CE 020 S2 Group Mogpo 2 - FINAL - NEW 1

MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE INFORMATION
CE 020 STRUCTURAL CE DESIGN PROJECT 2

SECOND SEMESTER, SY 2023-2024
Benjamin J. Mogpo III

Erjon C. Garcia
Kim Joshua D. Castillo
STUDENTS
Sean Vincent C. Membrebe
Francis Ray A. Molina
Design of Irrigation System at Barangay. San Francisco,

PROJECT TITLE
Bugallon, Pangasinan
Constraints
The estimated cost per tradeoffs is 500 php per sqm for basin irrigation.
300 php per sqm for furrow irrigation and 400 php per sqm for side-inlet
Economic (Material Cost)
Constructability (Project The estimated duration per tradeoffs falls on 65 days for basin irrigation 50 days for
Duration) furrow irrigation and 55 days for side inlet
Sustainability All tradeoffs have 10% of its total cost as it’s maintenance for the first year
(Maintenance Cost)
Trade-Offs
The Basin Irrigation System is suitable for many field crops specially paddy rice that
Basin Irrigation System grows best when its roots are submerged in water. The flatter the land surface, the
easier to construct basins
Furrow irrigation is suitable for many crops, especially row crops. Crops that would be
Furrow Irrigation System
damaged if water covered their stem or crown should be irrigated by furrows.
Side inlet irrigation systems deliver water to each bay of a rice field at the same time.
Side Inlet Irrigation System This is usually accomplished by placing above-ground irrigation pipe along the side of
the field with inlets into each bay.
Design Codes and Standards
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The centerpiece program of the government in poverty alleviation, food security,
rational use of resources, global competitiveness, and sustainable development is the
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA). A close examination of the
Philippine Agricultural
major tenets of AFMA points to a very heavy reliance on the support from the field of
Engineering Standards
agricultural engineering. Overall, AFMA places high priority on the following
(PAES)
agricultural engineering technologies: irrigation, postharvest, structures, rural
electrification, mechanization, alternative energy, domestic water supply, farm roads
and bridges.
This guide is intended to serve the needs of the irrigation technician for the evaluation
FAO Irrigation and of surface irrigation systems. The scope is focused at the farm level. A limited series
Drainage Paper of graphical and tabular aids is given to relieve the user of some burden of
computation.
Modern Tools/Techniques
AutoCAD is a 2D and 3D computer-aided design software application developed by
AUTOCAD Autodesk. It was first released in December 1982 for the CP/M and IBM PC platforms
as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers.
The program allows the development of irrigation schedules for different management
conditions and the calculation of scheme water supply for varying crop patterns.
CROPWAT
CROPWAT 8.0 can also be used to evaluate farmers’ irrigation practices and to
estimate crop performance under both rainfed and irrigated conditions.
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Technological Institute of the Philippines
Quezon City
Design of Irrigation System at Barangay. San Francisco,

Bugallon, Pangasinan
A Final Design Project

Presented to the Faculty of the Civil Engineering Department
In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course

CE 020 CE Design Projects 2
By:
Benjamin J. Mogpo III
Erjon C. Garcia
Kim Joshua D. Castillo
Sean Vincent C. Membrebe
Francis Ray A. Molina
Submitted to:
Engr. Brylle Jerald Timbal
Course Instructor
March 2024
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Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to convey their gratitude and appreciation to the following person for their
support and guidance throughout completing this project.
First and foremost, praise be to God Almighty for giving the designers access to His boundless mercy.
Since the researchers were unable to accomplish anything, the project needed vigor and intelligence to
be completed. without his direction, and for the fortitude to keep on despite obstacles. Your consistent
assistance allowed the designers to do the tasks necessary to pass this course.
The researchers would also like to express their gratitude to their understanding Parents for their moral,
financial, and emotional support in whatever path they choose. They value your counsel and unflinching
love.
Similarly, the researchers would like to extend their profound appreciation to Engr. John Eugene
Fernandez, for giving the researchers information they need to begin working on the project, advising
them on the correction of every step in finishing the project and the possible topic that can be
connected through the topic.
Last but not least, the researchers would like to express their gratitude to the Technological Institute of
the Philippines - Quezon City for giving the researcher the opportunity to work on this project. The
researchers have gained valuable hands-on knowledge and experience that can help students get
ready for the reality of the building and design industries.
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Abstract
Bugallon, a municipality in Pangasinan, is currently grappling with a water shortage issue due to
various factors in its water irrigation system. The problem stems from a high demand for rice. Having
less supply and a high demand may cause inflation, the absence of an irrigation system in this
Municipality, and the challenging elevation of the land, which impedes water flow. This research aims to
mitigate the water shortage problem in Bugallon by assessing the impact of implementing an irrigation
system. By upgrading the water irrigation infrastructure, the study seeks to alleviate the water scarcity
issue and enhance the overall water supply in Bugallon, Pangasinan. These measures offer a viable
and effective solution to address the pressing water irrigation shortage in Bugallon, ultimately
enhancing the quality of life and contributing to the sustainable development of the municipality.
Hydrologists and civil engineers are instrumental in designing and managing water distribution systems,
making this research significant in the fields of hydrology and civil engineering
Keywords: Bugallon, shortage, water irrigation system, supply and demand, water supply
Abbreviations and Symbols
PSA - Philippine Statistics Authority

FAO - Food and Agricultural Organization
PAES - on Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards
Ref. ET = Reference Evapotranspiration
CWR - Crop Water Requirement
ER - Effective Rainfall
LPWR - Land Preparation Water Requirement
FWR - Farm Water Requirement
DWR - Diversion Water Requirement
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND..............................................................................................15
1.1 The Project.............................................................................................................................15
1.2 Statement of the Problem...................................................................................................... 15
1.3 Project Location..................................................................................................................... 15
1.4 Objectives.............................................................................................................................. 17
1.4.1 General Objectives..................................................................................................................17
1.4. 2 Specific Objectives.............................................................................................................. 17
1.5 Scope and Limitations............................................................................................................17

1.5.1 Scope.................................................................................................................................. 17
1.5.2 Limitations.............................................................................................................................17
1.6 Client...................................................................................................................................... 17
1.7 Project Development..............................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.......................................20
2.1 Design Criteria....................................................................................................................... 20
2.2 Topography and Slope...........................................................................................................22
2.3 Soil Type and Characteristics.................................................................................................22
2.4 Climate Data.............................................................................................................................. 25
2.7 Design Inputs for Basin..............................................................................................................32

2.7.1 Shape and Size................................................................................................................... 32
2.8 Design Inputs for Furrow Irrigation.............................................................................................33

2.8.1 Slope for Furrow Irrigation................................................................................................... 33
2.8.2 Soil Types for Furrow Irrigation...............................................................................................34
2.9 Review of Related Literature and Studies..................................................................................35
CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS AND STANDARDS.......................................................39
3.1 Design Constraints................................................................................................................39
3.1.1 Economic Constraint (Labor, Materials and Equipment Cost).............................................39
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3.1.2 Constructability Constraint (Duration)...................................................................................39
3.1.3 Serviceability Constraint (Maintenance Cost).......................................................................39
3.1.4 Crop Production....................................................................................................................39
3.2 Trade-Offs..................................................................................................................................40
3.2.1 Basin Irrigation System.......................................................................................................... 40
3.2.2 Furrow Irrigation System........................................................................................................41
3.2.3 Side-Inlet Irrigation System....................................................................................................42
3.3 Designer’s Raw Ranking............................................................................................................43
3.3.1 Initial Cost Estimate............................................................................................................... 45
3.3.2 Economic (Labor, Materials and Equipment Cost)................................................................45
3.3.3 Material Cost..........................................................................................................................46
3.3.4 Sustainability Cost................................................................................................................ 47
3.3.5 Factor of Safety......................................................................................................................49
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................. 50
4.1 Design Methodology.................................................................................................................. 50
4.2 TRADE-OFF NO. 1: BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM.................................................................51

4.2.1 Design Process................................................................................................................51
4.2.2 Design Parameters..........................................................................................................52
4.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement............................................................................................53
4.2.4 Required Flow Rate........................................................................................................ 57
4.2.5 Cut and Fill.......................................................................................................................57
4.2.6 Basin Area....................................................................................................................... 57
4.2.7 System Evaluation........................................................................................................... 58
4.2.8 Hydraulic Design..............................................................................................................60
4.2.8 Design of Freeboard, Bunds and Water Gates...................................................................61
4.2.10 Design Perspective for Basin Irrigation System..............................................................65
4.2.11 Final Specifications..........................................................................................................66
4.3 TRADE-OFF NO. 2: FURROW IRRIGATION.............................................................................66
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4.3.1 Design Process.................................................................................................................. 67
4.3.2 Design Parameters.............................................................................................................68
4.3.4 Required Flow Rate for Furrow Irrigation............................................................................73
4.3.5 System Efficiency............................................................................................................... 73
4.3.6 Hydraulic Design................................................................................................................ 74
4.3.7 Furrow Layout Design........................................................................................................ 76
4.3.8 Design Perspective.............................................................................................................77
4.3.9 Final Specifications.............................................................................................................77
4.4 TRADE-OFF NO. 3: SIDE-INLET IRRIGATION SYSTEM.....................................................78

4.4.1 Design Process................................................................................................................79
4.4.2 Design Parameters..........................................................................................................80
4.2.11 Final Specifications..........................................................................................................89
CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN.................................................................................................................90
5.1 Final Design................................................................................................................................. 90

