically on urban areas, Batangas City for instance. Funnel
2
will be put under within the level of downspout and let the tank do its job. The attachment of
automatic cover will help the funnel to avoid foreign objects and animals which can clog and
dirt the water inside. It will also be a hindrance for mosquitoes to breed on the harvested tank
to avoid the spread of dengue. Researchers also provide a connection from the rain sensor that
whenever there is no rain, the lid will close. There is an automatic draining system to dispense
the rainwater stored on the first flush diverter container so it will be emptied and can store
again for another rainy weather. Another innovation that researchers provide is to put a water
level notifier that sends a message to the owner whenever the tank is on what capacity. It is
such an effort to regularly visit the tank especially when raining that can cause accidents in
slippery area, aside that you will need any platform or ladder. The system is also solar powered;
the stored energy will run the system and can also provide power to some light bulbs, ceiling
fan, etc. This system is purposely conceptualized to adopt on two seasons in the Philippines,
the wet and dry seasons. This system is eco-eco: economically and ecologically friendly.
The study will not only provide water during dry season but will help household to
minimize the usage of municipal water, thus reducing water bill. The study will also help lessen
the impact of massive floods, thus elimination of runoff that can reduce contamination of
surface water with pesticides, sediment, metals, and fertilizers. Turbulent flow cause of strong
velocity from floods will lessen to avoid destruction of properties, creeks, dam and rip raps.
As an educational tool for every household, the study aims to get people to recognize their
individual or household water usage. This can get them a conservation responsibility to
acknowledge even not on their own houses.
3
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 General Objectives
The overall objective of the study is to design a rainwater harvesting system that will
collect rainwater from the roof and gutter of a house/building; open the cover only when it
rains, gives notification to the harvester whenever the tank is on what volume capacity and
drain the first flush harvested rainwater on the FFD (first flush diverter) container
automatically when the rain stops.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
In line with this, the project aims to achieve the following specific objectives:
 To design and create a prototype to collect, store, and rainwater
 To integrate microcontrollers on traditional rainwater harvesting systems
 To implement a data connection on the harvester for volume updates using
automated notification through SMS
 To develop an automatic draining system of harvested rainwater on first flush
diverter
 To design a filtration process to be used in dishwashing, laundry and baths
 To meet the increasing demands of water
 To increase owners’ conserving responsibility by the notified volume of water
 To supplement a new water supply strategy
4
1.4 Significance of the Study
Below is a list of significant contributions of the study.
 In global context, the study will sustain the availability of water to maintain a balance
between its demand and supply. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the most traditional
and sustainable method, as rainwater is considered an everlasting free source that can
be acquired naturally, which could be easily used for non-potable purposes both in
residential and commercial buildings.
 In economic context, the study will replace municipal water use, thus reduces your
water bill. Designing and installing rainwater collection systems can provide
sustainable jobs for the economy of the future. The rainwater harvesting industry can
become a leading employer in the green infrastructure projects.
 In environmental context, the study will reduce storm water runoff from a
property. The elimination of runoff can reduce contamination of surface water with
pesticides, sediment, metals, and fertilizers. By reducing storm water runoff,
rainwater harvesting can reduce a storm’s peak flow volume and velocity in local
creeks, streams, and rivers, thereby reducing the potential for streambank erosion and
massive floods.
 In societal context, the study will be a great educational tool to get people to recognize
their individual or household water usage. This can get them to start conserving
water in other areas around their home. While rainwater can be a perfect primary
water source for many uses and situations, it is also a great backup water supply for
emergency situations.
5
1.5 Scope and Delimitation
The study covers to design a rainwater harvesting system that will collect rainwater from
the roof and gutter of a house/building, open the cover only when it rains, gives notification to
the harvester whenever the tank is on what volume capacity and drain the harvested rainwater
on the first flush diverter container automatically when the rain stops. Furthermore, the study
aims: to design a system that collect, store, and dispense rainwater, to develop filtration
process, to integrate with technologies such as microcontrollers, sensors, motors and GSM
module, to implement a thorough connection on tanks’ capacity with the harvester and have a
responsible ability on how to conserve water. Its purpose is in the hope of sustainability as
local water resources are stretched to provide for population growth and economic
development; new water supply strategies will be necessary to meet this demand and indeed
lessen the flood occurrences in urban areas. The study will be conducted on early week of May
2021 at Batangas Province in the Philippines where household are of its peak value, Region
IVA CALABARZON and Metro Manila- as per data on PSA 2020 Census of Population and
Housing.
Due to design constraints, this study does not cover on the additional treatment level
process of the harvested rainwater, thus needs a professional onto handle such process on how
rainwater can be used for drinking and cooking purposes. Researchers only used a maximum
capacity of 70 liters on the tank to hold for the availability of spaces the system can occupy on
any households. Researchers do not attach any reserved power supply in case the battery
drained.
6
1.6 Conceptual Framework or Theoretical Framework
In order to successfully achieve the desired outcome of this study, certain procedures,
requirements and ideas were carefully discussed to conceptualize the project’s design and
development. After a long deliberation and brainstorming, one thought was agreed upon in
which resulted into one concept.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Knowledge
Requirements
 Electronics
 GSM
Communication
 Computer
Programming
 Uses sensor to
Software Requirement detect rain and
 Arduino IDE water level
 Uses motor to Solar Powered Self-
Hardware Requirements open/close lid Functioning Lid
 FC-37 Rain Drop  Uses solenoid valve
Sensor Cover Rainwater
to dispense the first
 MG 966R Digital flush rainwater Harvesting Tank with
Servo  Uses GSM module Automatic First Flush
 Electric Solenoid to send SMS to the Rainwater Dispenser
Valve harvester and Water Level
 JSN-SR04T 2.0  Receives control
Ultrasonic Distance GSM Notifier for
Sensor signal from sensor
to activate startup monitoring of filtrated
 GSM Module of the system harvested rainwater
SIM800L v2
 Arduino UNO R3  Uses solar panel as volume via SMS.
source of power in
 60W Solar Panel running the system
 30A Solar Charge
Controller
 12V 25AH Gel
Battery
 3.7V Lithium Ion
Battery
Fig. 1.1 Conceptual framework of the study
7
Fig. 1.1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. It covers the three major parts,
namely: input, process and output phases. This will be the foundation of designing and creating
the prototype to function.
The input phase includes the knowledge, software and hardware requirements to be used
on the prototype. Researchers use Arduino for hardware as the microcontroller for the system.
It is where all the devices on the system are connected to perform their own tasks. The Arduino
IDE will be the software where researchers code the program. It is the brain of the Arduino on
what specific tasks the connected devices will do on the system.
The process phase covers the interaction of the Arduino to the rain sensor. Once the rain
had been detected, there will be a signal to the servo motor to open the cover of the funnel.
There will also be a connection to the first flush diverter to automatically dispense the rainwater
harvested on its container. The GSM module will interact to the water level sensor to notify
the harvester about volume of filtrated rainwater on the tank.
The output phase provides the harvester to an automatic way of harvesting rainwater from
the start of rain until it stops. There will be no need to a manual startup because the system is
also solar powered. Even the harvester is not on the area of the tank, the process of harvesting
still continue as long as there is stored energy on the battery to run the system.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
 Acrylic Pipe
is a transparent cylindrical pipe that had been used as the vessel of the customized first
flush diverter.
8
 Arduino IDE
is a software that researchers use to compile and upload the codes need to be programmed
on the system.
 Arduino UNO R3
is a microcontroller that had been used on the system that functions as its brain. It is where
other hardware is pinned to give them their function on the system.
 Bio-mechanical Sponge
is a black solid waste separator sponge that had been used as the fifth stage filter on the
customized filtration vessel on the system.
 Catchment
is an area where rainwater is first collected. Roof is the catchment that had been used in
the system.
 Coding
is the process of putting in commands and values to integrate different hardware to function
as what is programmed. This is part of the automation phase.
 Digital Servo
is a hardware device that functions as the motor hand of lid cover of rainwater harvesting
system attached on the funnel.
 Diode
helps eliminate transient voltage cause when the solenoid suddenly loses power, thus
undamaging other elements on the circuit.
9
 Downspout
is a drainage pipe where the rainwater flows from the roof to the stainless funnel of the
rainwater harvesting system.
 First Flush Diverter
is a customized transparent acrylic pipe with a ball that diverts the first flow of water away
from a rainwater catchment system. It is where the solenoid valve is attached for automatic
dispensing of first flush rainwater.
 Fritzing
is a software where the design of electronic components and hardware are built. This is a
sketch phase for making the system come to reality.
 Funnel
is a food-grade stainless steel that function as a wider catchment of rainwater from the
downspout of the system. It has a mesh sieve filter and lid cover that is attached to a servo
motor for opening and closing.
 GSM Module
is a hardware device that provides a data link to rainwater harvesting tank’s volume. It is
where the SIM card is inserted to send notification to the harvester on the volume capacity
of the tank via SMS.
 Gutter
a channel at the lower edge of a roof for carrying rainwater unto the downspout of the
system.
10
 Hardware
refers to the tangible aspects of a computing device that are needed to store and run the
software.
 Harvester
refers to the individual or group that owned a rainwater harvesting system.
 Lead Acid Battery
is a storage of energy that had been harvested by the solar panel and used to operate the
rainwater harvesting system.
 Lithium Polymer Battery
is the energy source used to function the GSM module.
 Microcontroller
is an integrated circuit (IC) device used for controlling other portions of an electronic
system, usually via a microprocessor unit (MPU), memory, and some peripherals.
 Prototype
is an early sample or model of a rainwater harvesting system, built to test a concept and
process.
 Raindrop Sensor
is a hardware device composed of a control board integrated with sensitivity adjustment
and a detection board that will inform the system if it is raining or not.
 Resistor
is used to limit the current going to the base of the transistor that is connected to the
solenoid valve.
11
 RWH
or Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run
off.
 Sensors
are devices that measures physical input from its environment: rain droplets and water
level; and converts it into data.
 Sketch Up
is a software that had been used to design the non-electronic components of the system:
plan design for metal frames, wood, roof and filtration phase.
 SMS
or Short Message Service commonly referred to as "text messaging". It is the output of the
GSM module after reading the water tank’s volume upon harvesting filtrated rainwater.
 Software
is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific
tasks.
 Solar Charge Controller
acts as a regulator to ensure that the battery will not overcharged by regulating voltage and
current from solar panel to the battery bank.
 Solar Panel
is a series of cells that use sunlight to store energy to generate DC electricity that the system
needs to operate.
12
 Solenoid Valve
is a hardware device that is attached on the bottom of first flush diverter (FFD). It is a
normally closed valve which function as the automatic dispensing of the first flush
rainwater on the system.
 Step-Up Power Module
is a boost converter module that had been used to regulate the output voltage of 5v needed
to power the GSM module from 3.7v input on a lithium polymer battery.
 Transistor
is used to drive higher voltage to control solenoid valve with the Arduino microcontroller
because Arduino can only support power output of 3.3v and 5v which is not enough to
work with the solenoid that works on 12v.
 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
is a hardware that measures distance by signals and feedbacks. It is used as rainwater level
device to compute the system’s tank capacity.
13
Chapter II
Review of Related Literatures and Studies
This chapter is designed to identify and enumerate several researches related to the
present study. The purpose of this review is to set the current research project within a
conceptual and theoretical context. This included several citations from journals, patents,
theses, research papers, and other reliable literature sources. This chapter also highlighted local
literature, foreign literatures, local studies, and foreign studies.
2.1 Overview
Hereby, the researchers presented the review of related literature and studies specifically
about the ideas to build our own version of solar powered self-functioning lid cover rainwater
harvesting tank with automatic first flush rainwater dispenser and water level GSM notifier. In
some articles, there have been various studies on finding solution to sustain water demand in
adaptation of rainwater harvesting system. Currently, there are no product solar powered self-
functioning lid cover rainwater harvesting tank that automatically drain the first flush diverter
known. Therefore, we decided to combine studies done by other researchers and come up with
a way to create the outcome wanted through the data and information gathered. Below are
some of the article findings and device that they integrated on the traditional rainwater
harvesting system.
14
2.2 Foreign Related Literature and Studies
2.2.1 Intelligent Rainwater Harvesting Prototype to Improve Residential Energy
Efficiency in Bogota
The city of Bogota has a bimodal rainfall regime with multiannual monthly minima
above 30 mm, and an average above 60 mm. This high rainfall intensity and frequency
constitutes a potential hydric and energetic resource, which is available to the region during
most of the year, and could be extracted through new systems for rainwater collection and use
(referred to as SCALLs, for its acronym in Spanish). In this article, we will focus on the initial
design of a rainwater harvester prototype with a capacity for one family. This prototype has
been designed to operate under the high rainfall potential of the city, in order to store and
deliver water efficiently to a household connected to the main local water provider (the
Aqueduct Company of Bogota, EAB in Spanish). The water supplied by the prototype is
enough to substitute the consumption of tap water for the usage of toilets, washing machine,
watering of gardens, and cleaning of tanks and general surfaces. In comparison to the water
provider, the rainwater harvester prototype is competitive with the quantity of water it delivers,
and with the reduced consumption of energy required to supply it [4].
2.2.2 Building a Prototype of an Eco-friendly House in the Peri-Urban Area
The concept of sustainable housing has considered the urgency to support the sustainable
environment in an integrative way. This concept is related to several main principles include
environmental, social, and economic sustainability. In practice, these principles translated into
the fundamental of housing choice, both process and product choices. In many peri-urban
15
areas, current house construction tends to imitate city houses with massive concrete structures
equipped with air conditioning that caused high energy consumption. The Center for Rural
Empowerment team of ITB built a prototype of an eco-friendly house in Haurgombong village,
Sumedang, West Java. The house has two floors building on a 7x5 m2 land site. The first floor
was renovated from the existing toilet rooms and develop into a two-floor house. The second
floor was built using the local wood material. The wood material has been obtaining from the
trees of seven years old beechwood (Gmelina Arborea) planted in the garden. The envelope
material for this house was constructed from local and common material in rural or peri-urban
context, the lightweight fiberglass for the roof of common room, and the transparent fiber
materials for the roof of second-floor terrace to make the plantation at this area can easily
receive the sunlight. This house is also can be regarded as a prototype of an earthquake-
resistant house. The lighting factor, temperature, and airflow settings are made naturally.
Besides, this house has also equipped with a rainwater storage system and greywater treatment
using a small, constructed wetland that allows the treated water used for watering gardens and
fishponds. The budget spent to build this house was as low as possible so that the surrounding
community can imitate the building for their house and disseminate eco-friendly housing [5].
2.2.3 Development of Smart Agriculture Water Tank for Malaysian Social Innovation
(Mysi) Education Transfer Program
Nowadays the world population increases, so the demand for clean water is raising. Rain
is the faster resources that can recharge compared to ground water. Rainwater harvesting
system (RWHS) is one of the traditional and easiest ways of rising fresh water supplies which
16
meet the sustainable technique for agricultural application. This system already implements by
many countries in the world as a viable decentralized water source. Malaysia can be classified
as a country with high annual rainfall and a high consumption of domestic water. Malaysia is
well and strategic positioned to harvest rainwater for both potable and non-potable uses. In this
research describes collaborative and development affordable technology for capturing and
retaining runoff starting from rooftop gutter until the tank storage using as a valuable source
of water and recharge the percolation well and increase ground water level. In this regard, the
development of a smart technique for controlling water quality in rainwater harvesting tanks
to ensure that water flowing to the plants is clean water. The study also describes the
application of turbidity sensor technology to control water quality in rainwater harvesting tanks
using hardware component such as Arduino boards, Light emitting diode and solenoid valves.
The main role of this system is to enable the farmers to not have to monitor the water quality
as the system will automatically control the cleanliness of the water by opening the solenoid
valve in case the water is dirty or turbid. System function tests have been performed to evaluate
the performance of water turbidity sensors, whether prototypes are free of errors or errors.
Based on the results shown, the system works well to control water quality automatically. In
conclusion, the development of this turbidity sensor using the Arduino and the help of solenoid
valves have been developed to control the cleanliness and quality of water in the rainwater
harvesting tank so that the water supplied to the plant is clean, not dirty and free from turbid
[6].
17
2.2.4 Development of A Tiny House Rainwater Catchment System (RCS)
This bachelor thesis describes the process of developing a RCS for a Tiny house
household of 2 persons that reduces the water contamination of existing RCS’s. First, a
literature research on water usage, portability, Dutch weather and existing products was
conducted. After the research, different requirements were stated and concepts were ideated.
One concept was chosen with the help of the stakeholders. New more specified functional and
non-functional requirements were stated for this concept. The final concept was used to build
a scaled down prototype of the new RCS. The prototype includes a rollable Collector sail that
only opens when it rains, to prevent the chance that pollutants will be collected by the
Collector. Evaluation was done with multiple Tiny House owners and showed that such system
could be used and would be functional, especially if water becomes more expensive. However,
the dimensions are too large for next to the Tiny House, so it would be more interesting that
the new RCS would be used next to an existing roof RCS [7].
2.2.5 Smart Rainwater Management: New Technologies and Innovation
Rainwater harvesting is an expertise for collection and efficient storage of rain-water
from different basement areas like rooftops of residential buildings, ground surface, rock
catchments, etc. These techniques are very vast. They can be very artless techniques such as
collection and storage using readily available, cheap utensils. They also can be some very
intricate techniques such as building check dams. These methods are mostly used for water
conservation. Usually, there are two basic ways of rainwater harvesting like surface runoff
harvesting and rooftop rainwater harvesting. In the first method, rainwater flowing along the
18
surface is collected in an underground tank. In the second method, rainwater is collected from
roof catchment and stored in a tank. The harvested rainwater is the purest form of water source.
So, it can be consumed directly. Rainwater collected from ground catchments may be poor in
quality with respect to the bacteriological quality, whereas if rainwater is collected from well-
maintained rooftop catchment systems and storage tanks, then that water is suitable for
drinking. If water is collected from a dirty surface, then the collected water can be made
utilizable by using a proper filtering system. Thereafter, it can be used for some the following
purposes like drinking, culinary, bathing, laundry, toiletry purpose, watering gardens, compost
making, birdbaths, recharging ponds and pools, washing vehicles, fire extinguishing, etc. [8].
Fig. 2.1 First flush diversion
Fig. 2.1 shows the water collected from the first rain may consist of dirt and debris. The
conveyance structure is required to do the primary treatment to the collected rainwater for
clearing those impurities. In one of the conveyance structures, water of first rain is directed to
19
the storage vessels after carrying out the primary treatment in these pipes. This type of structure
can check the quality of the water collection. It also has a provision of manual operation of the
flap. Here, a funnel-shaped device is assimilated within the downpipe structure at a place. A
gap is intentionally kept between the funnel structure and inner side-wall of the downpipe.
Therefore, rainwater passing through funnel gets filtered, whereas the excess of rainwater is
ejected out to the ground through the gaps. At the start of rain, a small quantity of rain passes
to the storage tank due to the collection of dirt. After some time, this collected dirt is flushed
away to the ground through the gaps. Then, funnel can send more volume of water through
pipes to storage vessels as seen in the figure. Instead of metals, this system uses plastic, PVC,
or other inert substance pipes to protect from acidic water.
2.2.6 Rainwater System for Gardening using Ultrasonic Sensor
This system is entitled “Rainwater System for Gardening Using Ultrasonic Sensor”. The
aim of this system is to design a project that functions as an automated irrigation system for
gardening. Irrigation system refers to a system that involves water, either collecting water or
using water from a source or more to channel them to another place. Thus, this project is
referred to building a simple watering system for gardening that can function automatically.
This project uses rainwater as its primary source to fill up the water tank. In here, a big water
tank will be provided to collect raindrops and use them to channel into another water tank to
be able to flow out into the garden beds. This project is mostly used with an ultrasonic sensor,
which is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target object by emitting ultrasonic
sound waves and converts the reflected sound into an electrical signal. In here, it will apply to
20
how the ultrasonic sensor will scan whether the tank has reached minimum or maximum
capacity and inform it by sending an electrical signal which is received by a buzzer and an
LED, turning them on in resulting to a buzzing sound from the buzzer and the LED being
lighted up. Arduino Nano is using in this project as our main controller to monitor all input
and outputs. The water then finally flows out through a pipe in the end and into a sprinkler.
This project is mainly used to water the gardens in lawns, backyards, or farm [9].
2.2.7 Rain Rain Flush Away: Evaluating Rainwater Catchment First Flush Volumes
Rainwater harvesting, long practiced around the world, has been of increasing interest
globally due to initiatives around environmental sustainability, water scarcity, and stormwater
runoff (Hamilton et al., 2019). The UNICEF and World Health Organization (WHO) Joint
Monitoring Program, reported the number of people around the world who have access to an
improved water source increased from 76% in 1990 to 90% in 2015 under the Millennial
Development Goals (World Health Organization & UNICEF, 2015). Rainwater harvesting is
considered an improved water source and can be used by rural or urban communities (World
Health Organization & UNICEF, 2015). Rainwater harvesting systems consist of a catchment
surface, such as impervious rooftops, a collection system made up of gutters and downspouts,
a quality control system (could include first flush diverter, debris screens, or filters), a
collection tank, and, finally, piping for water use (Campisano et al., 2017). Although rainwater
harvesting is widely encouraged in many places, there is high variability in the water quality
and system designs based on climate, collection location (canopy cover, proximity to
pollution), and water needs (de Kwaadsteniet et al., 2013; Hamilton et al., 2019). There is little
regulation and universal recommendations on building, maintaining, and treating harvested

