Kurdistan regional government of Iraq

University of Zakho
Faculty of Science
Department of Biology
First Stage--Second Semester 2022-2023

Shrubs

Prepared by: Supervised by:

• Eman Sagvan Abdulghani • Dr. Falah S. Sindi
• Bilind Abdullah Younis
• Barwar Waheed Sadiq

19th /march/2023

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 Abstract
Shrub plants are woody perennials with multiple stems and branches, typically
shorter than trees. They are commonly found in a variety of environments, ranging
from deserts to forests, and play a crucial role in ecosystem functioning. Shrub plants
provide important habitats for wildlife, stabilize soil, and can also be used in
landscaping and agriculture. Shrubs come in a wide range of sizes, shapes, and
colors, and can be deciduous or evergreen. Some shrubs produce showy flowers,
while others have interesting foliage or bark. Many shrubs are easy to grow and
require little maintenance, making them popular choices for home gardens and urban
landscapes.In addition to their aesthetic and ecological benefits, shrubs can also have
practical uses. For example, certain species of shrubs produce edible fruits, while
others can be used for medicinal purposes. Some shrubs are also used in the
production of timber or paper products.

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 Table of contents

Subjects Pages

Introduction 1
The History of Shrubs 2
What are the Shrubs? 3
Types of Shrubs
Broadleaf Evergreen Shrubs
Decidous Shrubs
Needled Evergreen Shrubs 4~6
Flowering Shrubs
Drought-Tolerant Shrubs
Evergreen Shrubs
Shrub Functions 7
Uses of Shrubs 8
Maintenance of Shrubs 9
How to Grow Shrubs? 10~12
Shrub-Steppe Plant Adaptation 13~14
Importance of Shrubs 15
Conclusion 16
References 17

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 Table of Figures

Figures Pages

Figure 1 Picture of Shrub 1

Figure 1.1 USA view Fruticetum Shrub collention in NY 2
Figure 1.2 Evergreen Shrub 3
Figure 1.3 Shrub plant types 4
Figure 1.4 Broadleaf Evergreen Shrub 4
Figure 1.5 Deciduous Shrubs 5
Figure 1.6 Needled Evergreen Shrub 5
Figure 1.7 Colorful Flowering Shrubs 6
Figure 1.8 Drought-Tolerant Shrubs 6
Figure 1.9 Evergreen Shrubs 6
Figure 2 Steps Planning a Shrub 10
Figure 2.1 Steps of Planting a Shrub 11
Figure 2.2 Steps of Tending a Shrub 12
Figure 2.4 Deep Soil Shrub-steppe 13
Figure 2.4 Lithosol Shrub-steppe 14
Figure 2.5 Talus-unstable slopes of rock outcrop 14
Figure 2.6 Riparian Shrub-steppe 14

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 INTRODUCTION
Shrubs have been a part of gardening and landscaping for centuries, and their
popularity only continues to grow. They are woody plants with multiple stems that
can be found in a wide range of sizes, shapes, and colors. Some of the most common
shrubs include roses, hydrangeas, lilacs, and forsythias. Shrubs are an excellent
choice for adding texture, color, and interest to a garden or landscape. They can be
used to create natural screens, provide a backdrop for other plants, or add a pop of
color to a garden bed. They are also incredibly versatile and can be used in a wide
range of settings, from formal gardens to wildflower meadows. One of the benefits
of shrubs is their hardiness and adaptability to different soil types and environmental
conditions. Some shrubs prefer full sun, while others prefer shade. Some can thrive
in dry soils, while others require moist conditions..
In addition to their aesthetic value, shrubs also play an important role in natural
ecosystems. They provide food and shelter for a variety of wildlife, including birds,
insects, and small mammals. Shrubs can also help to prevent soil erosion and protect
water quality by filtering pollutants. Some shrubs, such as butterfly bush, produce
showy flowers that attract pollinators, while others, like boxwood, have a more
formal appearance and are often used for topiary or hedge trimming. The exact
number of shrub species present in the world remains unknown. Even within Europe
– a well-studied region of the world – there are limited data relating to the diversity
and taxonomy of shrubs species. The long-term survival of these species depends on
the protection of habitats from livestock grazing, the control of alien invasive and
problematic species, reducing the widespread and growing pressure from fires and
landslides, as well as increasing targeted conservation research focused on this group
of plants.