Final Specifications........................................................................................................................ 91
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List of Tables
Table 2.1 Major Crops: Percentage Distribution of Production by Region (2015)..................................21
Table 2.2 Tabulation of Borehole............................................................................................................22
Table 2.3 Soil Fertility Indicators.............................................................................................................24
Table 2.4 Physical Soil Qualities............................................................................................................ 24
Table 2.5 Climate Data of Bugallon, Pangasinan...................................................................................25
Table 2.5 Crop Coefficient for Various Type of Crops............................................................................26
Table 2.6 Percolation Values for Various Soil Textures..........................................................................26
Table 2.7 Slope of vapor pressure curve for different temperatures.......................................................27
Table 2.8 Psychrometric constant for different altitudes.........................................................................27
Table 2.9 Saturation vapor pressure for different temperatures.............................................................28
Table 2.10 Daily extraterrestrial radiation (MJ/m2/day) for different latitudes.........................................28
Table 2.11 Mean daylight hours for different latitudes............................................................................29
Table 2.12 Stefan-Boltzman law at different temperatures.....................................................................30
Table 2.13 Representative Physical Properties of Soils.........................................................................31
Table 2.13 Mean Roughness Coefficient for Lined Canals.....................................................................31
Table 2.13 Approximate Values for Maximum Basin or Terrace Width..................................................32
Table 2.14 Suggested Basin Areas for Different Soil Types and Rates of Water Flow..........................33
Table 2.15 Practical Values of Maximum Furrow Lengths (M) Depending on Slope, Soil Type, Stream
Size and Net Irrigation Depth..................................................................................................................34
Table 3.1 Designer’s Raw Ranking of Trade-offs...................................................................................44
Table 3.2 Initial Cost Estimate................................................................................................................45
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Table 3.4 Initial Material Cost.................................................................................................................46
Table 3.5 Initial Maintenance Cost......................................................................................................... 47
Table 3.6 Factor of Safety...................................................................................................................... 49
Table 4.1 Project Location Details..........................................................................................................52
Table 4.2 Field Topography....................................................................................................................52
Table 4.3 Crop Characteristics............................................................................................................... 52
Table 4.4 Soil Characteristics.................................................................................................................53
Table 4.5 Results for Irrigation Water Requirement................................................................................55
Table 4.6 Data for Evaluation.................................................................................................................58
Table 4.7 Data for the PVC Pipe............................................................................................................ 64
Table 0.8 Irrigation Field......................................................................................................................... 66
Table 0.9 Open Channel Dimensions.....................................................................................................66
Table 0.10 Water Gates......................................................................................................................... 66
Table 4.11 Project Location Details........................................................................................................68
Table 4.12 Field Topography..................................................................................................................68
Table 4.13 Furrow Characteristics..........................................................................................................69
Table 4.14 Results for Irrigation Water Requirement..............................................................................71
Table 0.15 Irrigation Field.......................................................................................................................77
Table 0.16 Furrow Channel.................................................................................................................... 77
Table 0.17 Open Channel Dimensions...................................................................................................78
Table 4.18 Project Location Details........................................................................................................80
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Table 4.19 Field Topography..................................................................................................................80
Table 4.20 Crop Characteristics............................................................................................................. 80
Table 4.21 Soil Characteristics...............................................................................................................81
Table 4.22 Results for Irrigation Water Requirement..............................................................................83
Table 4.7 Data for the PVC Pipe............................................................................................................ 88
Table 0.24 Irrigation Field.......................................................................................................................89
Table 0.25 Details of Blue Gates and Poly Tubing.................................................................................89
Table 0.27 Pump Details........................................................................................................................ 89
List of Figures
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Figure 1.1 Current Situation of the Farmland...............................................................................................
Figure 1.2 Project Location..........................................................................................................................
Figure 1.3 Perspective View of the Farmland..............................................................................................
Figure 1.4 Project Development Process....................................................................................................
Figure 2.1 Topographic Map........................................................................................................................
Figure 2.2 Soil Profile...................................................................................................................................
Figure 2.3 A deep, narrow furrow on a sandy soil........................................................................................
Figure 2.4 A wide, shallow furrow on a clay soil..........................................................................................
Figure 2.5 Double-ridged furrow..................................................................................................................
Figure 2.6 Furrow Method............................................................................................................................
Figure 2.7 Basin Method..............................................................................................................................
Figure 2.8 A level basin...............................................................................................................................
Figure 2.9 Graded Furrows..........................................................................................................................
Figure 3.1 Basin Irrigation System...............................................................................................................
Figure 3.2 Furrow Irrigation System.............................................................................................................
Figure 3.3 Side-Inlet Irrigation System.........................................................................................................
Figure 3.4 Ranking Scale.............................................................................................................................
Figure 3.6 Ranking Scale (Constructability constraints) for Drip vs Furrow Irrigation System.....................
Figure 3.7 Ranking Scale (Constructability constraints) for Furrow vs Basin Irrigation System...................
Figure 3.8 Ranking Scale (Economic Constraints) for Drip vs Furrow Irrigation System.............................
Figure 3.9 Ranking Scale (Economic Constraints) for Furrow vs Basin Irrigation System...........................
Figure 3.10 Ranking Scale (Sustainability Constraints) for Drip vs Furrow Irrigation System......................
Figure 3.11 Ranking Scale (Sustainability Constraints) for Furrow vs Basin Irrigation System...................
Figure 4.1 Design Process...........................................................................................................................
Figure 4.2 Design Process for Basin Irrigation System................................................................................
Figure 4.3 Design Process for Irrigation Water Requirement......................................................................
Figure 4.4 Basin Dimension.........................................................................................................................
Figure 4.5 Design of Rectangular Channel..................................................................................................
Figure 4.6 Design of Temporary bunds.......................................................................................................
Figure 4.7 Design of Permanent bunds.......................................................................................................
Figure 4.8 Design of Water Gates...............................................................................................................
Figure 4.9 Design Perspective of Basin Irrigation System...........................................................................
Figure 4.10 Design Process for Furrow Irrigation System...........................................................................
Figure 4.11 Design Process for Irrigation Water Requirement....................................................................
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Figure 4.12 Design of Rectangular Channel................................................................................................
Figure 4.14 Design Process for Gravity Irrigation System...........................................................................
Figure 4.15 Design Process for Irrigation Water Requirement....................................................................
CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 The Project
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The Project is to design an irrigation system that will benefit not only the client but also the workers of
the farm. It will be made of reliable parts and has a relatively low cost. However, much more testing on
the system must be conducted to measure its capability.
The types of systems that would be utilized are Basin Irrigation system which is used for rice paddies,
Furrow Irrigation system which is suited for crops such as maize, potatoes, onions, tomatoes, etc. and
Side-Inlet Irrigation system which is also used for rice fields and can also be used for other crops.
Figure 1.1 Current Situation of the Farmland
1.2 Project Location

The proposed irrigation system is located at Barangay San Francisco Bugallon, Pangasinan one of the
twenty-four barangays in Bugallon. The barangay has a land area of 58.237 hectares. The residents'
primary source of income are production of crops and fisheries.
Figure 1.2 Project Location

View: Google Map
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Figure 1.3 Perspective View of the Farmland
View: Google Map
1.4 Objectives
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1.4.1 General Objectives
The project aimed to design the most suited irrigation system through the final trade off design from the
evaluated tradeoffs through multiple constraints such as economical, sustainability, constructability,
environmental, safety, risk, social, etc.
1.4. 2 Specific Objectives
● To determine an irrigation system that suits the needs of the client in accordance with codes
and engineering standards.
● To provide sufficient water supply to the farmland.
● To provide an efficient cost and estimate of the design.
● To control the required flow rate of the crops.
1.3 Scope and Limitations

1.5.1 Scope
The following were the scope of the design project:
● Provide design plans to the client.
● Provide the client estimated cost and quantity of the materials.
● Complete computations of the design are provided to the client.
● Provide a variety of trade-offs design that would suit the project according to the constraints.
1.5.2 Limitations
The following were the limitations of the design project:
● Insecticides and other chemicals are not included in the supply system
● Permits are not included in the study, it is intended only for design
● Development schedule is not included in the design.
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1.4 Client
The client is the owner of the farmland, Mrs. Rebecca Albalos and Mrs. Norma Toledo. They aim to
improve the agricultural productivity of their farmland by designing an irrigation system that will produce
an efficient water supply for crops
1.6 Project Development

The first step of the Project Development is Problem/Project Identification. The objectives here are to
search and identify what type of irrigation will be designed to address or minimize the congested
problems that arise in the environment. Planning of consistent objectives for the project, and organized
decision making should be detailed. Provided with the type of irrigation design, the location of the
project and client must know to start gathering data input for the next process.
Knowing the irrigation to be constructed, the next part is to know the specific design standards that are
required before coming up to the design (i.e., minimum dimension of pipes, etc.). These will set the
parameters in the creation of the irrigation which is the next stage in the process.
Presentation of design of irrigation to the client will be the next stage. Providing the description of the
irrigation the client will clarify so that redesigning of the irrigation will be made immediately. After all, the
next stage is. In this, the constraints that were projected will then be classified as either qualitative or
quantitative. Knowing the quantitative trade-offs will pave the way to the determination of the trade-offs
for irrigation.
In the last stage, geometric design, computation, and final estimation for each trade-off will be made.
Then, all of these will be presented to the client. The designers will then rate and estimate each trade-
off that is evaluated by the constraints. The one which has the most favorable rating among all will then
be chosen for the design of the irrigation.
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START
PROBLEM/PROJECT
IDENTIFICATION
CONCEPTUAL PLANNING
IDENTIFICATION OF DESIGN
STANDARDS AND PARAMETERS
PRESENTATION OF THE
DESIGN
IDENTIFICATION OF
CONSTRAINTS AND TRADE-OFFS
COMPARISON OF TRADE-OFFS
AND FINAL DESIGN
END
Figure 1.4 Project Development Process
1. Problem/Project Identification: This step involves defining the problem that the product will solve or
the need it will address.
2. Conceptual Planning: In this stage, broad ideas are generated to address the identified problem.
This may involve brainstorming sessions, sketches, and initial research.
3. Identification of Design Standards and Parameters: Here, specific criteria and limitations are
established for the product design. This may include factors like size, weight, materials, cost,
safety, and performance requirements.
4. Presentation of the Design: A conceptual design is created that visually communicates the product
idea. This may involve sketches, prototypes, or computer-aided design (CAD) models.
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5. Identification of Constraints and Trade-Offs: Here, potential limitations and challenges associated
with the design are identified. This may involve considering trade-offs between different design
aspects, such as cost vs. functionality or weight vs. durability.
6. Comparison of Trade-Offs and Final Design: After considering the limitations and trade-offs, the
design is finalized. This may involve selecting the best option from multiple design concepts or
refining a single concept.
7. End: This signifies the completion of the design process.
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CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Design Criteria

Crop Production
From the Rice and Corn Situation and Outlook Report 2016 of the Philippine Statistics Authority, Palay
and corn outputs for January to June 2016 were lower than their 2015. The decline was mainly
attributed to the contraction of harvest areas and lower yield as a result of the El Niño Phenomenon.
Table 2.1 shows that the majority of the production coming from Ilocos Region is palay.
Table 2.1 Major Crops: Percentage Distribution of Production by Region (2015)
Region Palay Corn Coconut Sugar Cane

Luzon (%)
CAR 2.21 3.16 0.01 0.23
Ilocos Region 9.79 6.53 0.27 0.09
Cagayan Valley 13.72 23.96 0.52 2.55
Central Luzon 18.21 3.61 1.14 2.96
CALABARZON 2.16 0.86 9.36 7.6
MIMAROPA 5.96 1.67 5.55 0
Bicol Region 6.97 3.24 7.5 1.04
VISAYAS (%)
Western Visayas 11.33 4.66 2.79 58.54
Central Visayas 1.85 2 2.93 8.48
Eastern Visayas 5.27 1.21 7.91 0.78
MINDANAO (%)
Zamboanga Peninsula 3.65 2.93 11.42 -
Northern Mindanao 4 16.18 12.57 13.37
Davao Region 2.43 2.98 15.25 0.91
Davao Region 2.43 2.98 15.24 0.91
SOCCSKSARGEN 7.12 16.48 7.87 2.97
Caraga 2.65 1.58 5.46 -
ARMM 2.69 8.95 9.45 0.49
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
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2.2 Topography and Slope
Bugallon, Pangasinan being hilly and mountainous has a slope of 3-5 % with its soil suitable for
agriculture. Since there is an existing irrigation system in Barangay San Francisco the terrain of the
farmland is flat, nearly level. This type of terrain is suitable for habitation.
Figure 2.1 Topographic Map

2.2 Soil Type and Characteristics
The findings of the borehole include the following data.
Table 2.2 Tabulation of Borehole