21
rainwater systems. Contamination of rainwater can originate from: 1) air wash out; 2) roof
wash-off; and 3) collection system contamination. Air wash out occurs due to the acidic pH of
rainwater that washes out airborne particles such as ash and pollution gases. Roof wash-off can
transport both dry and wet deposition from the roof surface, including pathogens from animal
droppings, decomposing organic matter from nearby trees and plants, and leaching of
catchment material metals. Collection system contamination can occur from insufficient first
flush, lack of maintenance of gutters and tank, and biofilm and organic matter buildup on tank
and gutter walls (de Kwaadsteniet et al., 2013; Ghernaout & Elboughdiri, 2020) [10].
Fig. 2.2 Rainwater Contamination Sources
Fig. 2.2 shows different contamination sources: (1) air wash out from particles and
pollution. (2) roof wash-out pushes out deposition on the roof surface from organic matter and
22
animals. (3) the collection system consisting of gutters, pipes, first flush, and collection tank
can add to contamination from lack of maintenance.
2.2.8 Re Thinking the Public Toilet of Dhaka City: An Adaptable Prototype Design
Solution to Improve the Existing Situation
Different studies suggested that current situations of the public toilets in the city are
unusable and unhygienic. Apart from a few good ones, most toilets have filthy floors,
inadequate lighting and ventilation, and unbearable odor of human waste. Although unhygienic
open defecation by men is a common scene in the city, for the woman it is not an option. While
the city plans to construct a few, there still will be a huge need for public toilets to meet the
demand of the vast population. It is critical to realize the challenges existing and evolving from
the forbidding public hygiene situation and the lack of proper public infrastructure.
Understanding the user group is crucial as modern and costly toilets end up being rejected than
being used. Thus the paper tries to address the problems and suggests design strategies to
achieve a feasible design solution for a sustainable public toilet that supports and empowers
communal hygiene. The contribution of this paper is not only to promote a design solution but
how this infrastructure can integrate with the surrounding urban context. A modular prototype
is proposed which is adaptable, feasible, cost-effective, easy to erect, and can be plugged into
any corner of the city. Rethinking public toilets as an adaptable prototype is not only about
providing proper sanitation but also encouraging people about hygiene education, awareness,
and innovation. The design is conceptualized as a prefabricated self-sustainable modular unit
that can be altered, increased, or decreased as per the necessity of the surrounding area [11].
23
2.2.9 Prototype Design of Rainwater Harvesting and Solar Irrigation System for Small-
Scale Farm
The current irrigation system at Taman Tanaman Dapur that used by the Faculty of
Bioresources and Food Industry (FBIM) is operated manually, and the water source is directly
from Syarikat Air Terengganu (SATU). The cost incurred to maintain the current system is
expensive therefore, the UniSZA fund for maintenance purpose. By observing these factors,
there is an opportunity to improve the irrigation system by utilising the available natural
resources in the form of sun and rain, respectively, as a source of energy and water. Thus, the
objectives of this project are to design and validate the prototype of rainwater harvesting and
solar irrigation system for small scale farm use. By utilising the prototype, it is possible to take
advantage of the available natural resources resulting in a technological advancement that
optimises the energy usage producing a cost-effective, efficient irrigation system. The
prototype design was carried out using a two-dimensional computer-aided design software,
AutoCAD. Furthermore, the prototype development was carried out and validated with several
readily-available types of equipment in the laboratory as well as equipment that could be
obtained by local farmers or individuals. As a result, after going through phases of prototype
creations, from the proof of concept, through mock-up testing, and pre-production, it has been
well-function as designated. The value of Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR) for this study
was 308.22 mm/month while the minimum requirement of power production from the solar
panel output was 0.552 kWh. More improvement can be made for further development of the
prototype by integrating with other technologies such as attach it with moisture sensor and
timer for the optimum condition [12].

24
2.2.10 Designing a Smart Rainwater Buffer
The morphology of the terrain of Enschede is a hill, together with impermeable soil and
paving this results in regular floods as a consequence of heavy rainfall. The municipality of
Enschede is looking for a solution to be implemented on the premises of the inhabitants of the
most affected areas. The aim of the system is to buffer up to 7000 m³ for the whole affected
area; it is to be implemented within the property of the inhabitants. In this thesis, a solution to
the problem is proposed: A Smart Rainwater Buffer. This solution uses the principles of hollow
fences to create a buffer in which rainwater is stored during heavy downpour. The stored water
can be used to water the garden, and is released via a weather-aware smart valve in response
to buffer capacity and expected rainfall. The system can be monitored with a webpage that
automatically updates in response to changes to the system. A total of four prototypes were
presented to the municipality of Enschede and the regional waterboard Vechtstromen. The
result is an intelligent weather-aware buffering system that empties itself before heavy rainfall,
which is installed in the garden of house owners. In order to improve the prototype, long-term
testing is required to assess system performance and stability over periods of time. In
conclusion, a functioning prototype was developed and tested, which if implemented by 3500
households could effectively buffer the required 7000 m3 of rainwater [13].
25
2.3 Local Related Literature and Studies
2.3.1 Community’s Perception and Willingness to Adopt Rainwater Harvesting as
Water Source in Sitio Pulot-Bae, San Antonio, Kalayaan, Laguna, Philippines
The availability of adequate water is one of the important needs of well-being. Located
at the eastern portion of Laguna Lake, Sitio Pulot-Bae, Barangay San Antonio, Kalayaan is
one of the Geographically Isolated and Disadvantaged Areas (GIDA) in the Philippines. The
artificial lake and shallow springs are the sources of drinking and domestic water of Sitio. The
insufficiency of clean water supply affects the health of the population and their economic
development especially the livelihood. Rainwater harvesting is one of the best options and a
vital supplementary source of clean water. This study aimed to determine the community's
perception and willingness to adopt the implementation of rainwater harvesting (RHW) system
as water source. Out of 55 respondents, 49.1% rated the project to be very effective and 30.9%
as effective. According to the respondents, the daily occurrences of rain at night is the primary
factor that influence the efficiency of the system. In terms of household's willingness to adopt,
80% of the respondents "strongly agree" and 16.4% "agree" with implementing the system in
their area. Other respondents considered the distance of the project from their houses, possible
payment for the system, and effectiveness during the dry months. Overall, most of the surveyed
respondents (98.2%) want to use the system as their domestic water source. The households
(89.1%) are also willing to give payment for using the collected rainwater. The payment would
be allotted for the maintenance and repair of the system. At the household level, 94.4% are
interested to have their private RWH. The results of the study would promote the practice of
26
rainwater harvesting among the community. Further, it would help the local government to
formulate the appropriate water management, as well as support to RWH system as
intervention in establishing alternative water source [14].
2.3.2 Increasing awareness on household rainwater tanks as supplementary water
supply for island municipality in the Philippines
The Australia-ASEAN Council of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade through
Swinburne University of Technology implemented the project, "Australian Design Rainwater
Tanks for Households and Schools in the Philippines". The project involved working with
relevant local counterparts for proper design, installation and management of rainwater tanks
for effective rainwater harvesting from schools and households in Philippines. A Local
Government Unit staff and rainwater tank supplier and installer from the Philippines visited
Melbourne to learn more about the storm water management projects by Knox City Council,
SouthEast Water and the water supply treatment plant operated by Melbourne Water. A
rainwater tanks manufacturer in Melbourne was also visited to keep inform of the latest design,
proper installation and management of rainwater tanks. The project also involved the
installation of rainwater tanks to schools and households in Dimasalang, an island municipality
in the Philippines. Data collection on water consumption from rainwater tanks is in progress
[15].
27
2.3.3 Rainwater Harvesting Practices and Utilization in the Island of Malangabang
Philippines
Water supply is a problem to humanity. In fact, with the increasing population of the
world, the need and demand for water is growing that includes rainwater which is significant
to every living specie including the environment, (Sadia Rahman, 2014). With this, rainwater
harvesting came into being to many households so with the island of Malangabang in the
Philippines where water supply is threatened with climate change, snowballing population,
water sourcing, and environmental issues. Using the descriptive type of research utilizing a
survey method colored with random interview, the study on Rainwater Harvesting Practices
and Utilization was conducted in the island. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the rainwater
was harvested primarily from the rooftop and the least excess water from grounds and plants.
In terms of utilization, it was manifested that rainwater was used for watering the plants, toilet
cleaning and flushing and the least is utilized for drinking. It is evident that significant
relationships between practices and utilization were “sourced from the rooftop and personal
washing and cleaning; house gutter and utilized from bathing of pets; used containers and
cooking; other households cleaning and for drinking” respectively. This supports the study of
Gupta & Chakraborty (2021) declaring that rainwater harvesting augments water shortage
where its uses may include water for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper
treatment, and indoor heating for houses among others. Moreover, the harvested water can also
be used for drinking, bathing, and for other purposes where humans especially in communities
where supply and source of water is scarce. The results of the present study imply that the
practices manifest a purposive rainwater harvesting which sets an impression for a special
28
driven purpose of utilization to the island community where designing rainwater harvesting
infrastructure is recommended [16].
2.3.4 Estimation of the reduction in flood peak and flood volume due to rooftop
rainwater harvesting for nonpotable use
The water deficit due to a rise in water demand, and inundation due to an increase in
impervious surface area are some of the challenges brought upon by urbanization. Rooftop
rainwater harvesting system (RTRWHS) has been a subject of various researches because of
its great potential as an additional water resource and as a flood mitigation scheme. This study
investigated the reliability of rainwater tanks in meeting non-drinking usage of water and how
the implementation of RTRWHS affects the reduction of flood peak and flood volume using
HEC-HMS at a selected outlet along A.S. Fortuna St., Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines. Prior
to its modelling, the rainwater tanks to be used for each building within the selected catchment
area were sized according to a targeted reliability of 60%-80% using the Storage Estimation
and Reliability Tool (SARET). A 25-year daily rainfall data acquired from the Philippine
weather agency was used in the simulation to estimate the reliabilities of various tank sizes.
One of the factors that can affect the reliability of a certain tank size is the roof area. By using
the building footprint shapefile acquired from the Center for Geographical Information and
Environmental Solutions (CenGES), the roof areas of the buildings found in the study area
were estimated using a measuring tool in ArcMap. The building classifications and roof areas
were archived in a geodatabase. The reduction in flood peak and flood volume were estimated
by comparing hydrographs for a basin without RTRWHS and with RTRWHS obtained from
29
simulations for rainfall events of 2-, 5-, 10-, and 25-year return periods using HEC-HMS. A
reliability of 60%-80% can be achieved for roof areas of 100-550 sq. m. for a corresponding
tank size of 1-7 cu. m. when the demand is 280-500 L/day. RTRWHS can reduce flood volume
by 6.03%-15.27% and 2.03%-3.35% for flood peaks [17].
2.3.5 Energy Equivalent of Rainwater Harvesting for High-Rise Building in the
Philippines
The Philippines is in a tropical location where rainwater is abundant for the frequent rain
in a year. Rainwater becomes waste flowing down the drains causing flood, especially in urban
areas. This problem initiates local governments in some cities in the Philippines to adapt and
implement Green programs that require the installation and utilization of rainwater catchment
system. Though this program addresses the control of flood caused by the rain, the generation
of energy by utilizing rainwater as an energy source is not yet considered. With this, the study
computes the equivalent energy generation by utilizing rainwater. The rainwater energy
equivalent includes the following: the increasing number of high-rise building construction as
catchment facility; the rainfall precipitation of 58 stations in the Philippines; the floor area and
the types of the building; and the volume of water consumption per person per day. The energy
equivalent was computed using the 40% of the time the rainfall precipitation equaled or
exceeded the other with the average floor area specified from the approved building permit as
of 2017. The study established a mathematical equation as an equivalent energy of rainwater
utilization. The equation of energy equivalent was derived using the initial building height of
5 meters and an additional succeeding height of 3 meters per floor level [18].
30
2.3.6 Water-Electricity-Light System: Technology Innovations
This paper presents the design of the Water-Electricity-Light System (WELS) that is an
integration of technologies composed of rain catcher, mechanical filter and UV irradiation,
solar panel, charge converter, LED light, inverter and car battery. We traced back its
development from a bulky and expensive system that was meant to generate drinking water
into a more innovative water cleaning system that integrated lighting and cellphone charging.
We tracked the improvements applied to the system to make the design more efficient yet
simple enough to be replicated and customized in order to address varied needs. We shared the
alterations made to the system components based on installation experiences in different
contexts. We also explored ways to lower its cost and to make its power storage more durable.
Initial results are shared in this paper. Having seen its usefulness and realized its successful
implementation on the ground, we are proposing the pre-positioning of WELS to promote
disaster resilience in a community level. We based this assertion on the review of all
documentations done and feedback gathered from our ten-year experience of more than 140
WELS installations all over the Philippines [19].
2.3.7 Ocho Balay: Design of a permanent typhoon shelter for the rural areas in the
Philippines
In terms of added function, the author proposed an outdoor toilet and kitchen. The
outdoor toilet and kitchen are designed with a reinforced concrete frame combined with
reinforced concrete slab, forming a safe box for occupants to shelter in case of extreme
typhoon. The slanted roof encourages rainwater harvesting for the families. Rainwater can be
31
collected for toilet use and/or for urban gardening systems. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the
most common technique of rainwater harvesting for domestic consumption. In rural areas, this
is most often done at small-scale. Rainwater harvesting can supplement water sources when
they become scarce or are of low quality like brackish groundwater or polluted surface water
in the rainy season. This is simple, lowcost technique that requires minimum specific expertise
or knowledge and offers many benefits. Rainwater is collected on the roof and transported with
gutters to a storage reservoir, where it provides water at the point of consumption for the
families. In this design, the author proposed a rainwater harvesting system with the use of a
simple PVC container which is popular in the Philippines (Figure 2.3).
Figure 2.3 A simple PVC container for rainwater harvesting
Rainwater are collected in the gutter of the roof and then channeled down via pipes to a
plastic water container tank near the comfort room. Finally, as seen in the plans, building the
toilet and kitchen with hollow blocks and reinforced concrete will also provide opportunity to
32
incorporate training program for masons and thus improve the construction quality in the
foreseeable future [20].
2.3.8 User acceptance of the eSOS® Smart Toilet in a temporary settlement in the
Philippines
A consortium comprising IHE Delft (formerly UNESCO-IHE) Institute for Water
Education (Netherlands), Flex Design (Netherlands), and Systech.ba (Bosnia and
Herzegovina) developed the eSOS Smart Toilet (further referred as ‘test toilet’, Figure 2.4),
based on the novel eSOS concept (Brdjanovic et al. 2015) in response to technological gaps in
emergency sanitation provision. The smart emergency toilet is a key to the eSOS concept and
uses a combination of sanitation, and information and communication technologies (ICT).
Figure 2.4 Test Toilet
Beyond the user interface, other novel features included: a roof-top rainwater harvesting
system to provide water for handwashing and anal cleansing (harvesting rainwater aimed to
reduce dependence on other clean water sources – taps; water trucks); tanks to collect fecal
33
matter and anal cleansing water, but designed to facilitate desludging; weight sensors located
both at floor level to sense toilet occupancy and under each urine and feces tanks to assess tank
content; a solar panel to provide power; and a computer software eSOS Monitor. The computer
software enabled the toilet features to be controlled and modified, and its operating data to be
automatically recorded and uploaded via the internet (automatic data recording system). Data
that could be collected included the weights of the tanks, user body weights, duration of users’
toilet occupancy, and volumes of water used and discharged to each tank, etc.
An experimental prototype was built to assess the technical features and user acceptance,
and to develop recommendations for design improvements (Zakaria et al. in press) [21].
2.3.9 An Economical Design of Rain Water Harvesting and Preservation System via
Sensors and Buzzers
The worldwide demand for water has inevitably doubled as regards population growth;
municipalities are trying to satisfy the demand by providing water. Although that is the case,
storm water provides communities with so many choices to reduce their reliance on the water
and storm facilities. To decentralize rainwater harvest, store and distribute rainwater to
minimize drinking water dependencies. A lot of this beverage is used for water needs which
are not potable. To date, one solution to this energy-intensive method of supplying rainwater
to people assumed to fall from the sky is to collect rainwater by using an energy-specific device
built to fulfill that goal, and which has environmental, social and economic benefits [22].
34
2.3.10 Green Practices of Event Management Enterprises in Batangas City
Green practices for the event industry may be categorised into energy efficiency, waste
minimisation, water consumption, and eco-procurement. Energy efficiency pertains to using
less energy to provide the same level of energy by means of a more efficient technology or
process. Waste minimisation is a set of processes and practices intended to reduce the amount
of waste produced. Water consumption focuses on conserving water through policies and
actions implemented by event organisers, suppliers, and attendees. Eco-procurement involves
developing supply chains that deliver goods in a way that minimises the impact on the
environment. These four are the aspects of green practices that the present research aims to
look into. This research intends to assess the green practices of event management enterprises
in the City of Batangas (or Batangas City), Philippines. The descriptive survey research method
was used to describe specific behaviours as they occurred in the environment. The respondents
of the study included 65 members of Batangas Wedding & Event Professionals (BWEP),
which is the official organisation of event professionals in the Batangas province. The research
used survey questionnaires as the main instrument in assessing the green practices of the event
management businesses. This instrument was adapted from the research by Ahmad, Wan
Rashid, Abd Razak, Mohd. Yusof, and Mat Shah (2013). The main findings of the study were
that the majority of the respondents have operated for 1 to 8 years at a regional level and had
a customer size of 201 to 500 people. The nature of their businesses was personal events. In
terms of their green practices, the study results revealed that energy efficiency, waste
minimisation, and eco-procurement were sometimes practised, while water consumption
efforts were not often practised. In addition, there was a significant difference in the responses
35
when they were grouped according to firmographic profile. As a recommendation, this
research proposes strategies and a set of action plans for the greening of meetings and events
[23].
36
Chapter III
Methodology
The research methodology and procedures used in the study were systematically
presented and discussed in this chapter. This included details on different processes that were
used in order to develop the design project. Likewise, in this section, different developmental
phases of the study are shown. Furthermore, thorough discussion of the project’s design and
development procedures are included in this chapter. The study also contained explanations of
the several evaluation and consistency tests that the project would undergo to ensure design
stability and reliability.
This chapter contained the general method used, research design, the user flowchart, the
components that was used for the study, the operation and testing procedure, and the project
development that was done during the study. It also covered information about the
methodology and the process used in this study. This also showed the procedure of how the
machine operate and all the parts needed for the project.
37
3.1 General Method Used
This study used descriptive developmental method of research. Researchers conduct
searches on timely and useful prototype to solve a real world problem today. Existing similar
projects have been brainstormed and added innovations to integrate technology on traditional
rainwater harvesting system. On the process of prototyping, researchers will use experimental
method of research to test and evaluate, discuss the errors, and conclude suitable components
to have an operational and functional system.
Fig. 3.1 Design Project Model
Fig. 3.1 shows the design activities that make up the three phases of the engineering
design process. First phase is the conceptual design. It is the process by which the design is
initiated, carried to the point of creating a number of possible solutions, and narrowed down to
38
a single best concept. It is sometimes called the feasibility study. Second phase is the
embodiment design. Structured development of the design concept occurs in this engineering
design phase. It is the place where flesh is placed on the skeleton of the design concept.
Embodiment design is concerned with three major tasks—product architecture, configuration
design, and parametric design. The last phase is the detail design. In this phase, the design is
brought to the stage of a complete engineering description of a tested and producible product.
Missing information is added on the arrangement, form, dimensions, tolerances, surface
properties, materials, and manufacturing processes of each part. This results in a specification
for each special-purpose part and for each standard part to be purchased from suppliers [24].
3.2 Research Design
A research design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well
as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. The research design helps a researcher to pursue
their journey into the unknown but with a systematic approach by their side. The way an
engineer or architect frames a design for a structure, likewise the researcher picks the design
from various approaches in order to check which type of research to be carried out [25].
This section consists of planning, designing, integrating and automating the required
components on rainwater harvesting system. The development of the system is hereby
explained through diagrams and flowchart. The time development of the system had also been
discussed on this section.
Engineering design activity always occurs in response to a human need. The basic five-
step process usually used in a problem-solving works for design problems as well. Solving a
39
design problem is a contingent process and the solution is subject to unforeseen complications
and changes as it develops. The five steps used for solving design problems are: (1) Define the
problem, (2) Gather pertinent information, (3) Generate multiple solutions, (4) Analyze and
select a solution and (5) Test and implement the solution [26].
The first step in the design process is the problem definition. This definition usually
contains a listing of the product or customer requirements and specially information about
product functions and features among other things. In the next step, relevant information for
the design of the product and its functional specifications is obtained. A survey regarding the
availability of similar products in the market should be performed at this stage. Once the details
of the design are clearly identified, the design team with inputs from test, manufacturing, and
marketing teams generates multiple alternatives to achieve the goals and the requirements of
the design. Considering cost, safety, and other criteria for selection, the more promising
alternatives are selected for further analysis. Detail design and analysis step enables a complete
study of the solutions and result in identification of the final design that best fits the product
requirements. Following this step, a prototype of the design is constructed and functional tests
are performed to verify and possibly modify the design. The solution chosen may prove
unworkable for any number of reasons and may require redefining the problem, collecting
more information, or generating different solutions [26].
Through benchmarking, hardware devices have been canvassed and studied to meet the
specific engineering requirements to suit on the design of the prototype. System should be
waterproof so the life span of the integrated electronic components shall comply on the need
of productive and quality works. The power supply shall run all the components to make each
40
interact on their specific commands to execute. The specifications of each component have
been discussed and brainstormed to make the whole system perform functionally.
Configuration design is a type of conceptual design activity in which physical systems
are synthesized from a set of predefined components that can be combined only in certain
ways. A general framework for automated configuration of systems is presented in this paper.
In this framework, design specifications are separated into functions, performance goals and
constraints. Starting with design specifications, a skeletal design comprising essential
functions is first configured. The process of mapping functions to physical devices is
interleaved with the function decomposition process. The level at which a function is mapped
to a physical device is directly related to the stringency of performance goals and constraints
[27]. Schematics, drawing and diagraming tools include the following: Fritzing, Sketch Up and
Arduino IDE software. These applications are the intangible testing area from circuitry unto
running the program. This will help to minimize the time and effort on planning and system
testing. It will also be a great tool to set for adjustments and backup plans on error occurrences.
Prototyping offers designers the opportunity to bring their ideas to life, test the
practicability of the current design, and to potentially investigate how a sample of users think
and feel about a product [28]. Researchers select the appropriate materials for the prototype by
the guidelines and specifications of each electronic component. Benchmarking had been a great
tool to choose the most functional devices for the rainwater harvesting system. Aside from
electronic components, the physical materials such as the collecting tank, filtration vessel, first
flush diverter and pipes are also considered to align on the need of the system to meet the
marketing and engineering requirements of each.
41
3.2.1 System Development
Fig. 3.2 System Development Guide used by the Researchers
Figure 3.2 illustrates the system development guide used by the researchers. It is
subdivided into two parts: Non-electronic and electronic components. Under the first division,
structural design is discussed including metal and pipe works. This category summarizes the
metal framing, gutter and roofing, FFD, filtration process and system’s water tank. On the
other hand, software and hardware have been discussed. This category includes programming
and testing of different modules. Integration and testing as a whole will be done to achieved
the system’s goal. After all the tests have been done and give an outstanding result, evaluation
will be acquired for the system effectiveness.
42
3.2.2 Schematic Diagram
Fig. 3.3 Schematic Diagram of Integration A
Figure 3.3 shows the schematic diagram of the first integration part of the system. It
functions as rain detection, lid cover automation and first flush rainwater dispensing. It is
composed of an Arduino UNO R3 where servo motor, rain sensor and solenoid valve are
pinned. Transistor, resistor and diode are attached on the solenoid valve for voltage and current
regulation. A barrel jack is attached on Arduino UNO R3 to be connected to the solar charge
controller.
43
Fig. 3.4 Schematic Diagram of Integration B
Figure 3.4 shows the schematic diagram of the second integration part of the system. It
functions as water level monitoring and SMS notification. It is composed of an Arduino UNO
R3 where ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM module are pinned. A USB cable is attached on
Arduino UNO R3 to be connected to the solar charge controller. Lithium Polymer battery is
used as the power supply for GSM module. A step-up boost module is use to give a 5V output
that is required to run the GSM module.
44
Fig. 3.5 Schematic Diagram of Solar Powered Self-Functioning Lid Cover

