What is the difference between Latch and Flip-flop?

The difference between latches and Flip-flop is that the latches are level triggered and flip-
flops are edge triggered. In latches level triggered means that the output of the latches
changes as we change the input and edge triggered means that control signal only changes
its state when goes from low to high or high to low.

Latches are fast whereas flip-flop is slow.

2) What is the binary number system?

The system which has a base 2 is known as the binary system and it consists of only two
digits 0 and 1.

3) State the De Morgan's Theorem?

De Morgan's Theorem stated two theorems:

1.The complement of a product of two numbers is the sum of the complements of those
numbers.

(A. B)' = A' + B'

Truth Table:

2. The complement of the sum of two numbers is equal to the product of the complement
of two numbers.

(A + B)' = A'B'

Truth Table:
4) Define Digital System?

Digital systems are the system that processes a discrete or digital signal.

5) What is meant by a bit?

Bits are the binary digits like 0 and 1.

6) What is the best Example of Digital system?

Digital Computer.

7) How many types of number system are there?

There are four types of number system:

1. Decimal Number System.

2. Binary Number System.
3. Octal Number System.
4. Hexadecimal Number System.

8) What is a Logic gate?

The basic gates that make up the digital system are called a logic gate. The circuit that can
operate on many binary inputs to perform a particular logic function is called an electronic
circuit.

9) What are the basic Logic gates?

There are three basic logic gates-

1. AND gate.
2. OR gate.
3. NOT gate.
10) Which gates are called as Universal gate and what are its advantages?

The Universal gates are NAND and NOR. The advantages of these gates are that they can be
used for any logic calculation.

11) What are the applications of the octal number system?

The applications of the octal number system are as follows:

1. For the efficient use of microprocessors.

2. For the efficient use of digital circuits.
3. It is used to enter binary data and display of information.

12) What are the fundamental properties of Boolean algebra?

The basic properties of Boolean algebra are:

1. Commutative Property.
2. Associative Property.
3. Distributive Property.

13) What are Boolean algebra and Boolean expression?

14) What is meant by K-Map or Karnaugh Map?

K-Map is a pictorial representation of truth table in which the map is made up of cells, and
each term in this represents the min term or max term of the function. By this method, we
can directly minimize the Boolean function without following various steps.

15) Name the two forms of Boolean expression?

The two forms of Boolean expression are:

1. Sum of products (SOP) form.

2. The Product of sum (POS) form.

16) What are Minterm and Maxterm?

A minterm is called Product of sum because they are the logical AND of the set of variables
and Maxterm are called sum of product because they are the logical OR of the set of
variables.

17) Write down the Characteristics of Digital ICs?

The characteristics of digital ICs are -

1. Propagation delay.
2. Power Dissipation.
3. Fan-in.
4. Fan-out.
5. Noise Margin.

18) What are the limitations of the Karnaugh Map?

The limitations of Karnaugh Map are as follows:

1. It is limited to six variable maps which means more than six variable involving
expressions are not reduced.
2. These are useful for only simplifying Boolean expression which is represented I
standard form.

19) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the K-Map Method?

The advantages of the K-Map method are as follows-

1. It is an excellent method for simplifying expression up to four variables.

2. For the logical simplification, it gives us a visual method.
3. It is suitable for both SOP and POS forms of reduction.
4. It is more suitable for classroom teachings on logic simplification.

The disadvantages of the K-Map method are as follows:

1. It is not suitable when the number of variables exceeds more than four.
2. For Computer reduction, it is not suitable.
3. We have to take while entering the numbers in the cell-like 0, 1 and don't care
terms.

20) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Quine-MC Cluskey method?

21) Define Pair, Quad, and Octet?

Pair: Two adjacent cell of karnaugh map is called as Pair. It cancels one variable in a K-Map
simplification.
Quad: A Pair of Four adjacent pairs in a karnaugh map is called a quad. It cancels two
variables in a K-Map simplification.

Octet: A Pair of eight adjacent pair in a karnaugh map is called an octet. It cancels four
variables in a K-map simplification.

22) Define Fan-in and Fan-out?

Fan-in- The Fan-in of the gate means that the number of inputs that are connected to the
gate without the degradation of the voltage level of the system.

