Maths CH 1

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RATIONAL NUMBERS 1

CHAPTER

Rat ional Num bers

1 .1 I n t r oduct i on
In Mathematics, we frequently come across simpleequationsto besolved. For example,
theequation x + 2 = 13 (1)
is solved when x = 11, because this value of x satisfies the given equation. The solution
11 is a natural number . On the other hand, for the equation
x+5=5 (2)
the solution gives the whole number 0 (zero). If we consider only natural numbers,
equation (2) cannot be solved. To solve equations like (2), we added the number zero to
thecollection of natural numbersand obtained the wholenumbers. Even wholenumbers
will not besufficient to solveequations of type
x + 18 = 5 (3)
Do you see ‘why’? We require the number –13 which is not a whole number. This
led us to think of integer s, (positive and negative). Note that the positive integers
correspond to natural numbers. Onemay think that wehave enough numbers to solveall
simpleequations with the available list of integers. Now consider the equations
2x = 3 (4)
5x + 7 = 0 (5)
for whichwecannot findasolutionfrom theintegers. (Check this)
3 −7
Weneed thenumbers to solveequation (4) and to solve
2 5
equation (5). Thisleadsusto thecollection of rational numbers.
We have already seen basic operations on rational
numbers. Wenow try to exploresomepropertiesof operations
on the different types of numbers seen so far.
1 .2 Pr oper t i es of Rat i on al Nu m ber s
1 .2 .1 Cl osu r e
TRY THESE
5

1 .2 .2 Com m u t at i vi t y
(i) Whole numbers
Recall the commutativity of different operations for whole numbers by filling the
following table.
Oper ation Number s Remar ks

Addition 0+7=7+0=7 Addition iscommutative.


2 + 3 = ... + ... = ....
For any two whole
numbers a and b,
a+ b=b+a
Subtraction ......... Subtraction isnot commutative.
Multiplication ......... Multiplication iscommutative.
Division ......... Division isnot commutative.
Check whether the commutativity of the operations hold for natural numbers also.
(ii) I nteger s
Fill in the following table and check the commutativity of different operations for
integers:
Oper ation Number s Remar ks
Addition ......... Addition iscommutative.
Subtraction Is 5 – (–3) = – 3 – 5? Subtraction isnot commutative.
Multiplication ......... Multiplication iscommutative.
Division ......... Division isnot commutative.

(iii) Rational numbers


(a) Addition
You know how to add two rational numbers. Let us add a few pairs here.
−2 5 1 5  −2   1
+ = and +    =
3 7 21 7   3   21
−2 5 5  −2  
So, + = +   
3 7 7  3  

− 6  −8 
Also, +     = ... and
5  3  

− 6  −8   −8   −6 


Is +    =    +    ?
5  3    3    5  
6 MATHEMATICS

−3 1 1  −3  
Is + = +    ?
8 7 7  8  
You find that two rational numbers can be added in any order. We say that
addition is commutative for rational numbers. That is, for any two rational
numbers a and b, a + b = b + a.
(b) Subtraction
2 5 5 2
Is − = − ?
3 4 4 3
1 3 3 1
Is − = − ?
2 5 5 2
You will find that subtraction is not commutativefor rational numbers.
Note that subtraction is not commutative for integers and integers are also rational
numbers. So, subtraction will not becommutative for rational numbers too.
(c) Multiplication
−7 6 − 42 6  −7 
We have, × = = ×   
3 5 15 5   3  
−8  − 4  − 4  −8 
Is ×    = ×    ?
9   7   7  9  
Check for some more such products.
You will find that multiplication is commutative for rational numbers.
In general, a × b = b × a for any two rational numbers a and b.
(d) Division
−5 3 3  −5  
Is ÷ = ÷    ?
4 7 7  4  
You will find that expressions on both sides are not equal.
So division is not commutative for rational numbers.

TRY THESE
Completethefollowing table:
Number s Commutative for

addition subtraction multiplication division


Rational numbers Yes ... ... ...
Integers ... No ... ...
Wholenumbers ... ... Yes ...
Natural numbers ... ... ... No
TRY T HESE

Ex am pl e 1 :

Sol u t i on :
Ex am pl e 2 :

Sol ut i on :

1 .2 .4 T h e r ol e of zer o (0 )
1 .2 .5 Th e r ol e of 1

THI NK , DI SCUSS AND WRI TE

1 .2 .6 Negat i v e of a n u m ber
a a a a
b b b b
a
b
1 .2 .7 Reci pr ocal

1 .2.8 Di st r i but i vi t y of m u l t i pl i cat i on over addi t i on f or r at i on al


n u m ber s
TRY T HESE

Exam ple 3:

Sol u t i on :

Exam pl e 4:

Sol ut i on :
Ex am pl e 5 :

Sol ut i on :

EX ERCI SE 1 .1
1 .3 R ep r esen t at i o n o f R at i o n al Nu m ber s o n t h e
Num ber Li n e
TRY T HESE

1 .4 Rat i on al Nu m ber s bet ween Two Rat i on al Nu m ber s


Exam ple 6:

Sol u t i on :

Exam pl e 7:

Solut i on:

Exam ple 8:

Solut i on:
Exam ple 9:
Solut i on :
EX ERCI SE 1 .2

WHAT HAVE WE DI SCUSSED?

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