Rainwater Harvesting Tank with Automatic First Flush Rainwater Dispenser
and Water Level GSM Notifier
Figure 3.5 shows the schematic diagram of Solar Powered Self-Functioning Lid Cover
Rainwater Harvesting Tank with Automatic First Flush Rainwater Dispenser and Water Level
GSM Notifier. It shows the combination of two integration parts of the system. It shows the
electronic components of the device and how it is connected to one another. It is composed of
a solar panel, solar charge controller and battery tank as the source of power. It also has two
Arduino microcontrollers. One is attached on the FC-37 rain sensor, servo motor and solenoid
valve. The other one is attached with the GSM module and an ultrasonic distance sensor.
45
3.2.3 PCB Layout
Fig. 3.6 PCB Layout of Integration A
Figure 3.6 shows the PCB layout for integration A which includes the process of water
detecting, lid cover opening and closing, and first flush rainwater dispensing. Q1 is the TIP120
Darlington Transistor. R1 is the 1k Ω resistor that is linked on the Q Base of the transistor. D1
is the 1N4007 Rectifier Diode. D1 negative pole is linked on the Q Collector of the transistor.
This layout also includes the attachment of the FC-37 rain drop sensor board.
46
Fig. 3.7 PCB Layout of Integration B
Figure 3.7 shows the PCB layout for Integration B. This includes the process of
monitoring water level and sending SMS to the harvester. M1 is SIM800L v2 Module and M2
is JSN SR04T Ultrasonic Distance Sensor.
47
3.2.4 Block Diagram
Fig. 3.8 Level 0 block diagram of Rainwater Harvesting System
Fig. 3.8 illustrates the level 0 block diagram of the Rainwater Harvesting System. It
shows the environmental element inputs: sunlight and rainwater. The outputs: electricity store
on the battery from solar panel, text message to the harvester of notifications on water level of
the tank, rainwater collected on the first flush diverter container and the filtrated harvested
rainwater stored on the tank. Level 0 diagram presents a single module block diagram with
inputs and outputs identified.
48
TABLE 3.1
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
Module Rainwater Harvesting System

Inputs - Environmental (nature) : natural element sunlight shall
store through solar panel to battery.
: natural element rainwater shall contact rain sensor for
startup.
Outputs - Store energy on a battery storage and solar charge
controller for the system to generate.
- Sensorial feedback from the rain sensor to activate the
solenoid valve to dispense first flush rainwater.
- Signal feedback from distance sensor to GSM module
for the use of harvested rainwater.
- Signal feedback to open and close lid of the funnel.
Functionality Alerts the harvester by means of text message on the
volume of the harvested rainwater. The system of
harvesting only runs when the rain started and
automatically close when there is no rain at all. There
will also be an automatic dispenser for the FFD to
empty the container whenever the rain stops.
Table 3.1 shows the functional requirements of the Rainwater Harvesting System. The
first row refers to the title of the module. The second row refers to the inputs of the system.
The third row refers to the output. The last row refers to the functionality. The title of the
module is Rainwater Harvesting System. Its inputs are environmental element from nature:
sunlight and rainwater. The outputs are first flush rainwater from the First Flush Diverter, an
SMS, and the filtrated harvested rainwater to be used by the harvester. The functionality of this
module includes alerts on the harvester by means of text message on the volume of the
harvested rainwater. The system of harvesting only runs when the rain started and
automatically close when there is no rain at all. There will also be an automatic dispenser for
the FFD to empty the container whenever the rain stops.
49
Fig. 3.9 Level 1 diagram of Rainwater Harvesting System
Fig. 3.9 illustrates the level 1 diagram of the Rainwater Harvesting System. It shows its
inputs which are the environmental element from nature: sunlight and rainwater. The outputs
are first flush rainwater from the First Flush Diverter, an SMS, and the filtrated harvested
rainwater to be used by the harvester. The internal components of this system are: solar panel,
battery, solar charge controller, rain sensor, servo motor, solenoid valve, water level sensor
and a GSM module. Level 1 diagram provides a system architecture with all modules and its
interconnections.
50
3.2.5 User Flowchart START
NO
IS THERE
DO NOTHING RAIN?
YES
RAIN
RAIN SENSOR
ANALOG
NO
OUTPUT CLOSE LID
< 1023?
YES
OPEN LID
FIRST FLUSH DIVERTER
RAINWATER
FFD and FILTRATION PROCESS
WATER LEVEL SENSOR
YES
0% SOLENOID VALVE
NO
YES
VOLUME CAPACITY
25%
GSM NO FIRST FLUSH

YES RAINWATER
75%
NO
YES
100%
TEXT MESSAGE NO
END
Fig. 3.10 System Flowchart of Rainwater Harvesting System

51
Fig. 3.10 illustrates the system flowchart of the Rainwater Harvesting System. It shows
how the system works. The process starts when there is rain: rain drop sensor will send a
feedback signal to the servo motor to open/close the lid cover. If the analog output of rain drop
sensor is less than 1023, the servo motor will run a hand movement up to 180° to open the lid
cover sideways and it will be the start of harvesting rainwater. Rainwater will undergo filtration
unto it will give signal to the pressure switch on the clogging phase of filtration cartridges. The
GSM module will read the output of pressure on the differential pressure sensor to give an
SMS notification to the harvester that it is clogging. The water level sensor will give data to
the harvester through SMS also on reading the tank’s volume capacity. Once the rain had
stopped, the servo motor will be sent back to 0° to close the lid cover of the RWH tank. This
will be the input to the solenoid valve to run and dispense the first flush rainwater on the FFD
container.
52
3.2.6 Project Development
TABLE 3.2
TIME TABLE OF PROJECT PROGRESS
Table 3.2 shows timeline the progress report on building the prototype. 2nd week of
November 2021 was the start of unit tests on each module. This test last until 3rd week of
February 2022. Between months of February and May, the fabrication for non-electronic
components have been utilized. Researchers started the integration testing on June 26, 2022
that took up to almost 2 weeks. After integration testing, the attachment of all the components
had been done doing acceptance testing simultaneously on the late week of July. Evaluation
period is within early days of November. Finalization of documents had been done on the
August until the fourth week of November. Final defense and presentation was held on early
week of December.
53
3.3 Requirements Specification
TABLE 3.3
REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION OF THE RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
Marketing
Engineering Requirement Justification
Requirement
5, 15 Utilize a rain detecting device to The utilization of this type of device is
send signals to other integrated designed in such a way that under the dry
components. conditions module provide high resistance to
the supply voltage, and this output voltage of
this module will be 5V. This module’s
resistance gradually decreases with respect to
an increase in the wetness on the board. As
the resistance decreases, its output voltage
also decreases with respect to the wetness on
the module.
3, 8, 15 Utilize a motor device to open Utilization of this type of device that do not
and close the tank’s lid cover with require a motor controller to operate and only
fast heat dissipation and big come with 3 wires. All that is needed to
torque high compatibility. operate them is a voltage and Pulse-Width-
Modulation.
7, 13, 14, 15 Utilize a device that switches the The utilization of this type of device that
flow of fluid for dispensing. when electrically energized or de-energized,
either shut off or allows fluid flow. The
actuator takes the form of an electromagnet.
When energized, a magnetic field builds up
which pulls a plunger or pivoted armature
against the action of a spring. When de-
energized, the plunger or pivoted armature is
returned to its original position by the spring
action.
6 Utilize a GSM unit to transmit GSM Modules are manufactured by
data via SMS that supports GSM connecting a particular GSM modem to a
frequencies 850MHz, EGSM PCB and then giving provisions for RS232
900MHz, DCS 1800MHz, and outputs, TTL outputs, Mic and Speaker
PCS 1900MHz. interfacing provisions etc. The most popular
modem under use is SIM 900 gsm modem
from manufacturer SIMCom. They also
manufacture GSM Modems in bands 850,
300 and other frequency bands.
1 Regulated power within device Utilizing solar energy can help boost your
specifications will be supplied electricity independence. The use of solar
from system. power is an excellent way to help reduce
carbon footprint. It also doesn’t release any
greenhouse gases and other toxic chemicals.
4, 15 Utilize a volume reading device Utilization of this type of device that is
that ranges from 21cm to 200cm waterproof with a range of 20cm-600cm non-
processing of the signal. contact distance sensing function, ranging
accuracy up to 2mm; module includes the
transceiver of an integrated ultrasonic sensor
and control circuit.
54
2, 10, 15 High density polyethylene Utilizing a material that suit for rainwater
(HDPE) plastic barrels for storage that is inert and resistant to high or
rainwater storage. low pH contents. Blue is the industry
standard food-grade. The blue HDPE plastic
is also naturally UV resistant.
2, 9 Utilize a filtration vessel. Untreated water passes through a mesh filter
or cartridge that traps suspended particles on
the surface or within the filter. Mechanical
water filters mostly remove larger suspended
material from water, including sand, silt,
clay, loose scale, and organic matter.
2, 11, 13, 14 Utilize an FFD (First Flush Utilization of this type of material protecting
Diverter). rainwater quality. By isolating the first flush
of contaminant- laden water before it reaches
the tank, it keeps organic and inorganic fine
particles out of the rainwater you harvest to
enjoy the benefits of cleaner rainwater.
12 The completed system involving The completed system involving the power
the power supply and the supply and the collection system fit on
collection system fit on narrow narrow spaces (area 0.90m x 1.00m).
spaces.
Marketing Requirements
1 Utilizes the system’s power to operate.
2 System should not undergo corrosion.
3 System allows an environmental element to open the cover lid.
4 System can read water level at a range up to 0.5meters.
5 Detects rainwater when it starts raining.
6 System allows communicating with the harvester through SMS.
7 System can empty first flush rainwater.
8 System’s cover closes when it stops raining.
9 System has filtration process.
10 System can hold up to 70L of rainwater.
11 System can hold 0.5L of first flush rainwater.
12 System can fit to 0.90meters by 1.00meters floor area.
13 System can hold a weight of 1kg on FFD container.
14 First Flush Dispenser closes on empty phase.
15 System should be waterproof.
Table 3.3 shows the requirements specification of Rainwater Harvesting System (Solar
Powered Self-Functioning Lid Cover Rainwater Harvesting Tank with Automatic First Flush
Rainwater Dispenser and Water Level GSM Notifier). The marketing requirement refers
definition of what customers need and how the product will provide this. The fifteen marketing
requirements of this project shall provide an automatic harvesting of rainwater from roof
catchments. The engineering requirements provide approach to address the needs of the
marketing requirement. It describes how the product should actually be built and will provide
55
as a guide for broader cross-functional teams (such as design and engineering) to understand
what the product should do.
The first engineering requirement describes an approach of utilizing a rain detecting
device to send signals to other integrated components. It addresses identified marketing
requirements that include (5) Detects rainwater when it starts raining and (15) System should
be waterproof. The justification of providing this engineering requirement is such that the
utilization of this type of device is designed in such a way that under the dry conditions module
provide high resistance to the supply voltage, and this output voltage of this module will be
5V. This module’s resistance gradually decreases with respect to an increase in the wetness on
the board. As the resistance decreases, its output voltage also decreases with respect to the
wetness on the module.
The second engineering requirement describes an approach of utilizing a motor device to
open and close the tank’s lid cover with fast heat dissipation and big torque high compatibility.
It addresses identified marketing requirements that include (3) System allows an environment
object to open the cover lid, (8) System’s cover closes when it stops raining and (15) System
should be waterproof. The justification of providing this engineering requirement is such that
the utilization of this type of device that do not require a motor controller to operate and only
come with 3 wires. All that is needed to operate them is a voltage and Pulse-Width-Modulation.
The third engineering requirement describes an approach of utilizing a device that
switches the flow of fluid for dispensing. It addresses identified marketing requirements that
include (7) System can empty first flush rainwater, (13) System can hold a weight of 1kg on
FFD container, (14) First Flush Dispenser closes on empty phase and (15) System should be
56
waterproof. The justification of providing this engineering requirement is such that the
utilization of this type of device that when electrically energized or de-energized, either shut
off or allows fluid flow. The actuator takes the form of an electromagnet. When energized, a
magnetic field builds up which pulls a plunger or pivoted armature against the action of a
spring. When de-energized, the plunger or pivoted armature is returned to its original position
by the spring action.
The fourth engineering requirement describes an approach of utilizing a GSM unit to
transmit data via SMS that supports GSM frequencies 850MHz, EGSM 900MHz, DCS
1800MHz, and PCS 1900MHz. It addresses identified marketing requirement that includes (6)
System allows communicating with the harvester through SMS. The justification of providing
this engineering requirement is such that the utilization of this type of device are manufactured
by connecting a particular GSM modem to a PCB and then giving provisions for RS232
outputs, TTL outputs, Mic and Speaker interfacing provisions etc. The most popular modem
under use is SIM 900 gsm modem from manufacturer SIMCom. They also manufacture GSM
Modems in bands 850, 300 and other frequency bands.
The fifth engineering requirement describes an approach of regulating power within
device specifications will be supplied from system. It addresses identified marketing
requirement that includes (1) Utilizes the system’s power to operate. The justification of
providing this engineering requirement is such that utilizing solar energy can help boost your
electricity independence. The use of solar power is an excellent way to help reduce carbon
footprint. It also doesn’t release any greenhouse gases and other toxic chemicals.
57
The sixth engineering requirement describes an approach of utilizing a volume reading
device that ranges from 21cm to 200cm processing of the signal. It addresses identified
marketing requirements that include (4) System can read water level at a range up to 0.5meters
and (15) System should be waterproof. The justification of providing this engineering
requirement is such that utilization of this type of device that is waterproof with a range of
20cm-600cm non-contact distance sensing function, ranging accuracy up to 2mm; module
includes the transceiver of an integrated ultrasonic sensor and control circuit.
The seventh engineering requirement describes an approach of high density polyethylene
(HDPE) plastic barrels for rainwater storage. It addresses identified marketing requirements
that include (2) System should not undergo corrosion and (10) System can hold up to 70L of
rainwater. System can read water level at a range up to 0.50meters and (15) System should be
waterproof. The justification of providing this engineering requirement is such that utilizing a
material that suit for rainwater storage that is inert and resistant to high or low pH contents.
Blue is the industry standard food-grade. The blue HDPE plastic is also naturally UV resistant.
The eighth engineering requirement describes an approach of utilizing a three filter
cartridges. It addresses identified marketing requirements that include (2) System should not
undergo corrosion and (9) System has filtration process. The justification of providing this
engineering requirement is such that the untreated water passes through a mesh filter or
cartridge that traps suspended particles on the surface or within the filter. Mechanical water
filters mostly remove larger suspended material from water, including sand, silt, clay, loose
scale, and organic matter.
58
The ninth engineering requirement describes an approach of utilizing an FFD (First Flush
Diverter). It addresses identified marketing requirements that include (2) System should not
undergo corrosion, (11) System can hold 1L of first flush rainwater, (13) System can hold a
weight of 1kg on FFD container and (14) First Flush Dispenser closes on empty phase. The
justification of providing this engineering requirement is such that the utilization of this type
of material protecting rainwater quality. By isolating the first flush of contaminant- laden water
before it reaches the tank, it keeps organic and inorganic fine particles out of the rainwater you
harvest to enjoy the benefits of cleaner rainwater.
The last engineering requirement describes an approach of the completed system
involving the power supply and the collection system fit on narrow spaces. It addresses
identified marketing requirement that includes (12) System can fit to 0.90meters by 1.00meters
floor area. The justification of providing this engineering requirement is such that the
completed system involving the power supply and the collection system fit on narrow spaces
(area 0.9m x 1m).
59
3.4 Description and Specification of Materials Used
TABLE 3.4
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF FC-37 RAIN DROP SENSOR
Module FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor

Inputs - 5V DC for power
- Environmental (nature) : natural element rainwater shall
contact rain sensor for startup.
Outputs - Digital output is 0
- Analog output is much less than 1023
Functionality Detects rain from a rain board and compares the analog
value and converts it to a digital value from the control
module.
Table 3.4 shows the functional requirements of FC-37 rain drop sensor. The first row
refers to the title of the module. The second row refers to the inputs of the system. The third
row refers to the output. The last row refers to the functionality.
The title of the module is FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor. The inputs are 5V DC for power and
an environmental (nature): natural element rainwater shall contact rain sensor for startup. The
outputs are digital output (0) and an analog output (< 1023) corresponding to activate the servo
motor. The functionality of this module includes rain detection from a rain board and compares
the analog value and converts it to a digital value from the control module.
Fig. 3.11 FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor

60
Figure 3.11 is a tool used for sensing rain. It consists of two modules, a rain board that detects
the rain and a control module, which compares the analog value, and converts it to a digital
value. The raindrop sensors can be used in the automobile sector to control the windshield
wipers automatically, in the agriculture sector to sense rain and it is also used in home
automation systems [29].
TABLE 3.5
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF MG996R DIGITAL SERVO
Module MG996R Digital Servo

Inputs - Operating Voltage is +5V typically
- Feedback signal from FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor
Outputs - Stall Torque: 9.4 kg/cm (at 4.8V)
- Maximum Stall Torque: 11 kg/cm (6V)
- Signal to operate a 180° as function for opening the lid
cover of RWH tank
Functionality Hand movement of servo motor to a 180° for the opening
of the lid cover from a feedback signal made by the rain
sensor.
Table 3.5 shows the functional requirements of MG996R Digital Servo. The first row refers
to the title of the module. The second row refers to the inputs of the system. The third row
refers to the output. The last row refers to the functionality.
The title of the module is MG996R Digital Servo. Its inputs are operating voltage is +5V
typically and a feedback signal from FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor. The outputs are Stall Torque: 9.4
kg/cm (at 4.8V), Maximum Stall Torque: 11 kg/cm (6V) and a signal to operate a 180° as
function for opening the lid cover of RWH tank. The functionality of this module includes
hand movement of servo motor to a 180° for the opening of the lid cover from a feedback
signal made by the rain sensor.