Sampling Type of SPT Blows per N Classification
Depth Sampling 15 cm value Soil Description Unified
Wash
Boring - Stiff, gray silty Clay of medium
0.0-1.50 SPT 6 8 5 13 plasticity CL
Wash
Wash
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Wash Medium dense, gray poorly
Boring - graded SAND with silt, non-
4.50-6.00 SPT 6 9 8 17 plastic SP-SM
6.00-7.50 SPT 8 10 12 22 plastic SP-SM
7.50-9.00 SPT 10 11 15 26 plastic SP-SM
9.00-10.50 SPT 10 13 15 28 plastic SP-SM
Wash
Boring - Dense, gray poorly graded
10.50-12.00 SPT 12 16 18 34 SAND with silt, non-plastic SP-SM
Wash
Wash
Wash
Wash
Wash
Boring - Very dense, gray poorly graded
Source: Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), 2ND District Lingayen, Pangasinan
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Table 2.3 Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent Fertility Moderate
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.0)
Organic Matter Low
Phosphorus High
Potassium Moderate
Source: Department of Agriculture, Philippine Rice Research Institute
Table 2.4 Physical Soil Qualities

Water Retention Moderate to High
Drainage Poor
Permeability Moderate
Workability Moderate
Stoniness None
Root Depth Deep (1 m)
Erosion None
Source: Department of Agriculture, Philippine Rice Research Institute
Figure 0.2 Soil Profile
2.4 Climate Data
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According to De los Reyes and David (2006), the effect of El Niño on rainfall and tropical cyclones
depends on its intensity, area of coverage, duration and time of occurrence. Strong El Niño events
reduced monthly rainfalls by more than 50% during their peak period.
Table 2.5 Climate Data of Bugallon, Pangasinan
Min. Temp Max. Temp Mean Wind Speed Relative Humidity Mean Daylight
Month
deg. C deg. C m/s % Hours
January 20.6 31 2.00231 72 11.10
February 21.1 31.9 2.99769 71 11.50
March 22.5 33.6 2.99769 71 11.90
April 24.2 35.2 2.99769 69 12.40
May 24.6 34.5 2.00231 76 12.70
June 24.4 33 2.00231 81 12.90
July 24.2 32 2.00231 85 12.90
August 24 31.3 2.00231 85 12.50
September 24 31.9 2.00231 84 12.10
October 23.6 32.3 2.00231 78 11.60
November 22.7 32.1 2.00231 78 11.20
December 21.3 31.3 2.00231 75 11.10
Source: CLIMWAT by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of United Nations
2.5 Design Inputs for Irrigation Water Requirements

The data for the irrigation water requirement is based on Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards
(PAES) 602:2016. This standard provides guidelines and minimum requirements in calculating irrigation
water requirements to meet the required performance standards.
Table 2.5 Crop Coefficient for Various Type of Crops
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Growth Stage in Percent of Total Growth Duration
Crop
0-20 20-40 40-70 70-90 Harvest
Lowland Rice 0.95 1.05 1.10 1.10 0.61
Soybean, cowpea and
mungbean 0.60 0.70 0.90 0.75 0.50
Wheat 0.50 0.65 0.90 0.75 0.50
Peanut 0.40 0.55 0.85 0.90 0.50
Tobacco 0.40 0.60 0.75 0.75 0.75
Corn (grain) 0.40 0.70 0.90 0.80 0.55
Cabbage 0.40 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.65
Source: David, W.P. Lysimeter studies, 1983
Table 2.6 Percolation Values for Various Soil Textures

Soil Texture Percolation (mm/day)
Clay 1.25
Silty Clay 1.5
Clay Loam 1.75
Silty Clay Loam 1.75
Sandy Clay Loam 2
Sandy Loam 4
Source: NIA – Design Guides and Criteria for Irrigation Canals, O&M Roads, Drainage Channels and
Appurtenant Structures
Table 2.7 Slope of vapor pressure curve for different temperatures

25
Source: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, 1998
Table 2.8 Psychrometric constant for different altitudes
26
Table 2.9 Saturation vapor pressure for different temperatures
Source:Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, 1998
Table 2.10 Daily extraterrestrial radiation (MJ/m2/day) for different latitudes
Source: FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, 1998
27
Table 2.11 Mean daylight hours for different latitudes
28
Table 2.12 Stefan-Boltzman law at different temperatures
29
Table 2.13 Representative Physical Properties of Soils
Infiltration and Total Pore Space Apparent Specific Field Capacity Permanent Wilting
Soil Texture Permeability Gravity Point
cm/hr % % % %
Sandy 5.00 38.00 1.65 9.00 4.00
Sandy Loam 2.50 43.00 1.50 14.00 6.00
Loam 1.30 47.00 1.40 22.00 10.00
Clay Loam 0.80 49.00 1.35 27.00 13.00
Silty Clay 0.25 51.00 1.30 31.00 15.00
Clay 0.50 53.00 1.25 35.00 17.00
2.6 Design Inputs for Hydraulic Design
2.6.1 Design Discharge

The design discharge for the main canal shall be equal to the diversion water requirement while the
design discharge for the main farm ditch shall be equal to the farm water requirement.
2.6.2 Roughness Coefficient
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Table 2.13 Mean Roughness Coefficient for Lined Canals
Lined Canal
Rigid
1. concrete 0.013
2. grout riprap 0.03
3. stone masonry 0.032
4. soil cement 0.022
5. asphalt 0.016
Gravel Riprap
1. 1-inch D50 0.033
2. 2-inch D50 0.041
Rock Riprap
1. 6-inch D50 0.069
2. 12-inch D50 0.078
2.6.3. Canal Cross Section
The recommended shapes for irrigation canals are trapezoidal or rectangular (for lined channels or rock
formation) due to their stability and higher resistance to scouring; thus, the guidelines in this standard
are limited to such shapes.
2.7 Design Inputs for Basin
2.7.1 Shape and Size

As mentioned by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the shape and size of basins are
mainly determined by the land slope, soil type, the available stream size, the required depth of the
irrigation application and farming practices. For the width, the main limitation is the land slope. If the
land slope is steep, the basin should be narrow, otherwise too much earth movement will be needed to
obtain level basins.
Table 2.13 Approximate Values for Maximum Basin or Terrace Width
Slope Maximum Width (m)

(%) Average Range
0.2 45 35 55
31
0.3 37 30 45
0.4 32 25 40
0.5 28 20 35
0.6 25 20 30
0.8 22 15 30
1.0 20 15 25
1.2 17 10 20
1.5 13 10 20
2.0 10 5 15
3.0 7 5 10
4.0 5 3 8
Source: Booher, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Agricultural Development Paper 95:
Surface Irrigation, 1974
Table 2.14 Suggested Basin Areas for Different Soil Types and Rates of Water Flow
Sandy
Flow Rate Sand Loam Clay Loam Clay
l/s cu.m/s ha
30 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.12 0.2
60 0.06 0.04 0.12 0.24 0.4
90 0.09 0.06 0.18 0.36 0.6
32
120 0.12 0.08 0.24 0.48 0.8
150 0.15 0.1 0.3 0.6 1
180 0.18 0.12 0.36 0.72 1.2
210 0.21 0.14 0.42 0.84 1.4
240 0.24 0.16 0.48 0.96 1.6
270 0.27 0.18 0.54 1.08 1.8
300 0.3 0.2 0.6 1.2 2
Source: Booher, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Agricultural Development Paper 95:
Surface Irrigation, 1974
2.8 Design Inputs for Furrow Irrigation

2.8.1 Slope for Furrow Irrigation
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the suitable slopes for furrow irrigation are uniform
flat or gentle slopes. The maximum recommended furrow slope is 0.5% to avoid soil erosion. However,
a minimum grade of 0.05% is recommended so that effective drainage can occur following irrigation or
excessive rainfall. Table 2.15 provides approximate information relating furrow slope, soil type, stream
size and irrigation depth to furrow lengths.
Table 2.15 Practical Values of Maximum Furrow Lengths (M) Depending on Slope, Soil Type,
Stream Size and Net Irrigation Depth
Furrow Maximum Clay Loam Sand

Slope Stream Size Net Irrigation Depth (mm)
(%) (I/s) per furrow 50 75 50 75 50 75
0.0 3.0 100 150 60 90 30 45
0.1 3.0 120 170 90 125 45 60
0.2 2.5 130 180 110 150 60 95
33
0.3 2.0 150 200 130 170 75 110
2.8.2 Soil Types for Furrow Irrigation

In sandy soils water infiltrates rapidly. Furrows should be short, so that water will reach the downstream
end without excessive percolation losses. Also, water moves faster vertically than sideways. Narrow,
deep V-shaped furrows are desirable to reduce the soil area through which water percolates. However,
sandy soils are less stable, and tend to collapse, which may reduce the irrigation efficiency. In clay
soils, the infiltration rate is much lower than in sandy soils. Furrows can be much longer on clayey than
on sandy soils. Also, there is much more lateral movement of water, and the infiltration rate is much
less than for sandy soils. Thus, a wide, shallow furrow is desirable to obtain a large, wetted area to
encourage infiltration.
Figure 2.3 A deep, narrow furrow on a sandy soil
Figure 2.4 A wide, shallow furrow on a clay soil

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the spacing of furrows is influenced by the soil
type and the cultivation practice. As a rule, for sandy soils the spacing should be between 30 and 60
cm, i.e. 30 cm for coarse sand and 60 cm for fine sand. On clay soils, the spacing between two
adjacent furrows should be 75-150 cm. On clay soils, double-ridged furrows - sometimes called beds -
can also be used.
34
Figure 2.5 Double-ridged furrow
2.9 Review of Related Literature and Studies
According to Basak (1999), the process of artificial application of water to the soil for the growth of
agricultural crops is termed irrigation. It is practically a science of planning and designing a water
supply system for the agricultural land to protect the crops from bad effects of drought or low rainfall. It
includes the construction of weirs, dams, barrages and canal systems for the regular supply of water to
the culturable lands. Benefits of irrigation includes: (1) In the period of drought, the yield of crop may be
increased by the irrigation system (2) Protection from famine (3) Improvement of cash crops (4)
Prosperity of farmers (5) Source of revenue (6) Navigation (7) The irrigation canals may be the source
of water supply for domestic and industrial purposes (8) Development of fishery.
Basak also stated the different methods of distribution of water in an irrigation system. It includes
surface method, sub-surface method and sprinkler method. In the surface method, the irrigation water
is distributed to the agricultural land through small channels which flood the area to the required depth.
Under surface methods are furrow and basin irrigation. In the furrow method, the irrigation water is
supplied to the land by digging narrow channels known as furrows at regular intervals. The water flows
through the furrows and infiltrates into the soil and spreads laterally to saturate the root zone of the
crops. This method is suitable for the crops which are sown in rows.
35
Figure 2.6 Furrow Method
In the basin method, each tree or a group of trees are enclosed by a circular channel through which
water flows. The circular channel is known as basin. Each basin is connected to a field channel. The
field channel is again connected to the supply channel. When all the basins are filled with water, the
supply of water is stopped.
Figure 2.7 Basin Method

According to the SURDEV Manual, surface irrigation relies on gravity to spread water over the farmers’
fields. Following the pull of gravity, the water flows over the fields from one end to the other, infiltrating
into the soil as it goes. The most common surface irrigation techniques are level basins, sloping
borders and sloping furrows to distribute irrigation water. The purpose of all these techniques is to
supply water in the right quantity, at the right time and in an even layer, to achieve a uniform crop stand
and minimize water losses.
36
A level basin is a field that has been leveled and entirely bounded. The bunds keep water stored on the
field’s surface so that it can gradually infiltrate into the soil; none of the water is lost to surface runoff.
Basins can be square or rectangular, but they can also have an irregular shape. Peri et al. (1979) state
that a field can be considered a basin as long as the ratio of length to width is not more than about
10:1. Basins work best in areas where the slope is gentle and uniform, and the soil intake is moderate
to low.
Figure 2.8 A level basin