Figure 1. a Picture of Shrub

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 THE HISTORY OF SHRUBS
Shrubs have played an important role in human history for thousands of years. The
use of shrubs dates back to ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, who utilized
shrubs like henna and myrrh for medicinal purposes. Similarly, the Greeks also used
shrubs such as olive and fig for food and as symbols of peace. In more recent times,
shrubs have been utilized for a variety of purposes such as in gardens and landscapes,
as sources of food and fuel, and for medicinal purposes.
One of the earliest recorded references to shrubs can be found in the Bible. In the
book of Isaiah, the prophet speaks of a "branch out of the stem of Jesse" which
represents the coming of a savior. This has been interpreted by many scholars to
refer to the use of shrubs in biblical times, which were often used for medicinal
purposes. Similarly, the ancient Greeks also used shrubs for medicinal purposes, as
evidenced by the writings of Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, shrubs became increasingly popular in Europe and
North America. Horticulturists and plant collectors began to travel to far-flung parts
of the world in search of new and exotic shrub species. These new shrubs were then
introduced into gardens and landscapes, where they helped to diversify the plant
palette and create new visual experiences. One of the most influential books on the
history of shrubs is Michael A. Dirr's "Manual of Woody Landscape Plants". This
comprehensive guidebook provides detailed information on over 1,200 species and
cultivars of shrubs, including their botanical characteristics, growth habits, and
cultural requirements.

Figure 1.1 USA view Fruticetum Shrub collention in New york

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 WHAT ARE THE SHRUBS?
Any kind of woody and consistently thick plant that is smaller than a tree in size and
branches out into various trucks or stems around the base is called a shrub. Often
also called bushes, shrubs are fairly easy to recognise because of their short and
comparatively bushy characteristics. They often lack a single trunk.

Figure 1.2 Evergreen Shrub

While a large part of the stem is not visible owing to their dense feature, they are
widely used in places for decoration. Some shrubs are small and dense, while others
are slightly tall and thin. Some of them have green leaves while others are
characterised by flowers. Most shrubs grow up to about 3 metres in height,
regardless of whether they are ornamental or flowering. An important feature of
landscape beautification, shrubs are used for temporary decoration purposes as well
on fences, screens, background plantings, hedges or formal gatherings. However,
since bushes grow at a higher rate than trees usually do, they need to be tended
regularly to make sure that they are in a specific shape or size so that they can
contribute to colour, fragrance, or utility. A nearly arranged area of shrubs or bushes
in a garden, park or amidst a natural landscape is known as shrubbery.

A shrub is generally considered a multi-stem woody plant. Of course, this and other
plant size categories are definitions contrived by humans to categorize nature. What
is the difference between a large shrub and a small tree? In many cases, there is none.
A shrub does not become a tree just because it grows higher than 15 feet. Classifying
plants into ground cover, shrub, and tree designations are aids to allow us to
conveniently classify and describe plants, albeit with a significant amount of
ambiguity.

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 TYPES OF SHRUBS

The various kinds of shrubs that can be commonly found are Australian fuchsia, red
climbing rose, bush rose, sunrose, camellia, azalea, white and purple butterfly bush,
barberry, rockrose and more. Shrubs can be further sub-grouped based on their
foliage, colour and season.

Figure 1.3 Shrub plant types

• Broadleaf Evergreen Shrubs

These shrubs include the likes of which remain green all
through the year, regardless of what season it is and what
time they’ve been planted. However, a colour variance can
be broadly observed when it comes to appearance. Some
common examples of broadleaf evergreen shrubs are
rhododendrons, myrtles, camellia, boxwood, holly,
mountain laurel, gardenia and more.
Figure 1.4 Broadleaf Evergreen Shrub
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 ➢ Deciduous Shrubs
These shrubs shed their leaves in certain
seasons or due to certain weather conditions.
Deciduous shrubs often display a classic
variance of bright colours especially during
the autumn, before they shed their leaves for
the winter. The colour change is often seen
only within their foliage. When spring
comes, these deciduous shrubs grow new
leaves that retain their original colour until
autumn comes again and the cycle is repeated. Figure 1.5 Deciduous Shrubs

Common examples of these shrubs include honeysuckle, Russian sage,

pussywillow, abbotswood, hydrangea, lilac and more.

➢ Needled Evergreen Shrubs

These shrubs owe their name to the needle-like
structure of their leaves. Regardless of whether
the leaves are narrow or broad, their ends are
tapered to resemble a needle. These shrubs do
not have a prominent truck since most of their
stems or branches start right at the base. This
type of Shrub look Fantastic and adorable.
Figure 1.6 Needled Evergreen Shrub

Common examples of needled evergreen plants include juniper, mugo pine, yew
and more.

