Holt-Emerah Joshua IT Report

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A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

PECOTECH POWER SERVICES

BY
UNUEFE EJOVWOKOGHENE

MATRIC NUMBER:
COT/2175/2016 LEVEL: 400

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING


COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

PERIOD OF ATTACHMENT

APRIL 2021- AUGUST 2021

SUBMITTED TO:

THE SIWES UNIT AND THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND


ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM
RESOURCES, EFFURUN, DELTA STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING


(B.ENG)

1
CERTIFICATION

This is to certify, that this Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
report was undertaken, prepared and submitted by UNUEFE EJOVWOKOGHENE
with matriculation number COT/2175/2016 at Pecotech Power Services, to the
department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum
Resources, Effurun.

Engr. Dr O.D Samuel _________________

SIWES SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE


DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to The Almighty God for his guidance and protection through
my stay at the company, dedicate it to my lovely mom for her care, support and
continuous advice and also to all the staffs at Pecotech Power Services, especially
Engr, B.C Obi for his knowledge.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Give all praises to God my creator, source of wisdom and understanding. He has been
a great source of inspiration during my industrial training.
I am greatly indebted to my mom, Mrs Sarah Unuefe for her emotional support,
prayers, encouragement during this training.
I thank and very grafeful to the University under the leadership of Professor Akii
Ibhadode for ensuring that students do not miss out on the industrial application of
classroom theoretical knowledge by sending them to various industries to gain such
knowledge and experience. I appreciate the Industrial Training Coordination Centre
for dutifully carrying out its tasks with diligence in achieving the University’s aim.
A big thanks to Engr B.C Obi my industry based IT supervisor, Pecotech software
tech lead Mr David, Mr. Gauis Technician of Electrical Engineering and
Instrumentation at Pecotech Power Services for their care, assistance and
understanding as well as diligence in impacting knowledge and the undying desire to
learn and improve oneself.
Finally, to my Institution based supervisor, Engr Dr O.D Samuel for his advice and
support, to my other friends and colleagues like, Holt-Emerah Joshua, Amena
Mudiaga, Edhere Oghenerukevwe, and Ohwojeheri Sharon, thank you all. I am very
grateful.
ABSTRACT

This report sheds light on the experience garnered during my six (6) months of
industrial training attachment at Nigerian Gas Company Limited, a subsidiary of The
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, concerned with the transportation of
natural gas.
This report also gives the full details of all the activities I was involved in during this
training period. Chapter one contains the introduction, which discusses the brief
history of SIWES, the company profile/organizational chart, natural gas: its economic
importance to the society, chapter two to five discusses my work as an intern at the
company, chapter six offers my recommendation to SIWES and the company as well
as conclusion and references.
This report discusses the hands-on technical skills gained during the training period
and justifies the relevance of the SIWES scheme in equipping students with the
needed technical competence in order to thrive in the real world.
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skills development


programme initiated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), in 1973 to bridge the gap
between theory and practice among students of engineering and technology in
Institutions of Higher Learning in Nigeria. It provides for on-the-job practical
experience for students as they are exposed to work methods and techniques in
handling equipment and machinery that may not be available in their Institutions.

At inception in 1974, the Scheme started with 784 Students from 11 Institutions and
104 eligible courses. By 2008, 210,390 Students from 219 Institutions participated in
the Scheme with over 112 eligible courses. However, the rapid growth and expansion
of SIWES, has occurred against the backdrop of successive economic crises which
have affected the smooth operation and administration of the Scheme. Most industries
in Nigeria today, are operating below installed capacity while others are completely
shut down (Manufacturing Association, 2003-2006).

The Scheme varies in duration between institutions and among programs and it is
funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria while it is administered by the ITF in
collaboration with the NUC. Participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-
condition for the award of diploma and degree certificates in specific disciplines in
most institutions of higher learning in the country, in accordance with the education
policy of the government.