61
Fig. 3.12 MG996R Digital Servo
Figure 3.12 shows that MG996R is a metal gear servo motor with a maximum stall torque
of 11 kg/cm. Like other RC servos the motor rotates from 0 to 180 degree based on the duty
cycle of the PWM wave supplied to its signal pin [30].
TABLE 3.6
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF SOLENOID WATER AIR VALVE SWITCH
Module Electric Solenoid Valve

- Feedback signal from MG996R Digital Servo
Outputs - Opens the flow of rainwater as soon as it is powered ON
and stops/blocks the flow when the supply voltage
removed.
Functionality Controls the flow of the first flush rainwater, which is
normally closed assembly, when a 12 V DC supply is
applied to the two terminals to open the valve and water
can push through.
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Table 3.6 shows the functional requirements of solenoid water air valve switch. The first
row refers to the title of the module. The second row refers to the inputs of the system. The
third row refers to the output. The last row refers to the functionality.
The title of the module is Electric Solenoid Valve. Its inputs are 12V DC for power and
a feedback signal from MG996R Digital Servo. The output is to open the flow of rainwater as
soon as it is powered ON and stops/blocks the flow when the supply voltage removed. The
functionality of this module includes the control on the flow of the first flush rainwater, which
is normally closed assembly, when a 12 VDC supply is applied to the two terminals to open
the valve and water can push through.
Fig. 3.13 Electric Solenoid Valve
Figure 3.13 shows these normally closed water/air solenoid valves (Opens when
energized). This type of water/air solenoid valves are used as inlet (feed) valves in washing
machines, water purifiers, dish washers, Ice makers, vending machines, Coffee makers and as
control valve in Automatic Water Faucets (Automatic sensor Taps). And anywhere, where
water/air is need to be controlled by solenoid valve [31].

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TABLE 3.7
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF JSN-SR04T ULTRASONIC DISTANCE SENSOR
Module JSN-SR04T 2.0 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor

- Ultrasound waves from inflow harvested rainwater to be
measured in cm to determine volume capacity
Outputs - Ultrasound waves reflected back with a measuring range
of 21-450 cm and a measuring angle of 75-90 degrees
Functionality Sending out ultrasound waves get reflected back by the
harvested rainwater and the ultrasonic sensor detects
them. By timing how much time passed between sending
and receiving the sound waves, it can be calculated the
distance between the sensor and harvested rainwater
using the formula Distance (cm) = Speed of sound
(cm/µs) × Time (µs) / 2.
Table 3.7 shows the functional requirements of JSN-SR04T 2.0 ultrasonic distance
sensor. The first row refers to the title of the module. The second row refers to the inputs of
the system. The third row refers to the output. The last row refers to the functionality.
The title of the module is JSN-SR04T 2.0 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor. Its inputs are 5V
DC for power and an Ultrasound waves from inflow harvested rainwater to be measured in cm
to determine volume capacity. The output is an ultrasound wave reflected back with a
measuring range of 21-450 cm and a measuring angle of 75-90 degrees. The functionality of
this module includes sending out ultrasound waves get reflected back by the harvested
rainwater and the ultrasonic sensor detects them. By timing how much time passed between
sending and receiving the sound waves, it can be calculated the distance between the sensor
and harvested rainwater using the formula Distance (cm) = Speed of sound (cm/µs) × Time
(µs) / 2.
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Fig. 3.14 JSN-SR04T 2.0 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
Figure 3.14 shows that the transmitter/receiver unit is very compact, waterproof and
connected to the module via a 2.5 m extension cable. On the one hand, this makes outdoor
applications possible, for example, and on the other hand, the measuring unit can be installed
much more discreetly [32].
TABLE 3.8
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF GSM MODULE SIM800L V2
Module GSM Module Sim800L v2

Inputs - 4.1~5V DC
- Ultrasound waves reflected back with a measuring range
of 21-450 cm and a measuring angle of 75-90 degrees
from JSN-SR04T 2.0 ultrasonic distance sensor
Outputs - Notification via SMS to be sent to the harvester on
tank’s volume capacity
Functionality Provides a way to use the GSM cell phone network to
receive data from a remote location and delivers
GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz signals for Audio,
SMS and GPRS Service.
65
Table 3.8 shows the functional requirements of GSM Module Sim800L v2. The first row
refers to the title of the module. The second row refers to the inputs of the system. The third
row refers to the output. The last row refers to the functionality.
The title of the module is GSM Module Sim800L v2. Its inputs are 4.1~5V DC, an
ultrasound wave reflected back with a measuring range of 21-450 cm and a measuring angle
of 75-90 degrees from JSN-SR04T 2.0 ultrasonic distance sensor. The output is a notification
via SMS to be sent to the harvester on tank’s volume capacity and if the filtration cartridges
are clogging. The functionality of this module includes providing a way to use the GSM cell
phone network to receive data from a remote location and delivers GSM/GPRS
850/900/1800/1900MHz signals for Audio, SMS and GPRS Service.
Fig. 3.15 GSM Module SIM800L v2
Figure 3.15 shows SIM800L V2.0 5V Wireless GSM GPRS MODULE power supply for
5 v, computer debug USB to TTL serial port. Power to the output current of 800ma, TTL serial
interface is compatible with 3.3 V and 5 V micro-controller, can be directly after purchase and
single-chip computer connection. In the IPX antenna, the antenna interface can be arbitrary
66
switching PCB glue stick antenna and suction cups. SIM800L 4 frequency communications,
data available in the world. SIM800L V2.0 GSM/GPRS Module is a QUAD-BAND
GSM/GPRS module which compatible with Arduino. The module works to add both GSM
features (voice call or SMS) and GPRS features. The advantages of these modules are the VCC
and TTL serial levels that have 5V voltage, so you can directly connect it to Arduino or another
minimum system with a 5V voltage level. There are so many GPRS/GSM modules on the
market which need to add a 5V regulator and level converter circuit, while SIM800L V.2
GSM/GPRS module already has a built-in regulator circuit and TTL level converter on the
board. [33].
Fig. 3.16 MT3608 Step Up Power Module
Figure 3.16 shows that the MT3608 power module is a step-up(Boost) converter module
intended for small and low-power applications. The module has the capability to regulate the
output voltage up to 28V and deliver an output current of a maximum of 2A. The module
consists of MT3608 IC which comes in a 6-Pin SOT23-6 Package switches at 1.2Mhz which
allows the use of tiny capacitors and inductors leading to a compact size power boost module.
A boost converter (DC-DC step-up converter) is used to step up a lower voltage to a higher
67
voltage level with quite a simple circuitry. It is a type of switch-mode power supply as it uses
a switching device to regulate the voltage. In our case, the switching module is the MT3608
IC which has a high switching frequency of 1.2MHz. The higher switching frequency also
opens up the possibilities to use smaller indicators making the module compact and also
providing high power output simultaneously [34].
Fig. 3.17 Arduino UNO R3
Figure 3.17 shows the Arduino Uno R3 is one kind of ATmega328P based
microcontroller board. It includes the whole thing required to hold up the microcontroller; just
attach it to a PC with the help of a USB cable, and give the supply using AC-DC adapter or a
battery to get started. The term Uno means “one” in the language of “Italian” and was selected
for marking the release of Arduino’s IDE 1.0 software. The R3 Arduino Uno is the 3rd as well
as most recent modification of the Arduino Uno. Arduino board and IDE software are the
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reference versions of Arduino and currently progressed to new releases. The Uno-board is the
primary in a sequence of USB-Arduino boards, & the reference model designed for the
Arduino platform [35].
Fig. 3.18 Connecting Wires
Figure 3.18 shows that connecting wires allow an electrical current to travel from one
point on a circuit to another, because electricity needs a medium through which to move. In
the case of computers, wires are embedded into circuit boards, carrying pulses of electricity
that are interpreted as binary signals of zeros and ones. Most wires in computers and electronic
components are made of copper or aluminum. Copper is cheap and electrically conductive.
Silver has higher conductivity but is far more expensive [36].
69
Fig. 3.19 60W Solar Panel
Figure 3.19 shows the solar panel used to convert light from the sun, which is composed
of particles of energy called "photons", into electricity that can be used to power electrical
loads. Solar panels can be used for a wide variety of applications including remote power
systems for cabins, telecommunications equipment, remote sensing, and of course for the
production of electricity by residential and commercial solar electric systems [37].
Fig. 3.20 Solar Charge Controller
70
Figure 3.20 is a solar charge controller that manages the power going into the battery
bank from the solar array. It ensures that the deep cycle batteries are not overcharged during
the day, and that the power doesn’t run backwards to the solar panels overnight and drain the
batteries. Some charge controllers are available with additional capabilities, like lighting and
load control, but managing the power is its primary job. A PWM solar charge controller stands
for “Pulse Width Modulation”. These operate by making a connection directly from the solar
array to the battery bank. During bulk charging, when there is a continuous connection from
the array to the battery bank, the array output voltage is ‘pulled down’ to the battery voltage.
As the battery charges, the voltage of the battery rises, so the voltage output of the solar panel
rises as well, using more of the solar power as it charges. As a result, you need to make sure
you match the nominal voltage of the solar array with the voltage of the battery bank. *Note
that when we refer to a 12V solar panel, that means a panel that is designed to work with a
12V battery. The actual voltage of a 12V solar panel, when connected to a load, is close to 18
Vmp (Volts at maximum power). This is because a higher voltage source is required to charge
a battery. If the battery and solar panel both started at the same voltage, the battery would not
charge. A 12V solar panel can charge a 12V battery. A 24V solar panel or solar array (two 12V
panels wired in series) is needed for a 24V battery bank, and 48V array is needed for 48V bank.
If you try to charge a 12V battery with a 24V solar panel, you will be throwing over half of the
panel’s power away. If you try to charge a 24V battery bank with a 12V solar panel, you will
be throwing away 100% of the panel’s potential, and may actually drain the battery as well
[39].
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Fig. 3.21 Gel Battery
Figure 3.21 shows the 12V 25AH gel battery which is a Solarhomes Gel Battery is
maintenance fee battery. Design for ebikes, UPS, solar application, toycars and medical
devices as power source and power storage. One of our fast moving and affordable battery,
recommended 50% Deep of Discharge to prolong battery life. It weighs approximately 6.9kgs
with a dimension of 18Lx7.6Wx17Hcm. [40].
Fig. 3.22 Lithium Polymer Battery 3.7V
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Figure 3.22 is a lithium polymer battery also known as polymer lithium battery, is a kind
of lithium ion battery of chemical battery. Compared with other batteries, it has the
characteristics of high energy, miniaturization, and light weight. For the ultra-thin
characteristics, it can be made into batteries of different shapes and capacities to meet the needs
of some products. The theoretical minimum thickness can reach 0.4 mm. Lithium polymer
battery usually consists of several identical parallel secondary cells to increase the discharge
current, or several battery packs in series to increase the available voltage. Today this new type
of our lithium polymer batteries are mainly used in portable devices, radio controlled devices,
personal electronics, smart wearable devices, Bluetooth headset/speakers, GPS tracker, E-
book, laptops, mobile phones, digital cameras, digital camcorders, and gaming types of
equipment [41].
Fig. 3.23 TIP120 Darlington Transistor
Figure 3.23 shows TIP120, a NPN Darlington Power Transistor. It can switch loads up
to 60V with a peak current of 8A and continuous current of 5A. This makes it suitable for
medium and high power electronics like controlling motors, solenoids or high power LEDs
[42].
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Fig. 3.24 Resistor 1k Ohms
Figure 3.24 shows the 1k ohms resistor. Color code that allows us to quickly identify the
resistance value and tolerance of a 1k ohm resistor. Resistor color codes always have digits,
followed by a multiplier, followed by a tolerance value [43].
Fig. 3.25 1N4007 Rectifier Diode
Figure 3.25 shows the 1N4007 which is a widely used general purpose diode. It is
normally build to use as rectifier in the power supplies section of electronic appliances for
converting AC voltage to DC with other filter capacitors. It is a diode of 1N400x series in
which there are also other similar diodes from 1N4001 to 1N4007 and the only difference
between them is the max repetitive reverse voltage. Moreover, it can also be used in any general
purpose application where there is need of a general diode. The 1N4007 diode is built for
working with high voltages and it can easily handle voltage below 1000V. The 1000mA or 1A
average fwd current, 3W power dissipation with small size and lost cost also makes it ideal for
74
wide variety of applications. 1N4007 can be used in variety of circuits, it is normally built for
general purpose rectification purpose but it can also be used in any circuit where there is need
of voltage blocking, blocking voltage spikes etc. It can also be used in digital logic circuits
[44].
Fig. 3.26 Barrel Jack with Terminal Block
Figure 3.26 shows the barrel jack with terminal block. In every project you make, there
will always be a power supply. And most often than not, you will use a battery or an exposed
power and ground wire to power up your devices. These DC Male/Female pair power adapters
are perfect for that. It instantly converts your battery or wires to a sleek fit to a 2.1mm plug. It
will save you the trouble of having to permanently solder the wires directly into your board
[45].
3.5 Prototype Development Phases
3.5.1 Design Phase
Researchers will integrate electronic components to develop a solar powered self-
functioning lid cover rainwater harvesting tank with automatic first flush rainwater dispenser
and water level GSM notifier. Non-corrosive tank will be the storage of the harvested
rainwater. The servo motor will be enabled only when there is rain to open the cover of the
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funnel (collecting basin from gutter/downspout) and close when the rain had stopped. Sunlight
will be the power source of the system connected to a battery and solar charge controller.
Harvester can manage the use of harvested rainwater for there will be GSM module that will
interact to the harvester’s mobile number through SMS. Automatic first flush diverter is
attached that the first flush rainwater collected on the specific time of rain will be drained out
in the container. The FFD container needs to be emptied every time the rain stops so the
sediments will not contaminate the collecting tank, thus can store again for the start of another
rain.
Fig. 3.27 General System Architecture
Figure 3.27 shows the general system architecture of the rainwater harvesting system.
The power source will be utilized from the natural energy given by the sun, harvested by the
solar panel and store it to a battery. The system will start only when it rains. The rain sensor
will be activated interacting to the microcontroller to give task to the servo motor: opening and
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closing system’s lid cover. Rainwater will flow to the FFD until it became full and the excess
rainwater (clearer rainwater) will flow to a pipe for filtration and collection. On the FFD, the
servo motor will wait task from rain sensor that the rain had stopped and it will do automatic
dispensing. Proper timing on experiment phase will be conducted to program the solenoid
valve for how long it will take in dispensing first flush rainwater; to close again the FFD cover
so it will be used again for the next rain. On filtration phase, filtrated rainwater will be stored
on the tank. The water level sensor will integrate to microcontroller and GSM module to send
specific rainwater volume to the harvester through SMS.
Fig. 3.28 Physical View of the Rainwater Harvesting System
Figure 3.28 shows the physical view of the Rainwater Harvesting System (Solar Powered
Self-Functioning Lid Cover Rainwater Harvesting Tank with Automatic First Flush Rainwater
Dispenser and Water Level GSM Notifier). It shows the source of electricity will be provided
77
from sunlight; harvested by the solar panel and stored on a battery. Voltage regulator is
necessary to eliminate short circuits on different components of the system. The system will
start on sensing rain via FC-37 rain drop sensor module that will send signal to a servo motor
to lift hand on a 180° angle (opening of the lid cover). The rainwater will flow unto a funnel
and letting in on FFD container for eliminations of sediments. The floating ball mechanism on
the FFD will let the clearer rainwater to flow on the filtration process. The filtered rainwater
will then flow to high density polyethylene (HPDE) blue barrel for storage. On the tank, an
ultrasonic distance sensor is attached to interact with GSM module to send SMS to the
harvester on its volume capacity. Once the rain had stopped, the servo motor hand will go back
to its original position, 0°, (closing of the lid cover) and will dispense the first flush rainwater
on FFD container by the automatic function of the solenoid valve.
3.5.2 Fabrication Phase
Researchers obtained first all the non-electronic components for the fabrication of the
vessel of the rainwater harvesting system. Canvassing and resourcefulness are researchers’
ultimate tools to provide a complementary alternative as what is available on the market. Using
scraps had also been an option to lessen cost and time in availing particular components on the
rainwater harvesting system. After all non-electronic components had been sorted, researchers
collaborate with the fabricator to achieve the system’s design. This starts with welding of the
metal frame of the prototype. Galvanized tubular steel is used to adapt on the requirement of
not to corrode easily. Painting the metal frame with epoxy metal primer to lengthen the life of
the metal. Finishing blue paint is used firstly at the upper part of the frame to be dried instantly
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considering it is where the roof and gutter will be attached. The attachment of roof and gutter
on the prototype had been done next. Filtration phase had been done next which will be
discussed on the next section of this chapter, entitled 3.4.3 Filtration Phase. Piping stage comes
next using scrapped PVC pipes, old but not used. These pipes had been cleaned before
attaching to their corresponding section through a PVC cement. Customization of FFD comes
next using an acrylic transparent pipe, bulk head fittings, ball and PVC clean out. After piping
and FFD construction, the scrapped plywood had been smoothen using sand papers. Two
scrapped plywood are glued to give a thicker plane where circuitry boards and solar charge
controller will be screwed. After those steps, water tank had been cleaned and painted.
Attachment of water gate valve and overflow pipe with a sieve mesh to secure that mosquitos
cannot enter the water tank. After all have been constructed and fixed, the final coat of blue
paint is done as the finishing touches for aesthetics.
Secondly, researchers procured all hardware and materials needed. After completing it,
programmer and researchers needed to collaborate in testing and trial stage using breadboards
and jumper wire to test the system. This will be discussed on this chapter, section 3.5.4 entitled
Automation Phase.
Fig. 3.29 Framing Design for the System

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Fig. 3.30 Welding of Metal Frame
Fig. 3.31 Painting of Metal Frame
80
Fig. 3.32 Roofing and Gutter attachment
Fig. 3.33 First Flush Diverter Customization
81
Fig. 3.34 Piping Stage
82
Fig. 3.35 Finishing touches for Plywood Attachment
83
Fig. 3.36 Attachment of Gate Valve and Overflow pipe on the System’s Tank
84
Fig. 3.37 Finished Design for Non-Electronic Components
see Appendix E for Fabrication stage photos

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3.5.3 Filtration Phase
This phase includes the composition of the filtration vessel used on the rainwater
harvesting system. A 6 inches scrapped PVC sanitary pipe is used as the vessel of the filtration.
A 6”x3” and 3”x2” reducing pipes are used to enclose the ends of the filtration vessel.
Researchers used aluminum mesh wire at the 2” reduced pipe to maintain the proper setting of
each filtering components. Gravel is the first filtering material used followed by small rocks,
then coarse sand as the third phase of filtration then an activated carbon which is commercially
available on the market had been placed on the vessel. Last filtering component or the fifth
stage of filtration is the pre-filter biomechanical sponge that act as the solid waste separator.
Each component is separated with aluminum mesh wire and a flat circular PVC with 2” hole
so rainwater can pass through on different stages. Filtration vessel is attached after the FFD
and before the system’s tank.
Fig. 3.38 Design Plan on Filtration Vessel

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Fig. 3.39 Cleaning of Filtering Components
Fig. 3.40 Attachment of Biomechanical Filter Foam