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 ➢ Flowering Shrubs
Flowering Shrubs come in all different shapes and
sizes and are great for adding splashes of seasonal
color in nearly any situation the landscape
provides. Encore Azaleas®, which bloom in both
spring and fall, are a great selection of flowering
shrub for areas in the landscape that receive
morning sun and afternoon shade

Figure 1.7 Colorful Flowering Shrubs

➢ Drought-Tolerant Shrubs
Drought-Tolerant Shrubs, sometimes there's a
misconception of what 'drought tolerant' means.
People often conjure up an image of cactus. There
are many low-water-use shrubs that are quite
attractive and thrive in landscapes throughout the
central Georgia area. Many survive and even
flourish on only the water Mother Nature
provides.
Figure 1.8 Drought-Tolerant Shrubs

➢ Evergreen Shrubs
Evergreen Shrubs With their year-round foliage,
evergreen shrubs are the preferred bushes for
foundation plantings, hedges, or screens. Some
evergreen shrubs grow large enough to make
excellent tree-form specimens for focal points in the
landscape or garden. Many of the evergreen small-
leaved hollies and boxwoods are useful in hedges, as
they can be trimmed to precise shapes. Many of the
evergreen shrubs such as Azaleas, Camellias and
Indian Hawthorn, produce an abundance Fof flowers.
Figure 1.9 Evergreen Shrubs

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 SHRUB FUNCTIONS

Foundation Plants. Shrubs are often placed at the base of a home to hide the
foundation. Historically, early houses were built without deep footers, basements, or
crawl spaces. Thus, the base of the house appeared unkempt and plants were used to
cover the unsightly area. In some modern-day houses, the foundation is not covered
by façade materials (e.g., brick, siding) as the rest of the house. Thus, foundation
plants cover the non-façade areas. In some cases the façade covers the entire lower
portion of the house. Regardless of the house construction, foundation plants are
used to act as a “base” or “anchor” that impart a solid feeling to the structure and
visually link the house to the surrounding landscape. Foundation plants also break
up the stark right angle junction of house and ground.

Evergreen shrubs, either broadleaf shrubs (e.g., boxwood, rhododendron, Japanese

holly) or conifers (e.g., junipers, dwarf pines) are used so that the structure is covered
the entire year. You can select speciesso that you have some showy seasonal
attractiveness in the planting such as flowers, brightly colored foliage, or red fruit.
You must take into account the mature size and growth rate of the selected species
to minimize the need for frequent pruning and other maintenance tasks (e.g.,
removing leaf litter, spraying). This is especially true for shrubs placed near
windows and doors. Shrubs are plants that are lower in height than trees, and they
are generally bush-like in form.

There are many different types of shrubs, and they serve a variety of functions in the
landscape.Some shrubs are used for hedging, meaning that they are planted in a row
to create a border or screen. Others are used as foundation plants, which are plants
that are planted near the base of a building in order to create a natural-looking
foundation.Shrubs are also used as accent plants. These are plants that are used to
add interest to a landscape design, and they can be used to add color, texture, or
height.Finally, shrubs can be used as wildlife plants. These are plants that are
beneficial to wildlife, such as songbirds, butterflies, and hummingbirds.

They are majorly used for beautification in an environment, pruned into specific
shapes and sizes for recreation.The stems are used as a source of fuelwood.
Depending on the purpose, the leaves can also serve as food too.

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 USES OF SHRUBS
Shrubs have a wide range of uses in landscaping, gardening, and natural
environments. They can be used for their aesthetic value, their ability to provide
privacy or define garden borders, and their ecological benefits. Let's take a closer
look at some of the uses of shrubs.

1. Aesthetic value: Shrubs can be used to add texture, color, and interest to a
garden or landscape. They can be used as focal points, accents, or to create a
backdrop for other plants. Shrubs with showy flowers, such as hydrangeas or
roses, can add a pop of color to a garden, while evergreen shrubs, like holly
or boxwood, provide year-round interest.

2. Privacy screens: Shrubs can be used to create natural privacy screens,

providing a barrier between your property and your neighbors. Tall, dense
shrubs like arborvitae or juniper are popular choices for this purpose.

3. Erosion control: Shrubs can help prevent soil erosion, particularly on slopes
or in areas with poor soil. Their root systems help to hold the soil in place and
prevent runoff.