1.2 AIM
The aim of SIWES is to bring into being graduates who are practically oriented and
equipped in all paraphernalia of Engineering, and also to provide placements in
industries for students of higher institution of learning approved by relevant
regulating authority to acquire work experience and skills relevant to their course of
study and prepare students for the real work situation they are likely to meet after
graduation.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES


The objectives of SIWES are;
1. Provide students with opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in
real world situations thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.
2. Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process
and prepare students for employment in industry and commerce.
3. To prepare the students for the stiff challenges ahead.
4. To enhance the technical quality of Nigerian tertiary institution graduates to
create an opportunity for social interaction with different categories of students in
different institutions thereby encouraging everlasting friendship.
5. Prepare students for industrial work situation that they are likely to meet after
graduation.
6. Expose students for work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machinery that may not be available in their various institutions.
7. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance
students’ contacts for later job placement
1.4 BENEFITS OF SIWES
The Industrial Attachment seeks to offer Students a practical translation of the theory
they have been taught. It has also gotten individual benefit of liaising the University
to the Industries hence brightening the employment chances of the Students in the
University. Through this Attachment, I have generated a good interpersonal
relationship through my interaction with my supervisors and my colleagues. This has
assisted me to interact confidently with people irrespective of their position.

1.5 INTRODUCTION TO NIGERIAN GAS COMPANY (NGC)


The Nigerian Gas Company Limited (NGC) was established in 1988 as one of the
eleven (11) subsidiaries of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). The
company was initially established to efficiently gather, treat, transmit and market
Nigeria's natural gas and its by-products to major industrial and utility gas distribution
companies in Nigeria and neighboring countries.
Basically, NGC is responsible for the development of an efficient gas industry that
would fully serve the domestic energy needs and provide industrial feedstock
requirements through a national integrated pipelines network. The company is also
poised to establish Nigeria’s presence in the international natural gas market,
particularly the West African sub-region through the export of gas and its derivatives.

1.5.1 ROLE OF NGC AS THE GAS ARM OF NNPC

NGC’s role as the gas arm of NNPC is:

a) Transmission and distribution of natural gas from producing fields to customers


b) Marketing of natural gas and its derivatives nationally and within the ECOWAS
sub region
c) Development of a national, integrated pipeline transmission network.
d) Development and recommendation of policies on gas utilization and pricing to
government.

1.5.2 NGC VISION STATEMENT


To be the preferred gas company of to all the present and future customers.

1.5.3 NGC MISSION STATEMENT


NGC is committed to adding value to the Gas and making it energy resource of the
first choice for the benefit of all Nigerians and Stake holders.

1.6 THE DEPARTMENTS AT NGC AND THEIR FUNCTIONS


The Nigerian gas company limited (NGC) is a company that operates on the
specialties of division of labour. Thereby operational processes and activities are
divided into several department for full and upmost performances of different sectors
and sections of the company for smooth running and operation healthy performance.

The various departments under NGC are as follows:


1. ADMIN/ MANAGEMENT
2. HSE (Health Safety and Environment)
3. MTCE (Maintenance)
4. SECURITY

The duties of the above listed department is as follows:

1. ADMINISTRATIVE/MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT
1. Meet all agreed performance and business targets
2. Ensure that performance information is processed, recorded accurately and
forwarded to the appropriate recipients within specified timescales
3. Sourcing and recruitment of drivers, industrial trainee, graduate trainees and
staffs
4. Ensure that the activities comply with Company policies, procedures and
agreements ensuring these are in accordance with statutory regulations and
legislation

2. HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT


1. The Safety Officer is responsible for monitoring and assessing hazardous and
unsafe situations.
2. Developing measures to assure personnel safety.
3. Correct unsafe acts or conditions through the regular line of authority.
4. May exercise emergency authority to prevent or stop unsafe acts when
immediate action is required.
5. The Safety Officer maintains awareness of active and developing situations.
6. Ensures there are safety messages in each Incident Action Plan.
3. MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT
1. Supervising team of skilled substation and relay protection personnel to
maintain, troubleshoot and repair all types of medium and high voltage
substation equipment, apparatus, and protection and control systems.
2. Right of way maintenance.
3. Refurbishment of buildings and corrosion systems.
4. Mechanical bodies supervision and maintenance.