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Fig. 3.41 Connecting Filtration Vessel to the System’s pipes
see Appendix F for Filtration stage photos
3.5.4 Automation Phase
The approach in software coding and hardware construction that researchers will
undertake in creating the RWH system is by applying external or internal development
standards during construction that will helps achieve the project’s objectives for efficiency,
quality, and cost. Specifically, the choices of allowable programming language subsets and
usage standards are important aids in achieving functionality.
Standards that directly affect construction issues include: (1) communication methods
(standards for document formats and contents), (2) programming languages (language
standards for languages like Java and C++), (3) coding standards (standards for naming
88
conventions, layout, and indentation), (4) platforms (interface standards for operating system
calls) and (5) tools (diagrammatic standards for notations like UML (Unified Modeling
Language)) [42].
The testing procedure was made on this phase that includes unit testing, integration
testing and acceptance testing. This will be discussed on this chapter, section 3.6 entitled
Testing Procedure.
Fig. 3.42 Soldering electronic components to PCB
Fig. 3.43 Programming the Codes with Arduino UNO
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Fig. 3.44 Soldering some parts on the system
Fig. 3.45 Circuitry Boards of the System
90
Fig. 3.46 Soldering Solenoid Valve
Fig. 3.47 Arranging and cleaning of wires
see Appendix D for System’s program codes

see Appendix G for Automation stage photos
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3.5.5 Evaluation Phase
To ensure the quality assurance of the system, the researchers conducted a self-testing
method that made the system functional. To be able to test the system, the researchers tried to
drop some water on the rain sensor as this will be the start-up process of the system. The
Rainwater Harvesting System should be activated when the system read that there is water,
thus opening the lid cover on the funnel to start collecting rainwater. Researchers pour pail of
water on the roof of the system as it is ready to collect rainwater. Water flowing from the
downspout unto the opened funnel until it reached the FFD (first flush diverter) container.
Poured water will act as the first flush rainwater and will be stored on the FFD. Once FFD
reaches its full volume capacity, the ball will clog the hole on the top of FFD so that rainwater
will flow to a pipe for filtration. On the filtration phase, rainwater will flow through gravel,
small rocks, coarse sand, activated carbon and a pre-filter biomechanical sponge. After
rainwater passed through the filtration vessel, this will be collected to a plastic tank. The
rainwater harvesting tank has waterproof ultrasonic distance sensor that will read its volume.
The water level sensor will pass a command to the GSM module to send notification to
harvester’s phone number from zero capacity, 25% capacity, 75% capacity and full capacity
of the plastic tank via SMS or text message. And to test if the solenoid valve is working,
researchers wiped the water droplets on the rain sensor to read that there is no rain anymore.
After rain sensor reads that there is no rain, the servo motor will run and set its hand to the
original reference, thus closing the lid of the funnel. Simultaneously, solenoid valve will
automatically open to dispense the first flush rainwater until it emptied. To a specific time of
dispensing, the solenoid valve will close again after emptying the FFD container and bringing
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back the ball at the bottom. Evaluation criteria will be discussed on this chapter, section 3.7
entitled Evaluation and Implementation.
3.6 Testing Procedure
Testing a prototype / developed design is a very important part of the design and
manufacturing process. Testing and evaluation, simply confirms that the product will work as
it is supposed to, or if it needs refinement. Testing ensures that any user instructions can be
worked out, stage by stage, so that the future consumer can use the product efficiently and
safely. Testing against the design specification, helps ensure a full and relevant evaluation of
a prototype is carried out. This should be carried out during the entire development process
[46]. There are three phases for verification and testing: (1) Unit Testing for each electronic
component of the RWH System, (2) Integration Testing for components interactions and (3)
Acceptance Testing for the RWH System as a whole.
3.6.1 Unit Testing
Unit test establishes that a system module performs a single unit of functionality to a
prescribed specification. It is a test of functionality of a system module in isolation. These
include FC-37 rain drop sensor, MG996R servo motor, solenoid valve, JSN-SR04T ultrasonic
distance sensor and GSM module SIM800L v2.
Unit testing includes the following components to be test separately if the working codes
on programming shall meet the specified tasks to do. Unit test establishes that a system module
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performs a single unit of functionality to a prescribed specification. It is a test of functionality
of a system module in isolation.
TABLE 3.9
TABLE FOR UNIT TESTING
PASS
FAIL
N/A
Unit Test
Description Functionality Date of Testing
Module
Percentage
Checks that the rain drop

sensor returns correct
FC-37 Raindrop
analog output measurement
Sensor
to the MCU to conclude
that it is raining or not.
Checks that the servo
motor interact with MCU
MG966R
that the programmed code
Servo Motor
will give a hand movement
of 180°.
Checks that the ultrasonic
JSN-SR04T
distance sensor returns
Ultrasonic Distance
correct distance
Sensor
measurements to the MCU.
Checks the GSM module
GSM Module to send an SMS to a
SIM900A specific phone number for
notifications.
Checks the GSM module
GSM Module to send an SMS to a
SIM800L v2 specific phone number for
notifications.
Checks that the solenoid
valve (normally closed)
will outflow fluid on
Solenoid Valve
specific timing
programmed on the IDE
software.
3.6.2 Integration Testing
Integration testing is defined as a type of testing where software modules are integrated
logically and tested as a group. A typical software project consists of multiple software
modules, coded by different programmers. The purpose of this level of testing is to expose
defects in the interaction between these software modules when they are integrated [47].
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Integration tests consist of: (1) RWH System-IT-A test which interacts with FC-37 rain drop
sensor, MG966R servo motor and solenoid valve and (2) RWH System-IT-B test which
interacts with JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM module SIM800L v2.
Integration test verifies the operation of the integrated system behavior. It is conducted
after the system modules have passed a unit test.
TABLE 3.10
TABLE FOR INTEGRATION TESTING
PASS
FAIL
Integration
N/A
Test ID
Percentage
Checks the interaction of

RWH System-IT-A FC-37 rain drop sensor,
TRIAL 1 MG996R servo motor and
solenoid valve.
solenoid valve.
TRIAL3 MG996R servo motor and
solenoid valve.
RWH System-IT-B JSN-SR04T ultrasonic
TRIAL 1 distance sensor and GSM
module SIM800L v2.
RWH System-IT-B JSN-SR04T ultrasonic
module SIM800L v2.
3.6.3 Acceptance Testing
Acceptance testing is a level of software testing where a system is tested for acceptability.
The purpose of this test is to evaluate the system’s compliance with the business requirements
and assess whether it is acceptable for delivery (or writing that big check) [48]. Acceptance
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test verifies that the system meets the requirements specification. It is conducted after the
system has passed an integration test. The RWH system shall automatically open/close the lid
cover when it detects rain. It shall automatically dispense first flush rainwater on the FFD
container. A notification shall be sent to inform the volume of the harvested rainwater on the
tank.
Acceptance test verifies that the system meets the requirements specification. It is
conducted after the system has passed an integration test.
TABLE 3.11
TABLE FOR ACCEPTANCE TESTING
Checks the interaction of FC-37 rain drop sensor, MG996R servo motor and Solenoid Valve
Description (normally closed) when it is raining and not. Checks also the water level of the filtrated rainwater
with the interaction of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM module SIM800L v2.
PASS
FAIL
Acceptance
N/A
Functionality Date of Testing Comments

Test ID Percentage
RWH System-AT
TRIAL 1
RWH System-AT
TRIAL 2
RWH System-AT
TRIAL3
RWH System-AT
TRIAL 4
RWH System-AT
TRIAL 5
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3.7 Evaluation and Implementation
After the acceptance of the new developed system, the implementation phase begins.
Implementation is the stage of a project in which theory is turned into practice. To be able to
check the quality and consistency of the system, the researchers needed an evaluation process.
This process helped them determine the weakness of the system. The researchers presented
first their project via online platform, G-Meet, before the evaluation. Some have evaluated the
system during face to face presentation. Others have filled up the form after they had viewed
the video sent to them. To determine the weakness and functionality of the device, the
researchers conducted evaluation from the respondents living in Batangas province.
Respondents are pleased to answer the evaluation form on a link sent to them after the
presentation of the prototype.
The analysis of results on evaluation will be discussed on next chapter, Results and
Discussions, section 4.3 entitled Data Analysis.
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3.7.1 Evaluation Criteria
The criteria that the researchers observed and considered during the evaluation of the
system are in the Table 3.12.
TABLE 3.12
CRITERIA FOR SYSTEM EVALUATION
CRITERIA INDICATOR
Functionality The proposed system works properly and all expected outcome are
delivered.
The system is user-friendly and has met the work requirements of the
users.
Reliability The proposed system can be used in any time and place with
minimal or without consequences in its functionality.
The system performs with minimal or without errors during its

operations.
Maintainability The proposed system requires only minimal maintenance after its
operation.
The integrated devices are carefully placed inside the briefcase and the
system is in rugged construction.
Extensibility The system supports adaptability, coping with the needs of the end-
users.
The system can still be integrated with the other devices in the future.
Economic Feasibility The proposed system offers long-term usage and can be
considered as a good investment.
The total cost of the system is a practically worth of its

performance.
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3.7.2 Evaluation Form
Fig. 3.48 Section 1 of the Evaluation form
Figure 3.48 shows the first section of the evaluation form prepared by the researchers.
This includes an introductory message for the respondents. This section also includes the image
of the system to be evaluated and a brief definition of the project proposed.
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100
Figure 3.49 shows the second section of the evaluation form. This page includes personal
information of the respondents. Questions about the type of residence they are living and the
material used on their roofing. It also includes on how did they have seen the presentation of
the system before proceeding on the evaluation section.
101
102
Figure 3.50 shows the third section of the evaluation form. This page includes the
evaluation proper for the system. There is a table of ratings respondents can see as reference
on answering the different objectives of the system. These are functionality, reliability,
maintainability, extensibility and economic feasibility.
see Appendix I for Respondent’s evaluation
103
Chapter IV
Results and Discussions
This chapter provides the detailed discussion of the developed system/project and shows
the results of unit testing, integration testing, and acceptance testing. It provides detailed
discussion of the results after testing every unit of the prototype. Similarly, it provides detailed
discussion of the results after integrating all units of the prototype. Each unit is tested and
observed according to their description and expected results before and after the integration.
These results will be used later on in drawing conclusions and recommendations.
4.1 The Developed System
This section provides the detailed technical discussion of the developed project giving
emphasis on both hardware, software, and integration of both. This includes necessary
diagrams, computations, important codes, and algorithms that was used in creating the project
prototype.
104
START
NO
IS THERE
DO NOTHING RAIN?
YES
RAIN
RAIN SENSOR
ANALOG
NO
OUTPUT CLOSE LID
< 1023?
YES
OPEN LID
FIRST FLUSH DIVERTER
RAINWATER
FFD and FILTRATION PROCESS
WATER LEVEL SENSOR
YES
0% SOLENOID VALVE
NO
YES
VOLUME CAPACITY
25%
GSM NO FIRST FLUSH

YES RAINWATER
75%
NO
YES
100%
TEXT MESSAGE NO
END
from Fig. 3.10 System Flowchart of Rainwater Harvesting System

105
Researchers discuss the flow of the system which is shown in figure 3.10 diagram. The
process starts when there is rain: raindrop sensor will send a feedback signal to the servo motor
to open/close the lid cover. If the analog output of rain drop sensor is less than 1023, which
means that it is raining, the servo motor will run a hand movement up to 180° to open the lid
cover sideways and it will be the start of harvesting rainwater. Rainwater will flow through a
customized funnel with sieve mesh to disregard foreign objects entering the system. Upon
entering, the first flush rainwater will be collected to a customized first flush diverter (FFD) to
collect the unwanted sediments that will enter on the filtration vessel. After the FFD container
became full, the floating ball will trap the first flush rainwater and let the clearer rainwater
flow to the filtration vessel. The filtration vessel comes with five elements: gravel, small rocks,
coarse sand, activated carbon and bio-mechanical filter sponge. The outflow filtrated rainwater
will enter a plastic tank which is integrated with waterproof ultrasonic distance sensor. This
sensor will read the level of harvested rainwater on the tank. The water level sensor will give
data to the harvester by interacting to a GSM module. Harvester will receive an SMS
notification only if the tank is empty, 25%, 75% and if it is in full capacity which is 100%.
Once the rain had stopped, the servo motor will be sent back to 0° to close the lid cover of the
RWH tank. This will be the input to the solenoid valve to run and dispense the first flush
rainwater on the FFD container at a programmed time.
106
4.2 Verification and Testing Results
4.2.1 Unit Testing
Unit test establishes that a system module performs a single unit of functionality to a
prescribed specification. It is a test of functionality of a system module in isolation. It is a
level of testing where individuals’ units/ components of a system are tested. Validation is done
so that each of the system performs as it is designed. Calibration tests are done on each units
30 times. Researchers agreed to have a passing remarks of 85% and above or else, the unit will
result to FAIL. This means that the test should only have 4 or less failed tests to be marked as
PASS.
Fig.4.1 Unit Testing of FC-37 Raindrop Sensor
107
Figure 4.1 shows the unit testing of FC-37 Raindrop sensor. The test will check rain drop
sensor will return correct analog output measurement to the MCU to conclude that it is raining
or not. The green LED will start glowing when the plate of FC-37 Rain sensor module is wet,
reading an analog value greater than 0 on the serial monitor after pouring water on the plate of
FC-37 rain sensor board. The green LED will stop glowing when the plate of FC-37 Rain
sensor module is dry, reading an analog value of 0 on the serial monitor after wiping out the
water poured on the plate of FC-37 rain sensor board.
TABLE 4.1
RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF FC-37 RAIN DROP SENSOR TRIAL 1
Date: 11-18-2021
Test Case FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor unit test
Time: 11:49 AM
Name:
Description: Checks that the rain drop sensor returns correct digital output measurement to the Trial No.: 1
MCU to conclude that it is raining or not.
1. Pouring water on the 2. Wiping out the water 3. Adjusting

Action: plate of FC-37 rain poured on the plate of sensitivity: Clockwise
sensor board. FC-37 rain sensor is more sensitive.
board. Counter clockwise is
less sensitive.
The green LED will The green LED will The blinking of LED
Expected start glowing when the stop glowing when the should be read on the
Result: plate of FC-37 Rain plate of FC-37 Rain MCU faster if screwed
sensor module is wet, sensor module is dry, clockwise and slower
reading a digital value reading a digital value in counter clockwise.
of 0 on the serial of 1 on the serial
monitor. monitor.
Pass
Pass
Pass
N/A
N/A
N/A
Test ID
Fail
Fail
Fail
Remarks:
Number:
01 PASS
02 PASS
03 PASS
04 FAIL
Loose plug of pin
05 PASS
06 PASS
108
07 PASS
08 PASS
09 PASS
10 PASS
Note: Overall, the outcome gives a promising result. Securing the pins on Arduino and sensor is a factor considered by
the researchers.
Table 4.1 shows the result for unit test of FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor Trial 1. This unit test
checks that the rain drop sensor returns correct analog output measurement to the MCU to
conclude that it is raining or not. It is conducted at 11:49 AM, November 18,2021. Test ID 04
failed due to a loosen pin connecting to Arduino UNO R3.
TABLE 4.2
Date: 11-19-2021
Time: 08:27 AM
Name:
1. Pouring water on the 2. Wiping out the water 3. Adjusting sensitivity:

Action: plate of FC-37 rain sensor poured on the plate of Clockwise is more
board. FC-37 rain sensor board. sensitive. Counter
clockwise is less
sensitive.
The green LED will start The green LED will stop The blinking of LED
Expected glowing when the plate of glowing when the plate of should be read on the
Result: FC-37 Rain sensor FC-37 Rain sensor MCU faster if screwed
module is wet, reading a module is dry, reading a clockwise and slower in
digital value of 0 on the digital value of 1 on the counter clockwise.
serial monitor. serial monitor.
Test ID
Pass
Pass
Pass
N/A
N/A
N/A
Fail
Fail
Fail
Remarks:
Number:
11 PASS
12 PASS
13 FAIL
Sensitivity Adjustment
14 FAIL
Sensitivity Adjustment
109
15 PASS
16 PASS
17 PASS
18 PASS
19 PASS
20 PASS
Note: Overall, the outcome gives an 8 out of 10 result. Rotating the sensitivity screw properly is a factor considered by
the researchers.
Table 4.2 shows the result for unit test of FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor Trial 2. This is the
continuation of calibration test of the rain sensor. It is conducted at 08:27 AM, November
19,2021. Test IDs 13 and 14 failed due to wrong rotation of sensitivity adjustment screw on
the raindrop sensor module. Overall, the test still gives a promising result.
TABLE 4.3
Date: 11-21-2021
Time: 10:52 AM
Name:
1. Pouring water on the 2. Wiping out the water 3. Adjusting sensitivity:

Action: plate of FC-37 rain sensor poured on the plate of Clockwise is more
board. FC-37 rain sensor board. sensitive. Counter
clockwise is less
sensitive.
The green LED will start The green LED will stop The blinking of LED
Expected glowing when the plate of glowing when the plate of should be read on the
Result: FC-37 Rain sensor FC-37 Rain sensor MCU faster if screwed
module is wet, reading a module is dry, reading a clockwise and slower in
digital value 0 on the digital value of 1 on the counter clockwise.
serial monitor. serial monitor.
Test ID
Pass
Pass
Pass
N/A
N/A
N/A
Fail
Fail
Fail
Remarks:
Number:
21 PASS
22 PASS
110
23 PASS
24 PASS
25 PASS
26 PASS
27 PASS
28 PASS
29 PASS
30 PASS
Note: Overall, the outcome gives a satisfactory result of 100%. Securing the pins on Arduino and sensor and correct
adjustment of sensitivity screw are factors considered by the researchers.
Table 4.3 shows the result for unit test of FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor Trial 3. This is the
continuation of calibration test of the rain sensor conducted last November 19,2021. It is
conducted at 10:52 AM, November 21,2021. Overall, no errors encountered on this testing.
Considering the past errors had been viewed to gain a satisfactory result.
TABLE 4.4
SUMMARY RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF FC-37 RAIN DROP SENSOR
Checks that the rain drop sensor returns correct digital output
Description
measurement to the MCU to conclude that it is raining or not.
Test ID PASS FAIL N/A Date of Testing Comments
Raindrop Sensor-01 November 18, 2021

Raindrop Sensor-04 November 18, 2021 Loose plug of pin
111

Raindrop Sensor-13 November 19, 2021 Sensitivity adjustment
Raindrop Sensor-14 November 19, 2021 Sensitivity adjustment
Overall test result: PASS
Table 4.4 shows the overall result for unit test of FC-37 Rain Drop Sensor. The
calibration testing for the unit was made 30 times to ensure the functionality of the module.
This unit test checks that the rain drop sensor returns correct analog output measurement to the
MCU to conclude that it is raining or not. Raindrop Sensor-04 test failed due to a loose plug
of a jumper wire connected to the Arduino. Raindrop Sensor-13 and 14 also failed the test as
researchers have not checked the sensitivity of the module that result of not blinking the LED.
Overall, the module has passed the calibration and will be used on the system.
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Fig.4.2 Unit Testing of MG966R Servo Motor
Figure 4.2 shows the unit testing of MG966R Servo Motor. This unit test checks that the
servo motor interacts with MCU that the programmed code will give a hand movement of 180°.
Coding the arm movement from 0° to 45° and vice versa, from 0° to 90° and vice versa, and
from 0° to 180° and back to original reference of 0°.
113
TABLE 4.5
RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF MG966R SERVO MOTOR TRIAL 1
Date: 11-18-2021
Test Case MG996R Servo Motor unit test
Time: 01:22 PM
Name:
Description: Checks that the servo motor interact with MCU that the programmed code will give Trial No.: 1
a hand movement of 180°.
1. Coding the arm movement from 0° to 45°.

2. Coding the arm movement to original position from 45° to 0°.
Action: 3. Coding the arm movement from 0° to 90°.
1. Arm of the servo motor should be at 45°.

