sOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Construct a 2 x 3 matrix, whose elements a, are given by a, = (i + j .

Solution The required matrix has 2 rows and 3 columns.

given by A = a1
It is 12 13
a21 a22 a23

Now, a11 (1 + 1) =
2; a12 =
(1 + 2) = 3 ; a13 =
(1 +
3) 4;
(2 + 1) = 3 ; a2 (2 2) = 4 ; a3 =
(2 + 3) = 5.
a21
So, the required matrix is
2 3 4
A|3 4 5
Example 2. If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
Since all matrices of order (1 x 8), (8 x 1), (2 x 4) or (4 x 2) contain 8 elemente
Solution:
matrix containing 8 elements can have any of the following orders
(1 x 8), (8x 1), (2 x 4) or (4 x 2)

2 3
Example 3. Find the values of a, b, c and d, if l -6
1 c 2d
2 3
Solution : Givenh -6 1 c- 2d]
We know that the corresponding elements of equal matrices are equal.
b =1 and -6 2d
2 c, a =3, = C -

Thus, we have a =
3, b = 1 and c = 2.

Also, c - 2d = -6 2 -

2d = -6

= 2d = 8 d 4.
Hence, a =
3, b= 1, c = 2 and d = 4.
x-3 4 2 b +6
Example 4. Find the values of x, y, a and b, when
y+5-2 0 a9
We know that the corresponding elements of equal matrices are equal.
Solution:
b 6, y 5 =0 and 2 a 9
2, 4
=
3 + +
-
-

= =
-

Thus, we have
5 and (-2 + 9) = 7
x = (2 + 3) =
5, b = (4 -

6) = -

2, y = (0 -

5) = -

a =

5, y =
5, a = 7 and b = -

2.
Hence,
-

x =

Foundation Mathematics
for Ca
106
 xample 5.
Find the value
10S of x, y,
rc 2x +3y a-2b a and 0,

corresponding elements2aof+b 3x -2y636 118

We know that
the
S o l u t i o n :

2x +3y a-26_3 81 equal matrices

are
20+b
3x -2y]|6 11 equal. So,
2 x + 3y = 3, a -
2b 8; 2a +b 6
(2x + 3y = 3,3-
2y =
11)
and 3x - 2y 11
=

and (a -2b 8, + b
Now, 2a + 3y = 3
...i) 2a =
= 6)

3x-2y = 11
ii)
Multiplying (i) by 2 and (iu) by 3 and
(4x + 9x) =
(6 + 33) > 13x
adding, we get
39 » x=
=3.
Putting x = 3 in (i), we get

6+3y = 3 3y =-3 y
= -1.
Also, a -

26 = 8 ..iii)
2a + b 6

Multiplying (iv) by 2 and

adding (iü) with it, we get
5a = 20 a = 4.

Putting a = 4 in (iü), we get

4- 2b = 8 2b = 4 -

8 = -

4 b = - 2.
Hence, * = 3, y = -- 1, a = 4 and b = - 2 .

Transpose of a Matrix
Let A be a given matrix. Then, the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns
of A is called the transpose of A, denoted by A'.
If A is an (m x n) matrix, then A' is an (n x m) matrix.

Example 6. Find the transpose of each of the following matrices.

(i)A=2 7] 3 -5] (i) C [-8 9 2
(i) B =2
10 6
5 4 LA

Solution Clearly, we have -8

2 1 (ii) C' =| 9|
5 (ii) B = 3 0
i )A'= 2
7-4 -5 6
EXERCISE 9A

matrices
Write the order of each of the following
2
[6 (iv)8-3
4
(ii)
) 3 - 5 7] (ii)-3 6
2
-6 94 1 -8

107
() (vi) [10
 ehr

2. Classify the following matrices:

9 7
(i) 3 (ii) (iii) 18 -7 21
9 4
6 0 0
0 0 01
(ivo 1 ()0 3
0 0-2
0 (vi)
0 0 0]
3. Construct a (2x 3) matrix, whose elements a are given by a (3i
=
-j).
4. Construct a (3 x 2) matrix la;]3 2 for which a;
x (i x j). =

5. If a matrix has 4 elements, what are possible orders it can have?

6. If a matrix has 6 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?

7. Find the values and a when

a+3 4 -1 c 3
of a, b, c
-2 b-6 d+1 2

8. Find the values of x and y when

5x +3[12
2x- L 7
9. Find the values of x, y, a and b when x+y a - b
31
a +b 2x -3y -5
10. Find the transpose of each of the matrices given below:

) A =
2 3 () B = [5 7 -3] (iii) C = -2
5 4 - -
6
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. If
4 -2 57
5.and C = 3
A=57 7B=3

2 -2 4 find A+ B -

C.