4. SECURITY DEPARTMENT
1. Secures premises and personnel by patrolling property; monitoring
surveillance equipment; inspecting buildings, equipment, and access points;
permitting entry.
2. Obtains help by sounding distress or invasion alarms.
3. Prevents losses and damage by reporting irregularities; informing violators of
policy and procedures; restraining trespassers.
4. Carry out regular checks on perimeter fencing, gates, building doors and
windows to detect any breach or defects & needs to repair and ensure the
security integrity of the premises.
5. Monitor and detect for pilferages and sabotage to Company's asset /
properties and operations.

1.6 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL GAS


Natural gas, the resource which the Nigeria Gas Company is responsible for its
transportation, contributes to the Nigerian economy in the following ways:

Power generation
The gas sector has contributed immensely to electricity generation in Nigeria. Natural
gas is used in driving steam and gas turbines as a fuel for power generation. The
power sector stands out as the largest consumer of natural gas. The sector accounts for
about 72% of gas consumed in Nigeria. Some power stations use gas to fire their
steam and gas turbines such as Ijora, Afam, Egbin, Ughelli and Sapele power stations.
The uses of gas for electricity generation hold the ace for uninterrupted power supply
in Nigeria, given the abundance of gas.

Employment opportunities through Industrialization


The gas sector has helped in sustaining jobs in the petrochemical industries both
directly and indirectly. The major component of this sustainability of the industry is
the availability natural gas to power the industry and serves as feed stocks to the
production of industrial petrochemicals. Presently, about 82% of organic chemicals
are supplied by natural gas and crude oil.

Improved agricultural productivity


A major essential input into agricultural productivity is the application of fertilizers to
the soil to enhance crop growth and yield. The use of Nitrogenous fertilizers,
herbicides and fungicides, irrigational piping, mulching with plastic films, packaging
and storage of food items are basically from the rise of natural gas in fertilizers
producing films. Ammonia, urea and nitrate fertilizers are all products from the
fertilizers producing industries which have helped in no small measure in improving
agricultural productivity as well as helped in creating new jobs and sustaining existing
jobs in the agricultural sector.
CHAPTER TWO

GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER IN NGC

NGC performs their daily operational activities making use electricity supply from
Benin Electricity Distribution Company (BEDC), and an independent power
generation from 2 standby diesel generators.

2.2 BENIN ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANY (BEDC)


Benin Electricity Distribution Plc. (BEDC) is one of the retail electricity distribution
companies licensed by the federal government. BEDC is one of the successor
distribution companies (Discos) created following the unbundling and privatization of
the state-owned Power Utility, Power Holding Company of Nigeria Plc. BEDC is
responsible for retail distribution of electricity in Delta, Edo, Ekiti, and Ondo States
with geographical coverage of 55,770 square kilometers.
Electricity power supply from BEDC is stepped down with a 33KV step-down three
phase distribution transformer.

2.3 ELECTRIC GENERATOR


An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained from an
external source into electrical energy as the output.
It is important to understand that a generator does not actually ‘create’ electrical
energy. Instead, it uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force the movement of
electric charges present in the wire of its windings through an external electric circuit.
This flow of electric charges constitutes the output electric current supplied by the
generator. This mechanism can be understood by considering the generator to be
analogous to a water pump, which causes the flow of water but does not actually
‘create’ the water flowing through it.
The modern-day generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction
discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831-32. Faraday discovered that the above flow of
electric charges could be induced by moving an electrical conductor, such as a wire
that contains electric charges, in a magnetic field. This movement creates a voltage
difference between the two ends of the wire or electrical conductor, which in turn
causes the electric charges to flow, thus generating electric current.

