CCNA 200-301 Day 3

OSI MODEL & TCP/IP SUITE

 What is a networking model?

Networking models categorize and provide a structure for networking protocols

and standards. logical

A set of rules defining how network devices and software should work.

NETWORKING MODEL

protocol protocol protocol standard

protocol protocol protocol standard

protocol protocol protocol standard

Networks without standardization

x
 OSI Model
7 Application ●
‘Open Systems Interconnection’ model
●
A conceptual model that categorizes and standardizes
6 Presentation the different functions in a network.
●
Created by the ‘International Organization for
5 Session Standardization’ (ISO).
●
Functions are divided into 7 ‘Layers’.
4 Transport ●
These layers work together to make the network work.

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical
 OSI Model – Application Layer
7 Application ●
This layer is closest to the end user.
●
Interacts with software applications, for example your
6 Presentation web browser (Brave, Firefox, Chrome, etc)
●
HTTP and HTTPS are Layer 7 protocols
5 Session (https://www.cisco.com)

4 Transport
Functions of Layer 7 include:
●
Identifying communication partners
3 Network
●
Synchronizing communication

2 Data Link

1 Physical
OSI Model – Application Layer

Adjacent-layer interaction
7 Application

Same-layer interaction
6 Presentation

Encapsulation 5 Session

4 Transport

De-encapsulation 3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

Adjacent-layer interaction
 OSI Model – Presentation Layer
7 Application ●
Data in the application layer is in ‘application
format’.
6 Presentation
●
It needs to be ‘translated’ to a different format to

5 Session be sent over the network.

●
The Presentation Layer’s job is to translate
4 Transport between application and network formats.
●
For example, encryption of data as it is sent, and
3 Network
decryption of data as it is received.
2 Data Link ●
Also translates between different Application-
Layer formats.
1 Physical
 OSI Model – Session Layer
7 Application ●
Controls dialogues (sessions) between
communicating hosts.
6 Presentation
●
Establishes, manages, and terminates connections

5 Session between the local application (for example, your

web browser) and the remote application (for
4 Transport example, YouTube).

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical
 OSI Model – The Upper Layers
7 Application ●
Network engineers don’t usually work with the top
3 layers.
6 Presentation
●
Application developers work with the top layers of

5 Session the OSI model to connect their applications over

networks.
4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical
OSI Model – The Upper Layers

Encapsulation

7 Application

6 Presentation

Data 5 Session

L4 4 Transport
Data header

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical
 OSI Model – Transport Layer
7 Application ●
Segments and reassembles data for
communications between end hosts.
6 Presentation
●
Breaks large pieces of data into smaller segments

5 Session which can be more easily sent over the network

and are less likely to cause transmission problems
4 Transport if errors occur.
●
Provide host-to-host communication.
3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical
 OSI Model – Encapsulation

Encapsulation

7 Application

6 Presentation

Data 5 Session

Data
L4 segment 4 Transport
header
L4 L3
Data header header 3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical
 OSI Model – Network Layer
7 Application ●
Provides connectivity between end hosts on
different networks (ie. outside of the LAN).
6 Presentation
●
Provides logical addressing (IP addresses).

5 Session
●
Provides path selection between source and
destination.
4 Transport ●
Routers operate at Layer 3.

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical
 OSI Model – Encapsulation

Encapsulation

7 Application

6 Presentation

Data 5 Session

Data
L4 segment 4 Transport
header

Data
L4 L3 packet 3 Network
header header
L2 L4 L3 L2
trailer Data header header header 2 Data Link

1 Physical
 OSI Model – Data Link Layer
7 Application
●
Provides node-to-node connectivity and data
transfer (for example, PC to switch, switch to
6 Presentation router, router to router).
●
Defines how data is formatted for transmission
5 Session
over a physical medium (for example, copper UTP
4 Transport cables)
●
Detects and (possibly) corrects Physical Layer
3 Network
errors.

2 Data Link
●
Uses Layer 2 addressing, separate from Layer 3
addressing.
1 Physical ●
Switches operate at Layer 2.
 OSI Model – Encapsulation

Encapsulation

7 Application

6 Presentation

Data 5 Session

Data
L4 segment 4 Transport
header

Data
L4 L3 packet 3 Network
header header
L2 L4 L3 L2
trailer Data header header header 2 Data Link

frame
1 Physical
 OSI Model – Physical Layer
7 Application
●
Defines physical characteristics of the medium used
to transfer data between devices.
6 Presentation ●
For example, voltage levels, maximum transmission
distances, physical connectors, cable specifications,
5 Session
etc.
4 Transport ●
Digital bits are converted into electrical (for wired
connections) or radio (for wireless connections)
3 Network
signals.