Expected 2. Arm of the servo motor should be back to original position at 0°.
Result: 3. Arm of the servo motor should be at 90°.
4. Arm of the servo motor should be back to original position at 0°.
Test ID Expected Expected Expected Expected Expected Expected Remarks:

Number: Result 1 Result 2 Result 3 Result 4 Result 5 Result 6
01 FAIL
Continuous rotation
02 FAIL
Continuous rotation
Note: The outcome gives a failure result. Researchers conclude that the device is working but not giving a desired hand
movement, thus brainstormed and researched on correct coding.
Table 4.5 shows the result for unit test of MG966R Servo Motor Trial 1. This unit test
checks that the servo motor interacts with MCU that the programmed code will give a hand
movement of 180°. It is conducted at 01:22 PM, November 18, 2021. The overall test result
was FAIL as it not met all the researchers’ expecting result: a) Arm of the servo motor should
be at 45°, b) Arm of the servo motor should be back to original position at 0°, c) Arm of the
servo motor should be at 90°, d) Arm of the servo motor should be back to original position at
0°, e) Arm of the servo motor should be at 180° and f) Arm of the servo motor should be back
114
to original position at 0°. Researchers conclude that the device is working but not giving a
desired hand movement, thus brainstormed and researched on correct coding.
TABLE 4.6
RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF MG966R SERVO MOTOR TRIAL 2
Date: 11-21-2021
Test Case MG996R Servo Motor unit test
Time: 09:13 AM
Name:
Description: Checks that the servo motor interact with MCU that the programmed code will give a Trial No.: 2
hand movement of 180°.

Action: 3. Coding the arm movement from 0° to 90°.

Expected 2. Arm of the servo motor should be back to original position at 0°.
Result: 3. Arm of the servo motor should be at 90°.
Test ID Expected Expected Expected Expected Expected Expected Remarks:

Number: Result 1 Result 2 Result 3 Result 4 Result 5 Result 6
03 PASS
04 PASS
05 PASS
06 PASS
07 PASS
08 PASS
09 PASS
10 PASS
11 PASS
12 PASS
13 PASS
14 PASS
15 PASS
16 PASS
17 PASS
115
18 PASS
19 PASS
20 PASS
21 PASS
22 PASS
23 PASS
24 PASS
25 PASS
26 PASS
27 PASS
28 PASS
29 PASS
30 PASS
Note: The outcome gives a satisfactory result. This indicate that the servo motor gives good functionality.
Table 4.6 shows the result for unit test of MG966R Servo Motor Trial 2. This is the
continuation of calibration test of the servo motor conducted last November 18,2021. This unit
test checks that the servo motor interacts with MCU that the programmed code will give a hand
movement of 180°. It is conducted at 09:13 AM, November 21, 2021.
Overall, the test gives a satisfactory result of functionality. The motor has passed the
calibration and will be used on the system.
TABLE 4.7
SUMMARY RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF MG966R SERVO MOTOR
Checks that the servo motor interacts with MCU that the programmed
Description
code will give a hand movement of 180°.
Servo Motor-01 November 18, 2021 Continuous rotation

Servo Motor-02 November 18, 2021 Continuous rotation
116
Servo Motor-03 November 21, 2021

Overall Test Result: PASS
Table 4.7 shows the overall result for unit test of MG966R Servo Motor. The calibration
testing for the unit was made 30 times to ensure the functionality of the module. This unit test
checks that the servo motor interacts with MCU that the programmed code will give a hand
movement of 180°. Servo Motor-01 and 02 tests failed due to wrong programming of codes
servo in Arduino IDE.
Overall, the module has passed the calibration and will be used on the system.
117
Fig.4.3 Unit Testing of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor
Figure 4.3 shows the unit testing of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor. This checks
that the ultrasonic distance sensor returns correct distance measurements to the MCU. This had
118
been divided by seven actions to read measurement of 21cm, 25cm, 30 cm, 35cm, 40cm, 45cm
and 50cm respectively. Researchers limit the maximum reading to 50cm as the system tank’s
height is only 46cm.
TABLE 4.8
RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF JSN-SR04T ULTRASONIC DISTANCE SENSOR
Date: 12-11-2021
Test Case JSN-SR04T Ultrasonic Distance Sensor unit test
Time: 09:32 AM
Name:
Description: Checks that the ultrasonic distance sensor returns correct distance measurements to Trial No.: 1
the MCU.
1. Levelling distance sensor at 21 cm.

Action: 3. Levelling distance sensor at 30 cm.
1. Output should display 21cm on serial monitor.

Expected 2. Output should display 25cm on serial monitor.
Result: 3. Output should display 30cm on serial monitor.
Test ID 21cm 25cm 30cm 35cm 40cm 45cm 50cm Remarks:

Number:
01 PASS
02 PASS
03 PASS
04 PASS
05 PASS
06 PASS
07 PASS
08 PASS
09 PASS
10 PASS
11 PASS
12 PASS
119
13 PASS
14 PASS
15 PASS
16 PASS
17 PASS
18 PASS
19 PASS
20 PASS
21 PASS
22 PASS
23 PASS
24 PASS
25 PASS
26 PASS
27 PASS
28 PASS
29 PASS
30 PASS
Note: The outcome gives a satisfactory result. This indicate that the ultrasonic distance sensor gives good functionality.
Table 4.8 shows the result for unit test of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor. This
unit test checks that ultrasonic distance sensor returns correct distance measurements to the
MCU. It is conducted at 09:32 AM, December 11, 2021. The overall test result was PASS as
it met the researchers’ expecting result that reads 21cm, 25cm, 30cm, 35cm, 40cm, 45cm and
50cm respectively.
120
TABLE 4.9
SUMMARY RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF JSN-SR04T ULTRASONIC DISTANCE SENSOR
Checks that the ultrasonic distance sensor returns correct distance

Description
Distance Sensor-01 December 11, 2021

121
Table 4.9 shows the overall result for unit test of JSN-SR04T Ultrasonic Distance Sensor.
The calibration testing for the unit was made 30 times to ensure the functionality of the module.
This unit test checks that the ultrasonic distance sensor returns correct distance measurements
to the MCU.
Overall, the module has passed the calibration that gives 100% functionality and will be
used on the system.
Fig.4.4 Unit Testing of GSM Module SIM900A
Figure 4.4 shows the unit test of GSM Module SIM900A. This test checks the GSM
module to send an SMS to a specific phone number for notifications. First step is inserting SIM
card to GSM module and lock it. Power up gsm by connecting it to Arduino's 5V and GND.
Connect the Antenna. Wait for some time (say 1 minute) and see the blinking rate of ‘status
LED’ or ‘network LED’. If the connection is established successfully, the status/network LED
will blink continuously every 3 seconds. Next is calling the SIM number used on the GSM
122
module. If heard a ring back, the gsm module has successfully established network connection.
Lastly, coding a specific number where to send an SMS. Suit to it that there is load balance on
the used SIM card. The receiver will get an SMS notification from the SIM number used on
the GSM module.
TABLE 4.10
RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF GSM MODULE SIM900A
Date: 12-11-2021
Test Case GSM Module SIM900A unit test
Time: 01:10 PM
Name:
Description: Checks the GSM module to send an SMS to a specific phone number for notifications. Trial No.: 1
1. Inserting SIM card to 2. Calling the SIM 3. Coding a specific

Action: GSM module and lock it. number used on the GSM number where to send an
Power up gsm by module. SMS. Suit to it that there
connecting it to Arduino's is load balance on the
5V and GND. Connect used SIM card.
the Antenna. Wait for
some time (say 1 minute)
and see the blinking rate
of ‘status LED’ or
‘network LED’.
If the connection is If heard a ring back, the The receiver will get an
Expected established successfully, gsm module has SMS notification from the
Result: the status/network LED successfully established SIM number used on the
will blink continuously network connection. GSM module.
every 3 seconds.
Test ID
Pass
Pass
Pass
N/A
N/A
N/A
Fail
Fail
Fail
Remarks:
Number:
01 FAIL
02 FAIL
03 FAIL
04 FAIL
05 FAIL
06 FAIL
07 FAIL
08 FAIL
09 FAIL
10 FAIL
123
11 FAIL
12 FAIL
13 FAIL
14 FAIL
15 FAIL
16 FAIL
17 FAIL
18 FAIL
19 FAIL
20 FAIL
21 FAIL
22 FAIL
23 FAIL
24 FAIL
25 FAIL
26 FAIL
27 FAIL
28 FAIL
29 FAIL
30 FAIL
Note: Overall, the outcome gives a 0% functionality percentage. Researchers come to an option of changing the module
to a better version.
Table 4.10 shows the result for unit test of GSM Module SIM900A. This unit test checks
GSM module to send an SMS to a specific phone number for notifications. It is conducted at
01:10 PM, December 11, 2021. The overall test result was FAIL as it does not meet the
researchers’ expecting results.
124
TABLE 4.11
SUMMARY RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF GSM MODULE SIM900A
Checks the GSM module to send an SMS to a specific phone number for
Description
notifications.
GSM Module-01 December 11, 2021 No ringing and no SMS

Overall Test Result: FAIL
125
Table 4.11 shows the overall result for unit test of GSM Module SIM900A. The
This unit test checks the GSM module to send an SMS to a specific phone number for
notifications. Overall, the module has failed the calibration that gives 0% functionality.
Researchers collaborate with the programmer of what GSM module can be an exchange to
SIM900A. This coped up to use SIM800L version 2 which is a better version, less spacious
installation on the PCB and available on the vicinity market.
Fig.4.5 Unit Testing of GSM Module SIM800L v2
Figure 4.5 shows the unit test of GSM Module SIM800L v2. This test checks the GSM
module to send an SMS to a specific phone number for notifications. First step is inserting SIM
126
card to GSM module and lock it. Power up gsm by connecting it to Arduino's 5V and GND.
Connect the Antenna. Wait for some time (say 1 minute) and see the blinking rate of ‘status
LED’ or ‘network LED’. If the connection is established successfully, the status/network LED
will blink continuously every 3 seconds. Next is calling the SIM number used on the GSM
module. If heard a ring back, the gsm module has successfully established network connection.
Lastly, coding a specific number where to send an SMS. Suit to it that there is load balance on
the used SIM card. The receiver will get an SMS notification from the SIM number used on
the GSM module.
TABLE 4.12
RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF GSM MODULE SIM800L V2
Date: 02-07-2022
Test Case GSM Module SIM800L v2 unit test
Time: 10:51 AM
Name:
Description: Checks the GSM module to send an SMS to a specific phone number for notifications. Trial No.: 1
1. Inserting SIM card to 2. Calling the SIM 3. Coding a specific

Action: GSM module and lock it. number used on the GSM number where to send an
Power up gsm by module. SMS. Suit to it that there
connecting it to Arduino's is load balance on the
5V and GND. Connect used SIM card.
the Antenna. Wait for
some time (say 1 minute)
and see the blinking rate
of ‘status LED’ or
‘network LED’.
If the connection is If heard a ring back, the The receiver will get an
Expected established successfully, gsm module has SMS notification from
Result: the status/network LED successfully established the SIM number used on
will blink continuously network connection. the GSM module.
every 3 seconds.
Test ID
Pass
Pass
Pass
N/A
N/A
N/A
Fail
Fail
Fail
Remarks:
Number:
01 FAIL
Network LED not
blinking.
02
03
04
127
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Note: Overall, the outcome gives a promising result. Researchers consider a network provider that will suit the test
depending on the location.
Table 4.12 shows the result for unit test of GSM Module SIM800L v2. This unit test
checks GSM module to send an SMS to a specific phone number for notifications. It is
conducted at 10:51 AM, February 07, 2022. This test met the researchers’ expecting result: a)
128
If the connection is established successfully, the status/network LED will blink continuously
every 3 seconds, b) If heard a ring back, the gsm module has successfully established network
connection and c) The receiver will get an SMS notification from the SIM number used on the
GSM module.
Overall, the outcome gives a promising result. Researchers consider a network provider
that will suit the test depending on the location.
TABLE 4.13
SUMMARY RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF GSM MODULE SIM800L V2
Checks the GSM module to send an SMS to a specific phone number for
Description
notifications.
GSM Module-01 February 07, 2022 Network LED not blinking.

GSM Module-02 February 07, 2022
129

Table 4.13 shows the overall result for unit test of GSM Module SIM800L v2. The
This unit test checks the GSM module to send an SMS to a specific phone number for
notifications. Overall, the module has passed the calibration that gives 96.67% functionality
and will be used on the system.
Fig.4.6 Unit Testing of Solenoid Water Air Valve Switch
130
Figure 4.6 shows the unit test for solenoid water air valve switch (normally closed). This
test checks that the solenoid valve will outflow fluid on specific timing programmed on the
IDE software. It is expected to dispense water at 10 seconds, 30 seconds and 1 minute
respectively and will automatically close after the correct programmed time.
TABLE 4.14
RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF SOLENOID WATER AIR VALVE SWITCH TRIAL 1
Date: 02-12-2022
Test Case Solenoid Water Air Valve Switch unit test
Time: 02:28 PM
Name:
Description: Checks that the solenoid valve (normally closed) will outflow fluid on specific timing Trial No.: 1
programmed on the IDE software.
Action: 1. Coding the time at 2. Coding the time at 3. Coding the time at
1000ms. 3000ms. 6000ms.
Expected Dispense water at 10 Dispense water at 30 Dispense water at 1

Result: seconds and will seconds and will minute and will
automatically close after. automatically close after. automatically close after.
Test ID
Pass
Pass
Pass
N/A
N/A
N/A
Fail
Fail
Fail
Remarks:
Number:
01 FAIL
No data gathered
Note: The outcome gives an unsatisfactory result. On the evaluation; a transistor, diode and resistor are needed to
connect to the solenoid valve before assessing it to a test.
Table 4.14 shows the result for unit test of Solenoid Water Air Valve Switch Trial 1. This
unit test checks that the solenoid valve (normally closed) will outflow fluid on specific timing
programmed on the IDE software. It is conducted at 02:28 PM, February 12, 2022. The overall
test result was FAIL as it not met the researchers’ expecting result of dispensing water at 10
seconds, at 30 seconds and at 1 minute and will automatically close again after those
131
programmed time. The main error is that researchers had not used appropriate components in
running solenoid valve.
TABLE 4.15
RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF SOLENOID WATER AIR VALVE SWITCH TRIAL 2
Date: 02-19-2022
Test Case Solenoid Water Air Valve Switch unit test
Time: 08:31 AM
Name:
Descriptio Checks that the solenoid valve (normally closed) will outflow fluid on specific timing Trial 2
n: programmed on the IDE software. No.:
Action: 1. Coding the time at 2. Coding the time at 3. Coding the time at
1000ms. 3000ms. 6000ms.
Expected Dispense water at 10 Dispense water at 30 Dispense water at 1

Result: seconds and will seconds and will minute and will
automatically close automatically close automatically close
after. after. after.
Pass
Pass
Pass
N/A
N/A
N/A
Fail
Fail
Fail
Test ID Remarks:
Number:
02 PASS
03 PASS
04 PASS
05 PASS
06 PASS
07 PASS
08 PASS
09 PASS
10 PASS
11 PASS
12 PASS
13 PASS
14 PASS
15 PASS
16 PASS
17 PASS
18 PASS
132
19 PASS
20 PASS
21 PASS
22 PASS
23 PASS
24 PASS
25 PASS
26 PASS
27 PASS
28 PASS
29 PASS
30 PASS
Note: Overall, the outcome gives a satisfactory result.
Table 4.15 shows the result for unit test of Solenoid Water Air Valve Switch Trial 2. This
test is the continuation on calibration testing of solenoid valve. At this time, using a transistor
had been considered together with a resistor and diode. This unit test checks that the solenoid
valve (normally closed) will outflow fluid on specific timing programmed on the IDE software.
It is conducted at 08:31 AM, February 19, 2022. The overall test result had given a satisfactory
outcome. This test had met the researchers’ expecting result of dispensing water at 10 seconds,
at 30 seconds and at 1 minute and will automatically close again after those programmed time.
133
TABLE 4.16
SUMMARY RESULT FOR UNIT TEST OF SOLENOID VALVE
Checks that the solenoid valve (normally closed) will outflow fluid on
Description
specific timing programmed on the IDE software.
No data gathered.
Needs proper connection
Solenoid Valve-01 February 12, 2022
with transistor, diode and
resistor.
134
Table 4.16 shows the overall result for unit test of Solenoid Valve. The calibration testing
for the unit was made 30 times to ensure the functionality of the module. This unit test checks
that the solenoid valve (normally closed) will outflow fluid on specific timing programmed on
the IDE software. Only Solenoid Valve-01 test had failed as there is no power going through
the solenoid valve. On the evaluation; a transistor, diode and resistor are needed to connect to
the solenoid valve before assessing it to a test. This will let the solenoid valve damaged if not
used on the connections. Overall, the module has passed the calibration that gives 96.67%
functionality and will be used on the system.
TABLE 4.17
TABLE FOR RESULT OF UNIT TESTING PASS
FAIL
N/A
Unit Test Module Description Functionality Date of Testing
Percentage
Checks that the rain drop

sensor returns correct digital 90% November 18,2021
FC-37 Raindrop
output measurement to the November 19,2021
Sensor
MCU to conclude that it is November 21,2021
raining or not.
Checks that the servo motor
MG966R interact with MCU that the 93.33% November 18,2021
Servo Motor programmed code will give a November 21,2021
hand movement of 180°.
Checks that the ultrasonic
JSN-SR04T
distance sensor returns 100% December 11, 2021
Ultrasonic Distance
correct distance
Sensor
Checks the GSM module to
GSM Module send an SMS to a specific 0% December 11, 2021
SIM900A phone number for
notifications.
Checks the GSM module to
GSM Module send an SMS to a specific 96.67% February 07, 2022
SIM800L v2 phone number for
notifications.
Checks that the solenoid
valve (normally closed) will
Solenoid Valve outflow fluid on specific 96.67% February 12, 2022
timing programmed on the February 19, 2022
IDE software.
135
Table 4.17 shows the summary result of unit tests of individual electronic components.
FC-37 Raindrop Sensor passed the testing as it gives a 90 percent functionality. MG966R
Servo Motor also passed the unit testing giving a 93.33 percent functionality. JSN-SR04T
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor also passed the testing as it gives a perfect functionality percentage.
GSM Module SIM900A failed the unit testing giving 0 percent functionality thus, excluding
the module to be used on the system. The counterpart of SIM900A is GSM Module800L v2,
tested on February 07, 2022 and gives 96.67 percent functionality. Solenoid Valve functions
96.6 percent on February 12 and 19, 2022 testing.
4.2.2 Integration Testing
Integration test verifies the operation of the integrated system behavior. It is conducted
after the system modules have passed a unit test. Integration tests consist of: (1) RWH System-
IT-A which interacts with FC-37 rain drop sensor, MG966R servo motor and solenoid valve
and (2) RWH System-IT-B which interacts with JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor and
GSM module SIM800L v2.
Integration test verifies the operation of the integrated system behavior. The integrated
circuit should function as: The system will start when the rain board senses water droplets and
will be the opening of the funnel. The solenoid valve will stay close as long there is rain
pouring. Then wiping of the rain board will follow. This will indicate that the rain had stopped
and the lid cover should close the funnel under the downspout. The solenoid valve will open
and start dispensing first flush rainwater on the programmed time.
136
Calibration tests are done on each integrated circuits 15 times each set trials. Trial set
testing should not be stopped until researchers get a 100% functionality percentage in
integration testing.
Fig.4.7 Integration Testing of FC-37 rain drop sensor,

MG996R servo motor and solenoid valve
137
Figure 4.7 shows the integration test RWH System-IT-A: FC-37 raindrop sensor for
water detection, MG996R servo motor for lid cover opening and closing, and solenoid valve
for automatic dispense of the water on the first flush diverter.
TABLE 4.18
RESULT FOR INTEGRATION TEST OF RWH SYSTEM-IT-A TRIAL 1
Date: 06-11-2022
Test Case RWH System integration test A
Time: 09:32 AM
Name:
Description: Checks the interaction of FC-37 rain drop sensor, MG996R servo motor and solenoid Trial No.: 1
valve.
Action: Spraying water on the rain board. Wiping out the water droplets on the rain
board.
Expected On serial The arm Solenoid On serial The arm of Solenoid

Result: monitor, of the valve monitor, the servo valve
“Raining” servo should stay “Not motor should
should be motor close. Raining” should open on a
displayed. should should be move back specific
move displayed. to its amount of
from 0° to original time.
180°. position,
from 180°
to 0°.
Test ID #: Remarks:
FAIL Servo hand moved
01 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A after applying power
05 PASS
06 PASS
07 PASS
08 PASS
09 PASS
10 PASS
11 PASS
12 PASS
13 FAIL No response from

servo motor and solenoid
138

servo motor and solenoid
servo motor and solenoid.
LEGEND:
Overall Test FAIL PASS
Result: FAIL
N/A no gathered data
Table 4.18 shows the result of integration testing of RWH System-IT-A Trial 1. The
integrated circuit should function as: The system will start when the rain board senses water
droplets and will be the opening of the funnel. The solenoid valve will stay close as long there
is rain pouring. Then wiping of the rain board will follow. This will indicate that the rain had
stopped and the lid cover should close the funnel under the downspout. The solenoid valve will
open and start dispensing first flush rainwater on the programmed time.
This test result had been marked as FAIL as the integration test brings not applicable
actions on the expected results from Test IDs 1 to 4. The hand arm of the servo motor started
to move even there is no water droplets placed on the rain board. This was discussed and
checked both the hardware and software components of the integration. Likewise, Test IDs 13
to 15 read that it is raining but the functions of servo motor and solenoid valve did not come
as expected. There is no function after those tests had been done.
Overall, the circuit has failed the calibration testing which only gives 53.33%
functionality. Researchers extend the testing trials to achieve a progress functionality of the
integrated components.
139
TABLE 4.19
Date: 06-12-2022
Time: 01:18 PM
Name:
valve.
board.