Figure 2.1 250KVA Perkins Gas Generator at NGC Head Quarters, Warri.

2.3.1 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A ELECTRIC GENERATOR


The main components of an electric generator can be broadly are as follows:
1. Engine
2. Alternator
3. Fuel System
4. Voltage Regulator
5. Cooling and Exhaust Systems
6. Lubrication System
7. Control Panel
8. Main Assembly / Frame.
1. Engine: The engine is the source of the input mechanical energy to the generator.
The size of the engine is directly proportional to the maximum power output the
generator can supply.

2. Alternator: The alternator, also known as the ‘genhead’, is the part of the
generator that produces the electrical output from the mechanical input supplied by
the engine. It contains an assembly of stationary and moving parts encased in a
housing. The components work together to cause relative movement between the
magnetic and electric fields, which in turn generates electricity. 
(a) Stator – This is the stationary component. It contains a set of electrical conductors
wound in coils over an iron core.
(b) Rotor / Armature – This is the moving component that produces a rotating
magnetic field in any one of the following three ways:

i.  By induction – These are known as brushless alternators and are usually
used in large   generators.

ii. By permanent magnets – This is common in small alternator units.

iii. By using an exciter – An exciter is a small source of direct current (DC) that
energizes the rotor through an assembly of conducting slip rings and brushes.

The rotor generates a moving magnetic field around the stator, which induces a
voltage difference between the windings of the stator. This produces the alternating
current (AC) output of the generator.

3. Fuel System: The fuel tank usually has sufficient capacity to keep the generator
operational for 6 to 8 hours on an average. In the case of small generator units, the
fuel tank is a part of the generator’s skid base or is mounted on top of the generator
frame. For commercial applications, it may be necessary to erect and install an
external fuel tank.
4. Voltage regulator: As the name implies, this component regulates the output
voltage of the generator.

5. Cooling and Exhaust Systems:


a) Cooling System: Continuous usage of the generator causes its various
components to get heated up. It is essential to have a cooling and ventilation
system to withdraw heat produced in the process. Fresh water is sometimes
used as a coolant for generators, but these are mostly limited to specific
situations like small generators in city applications or very large units over
2250 kW and above. Oftentimes, a radiator coolant is mixed with water to
form a coolant mixture effectively raising the boiling point of water used in
cooling. Hydrogen is sometimes used as a coolant for the stator windings of
large generator units since it is more efficient at absorbing heat than other
coolants.
b) Exhaust System: Exhaust fumes emitted by a generator are just like exhaust
from any other diesel or gasoline engine and contain highly toxic chemicals
that need to be properly managed. Hence, it is essential to install an adequate
exhaust system to dispose of the exhaust gases, in order to reduce the risk of
Carbon Monoxide poisoning.

6. Lubrication System: Since the generator comprises moving parts in its engine, it
requires lubrication to ensure durability and smooth operations for a long period of
time. The generator’s engine is lubricated by oil stored in a pump.

7. Control Panel: This is the user interface of the generator and contains provisions
for electrical outlets and controls. The following article provides further details
regarding the generator control panel.  Some features of the control panel are
mentioned below:

(a) Electric start and shut-down – Auto start control panels automatically start your
generator during a power outage, monitor the generator while in operation, and
automatically shut down the unit when no longer required.
(b) Engine gauges – Different gauges indicate important parameters such as oil
pressure, temperature of coolant, battery voltage, engine rotation speed, and duration
of operation. Constant measurement and monitoring of these parameters enables built-
in shut down of the generator when any of these cross their respective threshold
levels.

(c) Generator gauges – The control panel also has meters for the measurement of
output current and voltage, and operating frequency.