Graded furrows are generally suitable for dry-foot, row crops. Graded furrows can be laid out on
moderate to high slopes. Land grading is less critical in furrows than in basins. Furrows are often used
on medium-to-heavy-textured soils.
37
Figure 2.9 Graded Furrows
Wilfredo P. David (2000) enumerated reasons for the very poor performance of gravity irrigation
systems like the run-of-the-river type. The following reasons are: (1) the policy bias in favor of medium
and large gravity irrigation systems (2) inadequate database for planning (3) inadequate institutional
capacity and mechanisms for integrated irrigation projects planning and development (4) design
mistakes (5) poor quality of construction (6) inadequate and fragmented irrigated agriculture support
services; and (7) the intractability of many of the interrelated socio-economic, institutional and
technical aspects of managing medium and large irrigation systems.
The research shows that in clay soils relatively high efficiencies can be obtained over a wide range of
furrow lengths (100 to 300 m). The furrow inflow of 0.15 cu. m/min, efficiencies between 80% and 90%
can be achieved for lengths ranging from 115 to 330 m. Longer furrow lengths should be used under
these conditions since they make the irrigation system more robust. When using longer furrow lengths,
the irrigation system is less sensitive to variations in furrow inflow, furrow shape, field slope, and
roughness. However, where longer furrow lengths are not possible, the application of water should be
carefully controlled to maintain high efficiencies.
CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS AND STANDARDS
3.1 Design Constraints

Design Constraints are the factors that need to be considered in designing a project. Constraint
describes the relationships between objects and processes. Constraints have to be managed.
Practically, in all cases the constraints’ limiting impact can be reduced or eliminated.
3.1.1 Economic Constraint (Labor, Materials and Equipment Cost)

In all aspects, cost is important. The cost for construction of an irrigation system is considered by the
designers based on the client’s financial difficulties. The designer wants to provide an effective solution
with low cost, by evaluating three irrigation systems Basin, Furrow and Gravity on which is the most
38
economical. But, because of the economic limitation of the design, the quality can be affected, and it
cannot meet the client perspective design. The designers want to provide a way to reduce this problem
by selecting the best irrigation system that can produce good quality with lower cost.
3.1.2 Constructability Constraint (Duration)

The designers considered the convenience and duration of the project construction. If the work is
complex, more workers will be needed which will increase the labor cost of the project. The longer the
construction, the greater the cost.
3.1.3 Serviceability Constraint (Maintenance Cost)

Not only should the irrigation system be affordable, but the proponents also consider the stability of the
irrigation system in the long run. Maintenance plays an essential role in the long-time life of the design,
after the initial cost of the project maintenance cost should look like the project runs in a long term. The
designers need to know which will generate the least cost for controlling and maintaining the efficiency
and effectiveness of the design to validate the suitable trade-off to be used.
3.2 Trade-Offs
To address these multiple constraints, the designers came up with three different systems of irrigation
as their trade-offs. Deliberation will be done to determine which is the most effective that will comply
with the multiple constraints mentioned above. Trade-offs enable the client to decide for the best option
on what kind of system is to be made.
3.2.1 Basin Irrigation System

The Basin Irrigation System is suitable for many field crops, especially paddy rice that grows best when
its roots are submerged in water. The flatter the land surface, the easier to construct basins. According
to Walker and Skogerboe (1987), Basin irrigation is favored in soils with relatively low infiltration rates.
Its design is simpler than either furrow or border design since tail water is prevented from the existing
field and the slopes are usually very small or zero.
39
Figure 3.1 Basin Irrigation System
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Soil Conservation by reducing runoff and erosion Filling and draining basins manually can be
it helps maintain soil structure, fertility and labor-intensive
overall health
Can be adapted to various terrains and soil Water may not be evenly distributed within the
types, making it suitable for a wide range of basin
crops and agricultural settings
Require minimal investment in infrastructure and Occupy considerable land area for the basins,
equipment, making them affordable and limiting crop options and reducing overall crop
accessible density
3.2.2 Furrow Irrigation System

Furrow irrigation is conducted by creating small parallel channels along the field length in the direction
of predominant slope. Water is applied to the top end of each furrow and flows down the field under the
influence of gravity. Water may be supplied using gated pipe, siphon and head ditch, or bank less
systems. The speed of water movement is determined by many factors such as slope, surface
roughness and furrow shape but most importantly by the inflow rate and soil infiltration rate. The
spacing between adjacent furrows is governed by the crop species, common spacings typically range
40
from 0.75 to 2 meters. The crop is planted on the ridge between furrows which may contain a single
row of plants or several rows in the case of a bed type system.
Lower initial investment of equipment increased risk of salt build-up on beds, where
water does not reach.
Minimizing water loss inefficiencies in gravity a larger volume of surface runoff is generated in
irrigation system will allow irrigators to save furrow systems.
money and labor
Lower pumping costs per acre-inch of water more labor-intensive because farm equipment
pumped. needs to be moved among numerous furrows.
Furrow irrigation practice can minimize irrigation

costs and chemical leaching and result in higher
crop yields
Figure 3.2 Furrow Irrigation System
3.2.3 Side-Inlet Irrigation System

Side-inlet irrigation, a type of multiple-inlet irrigation that delivers water to each basin of a rice field at
the same time. The uniform delivery of water to each rice basin is critical to the success of an efficient
system. It can save water and may reduce your production costs. In a side-inlet irrigation system, a
flexible plastic pipe is placed down the side of the field, watering the field from side to side instead of
41
from end to end. The system provides water to each cut in the field at the same time through holes in
the plastic pipe.
Figure 3.3 Side-Inlet Irrigation System
Allow for precise water delivery directly to the Require a significant initial investment in
root zone of plants, minimizing water wastage infrastructure, pipes, valves and pumps
and promoting efficient water use
Can easily adjusted to accommodate different Prone to clogging from debris, sediment, and
soil types, slopes, and crop spacing, making plant material, which can reduce water flow and
agricultural settings necessitate frequent maintenance
Require minimal labor to operate, reducing the High volume can lead to soil erosion, especially
need for manual watering and freeing up time for on sloped terrain, potentially causing nutrient
another task loss and land degradation over time
3.3 3. Designer’s Raw Ranking

The three-irrigation system was considered to satisfy the multiple constraints. By giving the client an
option into which one of the interchange design will be chosen, the designer used the model on trade-
off strategies in engineering design by the process as follows, scaled the criterion’s importance from 0
42
to 10, 10 being the highest and likewise, to satisfy the ability of the criterion it was scaled also from 0 to
10, and 10 being the highest.
.
Computation of ranking for ability to satisfy the criterion of the different system.
Higher Value−Lower Value

% difference= × 10 Equation 3.1
Higher Value
Subordinate Rank=Governing Rank−% difference Equation 3.2
The governing rank is the subjective value set by the designer. It depends on the designer's own
perception on ranking the importance of the constraints. The subordinate rank in Equation 3.2 is a
variable that corresponds to its percentage distance from the governing rank (Otto & Antonsson, 1991).
3.3.4 Sustainability Cost

The designers made an initial estimate for the maintenance cost of the system. In designing
a system, the client's one requirement is the lifetime of the project. If the system can stand
longer, the maintenance cost will decrease. The initial estimate for the maintenance cost is
good for 1 year, for the furrow and basin irrigation system we assumed it to be 10 percent of
the total cost of materials and labor.
System Drip Irrigation Furrow Irrigation Basin Irrigation

Sustainability Cost 9,687.52 10,460.014 18,055.00
Subordinate Rank 5.00 4.26 0.79
Table 3.5 Initial Maintenance Cost
3.3.5 Factor of Safety

In designing a system, we consider the safety factor, it is the load carrying capacity of a
system. The factor of safety is from the finished projects and case studies that involve the
same design.
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN METHODOLOGY
43
4.1 Design Methodology
The designers adopted the design procedures and standards of the Philippine Agricultural Engineering
Standards (PAES) of the University of the Philippines Los Banos and Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as well as the data from a private entity.
4.2 TRADE-OFF NO. 1: BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Basin irrigation is the most common form of surface irrigation, it is suitable for many field crops specially
paddy rice which grows best when its roots are submerged in water. Basin is surrounded by low bunds
that prevent the water from flowing to the adjacent field. The basins are filled to desired depth and the
water is retained until it infiltrates into the soil.
4.2.1 Design Process

The given flowchart shows the procedure for the design of the Basin Irrigation System.
44
Figure 4.2 Design Process for Basin Irrigation System
4.2.2 Design Parameters

The following are the design parameters of the project.
45
Table 4.1 Project Location Details
Name Value
Province Pangasinan
Municipality Bugallon
Barangay San Francisco
Latitude 15.9167
Longitude 120.1833
Elevation above sea level 30
Table 4.2 Field Topography
Name Value Units

Area 52900 sq. m
Slope 0.5 %
Manning Coefficient 0.012
Table 4.3 Crop Characteristics
Name Value
Crop Name Paddy Rice
Growing Days 90 days
Depth of Root Zone 300 mm
Crop Coefficient
0-20% Growth Duration 0.95
Harvest 0.61
Table 4.4 Soil Characteristics
46
Soil Characteristics Value Units
Soil Texture Clay
Infiltration and Permeability 1.25 %
Total Pore Space 53 %
Apparent Specific Gravity 1.25 %
Field Capacity 35 %
Permanent Wilting Point 17 %
Intake Family 0.1
0.49 in/hrA
Coefficient (K) 1.1 mm/minA
12.57 mm/hrA
Empirical Exponent (A) 0.595
Flow Resistance 0.04
4.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
47
The designer adopts the procedure of PAES 602:2016 and FAO in determining the irrigation water
requirement. For the data of maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and
mean daylight hour, the designers use the software CLIMWAT by the Food and Agricultural
Organization of United Nations (FAO) which provides long-term climatology data for evapotranspiration.
CROP WATER REQUIREMENT: Planning the

cropping calendar and crop coefficient,
Determination of actual evapotranspiration (ETa ),
Determination of seepage and percolation rate of the
field (S & P).
FARM WATER REQUIREMENT: Determination of

land soaking (LSR) and land preparation water
requirement (LPWR), Determination of effective
rainfall (ER), Determination of application efficiency.
DIVERSION WATER REQUIREMENT:

