Digital Electronics

1: How Do You Detect If Two 8-bit Signals Are Same?
Ans: XOR each bits of A with B (for e.g. A [0] xor B [0]) and so on. The o/p of 8 XOR gates is then
given as i/p to an 8-i/p nor gate. if o/p is 1 then A=B.
2: What Is Race-around Problem? How Can You Rectify It?

Ans: The clock pulse that remains in the 1 state while both J and K are equal to 1 will cause the output to
complement again and repeat complementing until the pulse goes back to 0, this is called the race around
problem. To avoid this undesirable operation, the clock pulse must have a time duration that is shorter
than the propagation delay time of the F-F, this is restrictive so the alternative is master-slave or edge-
triggered construction.
3: How Will You Implement A Full Subtractor From A Full Adder?

Ans: All the bits of subtrahend should be connected to the xor gate. Other input to the xor being one. The
input carry bit to the full adder should be made 1. Then the full adder works like a full subtract.
4: In A 3-bit Johnson’s Counter What Are The Unused States?

Ans: 2(power n)-2n is the one used to find the unused states in Johnson counter. So for a 3-bit counter it
is 8-6=2.Unused states=2. the two unused states are 010 and 101.
8: What Is Difference Between Ram And Fifo?

Ans: FIFO does not have address lines. Ram is used for storage purpose where as FIFO is used for
synchronization purpose i.e. when two peripherals are working in different clock domains then we will go
for FIFO.
9: Is It Possible To Reduce Clock Skew To Zero? Explain Your Answer?

Ans: Even though there are clock layout strategies (H-tree) that can in theory reduce clock skew to zero
by having the same path length from each flip-flop from the pll, process variations in R and C across the
chip will cause clock skew as well as a pure H-Tree scheme is not practical (consumes too much area).
10: How many types of number system are there?

Ans: There are four types of number system:
1. Decimal Number System.
2. Binary Number System.
3. Octal Number System.
4. Hexadecimal Number System.
5.
11: What is a Logic gate?
Ans: The basic gates that make up the digital system are called a logic gate. The circuit that can operate
on many binary inputs to perform a particular logic function is called an electronic circuit.
12: What is meant by K-Map or Karnaugh Map?

Ans: K-Map is a pictorial representation of truth table in which the map is made up of cells, and each
term in this represents the min term or max term of the function. By this method, we can directly
minimize the Boolean function without following various steps.
13: Name the two forms of Boolean expression?

Ans: The two forms of Boolean expression are:
1. Sum of products (SOP) form.
2. The Product of sum (POS) form.
14: What are the limitations of the Karnaugh Map?
Ans: The limitations of Karnaugh Map are as follows:
1. It is limited to six variable maps which means more than six variable involving expressions are
not reduced.
2. These are useful for only simplifying Boolean expression which is represented I standard form.
3.
15: What are the applications of Multiplexer (MUX)?
Ans: The applications of the multiplexer are as follows:
1. It is used as a data selector from many inputs to get one output.
2. It is used as A/D to D/A Converter.
3. These are used in the data acquisition system.
4. These are used in time multiplexing system.
16: What is Electronic?

Ans: The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other
electrically charged particles
17: What is sampling?

Ans: The process of obtaining a set of samples from a continuous function of time x(t) is referred to as
sampling.
18: Why is Digital Electronics important?

 All real life signals are analog in nature and at first sight; it seems use of analog is much better as
compared to digital signal.
 Digital signal is used in communication process to minimize the effect of noise.
19: Who invented digital electronics?

Ans: The Z3 was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse.
20: What are digital techniques?

 Digital electronics or digital (electronic) circuits are electronics that operate on digital signals
 Digital techniques are helpful because it is a lot easier to get an electronic device
1. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?

The main difference between latch and FF is that latches are level sensitive while FF is edge
sensitive. They both require the use of clock signal and are used in sequential logic. For a latch,
the output tracks the input when the clock signal is high, so as long as the clock is logic 1, the
output can change if the input also changes.
FF on the other hand, will store the input only when there is a rising/falling edge of the clock.
Latch is sensitive to glitches on enable pin, whereas flip-flop is immune to glitches. Latches take
fewer gates (also less power) to implement than flip-flops. Latches are faster than flip-flops.
2. Given only two xor gates one must function as buffer and another as inverter?
Tie one of xor gates input to 1 it will act as inverter. Tie one of xor gates input to 0 it will act as
buffer.
3. How to achieve 180 degree exact phase shift?

a) DCM an inbuilt resource in most of FPGA can be configured to get 180 degree phase shift.
1. b) BUFGDS that is differential signaling buffers which are also inbuilt resource of most
of FPGA can be used. Digital Electronics Solved Questions
2. 4. What is Electronic?
The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other
electrically charged particles.
5. What is communication?
Communication means transferring a signal from the transmitter which passes through a
medium then the output is obtained at the receiver. (or)communication says as transferring of
message from one place to another place called communication.
6. What is sampling?
The process of obtaining a set of samples from a continuous function of time x(t) is referred to as
sampling.
7. State sampling theorem.

It states that, while taking the samples of a continuous signal, it has to be taken care that the
sampling rate is equal to or greater than twice the cut off frequency and the minimum sampling
rate is known as the Nyquist rate
8. What is cut-off frequency?

Answer: The frequency at which the response is -3dB with respect to the maximum response.
9. What is pass band?

Passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through a filter without being
attenuated.
10. What is stop band?

A stopband is a band of frequencies, between specified limits, in which a circuit, such as a filter
or telephone circuit, does not let signals through, or the attenuation is above the required
stopband attenuation level.

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1: How Do You Detect If Two 8-bit Signals Are Same?

2: What Is Race-around Problem? How Can You Rectify It?

3: How Will You Implement A Full Subtractor From A Full Adder?

4: In A 3-bit Johnson’s Counter What Are The Unused States?

8: What Is Difference Between Ram And Fifo?

9: Is It Possible To Reduce Clock Skew To Zero? Explain Your Answer?

10: How many types of number system are there?

12: What is meant by K-Map or Karnaugh Map?

13: Name the two forms of Boolean expression?

16: What is Electronic?

17: What is sampling?

18: Why is Digital Electronics important?

19: Who invented digital electronics?

20: What are digital techniques?

1. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?

3. How to achieve 180 degree exact phase shift?

7. State sampling theorem.

8. What is cut-off frequency?

9. What is pass band?

10. What is stop band?

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