(d) Other controls – Phase selector switch, frequency switch, and engine control
switch (manual mode, auto mode) among others.
8. Main Assembly / Frame: All generators, portable or stationary, have customized
housings that provide a structural base support. The frame also allows for the
generated to be earthed for safety.

Figure 2.2 25 KVA Perkins Diesel Generator


2.4 PROCDURE FOR DAILY MAINTENANCE OF DIESEL
GENERATOR
STEP 1: Walk around inspection.
STEP 2: Check the cooling system coolant level
STEP 3: Inspect the engine air cleaner service indicator
STEP 4: Check/Clean engine air precleaner
STEP 5: Check engine oil level
STEP 6: Refill diesel tank to avoid cut off
STEP 7: Switch on the generator and let run at No-Load up until the temperature
guage reads 47 °C

2.5 THE THREE STANDBY DIESEL GENERATOR IN NGC

1) Perkins 250KVA diesel generator


2) Perkins 65KVA diesel generator
3) Perkins 20KVA diesel generator

2.5.1 Perkins 250KVA properties:


• Three-phase
• Diesel
• Perkins / 1306A-E87TAG4
• ST / UCDI274J
• DSE / 4520
• 50 Hz
• 1500 rpm
• 400 V
• Stand-by Power (STP) (kVA/kW) 249, 2 kVA 199, 6 kW
• Prime Power (PRP) (kVA/kW) 229, 2 kVA 183, 3 kW
• Autonomy 75% (H)
CHAPTER THREE

FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM

Fire hydrant system consists of a system of pipe work connected directly to the water
supply main to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to
provide water for the firemen to fight a fire. The water is discharged into the fire
engine form which it is then pumped and sprayed over fire. Where the water supply is
not reliable or inadequate, hydrant pumps should be provided to pressurize the fire
mains.

The pipe network is always under water pressure. When operated for fire
extinguishing it will immediate feed water supply & main hydrant pump will be
started automatically.

3.2 FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM COMPONENTS

The Fire Hydrant System consists of the following basic components:

1. Water Supply and Water Storage

2. Pipe Work and Valves

3. Pressure Switch

4. Booster Pumpset
5. Hydrant ( or Hydrant Valve)

6. Block Plan

Figure 0-1 Pressurized Fire Hydrant System

The Booster Pumpset consists of a combination of the following components:

a) Electric Motor Pump

b) Diesel Motor Pump

c) Jockey Pump
Figure 3.1 Fire Hydrant Booster Pump

These serve to boost the pressure of the water flowing through the pipes to the
hydrant valves.

3.3 TYPICAL OPERATION OF A FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM

Under normal circumstances, a fire hydrant system is pressurised with water ready for
emergency use. When the hydrant valve is opened, the system experiences a drop in
pressure

The drop in water pressure is detected by a pressure switch which in turn starts the
booster pumps, drawing water from the water supply to increase the water pressure of
the system.
Water from the hydrant is then distributed through the layflat hose to an nozzzle
which is then directed to seat of a fire. Depending on the distance of the seat of a fire
from the hydrant, just one or all of the installed booster pumps may be used to
increase the water pressure so as to reach farther distances.

Figure 3.2 Fire Hydrant Pumpset

3.4 ELECTRIC MOTOR

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into


mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the
motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the
form of rotation of a shaft. Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC)
sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current
(AC) sources, such as a power grid, inverters or electrical generators.

In a fire hydrant system, an electric motor plays a vital role in driving a centrifugal
pump which serves as a “boost” to increase the water pressure within the system.
3.4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

Often electric motors are classified into three (3) main classes:

1) AC Motors,

2) DC Motors,

3) Specialized Motors.

The AC Motor is of special importance, as it is the class of electric motor that finds its
use in driving pumps used in a fire hydrant system.

3.4.2 AC MOTORS

An AC Motor is an electric motor driven by alternating current. Unlike A DC ( Direct


Current) motor, an AC motor relies specifically on alternating the flow of current
around its circuit to produce efficient mechanical energy.