Fan-out- The Fan-out is the maximum number of same inputs of the same IC family that a
gate can drive maintaining its output levels within the specified limits.

23) Write the definition of the Duality Theorem?

Duality Theorem states that we can derive another Boolean expression with the existing
Boolean expression by:

1. Changing OR operation (+ Sign) to AND operation (. Dot Sign) and vice versa.
2. Complimenting 0 and 1 in the expression by changing 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 respectively.

24) What is Half-Adder?

Half-adder is the circuits that perform the addition of two bits. It has two inputs A and B and
two outputs S (sum) and C (carry). It is represented by XOR logic gate and an AND logic gate.

Truth Table of Half adder:

25) What is Full-Adder?

Full-adder is the circuits that perform the addition of three bits. It has three inputs A, B and
a carry bit. Full adders are represented with AND, OR and XOR logic gate.

Truth Table of Full-Adder

26) What is power dissipation?

Period time is the electrical energy used by the logic circuits. It is expressed in milliwatts or
nanowatts.

Power dissipation = Supply voltage * mean current taken from the supply.

27) What is a Multiplexer?

The multiplexer is a digital switch which combines all the digital information from several
sources and gives one output.
28) What are the applications of Multiplexer (MUX)?

The applications of the multiplexer are as follows:

1. It is used as a data selector from many inputs to get one output.

2. It is used as A/D to D/A Converter.
3. These are used in the data acquisition system.
4. These are used in time multiplexing system.

29) What is a Demultiplexer?

The demultiplexer is a circuit that receives the input on a single line and transmits this onto
2n possible output line. A Demultiplexer of 2n outputs has n select lines, which are used to
select which output line is to be sent to the input. The demultiplexer is also called as Data
Distributor.

30) What are the applications of Demultiplexer?

The applications of the demultiplexer are as follows:

 1. It is used in the data transmission system with error detection.
2. It is used as a decoder for the conversion of binary to decimal.
3. It is used as a serial to parallel converter.

31) What are the differences between Combinational Circuits and Sequential Circuits?

The differences between combinational and sequential circuits are as follows:

S.No Combinational Circuits Sequential Circuits

1. These are faster in speed. These are slower.

2. These are easy to design. These are difficult to design.

3. The clock input is not required. The clock input is required.

4. In this, the memory units are not required. In this, the memory units are required to store
previous values of inputs.

5. Example: Mux, Demux, encoder, decoder, Example: Shift registers, counters.

adders, subtractors.

32) Define Rise Time?

Rise time is the time that is required to change the voltage level from 10% to 90%.

33) Define fall time?

Fall time is the time that is required to change the voltage level from 90% to 10%.

34) Define Setup time?

The minimum time that is required to maintain the constant voltage levels at the excitation
inputs of the flip-flop device before the triggering edge of the clock pulse for the levels to be
reliably clocked in the flip flop is called the Setup time. It is denoted as tsetup.

35) Define Hold time?

The minimum time at which the voltage level becomes constant after triggering the clock
pulse in order to reliably clock into the flip flop is called the Hold time. It is denoted by
thold.
 36) What is the difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous Counters?

The difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous Counters are as follows:

S.No Asynchronous Counters Synchronous Counters

1. These are low-speed Counters. These are high-speed Counters.

2. The Flip flops of these counters are not clocked In these counters, the flip-flops are clocked
simultaneously. simultaneously.

3. Simple logic circuits are there for more number Complex logic circuits are there when the number
of states. of states increases.

37) What are the applications of Flip-Flops?

The applications of flip-flops are:

1. Flip-flops are used as the delay element.

2. These are used for Data transfer.
3. Flip-flops are used in Frequency Division and Counting.
4. Flip-Flops are used as the memory element.

38) What is the difference between D-latch and D Flip-flop?

D-latch is level sensitive whereas flip-flop is edge sensitive. Flip-flops are made up of latches.

39) What are the applications of Buffer?

Applications of buffer are as follows:

1. Buffer helps to introduce small delays.

2. Buffer helps for high Fan-out.
3. Buffer are used to eliminate cross talks.