Determination of conveyance losses.
Figure 4.3 Design Process for Irrigation Water Requirement
For determining the Reference Evapotranspiration, the designers used the method Penman-Monteith
which provide the most accurate and reliable data at any length period while for the Effective Rainfall
(ER), the designers used the software CROPWAT by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of
United Nations which used USDA S.C. Method.
48
Table 4.5 Results for Irrigation Water Requirement
Conveyance
Month Ref. ET CWR ER LPWR Application Efficiency FWR Losses DWR DWR
mm/day mm/month mm/month mm mm mm/month mm/day
January 3.49643 145.01522 9.50000 104.99643 0.80000 240.51164 0.70000 343.58806 11.45294
February 4.85112 197.58709 4.10000 106.35112 0.80000 299.83822 0.70000 428.34031 14.27801
March 5.45268 197.39992 14.50000 106.95268 0.80000 289.85261 0.70000 414.07515 13.80251
April 6.07617 210.67077 52.40000 107.57617 0.80000 265.84694 0.70000 379.78134 12.65938
May 5.23879 194.66369 144.30000 106.73879 0.80000 157.10248 0.70000 224.43211 7.48107
June 4.43117 182.39921 163.40000 105.93117 0.80000 124.93038 0.70000 178.47197 5.94907
July 4.20102 160.69493 175.80000 105.70102 0.80000 90.59595 0.70000 129.42279 4.31409
August 4.09167 154.11247 186.70000 105.59167 0.80000 73.00414 0.70000 104.29163 3.47639
September 3.97445 157.92573 159.80000 105.47445 0.80000 103.60018 0.70000 148.00026 4.93334
October 4.13543 173.96935 130.00000 105.63543 0.80000 149.60479 0.70000 213.72113 7.12404
November 3.89588 151.74663 54.90000 105.39588 0.80000 202.24251 0.70000 288.91787 9.63060
December 3.79848 145.75667 11.20000 105.29848 0.80000 239.85515 0.70000 342.65021 11.42167
Average 4.47027 172.66181 92.21667 105.97027 0.80000 186.41542 0.70000 266.30774 8.87692
Where:
Ref. ET = Reference Evapotranspiration ER = Effective Rainfall FWR = Farm Water Requirement

CWR = Crop Water Requirement LPWR = Land Preparation Water Requirement DWR = Diversion Water R
49
4.2.4 Required Flow Rate
The highest water depth required for the irrigation to produce is 14.278 mm/day. This water depth will
be used as this is the highest required.
Flow Rate=Required Depth × Area of the Farm
3
mm 1m m
Flow Rate=14.278 × × ( 230 m×230 m ) =755.306
day 1000 mm day
l 1day 1 hrs l
755306 × × =8.74
day 24 hrs 3600 secs sec
l
Flow Rate=8.74
sec
Water is being supplied every 2 days for 4 hours;
l 24 hrs l
Required Flow Rate=8.74 × ×2 days=104.88
sec 4 hrs sec
4.2.5 Cut and Fill

The designers calculated the volume of the soil to be cut and filled for the irrigation water to be uniform
in flow. Designers determine the elevation profile for every width of 10 meters and compute the area to
be cut and fill.
4.2.6 Basin Area

The design procedure is based on the objective of flooding the entire area in a reasonable length of
time so that the desired depth of water can be applied with a degree of uniformity over the entire basin.
To determine the length of the basin, the designer used PAES 607:2016 as a guideline.
For Clay type of soil, the suggested basin area for 104.88 liters/second is 6992 square meters. Based
on the contour map the slope of the farmland is nearly leveled and the maximum width for 0.5 % slope
ranges from 20-35 m.
Suggested Area = Basin Width X Basin Length

Basin Length = Suggested Area / Basin Width
Basin Length = 699.2 / 30
50
Basin Length = 233.06667 m
Since the length of the farm is 230 m, the designers used 230 m as the length of each basin.
Figure 4.4 Basin Dimension
4.2.7 System Evaluation

In most cases, the quality of an irrigation application is judged in terms of adequacy, efficiency and
uniformity. The designers utilize the data gathered from the software BASDEV by International Institute
for Land Reclamation and Improvement and Catholic University of Leuven.
Table 4.6 Data for Evaluation
Minimum Infiltrated Depth 428 mm

Maximum Infiltrated Depth 429 mm
Average Applied Depth 428 mm
Required Depth 428 mm
51
Adequacy
In order to know if the supply of water is sufficient to the field, the designers will calculate the adequacy
of the system. Using the formula.
Dstorage
Storage Efficiency=
Drequired
Where:
Ds =Storage depth
Dreq = Required depth
428.
Storage Efficiency= ×100
428
Storage Efficiency=100 %
Efficiency
To determine the amount of water that will be lost during irrigation, the designers will calculate the
application efficiency of the system. Using the formula.
Ds
Application Efficiency=
Daverage
Where:
Dav = average infiltrated depth
Ds =Storage depth
428
Application Efficiency= ×100
428.5
Application Efficiency=99.89 %
Uniformity
To know the distribution of infiltrated water depths over the length of the field. The designers will
calculate the distribution uniformity. Using the formula;
D min
Distribution Uniformity=
Daverage
52
Where:
Dav = average infiltrated depth
Dmin = minimum infiltrated depth
428
Distribution Uniformity= ×100
428.5
Distribution Uniformity=99.89 %
4.2.8 Hydraulic Design

To determine the dimension of the open channel and its water depth, the designers used manning's
formula.
2 1
1
Manning’s Formula: Q= A R 3 S 2
n
For Most Economic Section (MES):
b=2d
Where:
Flow Rate= 104.88 l/sec

A=Area=b x d
A
R=Hydraulic Radius=
P
P=wetted perimeter=b +2 d
S=channel slope=0.001
n=0.012 for finished concrete
d= water depth
Solving for water depth:
( ) x (0.001)
1
m3 1 d x 2d 2
2
0.10488 = ( d x 2 d ) x x 3
s 0.012 2 d +2 d
d= 0.27373 m or 274 mm
b= 2 x 0.27373 m
53
b= 0.54746 m or 548 mm
4.2.8 Design of Freeboard, Bunds and Water Gates

The freeboard is the height above the irrigation depth to be sure that water will not overtop the bund. As
stated in PAES 603, to determine the freeboard use the following formula and then take the larger
value.
First Formula: Freeboard=0.4∗Water depth

Freeboard=0.4∗0.27373
Freeboard=0.10949m∨110 mm
2
v
Second Formula: Freeboard=0.05∗Water depth+ +(0.05 m¿0.15 m)
2g
2 1
1
v 2= R 3 S 2
n
2 1
1 .274 3
v= ×( ) × 0.001 2
0.012 2
m
v=¿0.70
s
2
v
Freeboard=0.05∗0.27373+ +0.10 m
2 ×9.81
2
0. 70
Freeboard=0.05∗0.27373+ +0.10 m
2 ×9.81
Freeboard=0.13866 m∨139 mm
Therefore, the height of the freeboard is 139 mm.
54
Figure 4.5 Design of Rectangular Channel
For the design of bunds:

Temporary bunds surround fields on which annual crops are grown, these bunds are rebuilt each
season. The bund is usually 600 mm wide and 15 mm to 300 mm in depth.
Figure 4.6 Design of Temporary bunds

Permanent bunds are mostly used in rice cultivation where the same crop is planted on the same fields
year after year.
55
Figure 4.7 Design of Permanent bunds
Water Gates
To supply the required amount of water for the crops the designer calculated the area of the water
gates that will transfer the water from the channel to the farmland. Since the number of basins in the
farm is 7 the required flow rate 104.88 l/s will be divided into 7 so, the required flow rate for each water
gate is 14.98 l/s.
Using most economic section formula;
( )
1
m3 1 d x 2d 2
0.01498 =(d x 2 d ) x x 3
x (0.001) 2
s 0.012 2 d +2 d
d= 0.13194 m or 132 mm
b= 2 x 0.13194m
b= 0.26388 m or 264 mm
56
Figure 4.8 Design of Water Gates
Pump Details
The designers used a centrifugal pump and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes to divert the irrigation supply
to the farmland.
Table 4.7 Data for the PVC Pipe

Pipe Diameter 8 inch
Velocity 9.7 ft/sec
Friction Head 3.1 ft/100ft
Friction Loss 1.3 psi/100ft
Standard 90 Elbow (Friction Head) 20 ft
The vertical distance from the top of the water table to the channel is 4 feet and the length of the pipe
18.
feet.
TDH ×Q × SG
Water Horsepower=
3960
Where:
TDH = Total Dynamic Head in ft
Q= Flow Rate in gallons per minute
SG= Specific Gravity (1 for water)
57
3.1 ft
18 ft × =0.558 ft head
100 ft
90 ° Standard Elbow=20.0 ft
Total Friction Loss=20.0 ft +0.558=20.558
Total Dynamic Head=vertical distance +friction loss
TDH =4 ft +20.558=24.558 ft
24.558 ×1662.38188 ×1
Water Horsepower= =10.30928 hp
3960
10.30928 hp
=14.727 hp
0.70 %
Therefore, 14.727 horsepower is needed to supply in order for the centrifugal pump to run.
4.2.10 Design Perspective for Basin Irrigation System
Figure 4.9 Design Perspective of Basin Irrigation System
4.2.11 Final Specifications
58
Table 4.8 Irrigation Field
Name Value
Length per basin 230.00 m
Width per basin 30.00 m
Area of the Field 52,900.00 m2
Table 4.9 Open Channel Dimensions

Name Value
Inner Width 548.0 mm
Inner Height 413.0 mm
Thickness 100.0 mm
Height of water 274.0 mm
Freeboard 139.0 mm
Manning Coefficient (n) 0.012
Bed Slope 0.001
Table 4.10 Water Gates

Name Value
Width 264.0 mm
Height 413.0 mm
4.3 TRADE-OFF NO. 2: FURROW IRRIGATION

A furrow irrigation system consists of furrows and ridges. The water is applied by means of small
channels or furrows, which follow a uniform longitudinal slope. The method is best suited to row crops
such as maize, potatoes, onions, tomatoes, etc. Furrow irrigation is best suited when utilizing row
crops. Crops that would be damaged if water covered their stem should be irrigated by furrows. Uniform
flat or gentle slopes are preferred for furrow irrigation and furrows can be used on most soil types. The
flow chart presented shows the procedure for the design of furrow irrigation.
59
Figure 4.10 Design Process for Furrow Irrigation System
60
Name Value
Province Pangasinan
Latitude 15.9167
Longitude 120.1833

Name Value
Length 230 m
Width 230 m
Area 52,900 square meters
Slope 0.05%
Manning’s coefficient 0.04
61
Table 4.13 Furrow Characteristics
Name Value
Required depth 100 mm
Maximum velocity 13 m/min
Side Slopes 1.5:1.0
Spacing 100 cm
Bed Width 200 cm
Slope 0.001
Intake Family 0.1
Infiltration parameter A 0.317
Infiltration parameter k 0.00383 (m/minA)
Infiltration parameter fo 0.000035 (m/min)

62
cropping calendar and crop coefficient,
Determination of actual evapotranspiration (ETa ),
Determination of seepage and percolation rate of the
field (S & P).