AC Motors are primarily of two types:

1. Induction Motors (Asynchronous),

2. Synchronous Motors.

Alternatively AC Motors can be classified into:

a) Single Phase AC Motors

b) Three Phase AC Motors

The three phase AC motors are mostly applied in the industry for bulk power
conversion from electrical to mechanical (Such as in a fire hydrant pump). For small
power conversion, the single phase AC motors are mostly used.
3.4.3 COMPONENTS OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR
1. MOTOR FRAME: Motor frame is the outermost part of the motor that provides
support

to the stator core and its winding.

Fig 3.3 Motor Frame

2. ROTOR: The rotor is a general term for the main spinning part of an electrical
machine and
derived from the word ‘’rotating’’. Sometimes ‘’shaft’’ and ‘’armature’’ are
alternatively used
too. It’s the part of the machine on which electromechanical energy conversion
occurs.
Fig 3.4 Rotor

3. STATOR CORE: The primary functions of a stator core are to hold the stator
windings in
place, and to transmit flux. A stator core in a large AC machine is constructed from
thin laminated sheets of electrical grade steel such as ASTM A 345.

Fig 3.5 Stator Core


4. END SHIELD/BELL: An end shield for mounting on a stack of laminations
forming the
stator of an electric motor.

Fig 3.6 End Shield

5. ROLLER AND BALL BEARING: Most motors have bearings between the stator
and the
rotor to keep the rotor centered and minimize the air gap.
Fig 3.7 Roller and Ball Bearing
7. STATOR WINDINGS

Figure 3.8 Stator Windings

7. MOTOR FAN: It reduces the heat set up in the motor winding by circulating air in
the
motor winding .

Figure 3.9 Motor Fans

8. FAN COVER: This fan cover has three main functions: It protects the user from
injury caused by the high-speed fan, it protects the motor fan, which is usually plastic,
from damage by
foreign parts.
9. TERMINAL BOX: Terminal blocks are used to secure and/or terminate wires
and, in their
simplest form, consist of several individual terminals arranged in a long strip.

10. LAMINATED SLOTS: Simply stated a stator core is laminated and insulated
in order to
reduce induced circulating currents and associated heat down to a manageable level.

11. BEARING CLIP: It has an angle slot which allows the bearings to be fitted from
one side.

12. SPLIT RINGS: To split-ring device called a commutator is used to reverse the
current at
that point.

13. BEARING CAP: it secures the secure the bearing by preventing unwanted
particles from
entering into the place where bearing is contained.

15. STUD: Stud bolts is a cut-to-length all thread rod and are used for: bolting
together flanges,
anchor bolting, as well as general fastening.

3.5 STAR DELTA STARTER

A starter is a control device that is used for switching a three phase induction motor
either manually or automatically. It is used for safe ON/OFF control of electrical
motors by making or breaking its contacts.

The starter in particular that was encountered during routine maintenance activities on
the fire hydrant’s electric motor pump was a Star Delta Starter. Although more
expensive and less popular than another type of starter called the Direct-On-Line
Starter, the Star Delta Starter is often used in starting higher rating three phase motors
(such as in an electric motor pump).

Star-Delta starter is the simplest starting method for reducing the inrush starting
current of Induction motor.

3.5.1 STAR DELTA STARTER WORKING PRINCIPLE:


a) Star connect state:

Figure 0-2. Star connected motor windings.

During the starting time of star delta starter, Main contactor and star contactor remain
in the close state and complete power circuit.
During starting, the motor is connected in star state. In star connected state Voltage
applied to the motor winding is reduced to 1/√3 of line voltage.
When motor attains sufficient speed of full speed i.e. 90% of full R.P.M timer
connected in circuit activated. It disconnects star contactor firstly and connects delta
contactor into the circuit, which means it closed delta contactor.

b) Open state:
Between switching from star to delta, the circuit becomes open and motor neither
remain in star nor in delta state. This state is called an open transition state.

c) Delta state:
Figure 0-3. Delta connected motor windings.