Solution We have
A+B-C =A + B +(- C)
4 2 3 5 -1)x1 -1)x x3
5 -4 2 -1)x-2) -1)x 4

4-2 3 5 [-1 -3|

-4
5 7-4-2
Matrices
 4+3 -2+5 -1 3
5+(-4) 7+ -2) 2 -4
7 3-1 37(-1) 3+ -3)6
12 5+(-4)3 1
Example 2. 1A 5 3 -4
andR- 2 )
5 find 2A 3B
Solution: We have:
2A+3B =2 34 +3 2
6
2x3 2x(-4)
357
3x(-1) 3x2|
2x5 2 x6 3x5 3x7

6-8-3 6_6+(-3) -8+6 3-2

10 12|15 2110+ 15 =

12 +21 25 33
Hence, 2A + 3B = 3-2
25 33
Example 3. Compute 5.3 4
2. [1 -3
Solution We have: 2-6 -2 4
53 5x3 5x4 2x1 2x(-3)
2-6 -2 4 5x2 5x(-6)2x(-2) 2x4
15 202-6
10 -30-4 8
15-2 20-(-6) 13 20 613 26
10-(-4) 30-8 10+4
-3814 -38

Example 4. 1f 2. _7 0 find
110 5 the values of x and y.

Solution We have
10 5
2x3 2x4 7 0
2x5 2xx| 10 5
6 8 7 0
10 2x0 1]|10 5
6+1 8+y|_7 0
10+0 2x+1105
7 8+y17 0
10 2x+1 10 5
Foundation Mathematics for Ca
110
 8+y = 0 and
2x + 1 =
5
y = - 8 and a = 2.
Hence, x = 2 and y = - 8,

4
mple 5. IfA
=-3 1nd B 3 1 Rd a

We have matrix Xsuch tihal 3A+ AX

Solution
3A +4X 5B
=
5B
=
> 4X =
(5B -

3A)
4X =5B +(-3)AA
X=15B+(-3A.
Now, 5B +(-3)A

==53
5.
1+ (-3) -3 5x-2 5x 4
5x3 5x1 -3)x23)x-3)
-3)x
-3)x0
(-3) (-)1
(-3)x1
-10 20- -10+(-6)
15
5l9 -3 20+0-16 20
15+9 5+
(-3)24 2
: X
[5B+ -3)A]
=

1|-16 20 x-16)x 20 4 5
4 24

Example 6. f A= 4 90 find the matris Xsuch that

8 4 o and C=o

A + 2X = 2B + C. (2013)

Solution: We have: A + 2X = 2B+ C 2X = 2B +C - A

X 2 B + C - A)

-3 24 0 2 -6
Now, (2B+C A) =2. 4 0o 2 2 0
2x(-3) 2x24 0_2-6
l 2x4 2x0lo 2 2 0

4+0-(-6)4
4+64 10
-6+4-2
8+0-2 0+2-0 6

x4)x10-2 5
1 -4 10_|2 3 1
-28.C-A)=2 A)
2 6*2
-

X 6
2 111

Matrices
 43 -find the values of s, y and z.
Solution: We have

3x2 3xxl,[2x4 2x3

3x1 3x 02xy 2x215 4
6 3x8 61 3
3 2y 415 4
[6+8 3r +6 -3 14 3x+6 -3
3+2y 0+4 15 43+2y 4154
1 4 z , 3x + 6 = -3, 3 + 2y = 15 2 = 14, x = -3 and y = 6.

Hence, x = -

3, y = 6 and z =14.

Example 8. f X+ Y=|,and X- Y= |5 7find matrices X and Y.