63
Conveyance
January 3.49643 145.01522 9.50000 104.99643 0.80000 240.51164 0.70000 343.58806 11.45294
February 4.85112 197.58709 4.10000 106.35112 0.80000 299.83822 0.70000 428.34031 14.27801
March 5.45268 197.39992 14.50000 106.95268 0.80000 289.85261 0.70000 414.07515 13.80251
April 6.07617 210.67077 52.40000 107.57617 0.80000 265.84694 0.70000 379.78134 12.65938
May 5.23879 194.66369 144.30000 106.73879 0.80000 157.10248 0.70000 224.43211 7.48107
June 4.43117 182.39921 163.40000 105.93117 0.80000 124.93038 0.70000 178.47197 5.94907
July 4.20102 160.69493 175.80000 105.70102 0.80000 90.59595 0.70000 129.42279 4.31409
August 4.09167 154.11247 186.70000 105.59167 0.80000 73.00414 0.70000 104.29163 3.47639
September 3.97445 157.92573 159.80000 105.47445 0.80000 103.60018 0.70000 148.00026 4.93334
October 4.13543 173.96935 130.00000 105.63543 0.80000 149.60479 0.70000 213.72113 7.12404
November 3.89588 151.74663 54.90000 105.39588 0.80000 202.24251 0.70000 288.91787 9.63060
December 3.79848 145.75667 11.20000 105.29848 0.80000 239.85515 0.70000 342.65021 11.42167
Average 4.47027 172.66181 92.21667 105.97027 0.80000 186.41542 0.70000 266.30774 8.87692
Where: ER = Effective Rainfall DWR = Diversion Water Requirement

LPWR = Land Preparation Water Requirement
FWR = Farm Water Requirement
CWR = Crop Water Requirement
64
4.3.4 Required Flow Rate for Furrow Irrigation
In computing the required flow rate, the formula below is used:
( ( ))
C2 1
n
Q max = V max C1 0.5
1−C 2
60 So
Vmax = Maximum non-erosive velocity = 13 m/min

C1 and C2 = Geometric constants
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient = 0.04
So = Bed Slope = 0.05%
( ( ))
C2 1
0.04
Qmax = 13C 1 0.5
1−C 2
60(0.05)
Qmax= 0.26 l/s

4.3.5 System Efficiency
The quality of an irrigation application is judged in terms of adequacy, efficiency and uniformity.
Adequacy
It refers to whether sufficient water was supplied to the field. The adequacy of an irrigation system is
expressed in terms of storage efficiency.
Ds
E s=
Dreq
Where:
Ds= Storage depth = 100 mm
Dreq= Required depth = 100 mm
100
E s= =1=100 %
100
Efficiency
It is a relative measure of how much water is lost during the irrigation. The formula for the application
efficiency used is:
Ea = 1 – DPR – SRR
65
Where:
DPR = Deep percolation ratio = 0.09
SRR = Soil runoff ratio = 0.24
Ea = 1 – 0.09 – 0.24 = 0.67 or 67%
Using a tail water ratio of 0.85 which could be,

55%SRR x 0.85 = 11.22%
Ea = 67% + 11.22%
Ea = 78.22%
Uniformity
It refers to the distribution of infiltrated water depths over the length of the field. And the formula used
is:
Dmin
DU =
Dav
Where:
Dav = average infiltrated depth = 116.065 mm
Dmin = minimum infiltrated depth = 89.23mm
89.23
E a=
116.065
E a=76.88 %
4.3.6 Hydraulic Design

To determine the dimension of the open channel and its water depth, the designers used manning's
formula. Using most economic sections.
2 1
1
Manning’s Formula: Q= A R 3 S 2
n
b=2d
66
Where:
Flow Rate= 3.12 l/sec

A=Area=b x d
R= Hydraulic Radius
P= Wetted Perimeter
S=Channel Slope
n=0.012 for finished concrete
d= water depth
Solving for water depth:
( ) x( 0.001)
1
−3 m3 1 d x2d 2
2
3.12 ×10 =( d x 2d ) x x 3
s 0.012 d+ 2 d
d= 0.07326 m or 74 mm
b= 2d
b=2(0.07326)
b= 0.14652 or 147 mm
Design of Freeboard
First Formula: Freeboard=0.4∗Water depth

Freeboard=0.4∗0.07326
2
v
Second Formula: Freeboard=0.05∗Water depth+ +(0.05 m¿0.15 m)
2g
2 1
1
v 2= R 3 S 2
n
1
1 .069 23
v= ×( ) × 0.001 2
0.012 2
67
m
v=¿0.29
s
2
v
Freeboard=0.05∗d + +0.10 m
2 ×9.81
2
0. 28
Freeboard=0.05∗0.07326 + +0.05 m
2 × 9.81
Therefore, the height of the freeboard is 58 mm.
4.3.7 Furrow Layout Design

The designers based the furrow layout on the given standard sizes and measurements of the by Food
and Agricultural Organization of United Nations (FAO).
1. Furrow Length
- For clayey soils, the standard furrow length is 300 to 400 m. But according to FAO,
it is more economical to use a furrow length which is similar to the length of the
field. In line with this, the designers used 230 m as the furrow length.
2. Slope
- A minimum grade of 0.05% is used so that effective drainage can occur following
irrigation or excessive rainfall.
3. Furrow Shape
68
- In clay soils, there is much more lateral movement of water and the infiltration rate
is much less than for sandy soils. Thus, a wide shallow furrow is desirable to
obtain a large wetted area to encourage infiltration.
4. Furrow Spacing
- On clay soils, the spacing between two adjacent furrows should be 75-150 cm.
- The designers used 100 cm as the standard for furrow spacing
5. Number of furrows
- To determine the number of furrows, the formula used is shown below:
Number of furrows= furrow length/furrow spacing

Number of furrows= 230 m/1 m
Number of furrows= 230 furrows
4.3.8 Design Perspective


Name Value
Length 230.0 m
Area 52,900.0 m2
Slope 0.05%
Table 4.16 Furrow Channel

Name Value
Bed width 200.0 mm
Spacing 1,000.0 mm
Side slope 1.5:1.0 mm
69
Table 4.17 Open Channel Dimensions
Name Value
Height 720.0 mm
Width of channel 590.5 mm
Slope 0.001
4.4 TRADE-OFF NO. 3: SIDE-INLET IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Side inlet irrigation systems deliver water to each bay of a rice field at the same time. This is usually
accomplished by placing above ground irrigation pipe along the side of the field with inlets into each
bay. Side inlet rice irrigation provides greater control of water and is easier to manage. The benefits of
the side inlet system include water conservation, lower energy cost, and reduced cold water damage to
rice.
70
The given flowchart shows the procedure for the design of the Gravity Irrigation System.
START
A
DESIGN PARAMETERS FARM DIMENSION AND LEEVES HEIGHT

Location details, field topography, soil, and determining the size of a farm and the height
crop characteristics influence agricultural of levees or embankments used for flood
practices. control or irrigation.
DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATION
WATER REQUIREMENT DETERMINING NUMBER OF BLUE GATES
It's about figuring out the right amount of involves calculating the quantity of blue gates
water for crops, based on factors like soil, required for a specific purpose or application,
crop type, weather, and water loss. considering factors such as flow rate, water
distribution needs, and system efficiency.
COMPUTATION OF REQUIRED FLOW PUMP DESIGN

RATE is about creating efficient system for moving
A
It's about figuring out how fast a fluid, usually fluids like water, focusing on selecting the
water, needs to flow to meet certain needs or right pump and optimizing its performance.
goals.
CUT AND FILL

leveling uneven ground by removing soil from DESIGN PERSPECTIVE
high spots and using it to fill in low spots.
POLY TUBING SIZE

refers to the diameter of polyethylene tubing, FINAL SPECIFICATIONS
crucial for determining its suitability and flow
capacity in various applications.
A END
71
Figure 4.14 Design Process for Gravity Irrigation System

Name Value
Province Pangasinan
Latitude 15.9167
Longitude 120.1833
Name Value Units

Area 52900 sq. m
Slope 0.5 %
Manning Coefficient 0.012
Table 4.20 Crop Characteristics
Name Value
Crop Name Paddy Rice
Growing Days 90 days
Depth of Root Zone 300 mm
Crop Coefficient
70-90% Growth Duration 1.10 72
Harvest 0.61
Table 4.21 Soil Characteristics
Soil Characteristics Value Units
Soil Texture Clay
Infiltration and Permeability 1.25 %
Total Pore Space 53 %
Apparent Specific Gravity 1.25 %
Field Capacity 35 %
Permanent Wilting Point 17 %
Intake Family 0.1
0.49 in/hrA
Coefficient (K) 1.1 mm/minA
12.57 mm/hrA
Empirical Exponent (A) 0.595

73
cropping calendar and crop coefficient, Determination
of actual evapotranspiration, Determination of
seepage and percolation rate of the field (S & P).


74
Conveyance
January 3.49643 145.01522 9.50000 104.99643 0.80000 240.51164 0.70000 343.58806 11.45294
February 4.85112 197.58709 4.10000 106.35112 0.80000 299.83822 0.70000 428.34031 14.27801
March 5.45268 197.39992 14.50000 106.95268 0.80000 289.85261 0.70000 414.07515 13.80251
April 6.07617 210.67077 52.40000 107.57617 0.80000 265.84694 0.70000 379.78134 12.65938
May 5.23879 194.66369 144.30000 106.73879 0.80000 157.10248 0.70000 224.43211 7.48107
June 4.43117 182.39921 163.40000 105.93117 0.80000 124.93038 0.70000 178.47197 5.94907
July 4.20102 160.69493 175.80000 105.70102 0.80000 90.59595 0.70000 129.42279 4.31409
August 4.09167 154.11247 186.70000 105.59167 0.80000 73.00414 0.70000 104.29163 3.47639
September 3.97445 157.92573 159.80000 105.47445 0.80000 103.60018 0.70000 148.00026 4.93334
October 4.13543 173.96935 130.00000 105.63543 0.80000 149.60479 0.70000 213.72113 7.12404
November 3.89588 151.74663 54.90000 105.39588 0.80000 202.24251 0.70000 288.91787 9.63060
December 3.79848 145.75667 11.20000 105.29848 0.80000 239.85515 0.70000 342.65021 11.42167
Average 4.47027 172.66181 92.21667 105.97027 0.80000 186.41542 0.70000 266.30774 8.87692
Where: CWR = Crop Water Requirement FWR = Farm Water Requirement

ER = Effective Rainfall DWR = Diversion Water Requirement
LPWR = Land Preparation Water Requirement
75
76
4.4.4 Required Flow Rate
In computing the required flow rate, the formula below is used
Flow Rate=Required Depth × Area of the Farm
3
mm 1m m
Flow Rate=14.278 × × ( 230 m×230 m ) =755.306
day 1000 mm day
l 1day 1 hrs l
755306 × × =8.74
day 24 hrs 3600 secs sec
l
Flow Rate=8.74
sec
Water is being supplied every 1 day for 6 hours;
l 24 hrs l
Required Flow Rate=8.74 × ×1 day=34.96
sec 6 hrs sec
4.4.5 Cut and Fill
4.4.6 Poly Tubing Size

As stated by the National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), the tubing size for 1,200 to 2200
GPM is 15 inches.
4.4.7 Field Design

The designers used the SCS National Engineering Handbook to determine the area, number of basin in
the field and levees height.
Where:
Area of the field = 5.29 hectares or 13.07 acres
l
Flow= 34.96 or 1.2346 cfs
sec
Net depth of application (Fn) = 1.8 inches
77
The time required for the net depth of application Fn=1.8 inches to infiltrate the soil is Tn=345
minutes.
1
of Tn to cover 1 basin = 86.25 minutes
4
Tn
Average depth of water in surface storage at the end of
4
1
d= × 2.4 inches = 1.2 in
2
Minimum required stream size per acre (q)
(0.62+1.2)(13.07) cfs
q= =0.2757
86.25 acre
Maximum size of Basin

1.2346 cfs
=4.478 acres
cfs
0.2757
acre
Required Number of Basin

13.07187
=2.91∨3 basin
4.478
Thus the 5.29 hectares field is divided into 3 basins of 1.80 hectares each.
Required Height for Levee

The levee is a continuous ridge for confining the irrigation areas of land to flooding. The levee should
be 90 degrees from the line of the poly tubing.
Vertical Interval Between Levees = 60 mm

Depth of Water to be applied = 92 mm
Freeboard = 92 mm
Settlement Allowance = 92 mm
Thus, the height of the levees is 336 mm.

