1.What is sequential circuit?

Sequential circuit is a broad category of digital circuit whose logic states depend on a specified time sequence. A sequential circuit consists of a combinational circuit to which memory elements are connected to form a feedback path. 2.List the classifications of sequential circuit. i) Synchronous sequential circuit. ii) Asynchronous sequential circuit. 3.what is Synchronous sequential circuit? A Synchronous sequential circuit is a system whose behavior can be defined from the knowledge of its signal at discrete instants of time. 4.What is clocked sequential circuits? Synchronous sequential circuit that use clock pulses in the inputs of memory elements are called clocked sequential circuit. One advantage as that they dont cause instability problems. 5.What is called latch? Latch is a simple memory element, which consists of a pair of logic gates with their inputs and outputs inter connected in a feedback arrangement, which permits a single bit to be stored. 6.List different types of flip-flops. i) SR flip-flop ii) Clocked RS flip-flop

iii) D flip-flop iv) T flip-flop v) JK flip-flop vi) JK master slave flip-flop 7.What do you mean by triggering of flip-flop. The state of a flip-flop is switched by a momentary change in the input signal. This momentary change is called a trigger and the transition it causes is said to trigger the flip-flop 8.What is an excitation table? During the design process we usually know the transition from present state to next state and wish to find the flip-flop input conditions that will cause the required transition. A table which lists the required inputs for a given chance of state is called an excitation table. 9.Give the excitation table of a JK flip-flop Q(t) Q(t+1) J K 000X 011X 10X1 11X0 10.Give the excitation table of a SR flip-flop Q(t) Q(t+1) S R 000X

0110 1001 11X0 11.Give the excitation table of a T flip-flop Q(t) Q(t+1) T 000 011 101 110 12.Give the excitation table of a D flip-flop Q(t) Q(t+1) T 000 011 100 111 13.What is a characteristic table? A characteristic table defines the logical property of the flip-flop and completely characteristic its operation. 14.Give the characteristic equation of a SR flip-flop. Q(t+1)=S+R1Q 15.Give the characteristic equation of a D flip-flop. Q(t+1)=D 16.Give the characteristic equation of a JK flip-flop. Q(t+1)=JQ1+K1Q 17.Give the characteristic equation of a T flip-flop.

Q(t+1)=TQ1+T1Q 18.What is the difference between truth table and excitation table. i) An excitation table is a table that lists the required inputs for a given change of state. ii) A truth table is a table indicating the output of a logic circuit for various input states. 19.What is counter? A counter is used to count pulse and give the output in binary form. 20.What is synchronous counter? In a synchronous counter, the clock pulse is applied simultaneously to all flipflops. The output of the flip-flops change state at the same instant. The speed of operation is high compared to an asynchronous counter 21.What is Asynchronous counter? In a Asynchronous counter, the clock pulse is applied to the first flip-flops. The change of state in the output of this flip-flop serves as a clock pulse to the next flip-flop and so on. Here all the flip-flops do not change state at the same instant and hence speed is less. 22 What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous counter? Sl.No. Synchronous counter Asynchronous counter 1. Clock pulse is applied simultaneously Clock pulse is applied to the first

flip-flop, the change of output is given as clock to next flip-flop 2. Speed of operation is high Speed of operation is low. 23.Name the different types of counter. a) Synchronous counter b) Asynchronous counter i) Up counter ii) Down counter iii) Modulo N counter iv) Up/Down counter 24 What is up counter? A counter that increments the output by one binary number each time a clock pulse is applied. 25.What is down counter? A counter that decrements the output by one binary number each time a clock pulse is applied. 26.What is up/down counter? A counter, which is capable of operating as an up counter or down counter, depending on a control lead. 27.What is a ripple counter? A ripple counter is nothing but an asynchronous counter, in which the output of the flip-flop change state like a ripple in water. 28.What are the uses of a counter? i) The digital clock

ii) Auto parking control iii) Parallel to serial data conversion. 29.What is meant by modulus of a counter? By the term modulus of a counter we say it is the number of states through which a counter can progress. 30.what is meant by natural count of a counter? By the term natural count of a counter we say that the maximum number of states through which a counter can progress. 31.A ripple counter is a ------------ sequential counter. Ans: Synchronous. 32.What is a modulo counter? A counter that counts from 0 to T is called as modulo counter. 33.A counter that counts from to T is called a modulo counter. True or False. Ans: True 34.The number of flip-flops required for modulo-18 counter is ------Ans: five. 35.Form the truth table for 3-bit binary down counter. Clk Q2 Q1 Q0 1111 1110 1101 1100 1011 1010

1001 1000 1111 36.What is a ring counter? A counter formed by circulating a bit in a shift register whose serial output has been connected to its serial input. 37.What is BCD counter? A BCD counter counts in binary coded decimal from 0000 to 1001 and back to 0000. Because of the return to 0000 after a count of 1001, a BCD counter does not have a regular pattern as in a straight binary counter. 38. What are the uses of a ring counter? i) Control section of a digital system. ii) Controlling events, which occur in strict time sequence. 39.What is a register? Memory elements capable of storing one binary word. It consists of a group of flip-flops, which store the binary information. 40.What is Johnson counter? It is a ring counter in which the inverted output is fed into the input. It is also know as a twisted ring counter. 41. What is a shift register? In digital circuits, datas are needed to be moved into a register (shift in) or moved

out of a register (shift out). A group of flip-flops having either or both of these facilities is called a shift register. 42. What is serial shifting? In a shift register, if the data is moved 1 bit at a time in a serial fashion, then the technique is called serial shifting. 43. What is parallel shifting? In a shift register all the data are moved simultaneously and then the technique is called parallel shifting. 44. Write the uses of a shift register. i) Temporary data storage ii) Bit manipulations. 45. What is a cycle counter? A cycle counter is a counter that outputs a stated number of counts and then stops. 46. Define state of sequential circuit? The binary information stored in the memory elements at any given time defines the state of sequential circuits. 47. Define state diagram. A graphical representation of a state table is called a state diagram. 48. What is the use of state diagram? i) Behavior of a state machine can be analyzed rapidly. ii) It can be used to design a machine from a set of specification. 49. What is state table?

A table, which consists time sequence of inputs, outputs and flip-flop states, is called state table. Generally it consists of three section present state, next state and output. 50. What is a state equation? A state equation also called, as an application equation is an algebraic expression that specifies the condition for a flip-flop state transition. The left side of the equation denotes the next state of the flip-flop and the right side; a Boolean function specifies the present state. 51.What is meant by race around condition? In JK flip-flop output is fed back to the input, and therefore changes in the output results change in the input. Due to this in the positive half of the clock pulse if J and K are both high then output toggles continuously. This condition is known as race around condition.