Solution: On adding, we get:

X Y)+ X-Y) = 3|-5 7

5+1 2+-10)
2X =
1+-5) 3+7
6-8
2X4 10
3
6-8
X-4 10
x4)x
2
10 -2 5
On subtracting, we get

CX + Y) -
(X -

Y) =

-5 7
5 2 -1 -(-10
2Y13|--5) -7
9V-5 2-1 10_5+(-1) 2+10] [4 12
Y=35 -71+5 3+-7)6 4|
6
3-2
Hence, X=-23 and Y 2 6
for Cias
Foundation Mathematics
 EXERCISE 9B
1. IfA = 2 -3 4, find (i) 5A (ii) (-4)A (iii) - A.

4], find () 3M (i)

[6
M
-

2. If
M =

(iii) -

2M.

3. If C=
3-find () 2C i)C
3
iii) C

0 61 find M.
4. If6M-12 24]

5. A-3 75and B 2
1f and 5find: i) A+B (i) A -

B (ii) B - A.

6.If M=
2 3 and N = find (i) 2M +5N
3 2 (ii) 4N 3M

2 4 1 3 2
5
7. Given that: A
=

32.B -2 5
and
C=| 3 4 find
() 2A + 3B (ii) 3B - 2C (iii) 3A 2B +4C

8. Let A5 01 -31
-2 andC-4 4
Find (3A +4B 5C).
4 63 1
9. Find matrix X such that
a X +
|-3 7-5 -2
Hint: X + A = B X
=(B - A).]
-2 and B |-7 3 , find matrix C such that A B C =0.
IfA 4 5 a + -

10. If A
Hint: A + B -

C = 0 ^C =A + B.
-3 2 1 0
11. (i) Given A- 2 B - 4 a n d C o 2
(2004)
A X 2B + C.
Find the matrix X such that
=
+

(2008)
M.
find the matrix
i) 1f-23 +2M =o -3 ,
2A + 3B -

5X =O.
1 2 find X such that
6 2 and a matrix
12. If A =5 4 B=-5 1' (2A + 3B)J
3B) A =

int: 2A + 3B -

5X =O = 5X =(2A +

[5 0
2X + Y =
|-3 3
X such that,
13. If Y= find a matrix
.
15 Y) =X =
(A -

Y|
(A
=A» 2X
-

11 27
=

nt: 2X + Y
5 4and A - B = |-1

such that,
A + B | 7 3ada 113
matrices A and B
f ind
Mrin
 4
15. Compute :
63 63
6.| 3
16. Simplify : sin A|sin A -cOS AA |
+cosA|
cOs A Sin A
Cos A Sin A -sin A cos A

17. Show that : cos6 sin 6 sin 6 -cos

0 1 0
cos 0. +Sin 0.
sin 6 cos 0 cos 0 sin e 0 1
18. If 3.2 o+2/4 3 -3 find the values of x, y and z.
215 4
5 6 7 8
2 -
19. (i) If 3. find the values of x
86 7 and v.

3 41 [1 7
(ii) If 2.5 x find the values ofx and y.
0 1 10 55
(iii) Find the value of x and y if
7 6-71 10 71
9 y-514 5 22 15
 Multiplication of Matrices en

y or
nytw matrieo9 A nnd , the product AB
Number of columnn in A exists only, wher
Number of rows in B.
(: f A i an (1n)matrix nd B
in n n p matrix, then AB i8 an Im
rn pD. matr
m.

A AB

mn np mip
) . kth element of AB =
(i-th row of A) x (h-th column of B).
Product of Two Matrices each of
Order (2 x 2)
fA and B are matrices each of
order (2 x 2), then AB is a (2 2) matrix
AR-1st row ofA given by
AB = x
Ist column of B 1st row of A 2nd column of B
2nd row of A x 1st
column of B 2nd row of A 2nd column of B
Let A = 11 d12 and B= b by2 Then,
a21 22J b21 by2
AB=1 G12|b bh2RC RC2
a21 g2 lb2 b2RC RCa
+d12b a1b2 +G12b22
agb +
ag2b21 a21b12 t
a22bz2

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. IfA = 2 3 and B =

[5 2 find AB and BA. AB
,
Is =
BA? Whai do you conclude
1 4 1 3
Solution: 2 |35
= | 22
We have: AB I 4|1 3