180°. position,
from 180°
to 0°.
Test ID #: Remarks:
FAIL Solenoid valve not
01 dispensing
FAIL Solenoid valve not
02 dispensing
03 PASS
04 PASS
05 PASS
06 PASS
07 PASS
08 PASS
09 PASS
10 PASS
11 PASS
12 PASS
13 PASS
14 PASS
15 PASS
LEGEND:
Result: FAIL
140
Table 4.19 shows the overall result for integration test of RWH System-IT-A trial set 2.
The calibration testing for the circuit was made 15 times each set to ensure the functionality of
the integration. This integration test conducted at 01:18 PM, June 12, 2022.
This test result had been marked as FAIL as the solenoid valve did not dispense water on
the FFD on Test IDs 1 and 2. The circuit has failed the calibration testing which only gives
86.67% functionality. Researchers extend the testing trials to achieve integration testing RWH
System-IT-A to gain 100% functionality percentage.
TABLE 4.20
Date: 06-18-2022
Time: 08:53 AM
Name:
valve.
board.

180°. position,
from 180°
to 0°.
Test ID #: Remarks:
01 PASS
02 PASS
03 PASS
04 PASS
05 PASS
06 PASS
07 PASS
08 PASS
141
09 PASS
10 PASS
11 PASS
12 PASS
13 PASS
14 PASS
15 PASS
LEGEND:
Overall Test PASS PASS
Result: FAIL
Table 4.20 shows the overall result for integration test of RWH System-IT-A trial set 3.
The calibration testing for the circuit was made 15 times conducted at 08:53 AM, June 18,2022.
This integration test checks the interaction of FC-37 rain drop sensor, MG996R servo motor
and solenoid valve. The integrated circuit should function as: The system will start when the
rain board senses water droplets and will be the opening of the funnel. The solenoid valve will
stay close as long there is rain pouring. Then wiping of the rain board will follow. This will
indicate that the rain had stopped and the lid cover should close the funnel under the
downspout. The solenoid valve will open and start dispensing first flush rainwater on the
programmed time.
Overall, the circuit has passed the calibration testing on trial set 3 which gives 100%
functionality percentage.
142
TABLE 4.21
SUMMARY RESULT FOR INTEGRATION TEST OF RWH SYSTEM-IT-A
Test Case
RWH System-IT-A
Name:
Checks the interaction of FC-37 rain drop sensor, MG996R servo motor and solenoid
Description
valve.
Trial No.: PASS FAIL N/A Date of Testing Comments
Servo hand moved after applying

power.
1 June 11, 2022
No response from servo motor and
solenoid valve.
2 June 12, 2022 Solenoid valve not dispensing.
3 June 18,2022
Table 4.21 shows the summary result for integration test of RWH System-IT-A. Each
trials consist of 15 tests that will result to rain detection, lid cover opening/closing and water
dispensing. Trial 1 marked as FAIL for giving outcomes on digital servo motor to move a hand
after applying power. After some tests on trial 1, the servo motor and solenoid valve stopped
functioning. Trial 2 also marked as FAIL for giving test IDs 1 and 2 not dispensing water on
the first flush diverter. The solenoid valve did not function as what the researchers expected.
Trial 3 had been marked as PASS for giving 100% functionality. This trial had been conducted
on June 18,2022 with 15 test IDs.
143
Fig.4.8 Integration Testing of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor

and GSM module SIM 800L v2
144
TABLE 4.22
RESULT FOR INTEGRATION TEST OF RWH SYSTEM-IT-B TRAIL 1
Date: 06-26-2022
Test Case RWH System integration test B
Time: 09:18 AM
Name:
Description: Checks the interaction of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM module Trial No.: 1
SIM 800L v2.
Action: Letting the water Pouring water at Pouring water at Pouring water at
tank empty. 11cm on the water 16cm on the water 24.5cm on the
Power on the tank. tank. water tank.
GSM module.
Expected The harvester The harvester The harvester The harvester

Result: should receive an should receive an should receive an should receive an
SMS notification SMS notification SMS notification SMS notification
indicating “The indicating “The indicating “The indicating “The
tank level is 0%” tank level is 25%” tank level is 75%” tank level is
100%”
Test ID #: Remarks:
FAIL
01 No SMS received
FAIL
02 No SMS received
03 FAIL
SMS includes codes
04 PASS
05 PASS
06 PASS
07 PASS
08 PASS
09 PASS
10 FAIL Received 25% on full

capacity
11 PASS
12 PASS
13 PASS
14 PASS
15 PASS
LEGEND:
Result: FAIL
145
Table 4.22 shows the result of integration testing of RWH System-IT-B Trial 1. This
integration test checks the interaction of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM
module SIM800L v2. The integrated circuit should function as a notifier to the harvester on
the rainwater harvesting tank volume via SMS.
This test result had been marked as FAIL as the integration test had not meet all the
functions of the integrated components need to be done.
TABLE 4.23
RESULT FOR INTEGRATION TEST OF RWH SYSTEM-IT TRIAL 2
Date: 07-02-2022
Test Case RWH System integration test B
Time: 09:18 AM
Name:
Description: Checks the interaction of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM module Trial No.: 2
SIM 800L v2.
Action: Letting the water Pouring water at Pouring water at Pouring water at
tank empty. 11cm on the water 16cm on the water 24.5cm on the
Power on the tank. tank. water tank.
GSM module.
Expected The harvester The harvester The harvester The harvester

Result: should receive an should receive an should receive an should receive an
SMS notification SMS notification SMS notification SMS notification
indicating “The indicating “The indicating “The indicating “The
tank level is 0%” tank level is 25%” tank level is 75%” tank level is
100%”
Test ID #: Remarks:
01 PASS
02 PASS
03 PASS
04 PASS
05 PASS
06 PASS
07 PASS
08 PASS
09 PASS
10 PASS
146
11 PASS
12 PASS
13 PASS
14 PASS
15 PASS
LEGEND:
Result: FAIL
Table 4.23 shows the overall result for integration test of RWH System-IT-B trial 2.
Likewise, calibration testing for the circuit was made 15 times each set to ensure the
functionality of the integration. This integration test checks the interaction of JSN-SR04T
ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM module SIM800L v2. The integrated circuit should
function as a notifier to the harvester on the rainwater harvesting tank volume via SMS.
Overall, the circuit has passed the calibration testing on trial 2 which gives 100%
TABLE 4.24
SUMMARY RESULT FOR INTEGRATION TEST OF RWH SYSTEM-IT-B
Test Case
RWH System-IT-B
Name:
Checks the interaction of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM module
Description
SIM800L v2.
Trial No.: PASS FAIL N/A Date of Testing Comments
No SMS received
1 June 26, 2022 SMS includes codes
Received 25% on full capacity
2 July 02, 2022
147
Table 4.24 shows the summary result for integration test of RWH System-IT-B. Each
trials consist of 15 tests that will result as a notifier to the harvester on the rainwater harvesting
tank volume via SMS. Trial 1 marked as FAIL with remarks of: No SMS received, SMS
includes codes and Received 25% on full capacity. Trial 2 had been marked as PASS for giving
100% functionality. This trial had been conducted on July 02,2022 with 15 test IDs.
TABLE 4.25
TABLE FOR RESULT OF INTEGRATION TESTING
PASS
FAIL
Integration
N/A
Test ID
Percentage

RWH System-IT-A FC-37 rain drop sensor, 53.33% June 11, 2022
solenoid valve.
RWH System-IT-A FC-37 rain drop sensor, 86.67% June 12, 2022
solenoid valve.
RWH System-IT-A FC-37 rain drop sensor, 100% June 18, 2022
TRIAL3 MG996R servo motor and
solenoid valve.
RWH System-IT-B JSN-SR04T ultrasonic 73.33% June 26, 2022
module SIM800L v2.
RWH System-IT-B JSN-SR04T ultrasonic 100% July 02, 2022
module SIM800L v2.
Table 4.25 shows the result table of integrating tests done on the system. It is subdivided
by two integration testing. First division is RWH System-IT-A that checks the interaction of
FC-37 rain drop sensor, MG996R servo motor and solenoid valve. This test had been running
for 3 trials. Trial 1 failed for giving only 53.33% functionality. Trial 2 gives a promising result
but not limit the trial stages for giving only 86.67%. Last trial made the researchers end for
148
giving a satisfactory result of 100% functionality. Second division is RWH System-IT-B that
checks interaction of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM module SIM800L v2.
This test had been running for only 2 trials with 15 calibration testing each set. Trial set 1 gives
a result of 73.33% that marked it as FAIL Some minor errors are discussed including battery
attachment on GSM module that loosen its pin. Trial 2 made the researchers end for giving a
satisfactory result of 100% functionality.
4.2.3 Acceptance Testing
Acceptance test verifies that the system meets the requirements specification. It is
conducted after the system has passed an integration test. This test is indicated to achieve the
corresponding safety and productivity of the system.
Researchers test the system by set of trials until it gives a satisfactory functionality level
of 100%. Each set will have 15 times of testing to secure accuracy of the functions of the RWH
system as a whole. On each trials, errors will be discussed and noted to a manual for future
reference in case the same problem occurs.
Acceptance testing of RWH system shall give a result of process starting when there is
rain: raindrop sensor will send a feedback signal to the servo motor to open the lid cover. If
the digital output of rain drop sensor is 0, which means that it is raining, the servo motor will
run a hand movement up to 180° to open the lid cover sideways and it will be the start of
harvesting rainwater. Rainwater will flow through a customized funnel with sieve mesh to
disregard foreign objects entering the system. Upon entering, the first flush rainwater will be
collected to a customized first flush diverter (FFD) to collect the unwanted sediments that will
149
enter on the filtration vessel. After the FFD container became full, the floating ball will trap
the first flush rainwater and let the clearer rainwater flow to the filtration vessel. The outflow
filtrated rainwater will enter a plastic tank which is integrated with waterproof ultrasonic
distance sensor. This sensor will read the level of harvested rainwater on the tank. The water
level sensor will give data to the harvester by interacting to a GSM module. Harvester will
receive an SMS notification only if the tank is empty, 25%, 75% and if it is in full capacity
which is 100%. Once the rain had stopped, the servo motor will be sent back to 0° to close the
lid cover of the RWH tank. This will be the input to the solenoid valve to run and dispense the
first flush rainwater on the FFD container at a programmed time.
150
Fig.4.9 Acceptance Testing of Solar Powered Self-Functioning Lid Cover

Rainwater Harvesting Tank with Automatic First Flush Rainwater Dispenser
and Water Level GSM Notifier
151
TABLE 4.26
RESULT FOR ACCEPTANCE TEST OF RWH SYSTEM-AT TRIAL 1
Date: 07-23-2022
Test Case RWH System acceptance test
Time: 09:18 AM
Name:
Description: Checks the interaction of FC-37 rain drop sensor, MG996R servo motor and Solenoid Trial No.: 1
Valve (normally closed) when it is raining and not. Checks also the water level of the
filtrated rainwater with the interaction of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor and
Spraying water on Staying the rain board wet, simply Wiping the water
Action: the rain board. pour or with the use of a hose, start droplets on the rain
Letting the tank letting water flow through the board.
empty at the start. downspout and continue to flow
within the system until the tank
become full.
The arm of the servo motor should
Should receive an SMS, “The tank

Solenoid valve should stay close.
Solenoid valve should open and

Expected
“The tank level is 100%” when
automatically after 10 seconds.

Result:
move back from 180° to 0°.

level is 0%” for it is empty.
will start dispensing water.

Solenoid valve will close
move from 0° to 180°.
water reaches 24.5cm.

water reaches 11cm.
water reaches 16cm.

stay at 180°.
Test ID #: Remarks:
01 N/A N/A N/A FAIL
02 N/A N/A N/A FAIL

03 N/A N/A N/A FAIL
04 N/A N/A N/A FAIL
05 N/A N/A N/A FAIL
06 N/A N/A N/A FAIL
07 N/A N/A N/A FAIL
08 N/A N/A N/A FAIL
09 N/A N/A N/A FAIL
10 N/A N/A N/A FAIL
11 FAIL
12 FAIL
13 FAIL
14 FAIL
15 FAIL
LEGEND:
Result: FAIL
152
Table 4.26 shows the overall result for acceptance test of RWH System-AT trial 1.
Testing for the system was made 15 times each set to ensure the functionality of the whole
integration of all components. This acceptance test checks the interaction of FC-37 rain drop
sensor, MG996R servo motor and Solenoid Valve (normally closed) when it is raining and not.
Checks also the water level of the filtrated rainwater with the interaction of JSN-SR04T
ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM module SIM800L v2.
Upon brainstorming, Test IDs 1-4 common error is the programmed code that dictates
the servo hand to move even without rain. This is a past mistake on the integration which
researchers account if ever the mistake will happen again. Test IDs 5-10 have failed on the
component of the rain board. This error is noted to check regularly the pins of different
components. Test IDs 11-15 have also been marked as failed in giving outcome of not
functioning the solenoid valve on the FFD. Overall, the circuit has failed the acceptance testing
on trial 1 giving 0% functionality percentage.
153
TABLE 4.27
Date: 07-31-2022
Time: 10:27 AM
Name:
become full.


Expected

Result:



water reaches 11cm.
water reaches 16cm.

stay at 180°.
Test ID #: Remarks:
01 FAIL
02 FAIL
03 FAIL
04 FAIL
05 FAIL
06 FAIL
07 FAIL
08 FAIL
09 FAIL
10 FAIL
11 FAIL
12 FAIL
13 FAIL
14 FAIL
15 FAIL
LEGEND:
Result: FAIL
154
Table 4.27 shows the result of acceptance testing of RWH System-AT Trial 2. This test result
had been marked as FAIL as the function of the solenoid did not process. On later part of
testing, GSM module did not send any notifications on the harvester’s SIM number. Solenoid
valve pin on Arduino UNO had been misplaced upon checking the schematic diagram. This
error become complicated as researchers have different diagrams including previous sketches
that that have not deleted. On part of the GSM module, the lithium battery tends to separate,
using only electrical tape connect wirings on this integration. Researchers ordered a JST plug
for easy pinning of battery and Step Up Module.
Overall, the circuit has failed the acceptance testing on trial 2 giving 0% functionality
percentage.
155
TABLE 4.28
Date: 08-13-2022
Time: 01:18 PM
Name:
become full.



Expected


Result:



water reaches 11cm.
water reaches 16cm.

stay at 180°.
Test ID #: Remarks:
01 N/A FAIL
02 N/A FAIL
03 PASS
04 PASS
05 PASS
06 PASS
07 PASS
08 PASS
09 PASS
10 PASS
11 N/A FAIL
12 N/A FAIL
13 PASS
14 PASS
15 PASS
LEGEND:
Result: FAIL
156
Table 4.28 shows the result of acceptance testing of RWH System-AT Trial 3. On Test
IDs 1 and 2, the result had been marked as FAIL as the function of the servo motor did not
process. Simultaneously, as the servo motor will give the command to the solenoid valve at
the FFD, the dispense of water for 10 seconds had not achieved. Test IDs 11 and 12 had also
been marked as failed for not dispensing water on the FFD. This had been taken an error for
pinning. Usually, the cover of the circuitry box touches some wirings on the Arduino UNO.
Upon checking on notes that had been jotted down, it resulted to have a loose pin attachment.
Overall, the circuit has failed but giving a progress on the outcomes researchers are
expecting. The acceptance testing on trial 3 gives a good start of improvement with a 73.33%
157
TABLE 4.29
Date: 08-21-2022
Time: 01:42 PM
Name:
become full.


Expected


Result:



water reaches 11cm.
water reaches 16cm.

stay at 180°.
Test ID #: Remarks:
01 PASS
02 PASS
03 PASS
04 PASS
05 PASS
06 PASS
07 PASS
08 PASS
09 PASS
10 PASS
11 PASS
12 PASS
13 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A FAIL
Battery Fluctuating
Battery Fluctuating
Battery Fluctuating
LEGEND:
Result: FAIL
158
Table 4.29 shows the result of acceptance testing of RWH System-AT Trial 4. This test
result had been marked as FAIL as the lead acid battery start fluctuating. Researchers
collaborate with the shop owner of batteries within the vicinity and they had recommended to
change it. Charging the system’s battery is not suitable as it may cause explosion. The reason
they see on battery’s change of shape is that the solar charge controller may be broken that it
did not cut the charging process.
The tests on circuitry are giving good record as the later tests did not gathered data from
battery’s malfunction. Overall, it gives 80% functionality noting the error is on power supply
and the integration of commands on each components have been executed as expected.
159
TABLE 4.30
Date: 09-17-2022
Time: 08:52 AM
Name:
become full.


Expected


Result:



water reaches 11cm.
water reaches 16cm.

stay at 180°.
Test ID #: Remarks:
01 PASS
02 PASS
03 PASS
04 PASS
05 PASS
06 PASS
07 PASS
08 PASS
09 PASS
10 PASS
11 PASS
45 minutes dispensing
12 PASS
13 PASS
14 PASS
15 PASS
LEGEND:
Result: FAIL
160
Table 4.30 shows the result of acceptance testing of RWH System-AT Trial 5. Testing
for the system was made 15 times to ensure the functionality of the whole system. This
acceptance test checks the interaction of FC-37 rain drop sensor, MG996R servo motor and
Solenoid Valve (normally closed) when it is raining and not. Checks also the water level of the
filtrated rainwater with the interaction of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM
module SIM800L v2. This test was conducted on September 17, 2022 at 08:52 AM. The
battery had been changed, the solar controller had been checked as the system had been into
rest for some couple of weeks. Pins are also checked and plugged tightly.
Overall, the circuit has passed the acceptance testing on trial 5 which gives an outstanding
result of 100% functionality percentage.
TABLE 4.31
TABLE FOR RESULT OF ACCEPTANCE TESTING
Checks the interaction of FC-37 rain drop sensor, MG996R servo motor and Solenoid Valve
Description (normally closed) when it is raining and not. Checks also the water level of the filtrated rainwater
with the interaction of JSN-SR04T ultrasonic distance sensor and GSM module SIM800L v2.
PASS
FAIL
Acceptance
N/A
Functionality Date of Testing Comments