After activation of timer, motor switched from star to delta state. In delta connection
state, phase voltage equal to line voltage. Hence full line voltage applied to motor
winding and motor runs at its rated full speed.

3.5.2 COMPONENTS OF A STAR-DELTA STARTER


A typical Star Delta Starter has the following parts:
1) Contactor:
In star delta starter 3 contactors are used. Main contactor, star contactor, and delta
contactor. A contactor is a heavy-duty relay with the high current rating, used for
power up the electrical motor. The current rating for contactor varies from 10 amps to
several hundred amps. High current contactor is made from an alloy containing silver.
Arcing during the switching operation of the contactor causes the contact to oxidize.
However, silver oxide still a good conductor.
A contactor is not used to interrupt a short circuit current, unlike the circuit breaker
used. Contactor size varies from small to large for high current appliances.

2) Overload relay (OLR):


The majority of winding failure is because of overloading, Operation on unbalance
supply voltage or single phasing due to phase loss which leads to excessive heating to
degradation of winding insulation, due to this electrical motor required overload
protection, to prevent damage from over-loading the motor, or to protect form sort
circuit or internal winding fault of electric motor. All these conditions are prevented
by using a thermal overload relay.
3) Timer
The function of a timer in the star-delta starter is to switch contactor from star to delta
after attaining sufficient speed up to 90% of motor full speed.

4) Fuse unit:
Fuse unit is used to protect the motor from over current or short circuit conditions.The
main purpose of the fuse is to protect the motor and is composed of an alloy which
has a low melting point. A strip of a fuse is placed in series with the motor circuit.
The working principle is that if the current in excess then the strip would melt and
break the circuit and isolate the motor from the supply.

5) Magnetic Circuit Breaker (MCB)


A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload/short
circuit. Its main function is to break the current flow after a fault is detected.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be
reset to begin normal operation.
To protect the motor from short circuit conditions and avoid damage to motor
winding MCB is used in the star delta starter motor circuit.

3.5.3 ADVANTAGES OF STAR DELTA STARTER


1. Star-Delta starters are popular due to their low price.
2. There are no limits to the number of times they can be operated.
3. The starting current is reduced to approximately 1/3 of rated motor current.
4. Produce high torque per ampere of line current.

3.5.4 DISADVANTAGES OF STAR DELTA STARTER


1. Star delta starter can only useful to motors where the six motor terminals can be
accessed.
2. The supply voltage must be the same as the rated motor voltage for Delta
connection.
3. Due to the starting current is reduced to approximately 1/3 of the nominal current,
starting torque is also reduced to 1/3.
CHAPTER FOUR

SECURITY PERIMETER LIGHTING SYSTEM

Perimeter lighting is lighting installed along the boundaries of an outdoor open area or
on the walls of a building to provide security lighting. There are several types of lights
that provide perimeter lighting: flood lights, high mast lights and parking lot lights.
On the exterior of buildings, you will typically use wall pack lights.
They're used in illuminating walkways, office complexes, parking lots, building
perimeters, and landscapes. The lights provide perimeter lighting mounted to the
exterior walls of buildings.
Perimeter Lighting System (in NGC) requires the following to function effectively:
1. Ballast (Electrical Choke)
2. Igniter
3. Capacitor
4. Bulb
5. Miniature circuit breaker (MCB)

1. Ballast: In a fluorescent lighting system, the ballast regulates the current to the
lamps and provides sufficient voltage to start the lamps. Without a ballast to limit its
current, a fluorescent lamp connected directly to a high voltage power source would
rapidly and uncontrollably increase its current draw.
Types for ballast:
a) Electrical ballast
b) Mechanical ballast

a) Electrical ballast: An electrical ballast is a device that limits the current


through an electrical load. These are most often used when a load (such
as an arc discharge) has its terminal voltage decline when current
through the load increases. If such a device were connected to a
constant-voltage power supply, it would draw an increasing amount of
current until it is destroyed or causes the power supply to fail. To prevent
this, a ballast provides a positive resistance or reactance that limits the
current. The ballast provides for the proper operation of the negative-
resistance device by limiting current.