114 Foundation Mathematics for Class

 1st row of A
x
2nd row lst
of A x
column ofi B 1st
1st
column of B 2nd rovw of A 2nd
2x5+3x1 2x2+3x3 row of A colunn of B
1x5+4x1 1x2+4x35+4
10+3 2+129
4+9 [13
2nd
column of B

BA- 3 3
5+4 2+129 1413

1st row of B x 1st

2nd row of B column of A 1st
column of A 2nd row of B
x lst 2nd column of A
row of B
5x2+2x1 5x3+2x4 10 15+8 [12
2nd column ofA

Clearly, AB BA.
1x2+3x1 1x3+3x4 2+3+2 3+12 23
515
Multiplication of matrices is not commutative.
Example 2. f A=| B - 4 and C5= ,
6 find ) (AB)C (ü) A(BC)
Is (AB)C = A(BC)?

Solution: We have:
()
A-8
1x2+0 x4 1x(-1)+0x1 2 1
2x2+3x4 2x(-1)+3x1 16 1
(AB)C
2-1|-2
=
3
16 1 56
-9 0
2x(-2)+ (-1)x5 2x3+(-1)x6|
16x(-2)+1x5
16x3+1x6 -27 54
BC = 1 2 3]
BC 4
(ii) 1|5 6 0
2x3+(-1)x6|-9
(-1)x5
2 x(-2) +
4x3+1x6 -3 18
4x-2)+1x5

1 0-9 01
ACBC)=l2 3-3 18
1x(-9)+0x(-3) 1x0+0x18-9 0
2x(-9)+3x(-3) 2x0+3x18-27 54

A(BC). + C i )AB
+AC.
(i) A(B
=
(AB)C
Clearly, find
d Ca32
4
Example 3. fA=
fA=|2 5
AC?
115

AB+

+ C) =

Is A(B
 ane
n

Solution: We have:
(i)

1+1 3+02 3
6+-3) 4+ (-2)3 2
2
ABC) = 632

0x 2+(-1) x3 0x 3+(-1)x 2-3 2

2x2+5x3 2x3+5x2 19 16
AB0-1
ii)

0x1+(-1) x6 0x3+(-1)x4-6-4
2x1+5x6 2x3+5x4 32 26
AC
2 5-3-2
0x1+(-1)x (-3) 0x0+(-1)x(-2)| [ 3 2
I 2x1+5x(-3) 2x0+5x(-2)-13 -10
C--6-4 3
AB+ AC =|
32 26l-13 -10
-6)+3 (-4)+2 -3-2
32+(-13) 26+(-10)19 16
Hence, A(B + C) = AB + AC.

Example 4. Given: A
=oB - and C and BA =C Findthevaluesofponi
2008
Solution We have
BA = C2

x P 2-2] [2 -2

Oxp+(-9) x0 0x0+(-g)x22x2+(-2) x2 2x(-2)+(-2)x2

1xp+0x0 1x0+0x2] | 2x2+2x2 2x(-2)+2x2 J

[0+0 0-241 4+(-4) (-4)+(-4)

p+0 0+0 4+4 -4)+4

0-2_

p 8 and -2q -8 =

p 8 and q 4. =

8 and q = 4.
Hence, p =

Foundation Mathematics
for ClasS"

116
 1 0
3 and
If A =-1 2 an
I
o =\of n d A* -5A 4 2012
de 5.
We have:
Solution:

A-1 2:|-1 2]
3x3+1x(-1) 3x1+1x2 9+(-1) 3+2 8 5
-1) x3+2x(-1) -1)x1 +2x2] |-3) + (-2) (-1) + 4-5 3

5A = -5).A = (-6)-1
3 1
2

[ (-5) x3 (-5) x1|-15 5

-5)x-1) (-5)x 2 5 -10

71 i 01 [7 0
=
7x0 10 7
A2-5A+ 7I = A* + (-5) A +7I

8 5 -15

8+-15)+7 5+(-5)+00 0
-5+5+0 3+ (-10) +7 o
A2- 5A + 71 = 0, where O is a (2 x 2) zero matrix.
3 5
Example 6. Let A = 4 - a
2n d B = s the product AB possible? Give reason. If yes, find
AB
Solution Here A is a (2 x 2) matrix and B is a (2 x 1) matrix.
Number of columns in A = Number of rows in B.
So, AB exists and it is a (2 x 1) matrix.