Test ID Percentage
Servo motor and
RWH System-AT
0% July 23, 2022 solenoid valve
TRIAL 1
malfunction
Solenoid valve and
RWH System-AT
0% July 31, 2022 GSM Module
TRIAL 2
malfunction
Servo motor and
RWH System-AT
73.33% August 13, 2022 solenoid valve
TRIAL3
malfunction
Lead Acid Battery
RWH System-AT
80% August 21, 2022 fluctuating, SCC and
TRIAL 4
battery replacement
RWH System-AT
100% September 17, 2022
TRIAL 5
161
Table 4.31 shows the summary result of acceptance tests done on 5 trials. RWH System-
AT Trials 1-4 did not pass the requirements during testing. This includes the movement of
servo arm, the dispensing of solenoid and an SMS notification. Those errors have been fixed
either on hardware or software. Battery attachment loosen, thus SMS have not been received.
RWH System-AT Trial 3 gives a progress record with 73.33% functionality, thus adding
another trial to achieve a satisfactory result. This trial had been fixed on the proper pins that
some are slightly loose. RWH System-AT Trial 4 gives a progress record with 80%
functionality, and the errors were on the power supply. The battery fluctuation viewed by using
multimeter gives researchers an answer where the mistake is. Replacement of a good solar
charge controller had been done before doing another trial. Collaboration with an electrician
to have a good solar system had been acquired to manifest a good performing outcome. The
battery had also been replaced. After all the new components are attached on the system,
another trial had been executed. RWH System-AT Trial 5 had been marked as PASS as it gives
a result of process starting when there is water: raindrop sensor had sent a feedback signal to
the servo motor to open the lid cover. The digital output of rain drop sensor is 0, which means
that it is raining, the servo motor run a hand movement up to 180° to open the lid cover
sideways. Water flowed through a customized funnel with a sieve mesh. Upon entering, water
had been collected to a customized first flush diverter (FFD). After the FFD container become
full, the floating ball had trapped the water and the clearer water had been flowing to the
filtration vessel. The outflow filtrated water entered a plastic tank which is integrated with
waterproof ultrasonic distance sensor. The sensor reads the level of harvested rainwater on the
tank. The water level sensor gives data to the harvester by interacting to a GSM module.
162
Harvester had received an SMS notification at time when tank is empty, 25%, 75% and in full
capacity which is 100%. When the water had been wiped on the rain board, the servo motor
sent back to 0° to close the lid cover of the RWH tank. Solenoid valve run and dispense the
first flush rainwater on the FFD container at 10 seconds for testing purposes only at first 10
tests. The remaining 5 tests had been programmed to run the solenoid valve for 45 minutes as
this was the time needed to empty the FFD container. Overall, this trial gives a satisfactory
result of 100% functionality percentage.
4.3 Data Analysis
After the evaluation of the respondents in the evaluation process, the researchers tallied
the data that they gathered using the Likert Scale as seen in Table 4.32. A Likert item is simply
a statement that the respondent is asked to evaluate according to any kind of subjective or
objective criteria, generally the level of agreement or disagreement is measured. This can help
the researchers to determine the capability of the system. The data has to be thoroughly checked
to fulfill the strict formal axioms of the project.
TABLE 4.32
THE LIKERT SCALE
163
After the acceptance of the new developed system, the implementation phase begins.
Implementation is the stage of a project in which theory is turned into practice. To be able to
check the quality and consistency of the system, the researchers needed an evaluation process.
This process helped them determine the weakness of the system. The researchers presented
first their project via online platform, G-Meet, before the evaluation. Some have evaluated the
system during face to face presentation. Others have filled up the form after they had viewed
the video sent to them. To determine the weakness and functionality of the device, the
researchers conducted evaluation from 30 respondents living in Batangas province.
Respondents are pleased to answer the evaluation form on a link sent to them after the
presentation of the prototype.
Respondents’ Type of Residence
Fig. 4.10 Result on Respondents’ Type of Residence
164
Figure 4.10 shows the pie graph on the type of place the respondents reside. On the total
of 30 respondents, 25 are residing in a single-family house that gives 83.3% on the survey
while 3 of them live on a dorm or institutional housing that gives 10%. There is 1 residing in
a town house and 1 in a building with 4 or more apartments/condo that both give 3.3% each.
Respondents’ Roofing Material Used
Fig. 4.11 Result on Respondents’ Roofing Material Used
Figure 4.11 shows the pie graph on the type of material used on the respondents’
roofing. On the total of 30 respondents, 28 of them have a metal roofing that gives 93.3% on
the survey. The remaining 2 respondents respond the use of built-up roofing and clay and
concrete tiles giving them 3.3% each.
165
Functionality Statistics
Fig. 4.12 Result on Functionality of the System
Figure 4.12 shows the result on functionality of the system. The first indicator is if the
proposed system works properly and all expected outcome are delivered. On 30 respondents,
17 responded outstanding, 11 on above satisfactory and 2 on satisfactory. Using the Likert
Scale computation:
Sentiment Level Rating Responses Total

Outstanding 5 17 85
Above Satisfactory 4 11 44
Satisfactory 3 2 6
Below Satisfactory 2 0 0
Needs Improvement 1 0 0
Range is (85+44+6)/30 4.5
Above Satisfactory
166
The second indicator is if the proposed system works properly and all expected outcome
are delivered. On 30 respondents, 21 responded outstanding, 8 on above satisfactory and 1 on
satisfactory. Using the Likert Scale computation:

Outstanding 5 21 105
Satisfactory 3 1 3
Range is (105+32+3)/30 4.67
Outstanding
To calculate the average of the 2 evaluation for functionality: (Range1+Range2)/2=
Functionality Range, thus (4.5+4.67)/2= 4.59 giving a sentiment level for the system
functionality of Outstanding.
Reliability Statistics
Fig. 4.13 Result on Reliability of the System
167
Figure 4.13 shows the result on reliability of the system. The first indicator is if the
proposed system can be used in any time and place with minimal or without consequences in
its functionality. On 30 respondents, 17 responded outstanding, 10 on above satisfactory and
3 on satisfactory. Using the Likert Scale computation:

Outstanding 5 17 85
Satisfactory 3 3 9
Range is (85+40+9)/30 4.47
Above Satisfactory
The second indicator is if the system performs with minimal or without errors during its
operations. On 30 respondents, 18 responded outstanding, 10 on above satisfactory and 2 on

Outstanding 5 18 90
Satisfactory 3 2 6
Range is (90+40+6)/30 4.53
Outstanding
168
To calculate the average of the 2 evaluation for reliability: (Range1+Range2)/2=
Reliability Range, thus (4.47+4.53)/2= 4.5 giving a sentiment level for the system reliability
of Above Satisfactory.
Maintainability Statistics
Fig. 4.14 Result on Maintainability of the System
Figure 4.14 shows the result on maintainability of the system. The first indicator is if the
proposed system requires only minimal maintenance after its operation. On 30 respondents, 17
responded outstanding, 10 on above satisfactory and 3 on satisfactory. Using the Likert Scale
computation:

Outstanding 5 17 85
Satisfactory 3 3 9
Range is (85+40+9)/30 4.47
Above Satisfactory
169
The second indicator is if the integrated devices are carefully placed inside the briefcase
and the system is in rugged construction. On 30 respondents, 19 responded outstanding, 10 on
above satisfactory and 1 on satisfactory. Using the Likert Scale computation:

Outstanding 5 19 95
Satisfactory 3 1 3
Range is (95+40+3)/30 4.6
Outstanding
To calculate the average of the 2 evaluation for maintainability: (Range1+Range2)/2=
Maintainability Range, thus (4.47+4.6)/2= 4.54 giving a sentiment level for the system
maintainability of Outstanding.
Extensibility Statistics
Fig. 4.15 Result on Extensibility of the System
170
Figure 4.15 shows the result on extensibility of the system. The first indicator is if the
system supports adaptability, coping with the needs of the end-users. On 30 respondents, 19
responded outstanding, 10 on above satisfactory and 1 on satisfactory. Using the Likert Scale
computation:

Outstanding 5 19 95
Satisfactory 3 1 3
Range is (95+40+3)/30 4.6
Outstanding
The second indicator is if the system can still be integrated with the other devices in the
future. On 30 respondents, 17 responded outstanding, 10 on above satisfactory and 3 on

Outstanding 5 17 85
Satisfactory 3 3 9
Range is (85+40+9)/30 4.47
Above Satisfactory
171
To calculate the average of the 2 evaluation for extensibility: (Range1+Range2)/2=
Extensibility Range, thus (4.6+4.47)/2= 4.54 giving a sentiment level for the system
extensibility of Outstanding.
Economic Feasibility Statistics
Fig. 4.16 Result on Economic Feasibility of the System
Figure 4.16 shows the result on economic feasibility of the system. The first indicator is
if the proposed system offers long-term usage and can be considered as a good investment. On
30 respondents, 21 responded outstanding, 7 on above satisfactory and 2 on satisfactory. Using
the Likert Scale computation:

Outstanding 5 21 105
Satisfactory 3 2 6
Range is (105+28+6)/30 4.63
Outstanding
172
The second indicator is if the total cost of the system is a practically worth of its
performance. On 30 respondents, 17 responded outstanding, 10 on above satisfactory and 3 on

Outstanding 5 17 85
Satisfactory 3 3 9
Range is (85+40+9)/30 4.47
Above Satisfactory
To calculate the average of the 2 evaluation for economic feasibility:
(Range1+Range2)/2= Economic Feasibility Range, thus (4.63+4.47)/2= 4.55 giving a
sentiment level for the system extensibility of Outstanding.
Overall for the 5 objectives, the calculation for the sentiment level/ scale on the system
evaluation is as follows: (Functionality + Reliability + Maintainability + Extensibility +
Economic Feasibility)/5 = System’s Sentiment Level.
Thus; (4.59+4.5+4.54+4.54+4.55)/5 = 4.54 giving the whole system’s sentiment level or
scale of Outstanding.
173
Chapter V
Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
This chapter provides three important aspects of the study. First, it summarizes the results
obtained in the previous chapter. Second, it draws conclusions based on the results. Third, it
suggests a set of recommendations that could be used to improve the design project further.
5.1 Summary of Findings
This study summarizes the following findings:
The work aims at designing rainwater harvesting system that will collect rainwater from
the roof and gutter of a house/building, open the cover only when it rains, gives notification to
the harvester whenever the tank is on what volume capacity and drain the harvested rainwater
on the first flush diverter container automatically when the rain stops. Furthermore, this work
aims: to design a system that collect, store, and dispense rainwater, to develop filtration
process, to integrate with technologies such as microcontrollers, sensors, motors and GSM
module, to implement a thorough connection on tanks’ capacity with the harvester and have a
responsible ability on how to conserve water. Based on the respondents’ evaluation using the
Likert Scale computation, the functionality of the system gives 4.59 rate that scale on the
Outstanding level. Respondents from Batangas province have seen that the proposed system
works properly and all expected outcome are delivered, and the system is user-friendly and has
met the work requirements of the users. The second criterion is reliability of the system which
174
gives 4.5 rate from the respondents scaling in an Above Satisfactory level. They have seen that
the proposed system can be used in any time and place with minimal or without consequences
in its functionality, and that the system performs with minimal or without errors during its
operations. The third criterion is the maintainability of the system which gives 4.54 rate scaling
in an Outstanding level. They have seen that the proposed system requires only minimal
maintenance after its operation and the integrated devices are carefully placed inside the
briefcase and the system is in rugged construction. The fourth criterion is the extensibility of
the system which also gives 4.54 rate scaling in an Outstanding level. They have seen that the
system supports adaptability, coping with the needs of the end-users, and the system can still
be integrated with the other devices in the future. The last criterion is the economic feasibility
of the system which gives 4.55 rate scaling in an Outstanding level. They have seen that the
proposed system offers long-term usage and can be considered as a good investment, and the
total cost of the system is a practically worth of its performance.
Overall, the RWH system had been evaluated to be in Outstanding scale as the
respondents rate it to an average of 4.54.
5.2 Conclusions
This study concludes the following:
Water is a fundamental resource for humans and their well-being. It has been one of the
most crucial factors in human development. The recent rapid population growth, economic
development, and accumulated disaster risk, along with climate change, have exacerbated
water scarcity issues. Rainwater harvesting is the most traditional and sustainable method, as
175
rainwater is considered an everlasting free source that can be acquired naturally, which could
be easily used for non-potable purposes both in residential and commercial buildings. Its
purpose is in the hope of sustainability as local water resources are stretched to provide for
population growth and economic development; new water supply strategies will be necessary
to meet this demand and indeed lessen the flood occurrences in urban areas. The purpose of
rainwater harvesting tank with the integration of microcontroller is to provide an automation
on collecting rainwater, dispensing the first flush, filtering the harvested rainwater and
monitoring the water level through SMS. Automating the system will lessen or thus eliminate
accidents on monitoring the harvested rainwater. The attachment of funnel provides an easy
installment even the harvester has 2 or more storey building. The automatic opening and
closing of the lid attached on the funnel will help maintain and protect the mesh filter from
foreign objects such as leaves, fruits, birds, etc. The system is unique as it has an automatic
first flush diverter compared to the FFD available in the market that is manually dispensed. It
will also trap sediments with the help of the first flush diverter. This automatic FFD is attached
to a sensor that will dispense the first flush rainwater when the rain had stopped. Solenoid
valve is used to dispense this first flush on a specific time. Monitoring of the filtrated rainwater
is sent through SMS. The harvester will get notification on the filtrated rainwater through the
connection of a sensor and GSM module. The working of the system depends on the
performance of the sensor, servo motor, solenoid valve and connection through the
telecommunication network. The system is cost effective which can be used on every
household. It suits in public and private places, whether rural, sub-urban or urban areas.
176
5.3 Recommendations
This study recommends the following:
 Attachment of LCD for the level of harvested and filtrated rainwater on the
tank.
 Attachment of brush wiper on the lid cover to clean the mesh wire on the funnel.
 A counterpart device on the solenoid valve to dispense the first flush rainwater
for greater outflow from the FFD.
 A larger container or tank as it only limits to 70 liters.
 A reserved power supply on the system on instance that the battery attached
will drain.
 A reserved power supply to the GSM module as it is not connected to the solar
panel.
 A better water treatment to make non-potable to potable water.
 A better filtration cartridge that can be clean to avoid clogging in the future.
177
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184
APPENDICES
185
APPENDIX A
Flow Chart of the System
186
APPENDIX B
Schematic Diagram
Schematic Diagram of the whole system
Schematic Diagram of integration A Schematic Diagram of integration B
187
APPENDIX C
PCB Layout
PCB Layout A
PCB Layout B
188
APPENDIX D
Program Codes
Integration A
Rain Detection, Opening/Closing of Lid Cover and Water Dispensing
#include <Servo.h>
int servoPin = 3 ;
Servo servo;
int solenoidPin = 4;
#define sensorPower 7
#define sensorPin 8
int count = 0;
int startSign = 0;
int count1 = 0;
void setup() {
pinMode(sensorPower, OUTPUT);
pinMode(solenoidPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(sensorPower, LOW);
servo.attach(servoPin);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int val = readSensor();

Serial.print("Digital Output: ");
Serial.println(val);
if (val) {
Serial.println("Status: Not Raining");

count += 1;
Serial.println(count);
189
if (count == 1 && startSign == 1) {
Serial.println("Servo closing");
Serial.println("Count 1");
servo.write(180);
delay(800);
Serial.println("Servo detaching");
servo.detach();
Serial.println("Solenoid On");
readSensor();
digitalWrite(solenoidPin, HIGH);
delay(2700000);
digitalWrite(solenoidPin, LOW);
count1 = 0;
} else {
readSensor();
Serial.println("Solenoid Off");
count1 = 0;
} else {
Serial.println("Status: It's raining");

count1 += 1;
startSign = 1;
Serial.println(count1);
if (count1 == 1) {
Serial.println("Count 1");
servo.write(0);
delay(800);
Serial.println("Servo detaching");
servo.detach();
readSensor();
count = 0;
} else {
190
readSensor();
count = 0;
}
}
delay(10000);
}
int readSensor() {
digitalWrite(sensorPower, HIGH);
delay(10);
int val = digitalRead(sensorPin);
digitalWrite(sensorPower, LOW);
return val;
}
Integration B
Water Level and GSM Notification
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial sim800l(2, 3);
#define TRIGPIN 11
#define ECHOPIN 10
float duration, distance;
String condition;
int count = 0;
int count1 = 0;
int count2 = 0;
int count3 = 0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
191
pinMode(ECHOPIN, INPUT);
pinMode(TRIGPIN, OUTPUT);
sim800l.begin(9600);
delay(1000);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(TRIGPIN, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(TRIGPIN, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(20);
digitalWrite(TRIGPIN, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(ECHOPIN, HIGH);
distance = (duration / 2) * 0.343;
Serial.print("distance: ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" mm");
if (distance > 460) {

count1 = 0;
count2 = 0;
count3 = 0;
Serial.println(count);
Serial.println("0%");
condition = "0%";
if (count == 1) {
SendSMS(condition);
if (sim800l.available())
{
Serial.write(sim800l.read());
}
}
count += 1;
} else if (distance < 460 && distance > 350) {
192
count = 0;
count2 = 0;
count3 = 0;
condition = "25%";
if (count1 == 1) {
SendSMS(condition);
{
}
}
count1 += 1;

count = 0;
count1 = 0;
count3 = 0;
condition = "75%";
if (count2 == 1) {
SendSMS(condition);
{
}
}
count2 += 1;

count = 0;
count1 = 0;
count2 = 0;
condition = "100%";
if (count3 == 1) {
SendSMS(condition);
193
{
}
}
count3 += 1;
}
delay(5000);
}
void SendSMS( String level)

{
Serial.println("Sending SMS...");
sim800l.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
delay(100);
sim800l.print("AT+CMGS=\"+639482508620\"\r");
delay(500);
sim800l.print("The tank level is ");
sim800l.print(level);
delay(500);
sim800l.print((char)26);
delay(500);
sim800l.println();
Serial.println("Text Sent.");
delay(15000);
}
194
APPENDIX E
Fabrication Stage Photos
System’s framework and dimensions
195
Welding of system’s framework
Applying primer paint to the steel framing
196
Customization of gutter through a bending machine
Application of finishing blue paint at upper part of framework before roofing
197
Roofing and attachment of gutter
Customization of First Flush Diverter using acrylic pipe,

orange cleanout PVC and bulkhead fittings
198
Piping stage
Plywood attachment
199
System’s water tank
Finishing paint and attachment of solar panel
200
APPENDIX F
Filtration Composition
System’s filtration vessel design
201
Cleaning of filtration components
202
Gravel Small rocks Coarse sand
Activated Carbon Bio-mechanical filter sponge
Customization of filtration vessel
203
Arranging bio-mechanical filter before applying PVC cement
Cementing all the PVC pipes
204
APPENDIX G
Automation Stage Photos
Rain sensor unit testing Servo motor unit testing
Ultrasonic distance sensor unit testing Solenoid valve unit testing
205
GSM module unit testing
Attaching components to PCB board
206
Placing electronic components to the system
207
Wiring and soldering components to proper places

on the system
208
Integration testing of the system
209
Cleaning the line of wires and putting the circuitry boxes
210
Acceptance testing of the system
211
Appendix H
Testing Stage Results
Unit test summary result
212
Integration test summary result
Acceptance test summary result
213
Appendix I
Rainwater PH Level Test
Reference Chart for PH Level of Rainwater
214
215
The PH Level of The PH Level of filtrated

rainwater turned to be on level 5 rainwater turned to be on level 8
as it is orangey in color. as it is greenly in color.
According to the reference chart, According to the reference chart,
level 5 tends to be acidic. level 8 tends to be in alkaline
level.
216
Appendix J
Respondents’ Evaluation
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
See this link to view all the evaluation

responses:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Nkw
66Uiwc8kQJS9O2JCxGyDzNpnvkpUo?usp
=share_link
226
Appendix K
System’s Objectives Statistics
227
228
Appendix L
Bill of Materials
229
Appendix M
Letter of Consent
230
Appendix N
Letter of Appeal
231
Appendix O
Initial Title Proposal Form
232
233
234
235
236
Appendix P
Research Topic Proposal Form
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
Appendix Q
Final Defense
247
248

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Maxima St. Villa Arca Subd.

SOLAR POWERED SELF-FUNCTIONING LID COVER

Albo, John Reniel I.

This Design Project entitled, “SOLAR POWERED SELF-FUNCTIONING LID

Engr. EMMANUEL TRINIDAD

Approved by the Committee of Oral Examination on __________________ with a grade of

LUISITO LOLONG LACATAN, Ph.D.

Engr. JEFFREY LEONEN Engr. EMMANUEL TRINIDAD

Engr. LUNIE MAE BANGSARA

LUISITO LOLONG LACATAN, Ph.D.

researchers would like to extend our sincerest gratitude to all of them.

to finish this research.

opportunity to choose this project.

truly helped in the completion of this work.

Rainwater harvesting is the most traditional and sustainable method, as rainwater is

etc. Researchers integrate technology on Green Projects focusing on traditional rainwater

is eco-eco: economically and ecologically friendly.

List of Figures xiii

Chapter I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.2 Background of the Study 2

1.3 Objectives of the Study 4

1.3.1 General Objectives 4

1.3.2 Specific Objectives 4

1.4 Significance of the Study 5

1.5 Scope and Delimitation 6

1.6 Conceptual Framework 7

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms 8

Chapter II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

2.2 Foreign Related Literature and Studies 15

2.2.1 Intelligent Rainwater Harvesting Prototype

to Improve Residential Energy Efficiency in Bogota 15

2.2.2 Building a Prototype of an Eco-friendly House

in the Peri-Urban Area 15

2.2.3 Development of Smart Agriculture Water Tank

for Malaysian Social Innovation (Mysi)

Education Transfer Program 16

2.2.4 Development of A Tiny House

Rainwater Catchment System (RCS) 18

2.2.5 Smart Rainwater Management:

New Technologies and Innovation 18

2.2.6 Rainwater System for Gardening

using Ultrasonic Sensor 20

2.2.7 Rain Rain Flush Away: Evaluating Rainwater Catchment

First Flush Volumes 21

2.2.8 Re Thinking the Public Toilet of Dhaka City:

An Adaptable Prototype Design Solution

to Improve the Existing Situation 23

2.2.9 Prototype Design of Rainwater Harvesting

and Solar Irrigation System for Small-Scale Farm 24

2.2.10 Designing a Smart Rainwater Buffer 25

2.3 Local Related Literature and Studies 26

2.3.1 Community’s Perception and Willingness to Adopt

Rainwater Harvesting as Water Source in Sitio Pulot-Bae,

San Antonio Kalayaan, Laguna, Philippines 26

2.3.2 Increasing awareness on household rainwater tanks as

supplementary water supply for island

municipality in the Philippines 27

2.3.3 Rainwater Harvesting Practices and Utilization

in the Island of Malangabang Philippines 28