78
4.4.8 Determining Number of Blue Gates
The average flow of 2.5 inches blue gates is 75 GPM/gates. This flow will be higher or lower depending
on pressure in the tubing but 75 GPM is a good average
First, calculate the flow per acre 34.96 l/sec (554.129 GPM) and the field size 5.29 hectares
(13.07187 acres)
554.129 GPM GPM

=42.39095
13.07187 acres acres
Second, calculate the flow per basin based on the size of the basin 1.80 hectares (4.478 acres)
and the flow per acre (42.39095 GPM per acre)
GPM
4.478 acres ×42.39095 =189.826674 GPM
acres
Finally, calculate the number of blue gates needed per basin:
189.82667 GPM
=2.5∨3 gates per basin
GPM
75
gates
Therefore, the number of gates for every 1.80 hectares is 3. The total 2.5 inches blue gate is 9.
4.4.9 Pump Details
The designers used a centrifugal pump and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes to divert the irrigation supply
to the farmland.
79
Table 4.7 Data for the PVC Pipe
Pipe Diameter 14 inch
Velocity 1.8 ft/sec
Friction Head 0.07 ft/100ft
Friction Loss 1.30.03 psi/100ft
Standard 90 Elbow (Friction Head) 20 ft
The vertical distance from the top of the water table to the channel is 4 feet and the length of the pipe
25
feet.
TDH ×Q × SG
Water Horsepower=
3960
Where:
TDH = Total Dynamic Head in ft
Q= Flow Rate in gallons per minute
SG= Specific Gravity (1 for water)
0.07 ft
25 ft × =0.0175 ft head
100 ft
90 ° Standard Elbow=20.0 ft
Total Friction Loss=20.0 ft +0.0175=20.0175
Total Dynamic Head=vertical distance +friction loss
TDH =4 ft +20.0175=24.0175 ft
24.0175 ×554.129 ×1
Water Horsepower= =3.3608 hp
3960
80
3.3608 hp
=4.80 hp
0.70
Therefore, 4.80 horsepower is needed to supply for the centrifugal pump to run
81
Name Value
Area per basin 1.80 hectares
Number of Basin 3
Area of the Field 52,900.00 m2
Table 4.9 Details of Blue Gates and Poly Tubing

Name Value
Diameter of Blue gates 2.5 inch
Diameter of Poly Tubing 2.5 inch
Number of Blue Gates per Basin 3
Number of Blue Gates in the Field 9
Table 4.10 Pump Details

Name Value
Diameter 14 inches
Length 25 ft
90-degree elbow diameter 14 inches
Pump Horsepower 4.80 hp
82
CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN
5.1 Final Design

The purpose of the project is to design a water distribution system in Barangay. San Francisco,
Bugallon, Pangasinan in consideration of multiple constraints, trade-offs and standards. The designers
presented Furrow Irrigation, Basin Irrigation and Side-Inlet as trade-offs. The trade-offs will be
evaluated in terms of Economic, Constructability, Serviceability and Crop Production as provided by the
client’s requirements.
The decision on which to choose for the design of the irrigation system was practically based after
considering all the influence of multiple constraints, trade-offs and standards. Upon evaluating the
result of the designer's raw ranking Furrow Irrigation prevails over Basin Irrigation and Side-Inlet to be
used as an irrigation system. Therefore, the designers concluded to have the Furrow Irrigation. The
final results and design to be adapted is shown below.
Rectangular Channel Furrow Irrigation System Layout:
Rectangular Channel Furrow Irrigation System Layout:
1. Main Water Source:
 Utilize water from local rivers or canals as the primary water source.
 Install intake structures or diversion channels to direct water into the irrigation system.
83
2. Furrows:
 Create rectangular furrows within each irrigation block.
 Orient furrows perpendicular to the direction of the secondary distribution channels.
 Dimensions:
 Width: 590.0 mm
 Depth: 720.0 mm
 Length: Span the length of the field or as needed based on crop spacing.
3. Monitoring Points:
 Place monitoring points at strategic locations along the distribution channels and furrows.
 Monitor water levels and flow rates to ensure uniform water distribution.
4. Access Paths:
 Provide access paths along the perimeter of the fields and between irrigation blocks.
 Facilitate maintenance and operation of the irrigation system.
Considerations:
 Slope: Design the channels with a slight slope to facilitate water flow and prevent stagnation.
 Lining: Line the channels with concrete or geomembrane to minimize seepage losses.
 Maintenance: Regularly inspect and maintain inlet structures, channels, and furrows to prevent
blockages and ensure proper functioning.
 Water Management: Implement efficient water management practices, such as scheduling

irrigation based on crop water requirements and soil moisture levels.
84
Figure 5.2 Furrow Irrigation
Furrow Layout
Orientation: Straight furrows perpendicular to the slope gradient to prevent water runoff. The furrow
irrigation system layout should be designed carefully to optimize water use efficiency and crop yield
while promoting sustainability and soil conservation in Bugallon, Pangasinan. Adjustments to the layout
may be necessary based on specific field conditions and crop requirements.
85
Figure 5.3 Siphons for Furrow Irrigation system
Siphons are a common and effective method used in furrow irrigation systems to transfer water from a
main supply channel or ditch into individual furrows. They work on the principle of gravity and
atmospheric pressure, allowing water to flow over an elevation gradient. This method is particularly
useful in areas with gently sloping terrain.
1. Siphon Tubes:
 Material: Typically made of flexible polyethylene or rigid PVC.

 Diameter: Common diameters range from 1 inch to 3 inches, depending on the flow rate
required.
 Length: The length of the siphon tube should be sufficient to reach from the main supply
channel over the ditch bank into the furrow.
2. Main Supply Channel:
 Construction: Can be an earthen ditch, lined channel, or concrete canal.

 Location: Positioned at a higher elevation than the furrows to facilitate gravity flow.
3. Furrows:
 Design: Typically, 30 meters long, spaced 1 meter apart, and 15 cm deep.
Slope: Should be gently sloping to ensure even water distribution
Setting Up the Siphon System
1. Preparation:
 Ensure that the main supply channel is clean and free of debris.
 Check that the furrows are properly shaped and free from obstructions.
86
2. Priming the Siphon:
 Method 1: Submerge the entire siphon tube in the water supply until it is filled completely, then
quickly cover one end with your thumb and place it over the ditch bank into the furrow.
 Method 2: Use a siphon starter pump or a venturi tube to prime the siphon, creating a vacuum
that draws water into the tube.
3. Placement:
 Position the inlet end of the siphon tube in the main supply channel.
 Ensure the outlet end is securely placed in the furrow, directing water flow.
Operation and Maintenance
1. Monitoring:
 Regularly check the flow rate to ensure each furrow is receiving an adequate amount of water.
 Adjust the siphons as necessary to account for changes in water levels or flow rates.
2. Maintenance:
 Keep the siphon tubes clean and free of algae or sediment buildup.
 Inspect for any signs of wear or damage and replace tubes as needed.
3. Storage:
 Store siphon tubes in a cool, dry place when not in use to prolong their lifespan.
Advantages of Using Siphons
1. Cost-Effective: Siphons are relatively inexpensive compared to other irrigation methods.
2. Efficiency: Allows precise control over water distribution to individual furrows.
3. Simplicity: Easy to set up and operate with minimal technical knowledge required.
4. Flexibility: Can be easily moved and adjusted to suit different irrigation needs.
87
Figure 5.4. Furrow irrigation is conveyed through small channels with a gentle slope towards
the downstream
The construction process began with land preparation and excavation for the furrows. PVC pipes were
laid according to the designed layout, and control structures were installed at designated locations. The
spacing of these channels generally correspond to the spacing of the crop to be established.
Water Supply
Furrows are well suited to nearly any irrigation delivery rate because the number of rows irrigated in a
set can be varied as needed. Water quality irrigation water may be of good quality, or it may contain
considerable amounts of colloidal material or various salts and minerals Maas, Most irrigation water
contains appreciable amounts of various salts or minerals that can be beneficial or harmful, depending
on the kinds being carried. Plant use of soil moisture contributes to the accumulation of salts as
presented in Photo.
Water Source and Distribution
 Primary Source: Local river or canal system.

 Distribution System: Gravity-fed flow from main canal to field ditches.
 Field Ditches: Distribute water evenly along the straight furrows.
88
Figure 5.5. Accumulation of salts in the furrow ridge due to evaporation from soil surface
straight furrow
89
Figure 5.6. Straight Furrows are small irrigation channels on relatively flat area.
straight furrows are small irrigation channels on relatively flat land laid out either in the direction of or
across the slope of the land photo, They are constructed in a straight line, preferably parallel to a field
boundary, and have a continuous, nearly uniform slope in the direction of irrigation. The length of time
that water must flow in the furrows depends on the amount of water required to refill the root zone
When water reaches the lower end of the furrow, the flow rate must be reduced to prevent excessive
runoff or provisions must be made to dispose of the tail water safely or to recover and reapply it.
Final Specifications
90
Irrigation Field
Name Value
Length 230.0 m
Area 52,900.0 m2
Slope 0.05%
Furrow Channel
Name Value
Bed width 200.0 mm
Spacing 1,000.0 mm
Side slope 1.5:1.0 mm
Open Channel Dimensions

Name Value
Height 720.0 mm
Width of channel 590.5 mm
Slope 0.001
Design Project Cost Maintenance Cost
Furrow Irrigation 15,870,000.00 1,587,000.00
91
Environmental and Sustainability Considerations for Furrow Irrigation System in Bugallon,
Pangasinan
Implementing a furrow irrigation system in Bugallon, Pangasinan, requires specific environmental and
sustainability considerations due to the region's unique agricultural practices, climate, and topography.
This section outlines strategies to conserve soil and water, enhance biodiversity, and promote
sustainable farming practices tailored to the local context.
Category Considerations Description
Contour Furrowing: Align furrows along the contour to

Soil Conservation Erosion Control reduce erosion and improve water infiltration.
Terracing: Implement terracing on steep slopes to create

flat planting areas and reduce runoff.
Minimal Tillage Practices: Maintain soil structure and

Reduced Tillage organic matter content.
No-Till Farming: Reduce soil disturbance to maintain soil

health and prevent erosion.
Composting: Use locally available organic waste to

Organic Amendments enhance soil organic matter and fertility.
Green Manure: Incorporate green manure crops to improve

soil structure and fertility.
Scheduled Irrigation: Implement precise irrigation

Water Conservation Efficient Water Use scheduling based on crop and soil moisture needs.
Alternate Furrow Irrigation: Reduce water usage and

evaporation losses.
Organic Mulch: Apply locally sourced organic mulch to

Mulching reduce evaporation and maintain soil moisture.
92
Plastic Mulch: Use for high-value crops to regulate soil

temperature and reduce evaporation.
Drainage and Reuse: Capture and recycle runoff water to

Tailwater Recovery reduce overall water demand.
Diversified Cropping Systems: Implement crop rotation to