4. Wildlife habitat: Shrubs provide important habitat and food for a variety of
wildlife, including birds, insects, and small mammals. Planting a mix of
shrubs with different blooming times can provide food for pollinators
throughout the growing season.

5. Windbreaks: Shrubs can be used to create natural windbreaks, providing

protection for gardens, homes, or other structures. Dense, evergreen shrubs
like spruce or yew are good choices for this purpose.

6. Low-maintenance landscaping: Shrubs are generally easy to care for and

require less maintenance than many other types of plants.

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 MAINTENANCE OF SHRUBS

In addition to the aforementioned tasks of pruning, watering, fertilizing, and pest

management, proper maintenance of shrubs also involves soil care, winter
protection, and regular inspection. Soil care is an essential component of shrub
maintenance as it can significantly impact their growth and health. This includes
ensuring that the soil is properly drained and not compacted, and that the soil pH is
appropriate for the species of shrub being grown. Additionally, mulching around the
base of the shrub can help conserve moisture, regulate soil temperature, and suppress
weed growth
➢ Winter protection is also a crucial component of shrub maintenance. During
the winter months, shrubs are susceptible to damage from frost and snow, and
may require extra care to ensure their survival. This includes wrapping the
shrub in burlap or other protective materials, and providing additional
insulation with straw or other organic matter.

➢ Regular inspection is another important aspect of shrub maintenance, as it

allows for early detection of any potential issues or problems. This can include
checking for signs of disease, pest infestations, or damage caused by
environmental factors such as wind or hail. Early detection can help prevent
the spread of disease, and enable prompt treatment to mitigate damage and
ensure the long-term health of the shrub.

Books on shrub maintenance are an excellent resource for gardeners and landscapers
looking to keep their shrubs in top condition. "The Well-Designed Mixed Garden"
by Tracy DiSabato-Aust is a comprehensive guide to designing and maintaining
beautiful, healthy gardens, including shrubs. "The Homeowner's Complete Tree &
Shrub Handbook" by Penelope O'Sullivan offers practical advice on selecting,
planting, and caring for trees and shrubs, with a focus on disease prevention and pest
management. "The Pruner's Bible" by Steve Bradley is another valuable resource,
providing detailed guidance on the principles and techniques of pruning for a variety
of shrub and tree species.

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 HOW TO SHRUBS GROW?
There’s no better way to enhance the beauty of your landscape than adding a few
shrubs. With several common varieties able to flourish in practically any
environment, providing your yard with that burst of green it’s been missing has never
been easier. To make things even easier for you, this visual how-to helps you grow
shrubs – from planning to planting to tending to them throughout the year.
Planning
Before you start growing your shrub, you need to come up with a plan. Your
greenery serves a purpose, and it’s important that any shrub you incorporate into
your yard fits this purpose. This means picking the plant that works with the climate
conditions in your area, as well as finding the most aesthetically appealing spot for
it.

Figure 2 Steps of Planning a Shrub

Picking the Plant: Do you want it to add a bit of green around the outside of your
home? Do you want it to bring some liveliness alongside your vegetable garden?
Shrubs can play many different roles, and the first step in growing a shrub is picking
the one that best fits your environment. But with so many types to choose from, you
may not know where to start. To help, here are a few of the more popular shrubs,
which grow in most regions of the United States:

• Azalea
• Barberry
• Forsythia
• Holly
• Hibiscus
• Hydrangea
• Lilacs

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 Picking the Place: Before you go out and actually buy the shrubs you want to
grow, do a thorough examination of the outside of your home to find the best
growing spot. It needs to be somewhere that gets plenty of sun and rainfall – that
way, the shrubs are equipped to flourish. Then, think about where the plants fit
best, whether you want to place them around your home’s foundation, sit them
alongside other plants, or use them as natural fencing.

Planting
Now that you’re home from the store with shrub in hand, you’ve reached the stage
when you plant it in the spot you picked out in your yard. At this point, it’s time
for you to dig the hole, place the plant in the ground, and add nutrient-rich soil
products.

Figure 2.1 Steps of Planting a Shrub

Digging the Hole: Unless you’re starting with a package of seeds, the shrub you buy
will likely have sprouted already. In this case, the plant will come with a root ball
wrapped in burlap or another type of covering. You need to account for the root ball
when making the hole, which needs to be around twice as wide and the same depth.
Remove debris from the hole after digging and add a bit of compost at the bottom of
the hole to give it an immediate nutrient boost. Then, place a landscape fabric to
prevent weeds from popping up.