Now, AB
3 51

3x2+5x4 6+20 26
4x2+(-2) x 4 8+ (-8) 0

Hence, AB =
[26

Example 7. Given-3 4 (2012)

X.
Write (i) the order of the matrix X (i) the matrix

2 1
Solution Pat3 4-AandB
6
Then, AX = B. (Given)
117
Matrices
 A 2.
of columns in
=

Number of rows in X = Number

in AX = B = 1.
Number of columns in X = Number of columns

Hence, X is a (2 x 1) matrix.

(i) Let X = Then

-3
[ 2x+y7
-3x+4y 16]
2x+y = 7 ..(i)
-3x+4y =6 ..(ii)
and adding, we get:
On multiplying (i) by 3, (ii) by 2
11y33 y 3. =

Substituting y 3 in (i) we get 2x

= 4 x =2. =

Hence, X 3

Example 8. Find x and y if (201

Solution We have
3
y 41
2x +3x 5
2y+4|12]
5a 5
L612
x = 5 and 6y = 12 x =l and y = 2.
Hence, x = 1 and y = 2.

Example 9.
1 o-3 242 fnd the values of a, y and z.
Solution: We have 11
oll-3 24 2
4-3 3x +2 11
4r -
4
3
=y, 3x + 2 11,
34] 3 = z
z =
3, x =3 andy =9.
Hence, x 3, y 9 and z =
=
3.

Example 10. Find x and y, if

(200-
Solution: We have
118
Foundation Aai
 mph

6x-2
-2x+4+4] L
6x-2-8 -2x+14"4 8
6x-10
-2 +4 +104 -2x +14
8
6 x - 10 8
and - 2x + 14 =
4y
6 r = 18 and y =
(-2x + 14)

3 and y +14)
-
= =

4 -2.
Hence, x = 3 and y =
2.

Example 11. Find a matrix A such that A. 3 4

9 2
-1214 22
3 4
Solution Let B -1 .

Then, AB 2
2 =

14 22
Since AB exists, we have
Number of columns in A Number of rows =
in B 2.
Number of rows in A Number of rows in AB =
=

Thus, A has 2 rows and 2 columns. =2.

A is a (2 x 2) matrix.

Let A = 67 Then,
cd
9 2

a b1 3 419 2 3a-b 4a +269 2

l al-1 2 14 223e-d 4c+2d14 22
d 14, 4c + 2d = 22)
2) and (3c
=

(8a -

b =9, 4a + 2b =

3c d 14 .ii)
3a - b = 9 .)
4c + 2d = 22 ...iv)
=2 ...ti) and adding (iv) to it,
4a+2b 2
(ii) Multiplying (ii) by
by 2 and adding
ultiplying (i)
weget:
to it, we get 10c = 50 c =5.
we get
10a 2 0 a = 2 c = 5 in (ui),
Substituting
get d 1.
2 in (), we =
14
Substituting a =

3 x5 -d =

3 x 2 b = 9 b =
-

3
c
5 and d = 1.
a = 2 and b = -
3

Hence, A = 2
5
3
1 119
 Example 12. Let M
hr a natrix such that Mx02 -
{4 71
State the order of
M nd ti) find M
Solution 21
)Lt Nl Then, MN 14 71
Since MN exists, we have
Number of columns in
MNumber of
Also, Number of rows in M rowa in N
2
Thus, M has 1 row and = Number of rows in MN
2
columns i
The order of M is (1 x
2).
() Let M la bl. Then.
=

34-71la bl =14 -7
2a + 0 x b 36]
a =
14 71
2a a + 361 = |4 - 7

2a = 4 and a + 36 =
- 7 a =2 and b = 3.
M = l2 -3).
-

Example 13. Ealuate S 30 2 cos 60°4 51

sin 90° 2 cos 0°
Solution We havee
L
J5 4
4 sin 30°P 2 cos
60 4 5
sin 90° 2 cos 05 4
sin 30° Sin 90 =1
F

1 2x
cos 60° Cos 0° =1
2 114 5 2x 4 +1x5 2x 5+1x4] 13 14
1 2 5 41x4+2x5 1x5+2x4 14 13
Hence, the required product is 13 14
14 13
EXERCISE 9C
2 1
1. Given A 2 =

1 3
and B =
|3 2

(i) Write down the product matrix AB.