Figure 0-4 100W Electrical Ballast

b) Mechanical ballast: Magnetic ballast is actually an inductive coil. It


actually looks like a transformer, a copper wire wound over a core
material. Inductors are generally used to oppose a change in current
passing through them.

2. Igniter:
High pressure discharge lamps require high voltage pulses to ignite. An electronic
igniter uses active/passive electronic components to generate these high voltages.

Figure 0-5 Igniters

3. Capacitor:
A capacitor is an electronic component that stores and releases electricity in a
circuit. It also passes alternating current without passing direct current. A capacitor
is an indispensable part of electronic equipment and is thus almost invariably used
in an electronic circuit.

Figure 0-6 Capapacitor

4. Bulb:
A device used to convert electricity into light, consisting of a source of illumination
(e.g. an electric filament or one or more LEDs) enclosed within a transparent or
translucent shell, typically having a rounded shape and designed to be fitted into a
socket in a lamp.

Figure 0-7 Sodium Vapour Bulb

5. Miniature circuit breaker(MCB):


A miniature circuit breaker (MCB) automatically switches off the electrical circuit
during an abnormal condition of the network means in overload condition as well as
faulty condition. Nowadays we use an MCB in a low voltage electrical network
instead of a fuse.
Figure 0-8 Miniature Circuit Breaker
CHAPTER FIVE

CONTRIBUTIONS
During the period of my internship under the maintenance department, I had the
opportunity to assist the maintenance crew on the following jobs:

 Maintenance and servicing of both a 250 KVA and 20 KVA Perkins Diesel
Generator.
 Troubleshooting and repair of a faulty hire hydrant control panel.
 Compilation of maintenance reports for NGC metering stations.
 Troubleshooting of a faulty supply line in the three-phase supply lines to the
NGC premises.
 Corrective maintenance carried out on the peripheral lighting system for the NGC
premises.
 Servicing of faulty air conditioners in different blocks within the NGC premises.
 Routine check-up on the 250 KVA Perkins Diesel Generator serving the NGC
premises.
 Replacement of a faulty/damaged distribution box serving the administrative
block of the NGC premises.
 Troubleshooting wall socket connections in various blocks within the
NGC premises.

6.2 CONCLUSION
My six-month student industrial work experience scheme (S.I.W.E.S) at Nigeria Gas
Company, Limited was a success because I was able to get the vital knowledge on
how an engineering production firm operates and the process involved in every stage
of production. Working as a team is a very important quality a good engineer must
possess in the actualization of his/her goals especially in production process. I was
able to adapt to the way engineers think during troubleshooting and this has helped
my confidence as an engineer in the making, my appreciation for safety practices and
maintenance routines has greatly increased, I have also gotten a better understanding
of three-phase electricity supply. I have also been introduced to the use and
importance of embedded systems as well as programming. All these has improved my
thirst for knowledge as well as opened my eyes to the importance of good practical
knowledge.
REFERENCES

Ukwuneze, F. (2011). Impact of Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme On


Development of Graduate Employability Skills. Nigerian Vocational Association
Journal, 118-124.

mysiwesplacement.com. (2016, 09 16). Retrieved 08 24, 2021

Adelegan, A. (2018) The Role of Natural Gas In Nigeria’ Economic Development


Calculus: Some Simple Empirics, 17-18.

https://www.lnelectric.com/2020/03/how-many-types-of-motors-are-there/

https://ie.rs-online.com/web/generalDisplay.html?id=ideas-and-advice/ac-motors-
guide

https://www.generatorsource.com/How_Generators_Work.aspx

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