Sustainable Practices Crop Rotation break pest cycles and improve soil health.
Legume Integration: Incorporate legumes to naturally fix

atmospheric nitrogen.
Integrated Pest Biological Control: Use beneficial insects and natural

Management (IPM) predators to manage pests.
Cultural Practices: Employ practices like crop rotation and

resistant varieties to reduce pest pressure.
Natural Fertilizers: Use compost and animal manure to

Organic Farming provide nutrients and improve soil health.
Avoid Synthetic Chemicals: Minimize synthetic pesticides

and herbicides, adopt organic methods.
Biodiversity Habitat Creation: Establish buffer zones and wildlife

Enhancement habitats to support biodiversity.
Pollinator Support: Plant flowering species to attract and

support pollinators like bees and butterflies.
Renewable Energy Solar Pumps: Utilize solar-powered pumps to reduce

Integration Solar-Powered Irrigation reliance on non-renewable energy sources.
Renewable Energy Systems: Integrate wind or solar power

for irrigation infrastructure.
Energy Efficiency Energy-Saving Equipment: Invest in energy-efficient
93
irrigation equipment and conduct regular maintenance.
Climate Change Drought-Resistant Crops: Select crop varieties resistant to

Adaptation Resilient Crop Varieties drought and extreme weather.
Climate-Smart Practices: Adopt practices that improve

resilience to climate variability.
Monitoring and Weather Monitoring: Use weather stations and forecasts to

Flexibility inform irrigation scheduling.
Adaptive Management: Be flexible in management to

adjust to changing climatic conditions.
Community and Capacity Building: Provide training on sustainable irrigation

Education Initiatives Farmer Training practices and soil conservation.
Extension Services: Utilize services to disseminate

sustainable farming knowledge and technologies.
Participatory Approaches: Engage local communities in

Community Involvement planning and implementation.
Collaborative Projects: Foster projects between farmers,

government, and NGOs to promote sustainability.
This table provides a structured overview of the key environmental and sustainability considerations for
furrow irrigation in Bugallon, Pangasinan, facilitating the implementation of a system that enhances
agricultural productivity while protecting and sustaining the environment.
Bill Of Quantities
Item Description Unit Price (PHP) Quantity Total (PHP)
1. Excavation and Preparation
Excavation of furrows Excavation of furrows at ₱20/sqm ₱20 52,900 sqm ₱1,058,000
94
Item Description Unit Price (PHP) Quantity Total (PHP)
Land preparation (if needed) Land preparation (if needed) at ₱50,000/lot ₱50,000 1 lot ₱50,000
2. Piping and Fittings
PVC pipes (main lines) PVC pipes (main lines) estimated ₱150/sqm 52,900 sqm ₱7,935,000
PVC pipes (lateral lines) PVC pipes (lateral lines) estimated ₱120/sqm 52,900 sqm ₱6,348,000
3. Valves and Controls
Gate valves Gate valves estimated ₱3,500/unit 20 units ₱70,000
Check valves Check valves estimated ₱1,500/unit 30 units ₱45,000
Control valves Control valves estimated ₱5,000/unit 10 units ₱50,000
4. Pumps and Pumping System
Pump unit(s) Pump unit(s) estimated ₱250,000/unit 4 units ₱1,000,000
Pump installation Pump installation estimated ₱100,000 4 units ₱400,000
5. Filters and Filtration System
Sand filters Sand filters estimated ₱30,000/unit 5 units ₱150,000
Screen filters Screen filters estimated ₱20,000/unit 5 units ₱100,000
6. Labor Costs
Excavation labor Excavation labor estimated ₱10,000/day 10 days ₱100,000
Installation labor Installation labor estimated ₱15,000/day 15 days ₱225,000
7. Miscellaneous
Transport and logistics Transport and logistics estimated ₱100,000 1 lot ₱100,000
8. Contingency (10% of total)
Contingency 10% of total TBD TBD TBD
Total Estimated Cost ₱17,436,000
here's an estimated detailed table outlining the Bill of Quantities for a furrow irrigation system covering
a 52,900 sqm area
Material Schedule
This breakdown allows for the completion of the furrow irrigation system installation within the specified
timeframe. However, please note that these are estimates, and actual durations may vary based on
factors such as weather conditions, availability of labor and materials, and project complexity.
95
Day Activity Materials Required Quantity
1 Site Preparation Shovels, hoes 5 each
2-5 Canal Excavation Pickaxes, spades, wheelbarrows 10 each, 2
6-10 Main Canal Construction PVC pipes (6 inches diameter), couplings, cement 200 m, 10 kg
11-15 Field Ditch Construction PVC pipes (4 inches diameter), fittings, cement 400 m, 5 kg
16-20 Gate Installation Gate valves, PVC pipes, fittings 10 sets
21-25 Furrow Preparation Plows, harrows 2 each
26-30 Mulching Organic mulch (rice straw), plastic mulch 500 kg, 200 m²
31-35 Solar Panel Installation Solar panels, mounting frames, cables 10 panels
36-40 Pump Installation and Connection Solar-powered pump, PVC pipes, fittings, cables 1 unit
41-45 Sensor Installation and Calibration Soil moisture sensors, weather station 5 sets
46-50 Training and Education for Farmers Training materials, facilitator -
51-55 System Testing and Adjustment Tools for testing and adjustment -
This schedule outlines the activities and materials required for each stage of implementing the furrow
irrigation system over a 55-day period. Adjustments may be needed based on specific site conditions
and project timelines.
96
Gantt Chart
PROJECT Design of Irrigation System
LOCATION Barangay. San Francisco,Bugallon, Pangasinan
SUBJECT Furrow Irrigation System
I. GENEREALREQUIREMENT
a. Mobilization/ Demobilization 4 days 1 1 1 1
b. Temporary Utilities & consumption 3 days 1 1 1
c. Temporary Facilities & Worker's Bunk House 3 days 1 1 1
d.Testing of Materials 2 days 1 1
e. Site Survey 2 days 1 1
f. Site Preparation/ Fencing 3 days 1 1 1
g. Clearing, Cleaning, Hauling and Disposal of Construction Debris 4 days 1 1 1 1
h. Soil and Water Sampling 3 days 1 1 1
i. Soil and Water Analysis 12 days 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
j. Site Supervision 54 days 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
II. CONSTRUCTION
a. Valve Construction and Testing 16 days 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b. Set up Field Lay out 1 days 1
c. Land Levelling 3 days 1 1 1
d. GPS Check 1 days 1
e. Obtain Crop 5 days 1 1 1 1 1
f. Ridging 2 days 1 1
g. Trench 2 days 1 1
h. Pipe Laying, Drippers 2 days 1 1
i. Valve set up 2 days 1 1
j. System Testing 3 days 1 1 1
k. Adjustment 2 days 1 1
l. Crop Planting 2 days 1 1
m. Installation of monitoring devices 2 days 1 1
97
References
https://www.fao.org/4/t0231e/t0231e04.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344881304_Management_of_Furrow_Irrigation_Technology_and_Its_Risk_Assessments_A_review
https://www.fao.org/4/t0231e/t0231e07.htm#5.4%20furrow%20irrigation%20flow%20rates,%20cutoff%20times,%20and%20field%20layouts
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unit-2-irrigation-methods/250974634
https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12183513_02.pdf
https://www.bafs.da.gov.ph/bafs_admin/admin_page/pns_file/2022-10-05-PNS%20BAFS%20PAES%20222_2017-%20Design%20of%20Basin,%20Border
%20and%20Furrow%20Irrigation%20Systems.pdf
https://www.fao.org/4/ai596e/ai596e.pdf
98
Appendix A
99

CE 020 S2 Group Mogpo 2 - FINAL - NEW 1

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CE 020 S2 Group Mogpo 2 - FINAL - NEW 1

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MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE INFORMATION

CE 020 STRUCTURAL CE DESIGN PROJECT 2

Benjamin J. Mogpo III

Design of Irrigation System at Barangay. San Francisco,

Design of Irrigation System at Barangay. San Francisco,

A Final Design Project

In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course

Abbreviations and Symbols

PSA - Philippine Statistics Authority

CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND..............................................................................................15

1.1 The Project.............................................................................................................................15

1.2 Statement of the Problem...................................................................................................... 15

1.3 Project Location..................................................................................................................... 15

1.5 Scope and Limitations............................................................................................................17

1.7 Project Development..............................................................................................................18

CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.......................................20

2.1 Design Criteria....................................................................................................................... 20

2.2 Topography and Slope...........................................................................................................22

2.3 Soil Type and Characteristics.................................................................................................22

2.4 Climate Data.............................................................................................................................. 25

2.7 Design Inputs for Basin..............................................................................................................32

2.8 Design Inputs for Furrow Irrigation.............................................................................................33

2.9 Review of Related Literature and Studies..................................................................................35

CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS AND STANDARDS.......................................................39

3.1 Design Constraints................................................................................................................39

3.1.1 Economic Constraint (Labor, Materials and Equipment Cost).............................................39

3.1.3 Serviceability Constraint (Maintenance Cost).......................................................................39

3.1.4 Crop Production....................................................................................................................39

3.2.1 Basin Irrigation System.......................................................................................................... 40

3.2.2 Furrow Irrigation System........................................................................................................41

3.2.3 Side-Inlet Irrigation System....................................................................................................42

3.3 Designer’s Raw Ranking............................................................................................................43

3.3.1 Initial Cost Estimate............................................................................................................... 45

3.3.2 Economic (Labor, Materials and Equipment Cost)................................................................45

3.3.3 Material Cost..........................................................................................................................46

3.3.4 Sustainability Cost................................................................................................................ 47

3.3.5 Factor of Safety......................................................................................................................49

CHAPTER 4: DESIGN METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................. 50

4.1 Design Methodology.................................................................................................................. 50

4.2 TRADE-OFF NO. 1: BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM.................................................................51

4.3 TRADE-OFF NO. 2: FURROW IRRIGATION.............................................................................66

4.4 TRADE-OFF NO. 3: SIDE-INLET IRRIGATION SYSTEM.....................................................78

CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN.................................................................................................................90

5.1 Final Design................................................................................................................................. 90

Table 2.1 Major Crops: Percentage Distribution of Production by Region (2015)..................................21

Table 2.2 Tabulation of Borehole............................................................................................................22

Table 2.3 Soil Fertility Indicators.............................................................................................................24

Table 2.4 Physical Soil Qualities............................................................................................................ 24

Table 2.5 Climate Data of Bugallon, Pangasinan...................................................................................25

Table 2.5 Crop Coefficient for Various Type of Crops............................................................................26

Table 2.6 Percolation Values for Various Soil Textures..........................................................................26

Table 2.7 Slope of vapor pressure curve for different temperatures.......................................................27

Table 2.8 Psychrometric constant for different altitudes.........................................................................27

Table 2.9 Saturation vapor pressure for different temperatures.............................................................28

Table 2.10 Daily extraterrestrial radiation (MJ/m2/day) for different latitudes.........................................28

Table 2.11 Mean daylight hours for different latitudes............................................................................29

Table 2.12 Stefan-Boltzman law at different temperatures.....................................................................30

Table 2.13 Representative Physical Properties of Soils.........................................................................31

Table 2.13 Mean Roughness Coefficient for Lined Canals.....................................................................31