Placing the Plant: make sure that your shrub’s root ball sits slightly above the
surface. When placing the plant in the hole, leave the covering on. Once it’s been
situated in the ground exactly the way you want it, remove the covering. Then, fill
your hole back up with soil. On top of the hole, a fertilizer granule or soil
amendment can give the shrub the nutrients it needs.

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Tending
Your plant is in the ground, and now you’re excited to watch it flourish. To make
sure it stays happy and healthy for years to come, take good care of it by performing
routine upkeep. This includes regularly watering and trimming the shrub.

Figure 2.2 Steps of Tending a Shrub

Watering: Directly after planting, give your shrub a thorough watering to combat
“transplant shock,” a common side effect of moving a plant to a new location. Water
regularly (around once a week) during its first year. In areas that don’t get a lot of
rain, you may want to water more often. Only provide the amount of water the shrub
needs, making sure there’s enough to reach its roots. The Ross® Root Feeder can
help, making sure water goes right to the roots and preventing waste through run-
off. Also, to help the plant retain water, replace mulch as needed.

Trimming: Trimming your shrub is another important part of upkeep. Doing so

makes sure that the plant is able to get the sunlight it needs and that dead and excess
branches don’t hinder its health. The best time to trim your shrub depends on the
kind you planted, but typically:

• Flowering shrubs should be trimmed during the offseason.

• Non-flowering shrubs should be trimmed anytime except fall (otherwise, the
plant would go dormant before new growth is able to develop).

When trimming your shrub, start at the bottom and work your way up at a slight
inward angle. This keeps the plant from becoming too top-heavy. You may also
follow a certain shape if you prefer. Make small cuts to excess branches.

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 SHRUB-STEPPE PLANT ADAPTATION
Compared to mobile animals, plants can’t walk away when the weather gets severe
and water is scarce. Plants employ several strategies that allow them to cope with
water shortage and to thrive in an arid environment. Most shrub-steppe wildflowers
are long-lived perennials with whose above ground stems and leaves die back, but
underground roots remain alive. Our earliest blooming perennial wildflowers, like
yellow bells, bluebells, and shooting star all concentrate their rapid above-ground
growth of leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds into a few balmy mild weeks and then
quickly wither and die. Above ground life exists for less than two-months and then
roots rest buried in soil until the next spring.
The ability to conserve water and to minimize water loss through evaporation is a
key adaptation of most shrub-steppe plants. Thick gray-green sagebrush leaves are
covered in dense short hairs that both deflect sunlight and create a still air layer that
slows evaporation, minimizing water loss from the leaf into the air. During the
spring, sagebrush grow a second set of larger, strap-like thin leaves that boost
photosynthesis for the shrub during spring, only to be shed once the summer’s
searing heat returns. Arrow-leaf balsamroot leaves have a waxy coating that feels
leathery, forming a true physical barrier that seals water inside the plant tissues.
Some of our native plants require a viewer to get down on hands-and-knees for close-
up inspections. Healthy shrub-steppe soils are carpeted with a layer of living
cryptobiotic crust: an interwoven population of mosses, lichens, simple plants, fungi
and bacteria that form a multi-layered coating on the land.

The diversity of wildflowers in central Washington means travelers can find

blooming plants from earliest spring into late fall. amazing display of color in four
types of shrub-steppe eco-regions:
Deep soil Shrub-steppe
This is the most common habitat central
Washington. It includes area where
scattered shrubs form a canopy above a
ground cover of bunch grasses and
wildflowers. The soil is relatively deep as
the main shrub, big sagebrush (Artemesia
tridentata), requires a soil depth of at least 1
foot.
Figure 2.3 Deep Soil Shrub-steppe

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Lithosol Shrub-steppe
Lithosol literally means “rock soil” and is
characterized by a very thin layer of soil on
top of bedrock, usually basalt in our region.
Often, this habitat is found in the scablands,
where episodes of the Missoula Floods swept
away all topsoil. Shrubs grow low to ground
and often form a low mat. Scattered bunch
grasses and wildflowers provide sparse
groundcover. A common shrub is rigid
sagebrush (Artemisia rigida).
Figure 2.4 Lithosol Shrub-steppe

Talus-unstable slopes of rock outcrop

The slopes of many hills, coulees, and canyons
of central Washington are edged by rocky
outcrops and covered with an apron of rock
fall, containing all sizes of boulders, typically
basalt. These slopes are unstable. A
combination of shrubs like current (Ribes sp.),
serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), and
mock orange (Philadelphus lewisii) skirt the
slopes.
Figure 2.5 Talus-unstable slopes of rock outcrop

Riparian Shrub-steppe
The term riparian describes the tree-and-
shrub-dominated plant community that grows
adjacent to flowing rivers, creeks, lakes, or
ponds. The adjoining ground water table is
supplied with water, increasing the water
available to plants from precipitation,
especially during summer drought. In the
arid West, riparian systems occupy a small
percentage of the landscape, yet their
presence is vital to most animals living in the
adjacent arid lands. Figure 2.6 Riparian Shrub-steppe
Shrubs are essential components of the environment, providing numerous
ecological, cultural, and aesthetic benefits. As a fundamental element of the plant

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 IMPORTANCE OF SHRUBS
community, they play a crucial role in maintaining the health and productivity of
ecosystems. One of the most crucial services that shrubs provide is their ability to
prevent soil erosion and maintain soil fertility. According to Van Dyke's (2018)
"Conservation Biology: Foundations, Concepts, Applications," soil erosion can lead
to the loss of valuable topsoil, which can reduce agricultural productivity and impact
the health of ecosystems. Shrubs can help mitigate soil erosion by stabilizing the soil
with their extensive root systems, reducing runoff and promoting the retention of
moisture in the soil. This ability to maintain soil fertility also contributes to the
growth of other plant species in the area.

• Shrubs also help reduce the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming. As Judd
et al. (2016) note in "Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach," shrubs
are capable of sequestering carbon in their biomass and roots, thus helping to
reduce the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This carbon
sequestration ability is particularly important given the increasing levels of
carbon emissions from human activities, which contribute significantly to
global warming and climate change.

• In addition to their ecological services, shrubs also provide food and

shelter for a wide variety of wildlife species, including birds, insects, and
mammals. According to Van Dyke (2018), shrubs provide critical habitat for
many species, particularly in urban and suburban areas where habitat loss has
been a significant issue. They also provide food for wildlife, including berries,
nuts, and seeds, which are essential for the survival of many species.

• Shrubs also have important cultural and aesthetic value, and have been
used for medicinal and cultural purposes for centuries. According to
Prance and Nesbitt's (2005) "The Cultural History of Plants," shrubs have
played a crucial role in traditional medicine, as they are used to treat various
ailments, including respiratory disorders, inflammation, and fever.
Additionally, shrubs have been used in various religious and cultural
practices, such as in the creation of wreaths, garlands, and other decorations
for festivals and celebrations.

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Conclusion:
Shrub plants are a vital component of many landscapes, offering numerous benefits
both aesthetically and ecologically. With their diverse range of sizes, shapes, colors,
and textures, they are easy to integrate into any garden or property. Whether you are
looking to enhance the appearance of your landscape or promote a healthy
ecosystem, shrub plants are an excellent choice. So, if you're planning on adding
some plants to your garden, be sure to consider the many benefits that shrub plants
can provide.

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References:
• https://www.vedantu.com/biology/shrubs
• https://www.ecoturfco.com/AllAboutShrubs.html
• https://jobescompany.com/how-to/grow-shrubs-yard/
• https://infinitylearn.com/surge/biology/shrubs/
• https://www.wenatcheenaturalist.com/shrub-steppe-plant-
adaptations/#:~:text=The%20ability%20to%20conserve%20water,of%20mo
st%20shrub-steppe%20plants
• Mosser, M. & Teyssot, G. (1991). The History of Garden Design: The
Western Tradition from the Renaissance to the Present Day. Thames and
Hudson Ltd. (BOOK)
• Dirr, M.A. (2009). Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification,
Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Stipes
Publishing L.L.C. (BOOK)
• Dietsch, M. (2014). Shrubs: An Old Fashioned Drink for Modern Times.
Countryman Press.(BOOK)
• Dirr, Michael A. Dirr's Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs. Timber Press,
2011.
• Hillier, Harold G., and John G. Hillier. The Hillier Manual of Trees and
Shrubs. David & Charles, 2007.
• DiSabato-Aust, T. (2007). The well-designed mixed garden. Timber Press.
• O'Sullivan, P. (2007). The homeowner's complete tree & shrub handbook.
Storey Publishing.(BOOK)
• Bradley, S. (2011). The pruner's bible. Storey Publishing.

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