(ii) Would it be possible to fornm the product matrix BA? I so, compute BA; if not. ge
reasons why it is not possible.

2. Let A = 9-1and B =

3
(i) Show that AB exists and write its order. (ii) Find AB.

FRHOgatin Mathematics for Class

3.
Let M = [1 -

2] and N =
|2 11
that MN exists and
write its
(ii) Find MN. order.
iii) Docs NM
Let A |2 3] and B
=
oxist? Give
=
4. reasons.
Show that AB BA both exist.
Write the order
(ii) BA. of each.
Find (i) AB
31 B =21
5. Let A= 2 -1and
Find () AB (i) BA (iii) Is AB =BA?
6. Let A
=
and =-3 4show that AB +BA.
B

7. Let A
=

4 and B-43
Find the matrix (AB + BA).

8.1fA 2 4.B = -

2 and C
=| show that AB -
AC.
9. Let A =

|-3 o and C =

|-2 2Verify that: (AB) C =A(BC).

10.Let A=| 2.B-2 and C

Compute: (i) A (B + C) (i) (AB + AC) (ii) Is A (B + C) = (AB + AC)?

11. Let A 3 =

.B- c-i
B) C (ii) AC BC (iii) Is (A - B) C = (AC -

BC)?
(0) (A
-

Compute : -

-2 2
3
12. Given A= -1 4B= C5 and D=
(2010)
Find AB+ 2C 4D
B.
(2007)
1 0 .FindFind (A A B +
A2 1and
13. Given A= B=
2 -2 3
o and C=|1 -1
14. (1) Let A =
6 -3 (2018)
10C.
AC +B-
AC
and C =findfind (2006)
A =|2 3. B 1
) If A 7
=

Gi) =

A' is the
order and
A + BC) of the
same

Find (A2 -

matrix

the identity (2011)

[4 -2 and I is

15. If A-13.B-1 3
+ B).
(A'B
transpose of A, find O.
5A+ 7I =
121
3 1 that A2 -
show
16. If
A-1 2
*

Afi
 17.If A = show that GA A91

2
18. Given A = evaluate A2+ GA)
|34
0 1
19. 1f A show that
A I.
=

= =

o
ab b
20. If A = , show that A2 =0.
-a-ab

21. 1f A =la
2-3
b find a and b so that A2 = I.

2
22. If A = l0 12
1 and B = o4 1and A2 = B, find the value of x.

2 30 -4
23. Find matrix A such that A. 4 510 3
24. Find matrix X such that9

25. Let A be a matrix such that A. | 3 2-9 -11

() Write the order of A (ii) Find A

26. Given M = 6 I, where M is a matrix and I is unit matrix of order 2 x 2.

(i) State the order of matrix M.

(i) Find the matrix M. (2019

27. Let A be a matrix such that

(i) Write the order of A (i) Find A.

[8 Find a matrix C such that AC = B.

28. i) Let A =| and B=-17
Git) Let A =
3 2 and B-2 Find a matrix C such that AC = B.
|-1 1 4
= 3 and B = 2 17 and A2 5B =5C. Find matrix C, where C is a 2 by
29. (i) IfA If A andB
-

= =
29. 3 4 (2017

matrix.

f atioc fac GlassS^

which

B | l 1] Find the
matrix X if,
=
matrix

(ii)
Given
8 3 X = B2 -4B. Honce, solve for a and

a 5
given X b 5 0 (2017)

E v a l u a t e
thout using tables
30.
30.
2 cos 6 0
-

2 sin
c o s 0
30°
° J
cot 45
s e c6 0 °
cosec 30°
- tan 45°
sin 90°

31. fA=| aB- and AB =

O, find the values of x and y.

32. If 0 1G , find the values of x and y.

, find the values of x and y.

2 *3 find the values of x and y.

34.l y 3y]2]
a b and AB (A + B), find the values of a, b and.
=|
=

35. Given
that
A =|oB C
2x * 3 (2009)
36. Find x and y it y 3y2

(2016)
and A2 9A +mI. Find m.
GivenAA =||-1 andI =
=

37.
37. Given =

7 (2015)
-16 , x and y when A = B.
38. If A= 3 and B =
|
find

(2014)
39. Find x and y if [-201-1+s23
3 1 2x]