2 Data Link
●
All of the information in Day 2’s video (cables, pin
layouts, etc.) is related to the Physical Layer.
1 Physical
OSI Model – Encapsulation

De-encapsulation

7 Application

6 Presentation

Data 5 Session

L4 4 Transport
Data header
L4 L3 3 Network
Data header header
L2 L4 L3 L2 2 Data Link
trailer Data header header header

1 Physical
 OSI Model – PDUs

Data Data

Data
L4
header Segment
Protocol Data Units
L4 L3 (PDUs)
Data header header Packet

L2 L4 L3 L2
trailer Data header header header Frame

Layer 1 PDU = Bit

 OSI Model - Acronyms
7 Application All Acronyms
6 Presentation People Pointless

5 Session Seem Students

4 Transport To Teach

3 Network Need Not

2 Data Link Data Do

1 Physical Processing Please

 TCP/IP Suite
●
Conceptual model and set of communications protocols used in the Internet
and other networks.
●
Known as TCP/IP because those are two of the foundational protocols in the
suite.
●
Developed by the United States Department of Defense through DARPA
(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
●
Similar structure to the OSI Model, but with fewer layers.
●
This is the model actually in use in modern networks.
●
NOTE: The OSI model still influences how network engineers think and talk
about networks.
 OSI vs TCP/IP

OSI MODEL TCP/IP Suite

7 Application

6 Presentation 4 Application

5 Session

4 Transport 3 Transport

3 Network 2 Internet
2 Data Link
1 Link
1 Physical
TCP/IP Suite
 TCP/IP Suite

en:User:Kbrose (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IP_stack_connections.svg), „IP stack connections“,

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode
 Supplementary Materials

●
End-of-video quiz
●
Review flash cards (link in the description)
●
Packet Tracer lab
 Quiz Question 1

HTTP data sent from a YouTube web server is displayed via your web browser. This
is an example of what?

a) Adjacent-layer interaction
b) Same-layer interaction
c) Encapsulation
d) De-encapsulation
 Quiz Question 1

xa) Adjacent-layer interaction

Adjacent-layer interaction refers to interaction between different

layers of the OSI model.

In this case, both YouTube’s web server and your web browser are
operating at Layer 7 using HTTP.
 Quiz Question 1

xc) Encapsulation, d)
x De-encapsulation

Although encapsulation and de-encapsulation of data surely happened

many times as the data was sent from YouTube’s web server to your
web browser, they are not descriptions of the interaction between
YouTube and your browser.
 Quiz Question 1

b) Same-layer interaction

Same-layer interaction refers to interaction between the same layer

on different hosts, in this case the application layer of YouTube’s web
server and the browser on your PC.

The concept of same-layer interaction allows you to ‘ignore’ the other

layers involved and focus on interactions between a single layer on
different devices.
 Quiz Question 2

HTTP data has been encapsulated with three separate headers and one trailer.
What is the appropriate name for this PDU?

a) Packet
b) Segment
c) Frame
d) Data
 Quiz Question 2

xa) Packet

Packet refers to the OSI Layer 3 PDU. It would have two headers
(Layer 4 header, Layer 3 header) and no trailer.
 Quiz Question 2

xb) Segment

Segment refers to the OSI Layer 4 PDU. It would have one header
(Layer 4 header), and no trailer.
 Quiz Question 2

xd) Data

Data refers to the upper-layer data before being encapsulated. It

would have no headers or trailer.
 Quiz Question 2

c) Frame

Frame refers to the OSI Layer 2 PDU. It has three headers (Layer 4,
Layer 3, and Layer 2 headers) and one trailer (Layer 2 trailer).
 Quiz Question 3

Which layers of the OSI model are most relevant to the role of a network engineer?

a) Transport – Network – Data Link - Physical

b) Transport – Network – Data Link
c) Network only
d) Application – Presentation - Session
 Quiz Question 3

xb) Transport – Network – Data Link

Although these layers are very relevant to the duties of a network

engineer, the physical layer is missing.
 Quiz Question 3

xc) Network only

Although the Network layer is very relevant to network engineers, it is

not the only one.
 Quiz Question 3

xd) Application – Presentation - Session

These layers of the OSI model are not generally relevant to the role of
a network engineer. They are relevant to application developers.
 Quiz Question 3

a) Transport – Network – Data Link - Physical

These lower four layers of the OSI models are all very relevant to the
role of a network engineer.
 Quiz Question 4

The Link layer of the TCP/IP Model is equivalent to what layer, or layers, of the OSI
Model?

a) Transport - Network
b) Network – Data Link
c) Data Link
d) Data Link - Physical
 Quiz Question 4

xa) Transport - Network

The OSI Transport layer is equivalent to the TCP/IP Transport layer,

and the OSI Network layer is equivalent to the TCP/IP Internet layer.
 Quiz Question 4

xb) Network – Data Link

xc) Data Link
The OSI Network model is equivalent to the TCP/IP Internet layer.
The OSI Data Link layer is equivalent to part of the TCP/IP Link layer,
but it is not totally equivalent.
 Quiz Question 4

d) Data Link - Physical

The combined functions of the OSI Data Link and Physical layers are
equivalent to the TCP/IP Link layer.
 Quiz Question 5

Which layer of the OSI model provides host-to-host communications?

a) Application
b) Network
c) Transport
d) Data Link
 Quiz Question 5

xa) Application

The Application layer provides process-to-process communications,

not host-to-host.
 Quiz Question 5

xb) Network
xd) Data Link

The Network and Data Link layers do not provide end-to-end, host-
to-host communications.
 Quiz Question 5

c) Transport

The Transport layer provides host-to-host

communications.

en:User:Kbrose (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IP_stack_connections.svg), „IP stack

connections“, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode